PV LAB REPORT

Strength of Engineering Materials (48642)

Abstract
Biaxial Stress in a Hydraulic Cylinder
Pressurized Cylinder with Open & Closed Ends

Ben Heo
12005183
 1. Introduction
This lab report will explore the transformation of strain theory as well as thin walled
cylindrical pressure vessel theory, mainly focusing on the calculation aspects of these
theories. Using a thin walled cylinder undergoing biaxial stress, the application of yield
criteria to predict onset of yield will be demonstrated.

2. Equipment
A mild steel hydraulically pressurised cylinder is used as a thin walled cylinder. This
apparatus simulates both open and closed end conditions through a thrust knob, situated
on the front of the cylinder. Open end condition is achieved when the thrust knob is wound
in, the external frame reacts to the force placed on the piston and there is no axial load on
the cylinder walls. Closed end condition is achieved when the thrust knob is wound out,
the pressure from the piston on the cylinder develops an axial stress in the cylinder walls.
Foil-type strain gauges have been secured to the cylinder, each placed at a different angle
(0, 15, 30, 45, 75 and 90). The thin walled cylinder is connected to a hydraulic pump
which is used to pressurise the cylinder. Attached to the hydraulic pump is a pressure gauge,
used to determine the pressure in the cylinder (MPa). Attached to the cylinder are foil-type
strain gauges, the readings display the strain in micrometres (m).

3. Test Procedure
Open End:
1) Record the inner and outer diameters of the pressure vessel.
2) Set the cylinder to the Open End condition. (Bleed out all pressure then wind the
thrust knob completely in.
3) Verify that the strain bridge is properly connected and balanced. Biaxial Stress
Hydraulic Cylinder with Open and Closed Ends .
4) Pump up the pressure to 1 MPa and hold the pressure constant by gently operating
the pump lever.
5) Read the strain on gauges at 0 and 90.
6) Repeat steps 3 and 4for pressures of 2 and 3 MPa.
7) Plot the readings of strain versus pressure and from lines of best fit, determine the
strains at a pressure of 2.5 MPa.
Closed End:
1) Set the cylinder to the Closed End condition. (Bleed pressure and wind the thrust
knob completely out.
2) Balance the strain bridge.
3) Pump up the pressure to 1 MPa and hold the pressure constant by gently operating
the pump lever.
 4) Read the strain on all six gauges.
5) Repeat steps 3 and 4 for pressures of 2 and 3 MPa.

4. Results:
Cylinder dimensions:
Outside Diameter: 82.63mm
Inside Diameter: 76.18 mm

Open End Micro Strain

P (MPa) 0 90
0 0 0
1 -14 57
2 -29 113
3 -46 169

200

y = 56.3x + 0.3
150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-50 y = -15.3x + 0.7

-100

From the chart, it can be seen at 2.5 MPa:

0= -37.55
90= 141.05

Closed End Micro Strain ()

P (MPa) 0 45 90 15 30 75
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 14 31 48 18 23 46
2 26 59 94 32 44 89
3 38 87 138 47 64 131
 160

140 y = 46x + 1
y = 43.6x + 1.1
120

100
y = 28.9x + 0.9
80

y = 21.3x + 0.8
60
y = 15.5x + 1
40

y = 12.6x + 0.6
20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

From the chart, it can be seen at 2.5 MPa:

0 45 90 15 30 75
32.1 73.15 116 39.75 54.05 110.1

5. Calculations
Open End:
From above using data where P = 2.5 MPa

0= -37.55 x 10^-6
90= 141.05 x 10^-6

Poissons Ratio:
= (/ ) = (-37.55 x 10^-6/141.05 x 10^-6) = 0.266

Thin Shell Theory:

P= 2.5 MPa , d=76.15mm , t=3.225mm

= 29.5 MPa
 Elastic Modulus:
= /
= 209 GPa

Closed End:
Given data from above;

H = 29.5 MPa.
P = 2.5 Mpa
D= 76.18mm
T= 3.255mm
V= 0.266

Longitudinal Stress:

= 14.6MPa

Hoop and Longitudinal Strain:

= 143 x 10 ^ -6

= 38.7 x 10 ^ -6
 6. Analysis & Interpretation of Results
Open End Situation:
Tresca max, shear stress criterion:
H < Y
29.5 MPa < 300 MPa

= 24,193.5 KPa

Von-Mises max, distortion strain energy criterion:

= 870.25 < 90,000
Therefore, yield will occur at 300 MPa, P = 22765.72 KPa

Closed End Situation,

Tresca max, shear stress criterion:
H < Y
29.5 MPa < 300 MPa

=24,193.5 KPa

Von-Mises max, distortion strain energy criterion:

695.6 < 90,000
Therefore, yield will occur at 300 MPa, P = 22765.72 KPa