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Article history: The properties of RHA samples obtained at different conditions in mufe furnace and their effects on the
Received 20 July 2013 mechanical behavior of cement have been studied. The properties were characterized by SEM, XRF, XRD
Received in revised form 3 September 2014 and specic surface area. The effect of using RHA as a partial replacement for cement has been
Accepted 15 September 2014
investigated by compressive and exural strengths test. It is showed that in mufe furnace 600 C is
Available online 28 September 2014
the appropriate temperature for RHA preparation with large specic surface area due to the existences
of nanoscale and amorphous SiO2. While, long combustion time could increase pozzolanic activity of
Keywords:
RHA. The presence of K could decrease the specic surface area and increase the residual carbon content
Rice husk ash (RHA)
Specic surface area
which content should be control strictly. RHA obtained in proper conditions can be used as cement
Pozzolanic activity additive to increase compressive and exural strengths of cement mortar specimens. It is veried that
Cement RHA replacement ratio of 10% (by weight) has the best enhancement effect on cement strength.
Strength 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.09.008
0958-9465/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R.-S. Bie et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 55 (2015) 162168 163
Table 1
Composition and physical of rice husk.
Components (%) Moisture Crude ber Xylogen Pentosan Crude protein Ash Ethyl ether extract
7.516.0 35.545.0 21.022.0 16.022.0 2.53.0 13.022.0 0.71.3
Physical properties Bulk density (kg/m3) Angle of repose () Fuel value (MJ/kg) Heat conductivity (W/(m C))
96160 42 12.616.8 0.0840.209
164 R.-S. Bie et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 55 (2015) 162168
for compression test and the average compressive strength was Position Si K Ca Fe
reported as the compressive strength of this kind of cement mor- Outer surface 97.4480 2.5520 0 0
tar. Measured strength value whose calculated error exceeded Outside section 88.1826 10.3188 0.9998 0.4988
ten percent (10%) of the average strength value was eliminated Inside section 74.4240 21.5704 2.8320 1.1736
and the average strength was recalculated. So repeated until all Inner surface 93.4450 3.5572 2.5622 0.3188
Table 4
Specic surface area and EDX results of different RHA.
RHA600-1 h had different behaviors at different curing time. At results ranking was 5% > 0% > 10% > 20%. Only 5% results was
3 days, four compressive strengths were similar. During 37 days, greater than 0%, while 10% result was very close to 0%. From the
there was a coincidence in the strength development tendency above results it can be seen that RHA obtained at 600 C had
between 10% and 20% replacements. And the same trend had hap- enhanced effect when blended in cement with three replacements
pened between 0% and 5% replacements, but both were lower than (5%, 10% and 20%), and 10% replacement effect was the best. But
the former two. At 28 days, compressive results ranking was the replacement effect of RHA obtained at 700 C had different
10% > 20% > 5% > 0%. Moreover, compressive results of cement behaviors. Although 5% and 10% replacement results had not obvi-
replacements by RHA600-2 h had the same trend as RHA600-1 h ously enhanced effect (10% had reduced effect), those two effects
(Fig. 7a). However, the compressive strength of RHA700-1 h behav- could be acceptable. But 20% replacement signicantly reduced
ior had different from those two RHA (Fig. 8a). At 3 and 7 days, 0% compressive strength which could not used as cement additive.
and 5% results were close and higher than 10% and 20% which com- The reason is that RHA produced at 600 C is a kind of highly active
pressive strength was the minimum. But at 28 days, compressive cement additive with high pozzolanic activity due to its
R.-S. Bie et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 55 (2015) 162168 167
amorphous SiO2 (Fig. 3) and high specic surface area (Table 4). So that 10% blending amount of large specic surface area RHA is
it can greatly improve the compressive strength when increasing the optimum addition proportion to cement, so the analysis below
its blending amount within 10%. However, when the blending is based on 10% blending amount (Fig. 9).
amount exceeds 10%, the compressive strength declined because As shown in Fig. 9a, on one hand, the compressive strength of
the content of cement in the specimen dropped considerably. specimen with RHA600-1 h approximates that of RHA600-2 h
While, RHA produced at 700 C has low pozzolanic activities while the compressive strength of specimen with RHA600-2 h is
because of the crystallized SiO2 (Fig. 3) and low specic surface a little higher than that of RHA600-1 h at 28 days. This illustrates
area of 26.95 m2/g. that burning time has enhancement effect on the compressive
As cement additives, each RHA sample had its own different strength of cement specimen but very slight. On the other hand,
effect for exural strength. At the age of 28 days, exural results the compressive strength of specimen with RHA700-1 h is lower
ranking of RHA600-1 h and RHA600-2 h were 10% > 5% > 20% > 0% than that of the original sample in the whole period, which illus-
and 0% > 20% > 5% > 0% respectively. For RHA obtained at 600 C, trates that the specic surface area of RHA has a direct effect on
each replacement could help further enhancement in exural the compressive strength of corresponding cement specimens.
strength, and 10% replacement enhancement effect was the best. Fig. 9b shows that the exural strength of specimens with
For cement with RHA700-1 h, exural results ranking was RHA600-2 h and RHA700-1 h is higher than the original sample,
20% > 10% > 0% > 5%. 10% and 20% replacement could greatly which illustrates that besides specic surface area, carbon content
enhance exural strength which was different from the other two and the crystallinity of SiO2 are also the factors that can affect the
RHA samples. Only 5% replacement of RHA700-1 h could decrease exural strength of cement. But considering the errors, experiment
exural strength among all replacement results. Compared with condition and engineering application, exural property is usually
600RHA-1 h and 600RHA-2 h samples, 700RHA-1 h had crystallized not considered too much when compressive property is requested
SiO2, more residual carbon (loss on ignition was greater) which strictly.
were different from the other two RHA samples. Although there
were not relative references, we think it was the result of the high 2.5. Discussions towards industrial processes
hardness SiO2 and high residual carbon content. And further study
should be done to nd out more convincing evidences. From the above results, it can be seen that burning rice husk in
mufe furnace at low temperature (600700 C) can obtain high
2.4.2. Effect of preparation conditions of RHA on the mechanical activity RHA which could be used as cement additive. It provides
behavior of cement an efcient way to deal with rice husk which is low temperature
From the comparison and analysis of effect of RHA blending combustion. In real industrial applications, circulating uidized
amount on cement mechanical behavior, it is easy to gure out bed (CFB) can realize burning rice husk at low temperature. Based
168 R.-S. Bie et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 55 (2015) 162168
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