Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each
of the learning outcomes of this module. In each learning outcome, there are Information
Sheets, Resources Sheets and Reference Materials for further reading to help you better
understand the required activities. Follow these activities and answer the self-check. Get the
answer sheet from your trainer to reflect your answers for each self-check. If you have
questions, please dont hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
You may have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learning
material because you have:
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill or skills
talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you wont have to do the same
training again. If you have qualification or a Certificate of Competency from previous trainings,
show it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still relevant to this module, they may
become part of the evidence you can present for RPL.
At the end of this module is a learners diary. Use this diary to record important dates,
jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing further details to
your trainer or assessors. A Record of Achievement is also provided for the trainer to complete
upon completion of the module.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency in performing
shop maintenance. This will be one of the sources of information that will enable you to acquire
the knowledge and skills of this particular trade at your own pace, with minimum supervision or
help from your trainer.
Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training of this
module. Read through the Competency Based Learning Material carefully. It is
divided into sections which cover all the skills and knowledge you need to
successfully complete this module.
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Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/She is there
to support you and show you the correct way to do things. Ask for help.
Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when you
are completing the activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.
You will be given plenty of opportunities to ask questions and practice on the job.
Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will
improve both your speed and memory and also your confidence.
Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.
Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress.
When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities outlined in
this learning material.
As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress. Your
trainer keeps feedback/pre-assessment reports for this reason. When you have
successfully completed each element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that
you are ready for assessment.
When you have completed this module and feel confident that you have had
sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with registered assessor
to assess you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your competency
Achievement Record.
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QUALIFICATION : Automotive Servicing NC I
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Apply appropriate Sealant/Adhesive
MODULE TITLE : Applying Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive
INTRODUCTION:
This competency unit covers the knowledge, skills, and attitude required in the selection
and application of sealant/adhesive
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
PRE-REQUISITE:
1. Received and respond to workplace communication
2. Work with others
3. Demonstrate work values
4. Practice basic housekeeping procedures
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QUALIFICATION: AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: APPLY APPPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
MODULE TITLE: APPLYING APPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
LEARNING OUTCOME #1: IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1.1 Sealant/adhesive selected in line with job requirements and manufacturers
specification.
1.2 Sealant/Adhesive is checked to ensure that product is fit for use.
RESOURCES:
1. Sealant and Adhesive
a. Hardening
b. Non-Hardening
c. Tapes
1.3
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Information Unit Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive
Sheet
Module Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive
No. 1
Adhesives and sealants are often lumped together, as they were versions of the same product
with the same function. But theyre not. Adhesives and sealants are different.
An adhesive is a material that joints two surfaces together by bonding them. It is usually
applied as a thin layer between two surfaces.
To meet the performance needs of the particular application, two factors are important:
Adhesion the adhesion must bond with each substrate (sticking to them) so they can
be held together. If the product will not adhere to one of the surfaces, then the materials
cannot be joined.
Cohesion the adhesive must have enough internal strength so that it holds together
and does not break within the film of adhesive when force is applied to pull the two
surfaces apart.
The level of required adhesion built into a formation depends on the application. The designed
adhesive strength the amount of force needed to pull the two substrates apart-depends on the
end use. Less adhesive strength is necessary for temporary labels that are formulated for easy
removal that for high-strength products that must hold parts of airplanes together. The level of
cohesion depends on the application. In some applications, if enough force is applied to
separate the two surfaces, it is better that the adhesive film itself, breaks so that the surface of
the bonded material is not damaged.
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Adhesives can be simple, made up of only one or two ingredients, or they can be highly
complex, using the most advanced chemical components. They can be water-thin and runny,
or very thick. They can air dry by evaporation or water or they can cure by under going
chemical reaction to form a new, stronger composition.
A Sealant is a material designed only to fill up spaces can be joints, gaps or cavities that occur
between two substrates.
Some examples:
The space between a bathtub and wall.
The space between two precast concrete panels forming the wall of a warehouse.
The space between the body and fender of a car.
The sealant is not there to hold the two materials together but is used only to form a seal
against the entry of:
Like adhesives, sealants can ne very thin or very thick, depending on where and how applied.
They will harden or cure in place. To form a successful seal, the sealant must adhere to the
surfaces that are forming the gap. However, the primary purpose is filling, not bonding.
Included in the family of sealants are putties, caulks, mastics, and high performance sealants.
Flexibility while forming a solid, the cured sealant must be elastic enough to maintain
the tight seal even when there is movement of the substrates. And example is a glass
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curtain wall building, where the spaces between the panes of glass and the underlying
steel structure are filled with sealant. As the sun hits the wall in the morning, the steel
will expand more than the glass, and there will be a shift in relative positions of the steel
and the glass. The sealant must be able to move, adhering firmly to the glass and to the
steel, and not have cracks or holes formed within the sealant that would let in air.
Stability - the sealant should not substantially change between the time it is
manufactured and the time it is applied. It is should not pre-cure in the can or cartridge.
Rheology if applied to a surface, as between two walls panels, it must stay in place
and not sag. If applied in a horizontal gap, as between the sections of an airport runway,
it must level or even out.
A gasket sealant is a liquid compound use to improve gasket sealing, hold gasket in
place, repair a damaged gasket, or form a new gasket. These sealants flow into surface
irregularities and improving gasket sealing. There is a wide range of gasket sealants from
which to choose.
(Figure 14-9).
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Gasket sealants differ in a number of ways. Different sealants are designed to operate
at different temperature range. A sealant must be chosen that has a high enough temperature
range from the area in which it is to be used. Sealants used with cylinder head gaskets must
withstand temperature in excess of 400F (204C).
There are a number of chemicals that can be used to reduce labor and ensure a good seal.
Many gasket sets include a label with the proper chemical recommendation for use with the
gasket set. Some even include sealers in the sets when the original equipment manufacturer
used a sealer to replace a gasket cannot be manufactures for that application. They also
include sealers in some sets when gasket unions need a sealant to ensure a good seal.
SHOP TALK
Chemical adhesives and sealants give added holding power and sealing ability where
two parts are joined. Sealants usually are added to threads where fluid contact is frequent.
Chemical thread retainers are either aerobic (cures in the presence of air) or anaerobic
(cures in the absence of air). These chemical products are used in place of lock washers.
ADHESIVES
Quick-drying contact adhesive is designed for bonding cork, rubber, fiber, and metal
gaskets in the place prior to assembly. Gaskets adhesives form a tough bond when used on
clean, dry surfaces. Adhesives do not aid the sailing ability of the gasket. They are meant only
to hold gaskets in place during component assembly. Use small dabs; they will dry quicker for
fast installation. Do not assemble components until the adhesive completely dry. Most
adhesives are ideal for use on gasket application such as valve covers pushrod covers,
manifold and manifold end seals and oil pan end seals. (Figure 13-24).
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SEALANTS
General-Purpose Sealants
General-purpose sealers (sometimes called chemical positioning agents) come
in liquid form and are available in a brush type (known as brush tack). General purpose sealers
(Figure 13-25) fro a tacky, flexible seal when applied in a thin, even coat that aids in gasket
sealing by helping to position the gasket during assembly. They chemicals in a general-
purpose sealant will not upset the designed performance of most mechanical gaskets. The
possible exception to this is that sealant manufacturers do not recommend their use on rubber
parts. These are non hardening and can use rubber gaskets to slip.
WARNING
Never use a hard-drying sealant (Such as shellac) on gasket. It will make future
disassembly extremely difficult and might damage the gasket material.
Flexible Sealants
Flexible sealants are most often used on threads of bolt that go into fluid passages.
They are non hardening sealers that fill voids. Preventing the fluid from running-up of treads.
They resist the chemical attack of lubricant, synthetic oils, detergents, antifreeze, gasoline, and
diesel.
Sealants gasket can be used to replace conventional paper, cork and cork/rubber
gaskets. It is generally for use on oil pans, valve covers thermostat housing, timing covers,
water pumps, and other such installations. Room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone
sealing products are the best known of the formed-in-place (FIP) gasket products.
WARNING!
Be careful not to use excessive amounts of RTV. If too mush is applied, it can loosen up
and get into the oil system where it can clog up and oil passage and cause severe engine
damage.
Todays RTV aerobic silicone formulations are impervious to most automotive fluids,
extremely resistant to oil, oxygen-sensor safe, exhibit outstanding flexibility (a necessary
feature on modern bimetal engines), and adhere well to a broad range of materials that include
plastic, metal and glass.
To use RTV silicone, make sure the mating surfaces are free from dirt, grease, and oil.
Apply a continuous 1/8 inch bead on one surface only (preferably the cover side). Make sure
to circle all bolt holes. Adjust the shape before a skin forms (in about 10 minutes) as shown in
Figure 13-26. Remove excess RTV silicone with a fry towel or paper towel. Press the parts
together. Do not slide the parts together; this will disturb the bead. Tighten all retaining bolts to
the manufacturers specified torque. Cure time is approximately 1 hour form metal-to-metal
joints and take up to 24 hours for 1/8-inch gaps.
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CAUTION:
The uncured rubber contained in RTV silicone gasketing irritates the eyes. If any gets in
your eyes, immediately flush with clean water or eyewash. If the irritation continues, see a
doctor.
These formed-in-place materials are used for thread locking as well as gasket (Figure
13-27). As a retaining compound, they are mostly used to hold sleeves, bearings, and locking
screw nuts in place where there is a high exposure vibration.
WARNING!
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The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic sealants other than their method
of curing is their gap-filing ability. Typically, 0.050 inch (3/64 inch) is the absolute limit of any
anaerobics gap-filling materials. Some are only designed to seal 0.005-010-inch gaps.
Anaerobic sealers are intended to the used between the machined surfaces of rigid castings,
not on flexible stampings.
SHOP TALK
One hardened, a good anaerobic bond is unbelievably tenacious and withstand high
temperatures. Therefore, care must be taken in selection. They tend to be highly specialized
and mot readily interchangeable. For example, there are various levels of tread-locking
products that range from medium-strength anti-vibration agents to high strength, weld like
retaining compounds. The inadvertent use of the wrong product could make future
disassembly an impossibility. Check the label to be certain that anaerobic material will suit the
purpose of the application.
Hylomar
Hylomar, which stands for high temperature (hy), low (lo), Martson (mar) product, is
neither an RTV nor an anaerobic. It is a combination of polyurethane paste and silica (not
silicone) flakes mixed with methylene cholorided solvent. When Hylomar is clamped in a joint,
the silica flakes interlocked and encaptulate the plastic paste, effectively shielding it from heat,
liquids, and contaminants that might otherwise dissolve it. Because Hylomar never hardens or
cures, the center remains soft and pliabe-like an armor-plated sponge.
As a sealing supplement, Hylomar sticks to vitually any surface, resists all fluids
(including gasoline), and has a claimed temperature range of 50 to more than 600F. In
addition, if a Hylomar-coated gasket is set down wrong, it can be peeled off and reseated
without damage.
Antiseize Compounds
Antiseize compounds prevent dissimilar metals from reacting with one another and
seizing (Figure 13-28). This chemical-type material is used on many fasteners, especially
those used with aluminum parts. Always follow the manufacturers recommendations when
using this compound.
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Self Unit of Competency Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive
Check Module Title Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive
Direction:
The purpose of this self check is to find out the readiness of the student to perform the
activity. 100% mastery is required.
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Activity Unit of Competency Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive
Sheet Module Title Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive
Instruction:
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QUALIFICATION: AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: APPLY APPPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
MODULE TITLE: APPLYING APPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
LEARNING OUTCOME #2: PREPARE SURFACE FOR SEALANT/ADHESIVE
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
2.1 Surface materials are identified as per construction.
2.2 Surface is cleaned and free of moisture, dust and other foreign
matters to ensure maximum adhesion or seal.
RESOURCES:
1. Scribber
2. Cylinder Head
3. Rags
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Information Unit Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive
Sheet
Module Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive
No. 1
Special procedures for installing gaskets are found in the section that covers the part to
be fastened to the engine block or cylinder head.
1. Never reuse old gasket. Even it the old gasket appears to be in good condition, it will
never seal as well as a new one. The old gasket has been exposed to high
combustion temperatures and pressures, hot oil coolant, and might have worn or
damaged sealing surfaces. It also has been compressed by bolt torquing to fit the
parts it has been sealing. It will not be able to reform itself to create another good
seat.
2. Handle new gasket carefully. Be careful not to damage the new gasket before
placing them on the engine. Any bend or crease in the gasket material is a potential
weak spot that might cause a leak after installation. This is specially true of the
composition type gasket used on many cylinder heads and manifolds. If any attempt
is made to strengthen a bent or distorted gasket, it could fracture the gasket and
create a weak spot. Protect the new gaskets by keeping them in their packages until
installation.
Always refer to the specific engine and engine part section of the service manual for the
recommended procedures for using sealant.
3. Use gasket sealant only when they are absolutely necessary. The hot oil
environment of an engine can cause some chemical sealant to react adversely with
the binding compound in composition-type gaskets, causing the gasket to
deteriorate and leak.
SHOP TALK
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Some technicians tend to use too much sealant on gaskets. Do not make this mistake.
Because sealants have less strength than gasket materials, they create weaker joints they can
also present some gasket material from doing what is supposed to do, which is to soak up oil
and swell to make a tight seal.
4. Cleanliness is essential. New gasket seal best when used on clean surfaces.
Thoroughly clean all mating surfaces of dirt. Oil deposits, rust, old sealer, and gasket
material. If any foreign substances remain, they can create a path for leaks.
Scraping is away the old gasket is not an easy job, but the essential to ensure a
leak-free seal. When using a hand gasket scraper on aluminum parts, be very
careful not to scratch the softer metal surfaces (Figure 13-14).
5. Use the right gasket in the right position. Always compare the new gasket to the
component mating surfaces to make sure it is the right gasket (Figure 13-15).
Comparing the new gasket with the original is another way to make sure you are
using the correct part. Check that all bolt holes, dowel holes, pushrod openings,
coolant, and lubrication passages line up perfectly with the gasket. Some gaskets
will have directions such as top, this side up, stamped on one surface. Follow
these instructions exactly when putting the gasket in place. An upside-down or
reversed gasket can easily cause loss of oil pressure, overheating, and engine
failure.
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Self Unit of Competency Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive
Check Module Title Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive
Direction:
The purpose of this self-check is to find-out the readiness of the students to perform the
activity. 100% mastery is required.
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Operation Unit of Competency Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive
Sheet Module Title Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive
1. Gasket scraper
2. Shop towel
3. Cleaning rags
Procedure:
1. Prepare gasket scraper and cleaning rags prior cleaning of mating surface.
2. Use a gasket scraper to clean the mating surface.
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QUALIFICATION: AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: APPLY APPPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
MODULE TITLE: APPLYING APPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
LEARNING OUTCOME #3: APPLY SEALANT/ADHESIVE
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
RESOURCES:
1. Cylinderhead belt
2. Sealant and Adhesive
3. Value Corner
4. Cylinderhead Gasket
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Information Unit Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive
Sheet
Module Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive
No. 1
SEALANTS
Our third major section of Seals is sealants, which we will cover now.
Sealants are similar to gaskets, except that a sealant is applied as a liquid or paste, while a
gasket is usually precut to fit and always placed between mating surfaces.
However, solid sealing tapes are also considered as sealants in this section because they are
not cut to size and are also used to cover seams.
Another type of sealant is the adhesive, which is used for its holding power rather than its
ability to seal.
The jobs of sealants are similar to those of gaskets: exclude dust, dirt, and moisture or
contain a liquid or gas. However, unlike gaskets, sealants are also used as protective coatings,
to reduce noise, to improve appearance, and to perform a joining function.
Sealants are normally used for less severe conditions of temperature and pressure than
gaskets (there are exceptions). But sealants are often more resistant to chemicals and more
economical to use than gaskets.
TYPES OF SEALANTS
Hardening types
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Nonhardening types
Tapes
Whether a sealant is hardening or nonhardening depends upon its chemical composition and
curing characteristics, rather than its initial form. Sealants generally come in nonsolid forms in
a wide range of viscosities. Some epoxy sealers come in powdered form and must ne melted
when applied. Certain asphalt-based sealers and waxes are solid, and applied by a hot-melt
system. Thermosetting film adhesives used for sealing also come in tape form, and they
generally require heat and pressure for curing.
Hardening Types
RIGID or hard-setting sealants are characterized by their inability to flex. They crack if flexed,
and are often difficult to remove. Some notably the epoxies can join as well as seal.
Common rigid sealants which are distinctive to this group are those based on components of
epoxies, polyesters, acrylics, polyamides, and polyvinyl acetates (PVA)
FLEXIBLE sealants remain flexible after curing, and have elastic bases. Their range of
flexibility varies considerably, as does hardness. Some of these sealants are true rubbers;
many have good adhesive qualities; and all can be compounded to resists a variety of
environmental conditions.
The flexible sealants are either true elastomers that is, they return to their original shape
after being deflected or are characterized by an ability to deform or stretch without tearing,
but do not return to their original shape.
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NONHARDENING TYPES
These soft-setting sealants stay wet after application and never truly dry. They generally
cannot be depended on to perform a joining function, although some formulations are used as
adhesives in very low-stress joints.
These sealants are characterized by the mastic type pastes usually applied to seams with
trowel or brush.
TAPES
Some nonhardening sealants are formulated so that they can be packaged in tape form.
These are not adhesive-backed and can be easily thumbed into place.
Joints to which a sealant can be applied depend to a great extent on the type of sealant.
For example, a free-flowing sealant cannot be applied to a vertical surface; a nonsagging type
must be used.
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Typical common joints are the simple but joint, and the lap joint (Figure 66).
Lap joints can be most easily sealed with tape; filled-sealed, if the thickness of the joined
sheets will support a bead of sealant; and sandwich sealed. Sandwhich sealing is a common
method with structural adhesives. Where ordinary sealants are used, the sealing material is
brushed, extruded, troweled, or thumbed on, and the lap joint made and mechanically secured
with rivets, or bolts and nuts.
Sealant thickness is more critical when material is applied between surfaces. However, where
sealant thickness is not critical, curing time can be delayed considerably by overly thick
applications of the material.
If lap joints cannot be sandwich-sealed, the joint should have a built-in receptacle to receive
the sealant.
Voids can results in a joint unless care is taken during application. When beads of sealant are
laid in a joint, and air spaces are unavoidable, tooling the sealant before it cures helps to the
cavities.
When applying sealant, always follow the manufacturers instruction for proper steps in placing
and curing.
USES OF SEALANTS
An inside sealer keeps in a fluid or other medium; an outside sealer keeps out contaminants:
some sealers perform both functions.
However, sealants can be used to perform other functions some of which are almost as
important as the primary role of sealing. These are: (1) Joining; (2) Electrical or thermal
insulating; (3) Noise reduction; (4) Vibration dampening; (5) Expansion and contraction control;
(6) Smooting and filleting; (7) Protective coating; (8) Tampering prevention.
Where conditions are too severe, sealants can often do the job better and more cheaply than
gaskets.
Direction:
The purpose of this self check is to fine out the readiness of the student to perform the
activity. 100% mastery is required.
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Operation Unit of Competency Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive
Sheet Module Title Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive
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QUALIFICATION: AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: APPLY APPPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
MODULE TITLE: APPLYING APPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE
LEARNING OUTCOME #4: STORE UNUSED OR DISPOSE USED SEALANT/ADHESIVE
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
4.1 Sealant/adhesive are stored as per prescribed procedure.
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4.2 Waste are disposed as per workshop SOP.
RESOURCES:
1. Store Cabinet
2. Sealant/Adhesive
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Read Competency Standard for Apply appropriate sealant/adhesive.
Procedure:
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