IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Energy changes and Bonding)

A2 Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to make hydrogen chloride. The reaction is

exothermic.

The reaction can be represented by the equation below.

H H + Cl Cl H Cl + H Cl
H = 184 kJ/mol
(a) A
making.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in hydrogen chloride.

You only need to draw the outer (valence) electrons of chlorine.

[2]

(d) Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen(II) oxide. The energy profile diagram for
the reaction is shown below.

2NO(g)

energy

N2 (g) + O2 (g)

progress of reaction

(i) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?

Explain your answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Label on the diagram the activation energy for the reaction.
[2]
 IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Energy changes and Bonding) mixture of 2.5 g of
hydrogen and 142 g of chlorine is allowed to react.

(i) Which gas, hydrogen or chlorine, is in excess?

Explain your answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the energy released when 2.5 g of hydrogen reacts completely with chlorine
gas.

[3]

(b) Explain why the reaction is exothermic, in terms of the energy changes that take place during bond
breaking and bond

B10 Methane, CH4, is used as a fuel. The complete combustion of methane can be represented by the
equation below.

(a) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes that take place during
bond breaking and bond making. [3]

(b) Calculate the energy released when 4.0 g of methane is completely combusted. [2]

(c) Draw the energy profile diagram for the complete combustion of methane.
Label on the diagram the activation energy and the enthalpy change. [3]

(d) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in methane.
You only need to draw the outer (valence) electrons of carbon. [2]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Bonding)
B7 Ozone, O3, is an atmospheric pollutant in the lower atmosphere but is beneficial higher up in the
atmosphere.

(a) How is ozone formed in the lower atmosphere? [1]

(b) Ozone in the upper atmosphere is being depleted. Describe briefly how this is
happening and some of the health problems caused by ozone depletion. [3]

(c) At room temperature ozone decomposes slowly to form oxygen, O2.

The decomposition can be represented by the equation below. The reaction is

exothermic. One mole of ozone will release 143 kJ when it is fully decomposed.

2O3 3O2

(i) In terms of the energy changes that take place during bond breaking and bond making,
explain why this reaction is exothermic.

(ii) Explain why the rate of this decomposition increases as the temperature
increases.
(iii) Calculate the energy released when 16 g of ozone is decomposed.

[6]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Energy changes and Bonding, Calculations)

A2 Several small pieces of magnesium are placed on a block of solid carbon dioxide. The solid carbon
dioxide is at a temperature of -60 C. The magnesium is ignited and another block of solid carbon
dioxide is immediately placed on top.

burning solid carbon dioxide

magnesium

A vigorous reaction is observed.

2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C

(a) Suggest what could be seen as the reaction proceeds to completion.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Why is another block of solid carbon dioxide placed above the burning magnesium?

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State one factor in the experiment which slows down the reaction.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) When 2 moles of magnesium react with one mole of carbon dioxide, 810 kJ of energy
are released.
Calculate the energy released when 2.0 g of magnesium reacts completely with carbon
dioxide.

[2]
(e) In a second experiment 6.0 g of magnesium and 4.4 g of carbon dioxide are used. Which solid,
magnesium or carbon dioxide is in excess?
Show your working.

[2]

(f) Explain, in terms of the energy changes taking place in both bond-making and bond- breaking, why
the reaction is exothermic.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 10]

IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Energy changes and Tests)

5 The apparatus shown below can be used to measure the energy released when a liquid fuel is burnt. The
amount of energy released is calculated from the increase in temperature of a known amount of water.

iron can

water

ethanol

(a) (i) Explain how this experiment shows that the burning of ethanol is an exothermic
reaction.

[1]

(ii)

[2]

[Total: 12]

1 A small piece of limestone was heated strongly and left to cool. A few drops of cold water were added.
The solid expanded and gave off steam.

limestone

water

lime (calcium oxide)

(a) Complete the empty boxes to identify the pieces of apparatus labelled. [3]

(b) What type of chemical reaction takes place when water is added?

[1]

6 (a) Exothermic reactions produce heat energy.

 An important fuel is methane, natural gas. The equation for its combustion is as follows.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

(i) In chemical reactions bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
Using this reaction give an example of

a bond that is broken,

a bond that is formed. [2]

(ii) Explain, using the idea of bonds forming and breaking, why this reaction is
exothermic, that is it produces heat energy.

[2]

(b) Some radioactive isotopes are used as nuclear fuels.

(i) Give the symbol and the nucleon number of an isotope that is used as a nuclear
fuel.

[2]

(ii) Give another use of radioactive isotopes.

[1]

(c) Cell reactions are both exothermic and redox. They produce electrical energy as well as heat
energy.

(i) The diagram shows a simple cell.

voltmeter
V

zinc iron
electrode electrode

becomes
thinner bubbles of
hydrogen form
dilute
sulphuric acid

Which substance in this cell is the reductant and which ion is the oxidant?

reductant

oxidant [2]

(ii) How could the voltage of this cell be increased?

[1]
 (iii) What is the important large scale use, relating to iron and steel, of this type of cell
reaction?

[1]

Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

ethanol + oxygen + [2]

(b) Ethanol is a fuel containing carbon.

State the names of two other commonly used fuels containing carbon.

and [2]

(c) Give the formula of the functional group present in ethanol.

[1]

(d) The can contains water. Describe a chemical test for water.

test

result [2]

(e) The iron can used in this experiment rusts easily.

(i) Describe a method which can be used to prevent iron from rusting.

[1]

(ii) Rust contains hydrated iron(III) oxide.

What do you understand by the term hydrated?

[1]

(iii) Iron is a transition metal.

State two properties which are typical of transition metals.
 (d) Cells can be set up with inert electrodes and the electrolytes as oxidant and reductant.

voltmeter
V
electron flow
carbon carbon
electrode electrode
(inert) (inert)

potassium potassium
manganate(VII) (aq) iodide (aq)

salt bridge
(allows ions to move from
one beaker to another)

The potassium manganate(VII) is the oxidant and the potassium iodide is the reductant.

(i) Describe the colour change that would be observed in the left hand beaker.

[2]

(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in the right hand beaker.

[2]

7 Hydrogen reacts with the halogens to form hydrogen halides.

(a) Bond energy is the amount of energy, in kJ, that must be supplied (endothermic) to
break one mole of a bond.

bond bond energy in kJ / mol

HH +436

ClCl +242

HCl +431

Use the above data to show that the following reaction is exothermic.

HH + ClCl 2HCl

. [3]
(b) They react with water to form acidic solutions.
-
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl

HF + H2O H3O+ + F-

(i) Explain why water behaves as a base in both of these reactions.

[2]

(ii) At equilibrium, only 1% of the hydrogen chloride exists as molecules, the rest has
formed ions.

2H2 + O2 2H 2O
 (i) Give an example of bond breaking in the above reaction.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Give an example of bond forming in the above reaction.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Is the change given in (i) exothermic or endothermic?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) (i) Give two reasons why hydrogen may be considered to be the ideal fuel for
the future.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest a reason why hydrogen is not widely used at the moment.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

5 Michael and Alison investigate a fuel.

Look at the diagram. It shows the apparatus they use.

thermometer

copper can

100 g water

spirit burner
fuel
 (a) They burn 1.0 gram of the fuel.

The temperature of the water increased by 10 C.

Calculate the energy given out by the fuel. (Specific

heat capacity of water is 4.2 J / g C.)

energy = mass specific heat capacity temperature change

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

answer ............................................................ J [2]

(b) Bond making is an exothermic process.

Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings as heat. The

burning of fuels is an exothermic reaction.

Explain why.

Use ideas about bond breaking and bond making.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

2 This question is about the burning of fuels.

James and Anita move into a flat. A

gas fire heats a room.

(a) They are advised to increase the flow of air to the fire.

This helps complete combustion of the fuel in the gas fire.

Describe two advantages of complete combustion.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2] (b)

The gas fire in James and Anitas flat burns methane gas.

Look at the equations. They show what happens when methane burns.

O HO
O O H HH
 C H + C +
O O O
H O
H H

methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

During the reaction, bonds are broken and new bonds are made.

Complete the sentences.

The burning of methane is an exothermic reaction.

Energy is the surroundings. Breaking

bonds is an process. [2]

[Total: 4]
In the other equilibrium, 97% of the hydrogen fluoride exists as molecules, only
3% has formed ions.

What does this tell you about the strength of each acid?

[2]

(iii) How would the pH of these two solutions differ?

[1]

[Total: 8]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Energy changes in chemical reactions)

5 Fuel cells are used in spacecraft to produce electrical energy.

hydrogen

anode

electrolyte
oxygen
cathode

(a) How is oxygen obtained from liquid air?

 ...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Hydrogen and oxygen react to form water.

4 Luke and Sophie investigate the energy content of two fuels.

Look at the diagram.

It shows the apparatus they use.

apparatus A

boiling tube

25 g water

spirit burner

fuel

(a) Write down the name of apparatus A.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) They burn 1.0 g of fuel each time.

Look at their table of results.

fuel starting temperature final temperature temperature

of water in C of water in C change in C

ethanol 20 35 15

paraffin 20 50

(i) What is the temperature change for paraffin?

answer .................................................. C [1]

(ii) Burning fuels is an exothermic reaction.

What is meant by an exothermic reaction?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total:

3]
6 (a) Exothermic reactions produce heat energy.

An important fuel is methane, natural gas. The equation for its combustion is as follows.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

(i) In chemical reactions bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
Using this reaction give an example of

a bond that is broken,

a bond that is formed. [2]

(ii) Explain, using the idea of bonds forming and breaking, why this reaction is
exothermic, that is it produces heat energy.

[2]

(b) Some radioactive isotopes are used as nuclear fuels.

(i) Give the symbol and the nucleon number of an isotope that is used as a nuclear
fuel.

[2]

(ii) Give another use of radioactive isotopes.

[1]

(c) Cell reactions are both exothermic and redox. They produce electrical energy as well as heat
energy.

(i) The diagram shows a simple cell.

voltmeter
V

zinc iron
electrode electrode

becomes
thinner bubbles of
hydrogen form
dilute
sulphuric acid

Which substance in this cell is the reductant and which ion is the oxidant?

reductant

oxidant [2]

(ii) How could the voltage of this cell be increased?

 [1]

(iii) What is the important large scale use, relating to iron and steel, of this type of cell
reaction?

[1]

(d) Cells can be set up with inert electrodes and the electrolytes as oxidant and reductant.

voltmeter
V
electron flow
carbon carbon
electrode electrode
(inert) (inert)

potassium potassium
manganate(VII) (aq) iodide (aq)

salt
bridge
(allows ions to move
from one beaker to
another)

The potassium manganate(VII) is the oxidant and the potassium iodide is the reductant.

(i) Describe the colour change that would be observed in the left hand beaker.

[2]

(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in the right hand beaker.

[2]