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Fig. 3. Space vector diagram of the -switch rectifier for the sector N Fig. 4. Possible switching sequences for N = 15 and equivalent circuits
[30 , +30 ]. for the time interval where both switches are on. (a) Sequence A: (000)-(001)-
(101)-(001)-(000), S23 = OFF. (b) Sequence B: (000)-(001)-(011)-(001)-(000),
II. S YSTEM O PERATION S12 = OFF.
The three switches Sij (i, j {1, 2, 3}) of Fig. 1(b) are used the voltage difference
to generate sinusoidal input currents which are proportional to
the mains voltage. The discrete converter voltage space vector diN
v N v r = L (8)
can be calculated by dt
2 2 leads to the input current
vr = (vr1 + avr2 + a2 vr3 ) with a = ej 3 . (1)
3 j
iN = IN e iN (9)
The possible converter voltages vri are dependent on the state
of the switches sij (sij = 1 denotes the turn-on state of switch
if only average values over one pulse period are considered.
Sij ) and on the direction of the input phase currents iNi .
All voltage space vectors with two or three switches in the on-
Therefore, the available voltage space vectors change over
state are redundant and hence only two switches can be used to
every 60 interval of the mains period. If (s12 , s23 , s31 ) de-
control the input currents. The remaining switch can therefore
scribes the different switching states, the resulting voltage space
be permanently off in this sector. Two different reasonable
vectors for N [30 , 30 ] (iN1 > 0, iN2 < 0, iN3 < 0) can
switching sequences with minimum number of switching ac-
be calculated as
tions, where always only the switching action of one switch
2 yields to the next switching state, can be generated in each
(000), (010) : v r1 = Vo (2) 60 -sector. Fig. 4 shows the corresponding modulation sig-
3
2
nals of the bidirectional switches (N = 15 ), and equivalent
(001) : v r2 = Vo ej60 (3) circuits are given for the time interval where both switches
3
are on. For sequence A [(000)-(001)-(101)-(001)-(000), S23 =
2
(100) : v r3 = Vo ej60 (4) OFF], the positive input current iN1 is shared by S12 and
3 S31 dependent on the on-states of the switches. In contrast to
(011), (101), (110), (111) : v r4 = 0 (5) sequence A, the whole current iN1 is carried by switch S31 for
sequence B [(000)-(001)-(011)-(001)-(000), S12 = OFF] during
(cf. Fig. 3). the state (011). This results in higher conduction losses and
Only states (000), (001), (010), and (100) show a non-zero therefore sequence A is preferable.
magnitude and the voltage space vector of (010) is equal to The corresponding pulsating rectifier phase voltages
the space vector for state (000). In each 60 -sector, there is a
redundancy of the (000)-vector and therefore only 4 different vri = vDMi + vCM (10)
voltage space vectors can be generated by the converter in
each sector. These discrete voltage space vectors are used to can be separated into a differential voltage part vDMi which
approximate the converters voltage reference vector controls the input current and a common mode voltage part
vCM . The CM voltage is equal to all three phases and is given by
v r = V r ejvr , vr = N t (6)
Vop,N + Von,N
in the time average over the pulse period. In conjunction with vCM = (11)
2
the mains voltage system
where the bus voltages Vop,N and Von,N are measured with
v N = V N ejvN (7) respect to ground N [cf., Fig. 1(b)].
3638 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2012
TABLE II
C ALCULATED VOLTAGE S PACE V ECTORS v r , P HASE VOLTAGES I NCLUDING CM PARTS vri P HASE VOLTAGES W ITHOUT
CM PARTS vDMi AND CM VOLTAGE vCM IN D EPENDENCY OF THE S WITCHING S TATE (s12 , s23 , s31 ) FOR N [30 , +30 ]
Fig. 6. Structure of the proposed PWM current controller. Signal paths being equal for different phases are shown by double lines.
TABLE III
R EQUIRED C LAMPING ACTIONS ; 0 I NDICATES T HAT THE
C ORRESPONDING MOSFET I S P ERMANENTLY OFF ;
1 P ERMANENTLY O N AND pwmij T HAT THE MOSFET
I S M ODULATED BY THE C URRENT C ONTROLLER
Fig. 9. (a) Proposed precharge circuit for start-up of the rectifier, consisting
of precharge diode Dpre , precharge resistor Rpre and thyristor T hypre and
(b) Equivalent circuit for switch S12 at N = 15 .
V. S YSTEM D ESIGN
In this section, some issues of the design and the practical
implementation of the -switch rectifier will be discussed.
A. Startup
A precharge circuit consisting of diode Dpre , resistor Rpre ,
and thyristor T hypre is applied on the dc-side of the rectifier
[cf. Fig. 9(a)] in order to limit the in-rush current at start-up
Fig. 8. Simulation results of the -switch rectifier; (a) VNi = 115 Vrms , of the rectifier system. During start-up, the thyristor is off and
fN = 800 Hz, Vo = 400 Vdc , Po = 5 kW, LNi = 330 H and (b) phase
loss of IN 1 at t = 0.85 ms (Po = 3 kW). the precharge resistor limits the inrush current. The thyristor
is turned on as soon as the capacitors are completely charged
to the peak value of the line-to-line voltage. The bidirectional
therefore not shown. The remaining voltages vr12 and v13 are switches are permanently off during startup (current controller
used for modulation and result in the desired optimal switching is disabled during this time). According to Fig. 9(b), the thyris-
sequence (000)-(001)-(101)-(001)-(000) (see also Fig. 4). tor is located within the commutation path of the rectifier (e.g.,
S12 , D1p , T hypre and Dn2 ). In order to minimize the thyristors
influence on the parasitic inductance of the commutation path,
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
three thyristors (one thyristor closely placed to each switch)
A digital computer simulation is used to confirm the opera- are used in parallel. This also reduces the on-resistance of the
tion of the proposed control technique. Fig. 8(a) demonstrates additional element advantageously.
good performance of the proposed current controller at an input
frequency of fN = 800 Hz (VNi = 115 Vrms , Vo = 400 Vdc ,
B. Component Stresses
Po = 5 kW, LNi = 330 H). A switching frequency of 72 kHz
is used and according to Fig. 8(a) the input currents iNi follow In order to determine the on-state losses of the semiconduc-
the sinusoidal 800-Hz input voltages VNi . The current ripple of tors, the current rms and average values have to be calculated
the clamped phase is furthermore not higher than in the two and simple analytical approximations are derived. It is assumed
controlled phases. It should be repeated that the current con- that the rectifier has
troller works permanently i.e., without any structural changes, a purely sinusoidal phase current shape;
and that only a logic-block just before the modulator output ohmic fundamental mains behavior;
provides the necessary clamping actions. In Fig. 8(b) the system no low-frequency voltage drop across the boost inductor
response on a phase loss at t = 0.85 ms is depicted. After for the sinusoidal shaping of the input currents;
HARTMANN et al.: THREE-PHASE DELTA SWITCH RECTIFIER FOR USE IN MODERN AIRCRAFT 3641
M
ID,avg = IN (21) The required boost inductor in order to limit the ripple current
2 3 to iL,pp,max = k IN is therefore given by
Vo M 3
M (5 + 2 3) 1
ID,rms = IN . (22) LN =
k IN fs 3 2
M . (28)
12
3) Startup Thyristor T hyi : The thyristor current is a combi- The mean and rms currents for an output power of 4 kW
nation of the diode currents, and results to and mains voltage of VNi = 115 Vrms (M = 0.7) have been
calculated to verify the derived formulas. In Table IV the results
M 3 of this calculation are compared to the results of a simulation
IThy,avg = 3 ID,avg = IN (23) and show good accuracy.
2
5M
IThy,rms = IN . (24) VI. L ABORATORY P ROTOTYPE
2
Based on the proposed controller concept, a laboratory setup
4) Capacitor Co : The rms current stress of the output ca- of the -switch rectifier according to the specifications given
pacitor for a constant load current Io can be calculated using in Table V was built. The prototype is shown in Fig. 10. An ex-
isting EMI-filter, originally designed for a 72-kHz Vienna-type
2
IC,rms = IThy,rms IThy,avg
2 (25) rectifier, was applied to this rectifier. The overall dimensions
of the system are 170 mm 120 mm 128 mm, thus giving
which leads to a power density of 1.91 kW/dm3 (or 31.4 W/in3 ). The system
is forced air-cooled and has a weight of 3.78 kg resulting in a
5M 3M 2 power to weight ratio of 1.32 kW/kg. The proposed controller
IC,rms = IN . (26) is digitally implemented in a fixed-point Texas Instruments
2 4
DSP (TI 320F2808) and a switching frequency of 72 kHz is
5) Boost Inductor Lboost : In order to be able to design the used. The CoolMOS IPP60R045CP with a very low RDSon of
boost inductors, the maximum amplitude of the input ripple cur- 45 m is used to implement the bidirectional switches, and
rent is needed. The maximum magnitude of the ripple current Si-diodes APT30D60BHB for the rectifier diodes. A summary
occurs at the point where the two operating switches show equal of the employed devices is given in Table VI.
3642 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2012
TABLE VII
C ALCULATED P OWER L OSS B REAK -D OWN AND E FFICIENCY OF THE
P ROPOSED -S WITCH R ECTIFIER FOR AN O UTPUT P OWER OF Po = 4 kW
TABLE VI
P OWER D EVICES S ELECTED FOR I MPLEMENTATION
OF THE -S WITCH R ECTIFIER
Fig. 13. Measured drain-source voltage vDS of switch S12 at an output power
level of Po = 4 kW.
Fig. 15. First CE measurements using the EMI test receiver ESPI3 from Rhode & Schwarz; (a) DM emissions, (b) CM emissions, and (c) total conducted
emissions without EMI-Filter.
TABLE VIII stresses that simplify the design and dimensioning of the sys-
C OMPARISON OF THE P ROPOSED -S WITCH R ECTIFIER
W ITH A 6-S WITCH V IENNA -T YPE R ECTIFIER tem are derived. A THDI of 2.3% at fN = 400 Hz and an
efficiency of 94.6% at Po = 4 kW have been achieved with
the prototype as built, which results in a power density of
1.91 kW/dm3 and a power to weight ratio of 1.32 kW/kg. The
quite limited efficiency could be increased by approximately
1% if a more sophisticated design of the EMI-filter and the
magnetic components was made. The reduction of core losses
can be achieved if ferrite cores are used instead of the unsuited
powder cores. Measurements taken from the-5 kW laboratory
prototype confirm the high performance of the proposed cur-
rent controller using the derived PWM-modulation scheme. A
comparison of the -switch rectifier with a 6-switch Vienna-
type rectifier confirms a slightly higher efficiency for the
-switch rectifier for the desired mains voltage range. Due
better efficiency compared to the Vienna-type rectifier system to the reduced semiconductor voltage stress of the 6-switch
at equal size and power density. The same magnetic materials Vienna-type rectifier topology, the Vienna-type rectifier system
as used for the -switch rectifier have been used and, as would, however, be an ideal candidate for the increased mains
discussed in Section VI-A, the total efficiency can also be voltage of 230 Vrms of future aircraft.
increased by approximately 1% for the Vienna-type rectifier if
an enhanced magnetic material is used. If the output voltage
of the Vienna-type rectifier is increased to Vo = 800 V, the R EFERENCES
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[16] H. Yoo and S. Sul, A novel approach to reduce line harmonic current cal engineering from the University of Technology
for a three-phase diode rectifier-fed electrolytic capacitor-less inverter, Vienna, Vienna, Austria, in 2005 and 2006, respec-
in Proc. 24th Annu. IEEE APEC, Feb. 1519, 2009, pp. 18971903. tively. He is currently working toward the Ph.D.
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unidirectional three-phase PWM rectifier systems with low effects on the quencies at the Power Electronic Systems Labora-
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Electron. Appl., Sep. 1316, 1993, vol. 7, pp. 183187. Austria, and received the Dipl.-Ing. (M.Sc.) and
[22] D. Carlton, W. G. Dunford, and M. Edmunds, Continuous conduction Ph.D. degrees at the Power Electronics System Lab-
mode operation of a three-phase power factor correction circuit with quasi oratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, in 1998
tri-directional switches, in Proc. 30th Annual IEEE Power Electron. and 2008.
Spec. Conf., Aug. 1999, vol. 1, pp. 205210. Now he is teaching electrical machines, drives,
[23] D. Carlton, W. G. Dunford, and M. Edmunds, Deltafly three-phase boost and power electronics at a technical college and is
power factor correction circuit operating in discontinuous conduction owner of a company on consultancy in power elec-
mode, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. ISIE, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 533538. tronics. He has performed various research projects
[24] D. Carlton, W. G. Dunford, and M. Edmunds, SEPIC 3-phase 3-switches in the field of single-phase and three-phase power
power factor correction circuit operating in discontinuous conduction factor correction circuits, switch-mode power supplies for various applications
mode, in Proc. IEEE ISIE, Jul. 710, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 8186. and has developed laboratory setups for teaching power electronics and drives.
[25] M. P. Kazmierkowski and L. Malesani, Current control techniques for He is the author/coauthor of 36 scientific papers and patents. The current
three-phase voltage-source PWM converters: A survey, IEEE Trans. Ind. research activities of him are focused on the implementation of single- and
Electron., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 691703, Oct. 1998. three-phase electric vehicle chargers as well as ultra-efficient power factor
[26] A. Limas, C. Cruz, and F. Antunes, A new low cost AC-DC converter correction circuits.
with high input power factor, in Proc. 22nd IEEE IECON, Aug. 510,
1996, vol. 3, pp. 18081813.
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a unidirectional three-phase switch-mode rectifier, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 256262, Apr. 1998. Hans Ertl (M93) received the Dipl.-Ing. (M.Sc.)
[28] C. Qiao and K. M. Smedley, A general three-phase PFC controller for and Ph.D. degrees in industrial electronics from the
rectifiers with a parallel-connected dual boost topology, IEEE Trans. University of Technology Vienna, Vienna, Austria,
Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 925934, Nov. 2002. in 1984 and 1991, respectively.
[29] N. Noor, J. Ewanchuk, and J. C. Salmon, PWM current controllers Since 1984, he has been with the Vienna Univer-
for a family of 3-switch utility rectifier topologies, in Proc. CCECE, sity of Technology, where he is currently an Asso-
Apr. 2226, 2007, pp. 11411144. ciate Professor with the Power Electronics Section
[30] M. Hartmann, J. Miniboeck, and J. W. Kolar, A three-phase delta switch of the Institute of Electrical Drives and Machines.
rectifier for more electric aircraft applications employing a novel PWM He has performed numerous industrial and scientific
current control concept, in Proc. 24th Annu. IEEE APEC, Feb. 1519, research projects in the areas of field-oriented control
2009, pp. 16331640. of ac drive systems, switch-mode power supplies for
[31] M. Hartmann, H. Ertl, and J. W. Kolar, EMI filter design for a 1 MHz, welding and industrial plasma processes, and active rectifier systems. He is
10 kW three-phase/level PWM rectifier, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., the author or coauthor of numerous scientific papers and patents. His current
2010. research activities are focused on switch-mode power amplifiers and multicell
[32] M. Chen and J. Sun, Feedforward current control of boost single-phase topologies, in particular, for the generation of testing signals, for active ripple
PFC converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 338 current compensators, and for several applications in the area of renewable
345, Mar. 2006. energy systems.
HARTMANN et al.: THREE-PHASE DELTA SWITCH RECTIFIER FOR USE IN MODERN AIRCRAFT 3647