BPSU Philippines - Microwave Link Commun

MICROWAVE LINK COMMUNICATION DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
In todays information age, knowledge is made readily available not only

through cable or wired connections but also through wireless communications.
Knowing your way back in the mountains is no longer a problem with GPS (Global
Positioning System). Communicating with family and friends without the use of
landline phones is now possible with cellular phones. Exchanging documents can be
done in a minute using Bluetooth. Even accessing the internet in a restaurant or while
commuting is now a regular thing because of Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). And the one
thing they all have in common is that they operate in microwave frequencies.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from

approximately 500MHz to 300GHz or more. The prefix "micro-" in "microwave" is not
meant to suggest a wavelength in the micrometers range. It only indicates that
microwaves are "small" compared to waves used in typical radio broadcasting, falling
along 1.0mm to 30cm which are slightly longer than infrared energy.
The main advantage of using microwaves in communications is that it has the

capacity to carry thousands of individual information channels between two points
without the need for physical facilities such as coaxial cables or optical fibers. It also
avoids the need for right-of-way acquisition between properties and are better suited
for spanning large bodies of water, going over high mountains, or going through
heavily wooded terrain that impose formidable barriers to cable systems. But with these
advantages also comes disadvantages. Due to high frequencies employed in microwave
systems, it is more difficult to analyze and design circuits and to implement measuring
techniques and conventional components. Also, microwave frequencies propagate in a
straight line, limiting their use to line-of-sight applications.
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Aside from those mentioned earlier, another line-of-sight application for

microwaves is a point-to-point communication link. It uses a beam of radio waves in the
microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the
Earth. A point-to-point microwave communication link is often employed in the form of
fixed-link operator, utility private network, TV distribution network and mobile
backhaul network among other things.
In the succeeding parts, the group will design a point-to-point microwave

communication link with no specific application intended but with communication
requirements identified. In this design, the specified points of communication are
Dangcol Balanga, Bataan as the receiver site while the transmitter site can be any
location at least 25km away from the receiver site. The maximum transmit power is 2W
with a receiver IF bandwidth of 10MHz. To meet industry standard, the performance
requirements range per link should be from a minimum of 99.999% availability (about
300seconds outage a year) to 99.9996% (about 125seconds outage a year).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The group would like to extend their gratitude and appreciation to the following
persons who have shown their support and have been an integral part in the progress
and completion of this design.
To Engr. Riadal Sampang, their instructor, for her patience, assistance, and
professional guidance in the preparation and completion of this design,
To their family members, for inspiring them to work hard in this project and for
understanding and attending to their needs,
To their classmates and friends, for supporting them despite undergoing the
same hardships in their own designs,
And above all, to the Almighty God, who bestowed them with intelligence and
provide them with the determination to put this design together up to the end.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
OBJECTIVES 5
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 6
I SITE SELECTION 6
II ANTENNA HEIGHT 10
III TOWERS 16
IV FIELD SURVEY REPORT 22
V ANTENNA TYPES 31
VI REPEATER 34
VII WAVEGUIDE AND TRANSMISSION LINES 36
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 40
DESIGN COMPUTATION 41
SYSTEM RELIABILITY 52
SYSTEM FIGURE 53
POWER LEVEL DIAGRAM 55
COST ESTIMATION 56
CONCLUSION 57
GLOSSARY 59
SPECIFICATIONS 60
REFERENCES 69
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OBJECTIVES
MAIN OBJECTIVE
To design a Point-to-Point Microwave Communication Link with a path length

of no less than 25 kilometers from the receiver site (Dangcol, Balanga Bataan) with 4
million pesos (Php 4 000 000) as the allocated budget.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Discuss the factors that should be considered in the design of the microwave link.
Select possible receiver, transmitter and if necessary, repeater site locations to

provide a path link with line-of-sight (LOS).
Visit site locations to check for land availability and for possible obstructions and
their height.
Compute for antenna tower height by considering the effective Earth bulge, land
elevation, height of obstructions (e.g. houses, commercial establishments, trees)
and Fresnel clearance.
Choose antenna tower based on computed height, land area, and location wind
loading.
Choose antenna type and diameter to be used for the transmitting and receiving
antennas.
Choose the type of repeater, waveguide and transmission lines to be used.
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Solve for system reliability and figure and provide a power level diagram.
Provide a tabulated list of the materials including description, specification, and

cost.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
I. SITE SELECTION
Site selection is the process of choosing the optimal location for an anticipated
use. It involves measuring the needs of a new project against the merits of potential
locations. Since microwave communication is a line-of-sight (LOS) communication, the
first step in choosing the location of the transmitter and receiver sites is verifying that
there are no natural and man-made obstructions between them. In cases where a
straight path with no obstructions is unavailable, a repeater can be employed to relay
signals over the obstructions so that the signal can cover longer distances.
Microwave terminal sites can be a tower constructed on an existing structure

such as building rooftops or a separate tower in an elevated location. In putting up a
tower on a building rooftop, the architectural and structural plan of the building should
be investigated to determine whether the structure is adequate. The cost of building
modifications to accomplish the purpose and the possibility of future building
construction along the path must also be taken into consideration. When additional
height is required and building structure is unable to support a tower, a separate tower
can be erected to mount the antenna fixtures.
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For maintenance purposes, the site location should have road access from the
nearest improved road to the proposed building location. The site should also have
adequate source of power often in the form of commercial electric power of suitable
secondary or distribution voltage.
Before visiting every potential terminal site, topographic maps are often used to
check the terrains for clear LOS. Topographic maps are detailed, accurate graphic
representations of features that appear on the Earths surface. These features can be
divided into the following categories:
Culture: roads, buildings, urban development, boundaries, railways, power

transmission lines
Hydrography: lakes, rivers, streams, swamps, coastal flats
Relief: mountains, valleys, slopes, depressions
Vegetation: wooded and cleared areas, vineyards and orchards
Toponymy: place names, water feature names, highway names
Since topographic maps are only two or three dimensional representation of the
physical environment at a given time, it will never be entirely up to date. Therefore,
terrain mapping using topographic maps is a good starting point and is only a pre-
requisite to a field survey.
In the site selection, the group used Google Earth to check for line-of-sight in
choosing potential terminal site locations. Google Earth is a virtual globe, map and
geographical information program that maps the Earth by the superimposition of
images obtained from satellite imagery, aerial photography and geographic information
system (GIS) 3D globe. The baseline resolution of Google Earth is about 15 meters while
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the altitude resolution varies by country. Since Google Earth is free and is readily
available to students, the group used it as a preliminary tool in the site selection.
In this microwave link communication design, the required receiver site is

Dangcol Balanga, Bataan. Since there are no buildings of suitable height to construct a
tower on, the group chose an empty lot along a concrete road as the receiver site
(1438'49.37"N, 12029'57.32"E). After establishing the receiver site, the group selected
potential transmitter sites that are at least 25km away from the receiver site as per
requirement. The chosen transmitter site is in Prado Siongco, Lubao Pampanga. The
transmitter site (1452'23.54"N, 12031'27.50"E) is also an empty lot (for reasons the same
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as the receiver site) about one kilometer away from a concrete road. Since the
transmitter and receiver sites have no line-of-sight, a repeater site is also chosen. The
repeater site (1441'25.74"N, 12029'2.43"E) is also an empty lot along the road in
Capitangan, Abucay Bataan. Given that the three sites have road access, it is assumed
that transmission power lines also exist especially if there are street lights. The finality
of the selected site locations will be verified in a field survey.
RECEIVER SITE TO TRANSMITTER SITE: 25.2km
REPEATER TO TRANSMITTER
REPEATER TO RECEIVER
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II. ANTENNA HEIGHT
The antenna height at each end of the link can be determined by creating a path
profile. A path profile is a graphical representation of the path traveled by the radio
waves between the two ends of a link. Together with considering the effects of Earth
bulge and Fresnel Zones, it insures that the link is free from obstructions.
EARTH BULGE
Microwave Propagation at Free Space
Although the surface of the Earth is curved, a beam of microwave energy tends
to travel in a straight line. Thus, over some distance, there is a protuberance called the
physical Earth bulge.
Microwave Propagation at Standard Atmospheric Condition
However, since microwaves propagate in air instead of free space, the beam is
normally bent downward a slight amount by atmospheric refraction. Any change in the
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amount of beam bending caused by atmospheric conditions can then be expressed as a

change in k or effective Earth radius factor.
k-factor ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION

Flat Earth Condition: The refractive signal path arc follows earth curvature
k= exactly, meaning there is no relative change in the curvature between the
beam and the Earth. This makes the Earth appear flat.
Sub-standard / Sub-refraction Condition: The refracted signal path deviates
2
k<3 from a straight line, and it arcs in the direction opposite the earth curvature.
This makes the Earth looks rounder.
Super standard / Super refraction Condition: The refracted signal path
4
k>3 deviates from a straight line, and it arcs in the same direction as the earth
curvature. This results in an effective flattening of the Earth
Standard Condition: The usual effect of the declining pressure of the
atmosphere with height is to bend radio waves down toward the surface of
4 4
k=3 the Earth by a factor of 3. The end result is that the earth can be considered a
little bit flatter. It is a very small variation, but sufficient to help microwave
engineers to reach unseen sites.
When the effects of atmospheric refraction are combined with physical Earth
bulge, a modified profile is produced, known as effective Earth bulge. The formula
for effective Earth bulge is given as:
d1(km) x d2(km) d1(mi) x d2(mi)

Earth bulge(m) = 12.75k Earth bulge(ft) = 1.5k
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Where:
d1 and d2 = the distance from each end site
k = the effective Earth radius factor
FRESNEL ZONES
A Fresnel zone, named for physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is one of a

(theoretically infinite) number of concentric ellipsoids which define volumes in the
radiation pattern of a (usually) circular aperture. Fresnel zones result from diffraction
by the circular aperture. The cross section of the first (innermost) Fresnel zone is circular.
Subsequent Fresnel zones are annular (doughnut-shaped) in cross section, and
concentric with the first.
If unobstructed, radio waves will travel in a straight line from the transmitter to
the receiver. But if there are reflective surfaces along the path, such as bodies of water
or smooth terrain, the radio waves reflecting off those surfaces may arrive either out of
phase or in phase with the signals that travel directly to the receiver. Waves that reflect
off of surfaces within an even Fresnel zone are out of phase with the direct-path wave
and reduce the power of the received signal. Waves that reflect off of surfaces within an
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odd Fresnel zone are in phase with the direct-path wave and can enhance the power of
the received signal. Sometimes this results in the counter-intuitive finding that reducing
the height of an antenna increases the signal-to-noise ratio.
Fresnel provided a means to calculate where the zones are--where a given

obstacle will cause mostly in phase or mostly out of phase reflections between the
transmitter and the receiver. Obstacles in the first Fresnel zone will create signals with a
path-length phase shift of 0 to 180 degrees, in the second zone they will be 180 to 360
degrees out of phase, and so on. Even numbered zones have the maximum phase
cancelling effect and odd numbered zones may actually add to the signal power.
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To maximize receiver strength, one needs to minimize the effect of obstruction

loss by removing obstacles from the radio frequency line of sight (RF LOS). To establish
RF LOS, it is necessary to clear 60% of the 1st Fresnel zone boundary, from the signal
beam centerline outwards, across the entire signal path. Failure to do so will result in
additional signal loss caused by diffraction; the amount of loss will depend on the
degree of Fresnel zone encroachment. The formula for Fresnel zone is:
Fn(m) = 17.3 Fn(ft) = 72.1
Where:
Fn = Specific Fresnel zone radius
d1 = Distance from one end of path to reflection point
d2 = Distance from reflection point to opposite end of path
D = Total length of path
f = Frequency in GHz
n = number of specific Fresnel zone
The formula for Fresnel clearance is:
Fc = 0.6(F1)
Where: F1 = First Fresnel Zone
After choosing tentative terminal sites and determining the relative elevation of
the terrain, a path profile is prepared next. The path is created by plotting the Earth
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Curvature and the Total Height Extended. The Earth Curvature is the elevation profile
of the land with the addition of the effects of the Earth Bulge. The Total Height
Extended is the Earth Curvature with the addition of the Fresnel Clearance and 15
meters for vegetation. The initial path link is used to plot a line of sight from the
transmitter to repeater and from repeater to receiver.
TRANSMITTER TO REPEATER LINK
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REPEATER TO RECEIVER LINK
The red triangle in the plot is a representation of the antenna height. The
antenna height is calculated by subtracting the Total Height Extended from the
Earths Elevation. The tentative antenna height for the transmitter, receiver, and
repeater (both in Transmitter-Repeater Link and Receiver-Repeater Link) is 15m
(approximately 50ft). (Sample calculations will be shown in the final path profile and
in the Design Computations).
III. TOWERS
Radio masts and towers are, typically, tall structures designed to

support antennas (also known as aerials) for telecommunications and broadcasting,
including television. The terms "mast" and "tower" are often used interchangeably.
However, in structural engineering terms, a tower is a self-supporting
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or cantilevered structure, while a mast is held up by stays or guys. In selecting what

type of tower to use, the following should be considered first.
Rigidity - The capability of the tower to hold loads such as antennas and cables
prior to construction.
Height - The height of the tower must be enough in order to avoid obstructions.
Wind Loading - The anticipated wind loading has to be identified under harsh
and additional loading.
Land Area The land area will determine the kind of towers that can be
employed.
Cost The cost of the antenna will vary depending on height and wind loading.
These are the parameters that will be considered when choosing what type of
tower to use monopole, self-supporting or guyed towers.
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MONOPOLE TOWERS
Monopole towers are of a single pole design and are generally used in cellular
and personal communication service. They are free standing and are usually built
cylindrically or with multiple sides. Monopole towers are often placed on the roofs of
tall buildings. Each section of the monopole is welded or bolted together to a height
ranging from 30 to 490 feet. The section with the largest diameter is at the bottom of the
tower, with each successive section smaller as the tower rises. This decrease in diameter
contributes to the low wind resistance of monopole towers compared to other tower
types.
SELF-SUPPORTING TOWERS
Self-supporting towers have a larger footprint than monopoles, but still requires
a much smaller area than guyed towers. These towers tend to be the most expensive to
build. Used for television, microwave and power transmission, self-supported towers
can have either three or four legs. Built on the ground or on buildings, these towers
generally feature a lattice frame design. Self-supporting towers are the strongest and
have the greatest resistance to ice and wind loads of any of the three communication
tower designs. These towers can range from 30 to 490 feet high.
GUYED TOWERS
Guyed towers are lighter and more cost efficient than self-supporting towers
where space is inexpensive. For this reason, guyed towers are more often used in rural
settings. Three guy wires made of high-strength steel anchor the tower to the ground
over an anchor radius equal to 2/3 of the towers height. The additional support
structure in terms of guy wires are also increase the strength of towers against wind
sways.
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MONOPOLE GUYED TOWERS SELF-SUPPORTED
Rigidity Low Moderate High
Height Low High Moderate
Wind Loading Low Moderate - High High
Land Area Required Low High Low
Cost Moderate Moderate High High
Since the tentative antenna height is 50ft, a 50ft Self-Supporting Tower for the
Transmitter, Repeater and Receiver is considered. The tower footprint for a self-erecting
tower is lesser than in guyed towers. This is practical for our application since the land
area we chose as transmitter, repeater and receiver sites are limited (as viewed from
Google Earth).
Finally, though self-supporting towers tend to be expensive compared to

monopole and guyed towers, it has the advantage when it comes to wind loads,
knowing that the Philippines experience storms in a regular basis every year.
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In the current wind zone map found in the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP), the maximum speed experienced in Bataan and Pampanga (Zone
II) can reach as high as 200kph or 124mph.
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According to Beaufort Wind Scale, (an empirical measure that relates wind speed
to observed conditions at sea or on land) this is the wind speed experienced during
hurricanes. Therefore, to ensure that the towers will not fail and can withstand the wind
speed, a self-supporting tower with its strong wind resistance is chosen for this
application.
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IV. FIELD SURVEY REPORT

Field survey is the collection and gathering of information about a location and is
often carried out through observation and measurements. For microwave link design,
field survey is done on the path between the transmitter and repeater sites and between
repeater and receiver sites. The objectives of the field survey done by the group are the
following:
To verify the availability and size of the land area

To examine the existence and height of obstructions (e.g. buildings and
trees) along the path of the signal
To check for transmission power lines in the area
To confirm the accessibility of the road accessibility of the area
The following are the collective observation of the group from the field survey.
RECEIVER
The receiver site is along the road and is ten meters away from the nearest
cemented road with AC transmission line, verifying that the site has road and
electric power access.
The maximum vegetation around the chosen receiver site is approximately 15

meters. Aside from trees (vegetation), no other obstructions, man-made or
natural is found in the vicinity of the receiver site.
The available land area is about 150 square meters.
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REPEATER
The chosen repeater site is unavailable because foreign investors are already
developing the area. Since another empty lot is found near the area, the group
chose that as an alternative repeaters site. Then the group verified for line-of-
sight between the repeater and transmitter and between the receiver and
repeater using Google Earth. Thus, the repeater site has been moved from
(1441'25.74"N, 12029'2.43"E) to (1441'24.76"N, 12028'56.21"E).
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The only obstructions in the vicinity of the repeater site are the trees with height
of about 12 meters.
The repeater site is along the road and is approximately 15 meters away from the
cemented road, ensuring easy road access. The availability of electric power
source is also verified by the existence of AC transmission lines along the road.
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The available land area is about 50 square meters.
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TRANSMITTER
Even though the transmitter is 1km away from the nearest cemented road, the
group still chose this location as the transmitter site because the road can still be
accessed. The road access is a straight, uncemented path where vehicles like
jeepneys and small trucks have enough room to travel. AC transmission lines
along the road also ensures electric power source.
The surroundings of the transmitter site was composed of farms, poultry,

piggery, and farm to market roads but the highest obstruction are still those of
trees which are about 15 meters.
The available land area is 50 square meters.
After field survey, the location of the transmitter, repeater and receiver has been
finalized by checking for the availability of land area, road access and electric power
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source. The path profile is also verified not only from obstructions due to the Earths
natural elevation (Google Earth) but also through the observation and verification of
obstruction by other obstructions like tress, buildings and other structure. The changing
of repeater location also resulted to a new path profile and antenna height.

Total
Earth Earth Fresnel Fresnel
d1 d2 Elevation Vegetation Height
Bulge Curvature Radius Clearance
(km) (km) (m) (m) Extended
(m) (m) (m) (m)
(m)
0.00 20.90 9.00 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.00
0.50 20.40 9.00 1.07 10.07 4.78 2.87 15.00 27.93
1.00 19.90 8.00 2.08 10.08 6.67 4.00 15.00 29.08
1.50 19.40 7.00 3.04 10.04 8.07 4.84 15.00 29.88
2.00 18.90 7.00 3.95 10.95 9.20 5.52 15.00 31.47
2.50 18.40 6.00 4.81 10.81 10.15 6.09 15.00 31.90
3.00 17.90 6.00 5.62 11.62 10.96 6.58 15.00 33.19
3.50 17.40 6.00 6.37 12.37 11.67 7.00 15.00 34.37
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4.00 16.90 7.00 7.07 14.07 12.30 7.38 15.00 36.45

4.50 16.40 7.00 7.72 14.72 12.85 7.71 15.00 37.43
5.00 15.90 8.00 8.31 16.31 13.34 8.00 15.00 39.32
5.50 15.40 14.00 8.86 22.86 13.77 8.26 15.00 46.12
6.00 14.90 16.00 9.35 25.35 14.14 8.49 15.00 48.84
6.50 14.40 18.00 9.79 27.79 14.47 8.68 15.00 51.47
7.00 13.90 20.00 10.18 30.18 14.76 8.85 15.00 54.03
7.50 13.40 25.00 10.51 35.51 15.00 9.00 15.00 59.51
8.00 12.90 33.00 10.79 43.79 15.20 9.12 15.00 67.91
8.50 12.40 37.00 11.02 48.02 15.36 9.21 15.00 72.24
9.00 11.90 42.00 11.20 53.20 15.48 9.29 15.00 77.49
9.50 11.40 44.00 11.33 55.33 15.57 9.34 15.00 79.67
10.00 10.90 49.00 11.40 60.40 15.62 9.37 15.00 84.77
10.50 10.40 56.00 11.42 67.42 15.63 9.38 15.00 91.80
11.00 9.90 61.00 11.39 72.39 15.61 9.37 15.00 96.75
11.50 9.40 69.00 11.30 80.30 15.55 9.33 15.00 104.64
12.00 8.90 75.00 11.17 86.17 15.46 9.28 15.00 110.44
12.50 8.40 77.00 10.98 87.98 15.33 9.20 15.00 112.18
12.90 8.00 80.00 10.79 90.79 15.20 9.12 15.00 114.91
13.20 7.70 62.00 10.63 72.63 15.08 9.05 15.00 96.68
13.50 7.40 85.00 10.45 95.45 14.95 8.97 15.00 119.42
14.00 6.90 101.00 10.10 111.10 14.70 8.82 15.00 134.92
14.50 6.40 111.00 9.70 120.70 14.41 8.65 15.00 144.35
15.00 5.90 121.00 9.25 130.25 14.07 8.44 15.00 153.70
15.50 5.40 135.00 8.75 143.75 13.69 8.21 15.00 166.96
16.00 4.90 130.00 8.20 138.20 13.24 7.95 15.00 161.15
16.50 4.40 144.00 7.59 151.59 12.75 7.65 15.00 174.24
17.00 3.90 142.00 6.93 148.93 12.18 7.31 15.00 171.24
17.50 3.40 139.00 6.22 145.22 11.54 6.92 15.00 167.15
18.00 2.90 130.00 5.46 135.46 10.81 6.48 15.00 156.94
18.50 2.40 119.00 4.64 123.64 9.97 5.98 15.00 144.62
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19.00 1.90 137.00 3.78 140.78 8.99 5.39 15.00 161.17

19.50 1.40 151.00 2.85 153.85 7.82 4.69 15.00 173.54
20.00 0.90 190.00 1.88 191.88 6.35 3.81 15.00 210.69
20.50 0.40 225.00 0.86 225.86 4.28 2.57 15.00 243.43
20.90 0.00 257.00 0.00 257.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 257.00
RECEIVER TO REPEATER LINK

Total
Earth Earth Fresnel Fresnel
Elevation Vegetation Height
d1(km) d2(km) Bulge Curvature Radius Clearance
(m) (m) Extended
(m) (m) (m) (m)
(m)
0.00 5.14 66.00 0.00 66.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 66.00
0.50 4.64 62.00 0.24 62.24 4.59 2.76 15.00 80.00
1.00 4.14 84.00 0.43 84.43 6.14 3.68 15.00 103.12
1.50 3.64 87.00 0.57 87.57 7.05 4.23 15.00 106.80
2.00 3.14 93.00 0.66 93.66 7.56 4.54 15.00 113.19
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2.50 2.64 114.00 0.69 114.69 7.75 4.65 15.00 134.34

3.00 2.14 124.00 0.67 124.67 7.64 4.59 15.00 144.26
3.50 1.64 135.00 0.60 135.60 7.23 4.34 15.00 154.94
4.00 1.14 155.00 0.48 155.48 6.44 3.86 15.00 174.34
4.50 0.64 181.00 0.30 181.30 5.12 3.07 15.00 199.37
5.00 0.14 228.00 0.07 228.07 2.52 1.51 15.00 244.59
5.14 0.00 257.00 0.00 257.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 257.00
Based on plotted values of Earth Elevation, Earth Bulge, Fresnel Clearance, and
Vegetation, the new antenna and tower heights are determined by drawing a line-of-
sight on the graph.
ANTENNA HEIGHT TOWER HEIGHT
TRANSMITTER 20 meters 70 feet
REPEATER 20 meters 70 feet
RECEIVER 30 meters 100 feet
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V. ANTENNA TYPES
Microwave antenna is a type of antenna which is operated at microwave

frequencyand they are widely used in many practical applications .A microwave
antenna is a major system component that allows a microwave system to transmit and
receive data between microwave sites. A microwave antenna is located at the top of a
tower at each microwave site. Microwaves are radio waves with wavelengths ranging
from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter. Microwave antennas are widely
used in various applications such as Televisions, and telephone communications are
transmitted between ground stations and to and from satellites.
Antenna is an important part of any wireless communication system as it

converts the electronic signals into Electromagnetic. The IEEE Standard Definitions of
Terms (IEEE Std 145-1983) for antenna is any device that converts electronic Signals to
electromagnetic waves (and vice versa), effectively with minimum loss of signals.
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROWAVE ANTENNA
1. MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNAS
Microstrip antennas are attractive due to their light weight, conformability and
low cost. These antennas can be integrated with printed strip-line feed networks and
active devices. A major contributing factor for recent advances of microstrip antennas is
the current revolution in electronic circuit miniaturization brought about by
developments in large scale integration. As conventional antennas is often bulky and
costly part of an electronic system, micro strip antennas based on photolithographic
technology. Its typical applications are on Global Positioning System, Paging, Cellular
Phone, and Personal Communication System.
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2. PLASMA ANTENNAS
A plasma antenna is a column of ionized gas in which the free electrons emit,
Absorb and reflect radio signals just as the free electrons in a metal antenna. The plasma
antenna can be made to appear and disappear in milliseconds. The plasma antenna has
an adjustable high frequency cut off. It can transmit and receive low frequency signals
while not interacting with high frequency signals. It is primarily use for high speed
digital communication, radar systems, radio antenna, 4G, RFID, and Digital Home.
3. MIMO (Multiple-input and Multiple-output) ANTENNAS
It uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve

communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology. it
offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional
bandwidth or increased transmit power. It achieves this goal by spreading the same
total transmit power over the antennas to achieve an array gain that improves the
spectral efficiency or to achieve a diversity gain that improves the link reliability. It is
usually used in WLAN WiFi 802.11n, Mesh Networks , WMAN WiMAX
802.16e ,and RFID
4. HORN ANTENNAS
BSECE5B Page 32
Horn antennas are highly suitable for frequencies where waveguides are the
standard feed method, as they consist essentially of a waveguide whose end walls are
flared outwards to form a megaphone-like structure. In the case illustrated, the aperture
is maintained as a rectangle, but circular and elliptical versions are also possible. The
dimensions of the aperture are chosen to select an appropriate resonant mode, giving
rise to a controlled field distribution over the aperture. The best patterns (narrow main
lobe, low side lobes) are produced by making the length of the horn large compared to
the aperture width, but this must be chosen as a compromise with the overall volume
occupied. A common application of horn antennas is as the feed element for parabolic
dish antennas in satellite systems
Horn antennas are extensively used at microwave frequencies when the power
gain needed is moderate. For high power gains other antennas like lines or parabolic
reflectors are preferred rather than horn antennas.
5. PARABOLIC ANTENNA
A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved

surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most
common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic
dish. The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It
functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a
narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction only. Parabolic
antennas have some of the highest gains, that are they can produce the narrowest beam
widths, of any antenna type. In order to achieve narrow beam widths, the parabolic
reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used, so
parabolic antennas are used in the high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF
and microwave frequencies, at which the wavelengths are small enough that
BSECE5B Page 33
conveniently-sized reflectors can be used. Horn antennas are extensively used at

microwave frequencies when the power gain needed is moderate. For high power gains
other antennas like lines or parabolic reflectors are preferred rather than horn antennas.
Applications
Point-to-point communications
In applications such as microwave relay links that carry telephone and television
signals between nearby cities, WAN/LAN links for data communications,
satellite communications and spacecraft communication antennas.
They are also used in radio telescopes
In this design, parabolic dish with parabolic reflector will be used to provide high
power gain which is important in a point-to-point microwave communications system.
VI. REPEATER
BSECE5B Page 34
A wireless repeater allows point to point wireless links, also referred to as point-
to-point wireless, to cover greater distances and get around obstructions that may limit
line of sight (LOS). Wireless repeaters are also used to provide a greater signal level
where needed and for wireless repeaters it could be either be passive or active repeater.
A passive radio link deflection, or passive repeater is a plant that implements a

microwave link, in places where an obstacle in the signal path blocks any direct, line of
sight microwave link and essentially beam benders while active repeaters receives and
transmits radio device installed at intermediate points in radio communications links,
designed to amplify received signals and then retransmit them farther along the link.
Passive repeaters have the following advantages over active sites:
No power is required
No regular road access is required
No equipment housing is needed
They are environmentally friendly
Little or no maintenance is required
In many cases it is not possible, practical, or allowable to use a passive repeater

an active repeater will be required to use. Active repeaters receive and transmit radio
device installed at intermediate point in the radio communications link. It is designed to
amplify received signals and then transmit them farther along the link. The basic types
of active microwave repeaters are the following.
IF Repeater / Heterodyne Repeater the received the RF carrier is down-

converted to an IF frequency, amplified, reshaped, up-converted to an RF
frequency and then retransmitted.
BSECE5B Page 35
Baseband Repeater the received RF carrier is down-converted to an IF

frequency, amplified, filtered, and then further demodulated to baseband. The
baseband signal, which is typically frequency-division multiplexed voice-band
channels is further demodulated to a master group, a subgroup, group or even
channel level. Once the baseband signal has been configured, it FM modulates
the IF carrier, which is up-converted to an RF carrier and then retransmitted
RF Repeater the received microwave signal is not down-converted to IF or

baseband; it simply mixed (heterodyned) with a local oscillator frequency in a
nonlinear mixer. The radio signal is simply converted in frequency and then
reamplified and transmitted to the next down-line repeater or terminal station.
Reconfiguring and reshaping are not possible.
The group used active RF repeaters in this design to increase the gain of the
system. Since RF repeaters doesnt demodulate the received signals it also used less
components compared to IF or baseband repeaters.
VII. WAVEGUIDE AND TRANSMISSION LINES
The purpose of the transmission line (feeder) in this context is to transfer the RF
signal from the transmit module of the radio equipment to the antenna system in the
most efficient manner. For equipment configurations that have the RF unit at the back
of the antenna, the feeder is used to carry the baseband and IF signals plus the power
and telemetry signals. There are two main types of transmission lines used in
microwave systems: coaxial cables and waveguides.
BSECE5B Page 36
COAXIAL CABLE
Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a
tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial
cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the
inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was
invented by English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the
design in 1880. Coaxial cable differs from other shielded cable used for carrying lower-
frequency signals, such as audio signals, in that the dimensions of the cable are
controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to
function efficiently as a radio frequency transmission line.
Cable loss is a function of the cross-sectional area; therefore, the thicker the cable,
the lower the loss. Obviously the disadvantage of thicker cables is the reduced
flexibility and increased cost. Cable loss is quoted in decibels per 100m. Air dielectric
cables offer a low-loss solution, but have the added complexity of pressurization to
keep moisture out.
As the frequency of operation increases, the resistance of the conductor increases,

resulting in power loss due to heating. Any alternating current does not have a uniform
current density. The current density tends to be greater at the surface of the conductor,
which is a phenomenon known as the skin effect. At gigahertz frequencies, this change
in resistance can be large. The conductor loss per 100m thus increases as frequency
increases.
WAVEGUIDE
Microwave energy can be guided in a metallic tubecalled a waveguidewith

very low attenuation. The electric and magnetic fields are contained within the guide,
and therefore there is no radiation loss. Furthermore, since the dielectric is air, the
BSECE5B Page 37
dielectric losses are negligibly small. A waveguide will only operate between two
limiting frequencies, called the cutoff frequency. These frequencies depend on the
waveguide geometry compared to the wavelength of operation. The waveguides must
be chosen within the frequency band that supports the desired mode of propagation.
There are three types of waveguides: rectangular, circular and elliptical.
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
As shown in the given diagram, the rectangular wave guide is designed from
conducting material in rectangular shape which is hollow from the center and fully
polished from interior. The outer surface of the wave guide is coded with insulating
material or paint in order to avoid dust and rust. These types of wave guides are
available in different lengths and sizes in order to fulfill the requirements of the circuit.
BSECE5B Page 38
CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE
As shown in the given diagram the circular waveguide is designed from a

conducting pipe which is hollow from the center and polished from interior portion.
The outer surface of the wave guide is coded with the insulated paint in order to avoid
dust and rust. These types of wave guide are available in different lengths and sizes in
order to fulfill the requirement of the circuit.
ELLIPTICAL WAVEGUIDE
The most common waveguide used in a microwave radio installation is the

elliptical waveguide. This has corrugated copper walls with a plastic sheath for
protection. The corrugations result in a strong cable with limited bending ability. The
limitation on bending is specified in terms of a bending radius in the E-plane and the H-
plane. A much smaller bending radius is allowed in the E-plane; therefore, one should
utilize this when planning a waveguide installation. Although a maximum twist
allowance is specified, twists should be avoided when planning an installation. A
change in plane from E to H can easily be achieved within a few meters without
twisting the waveguide by bending the waveguide within the specified bending radius
of each E- and H-plane, respectively. The effective usable length of waveguide is
determined by the loss of waveguide. The waveguide loss is specified in decibels per
100m and increases significantly as frequency increases. Above 10 GHz, the loss
becomes excessive and radio manufacturers often offer the choice of a baseband or IF
connection to an outdoor RF unit mounted on the tower to avoid long lossy waveguide
runs.
The type of transmission line that will be used in this design is waveguide
because the transmission losses in waveguides are less than that of coaxial cables. The
BSECE5B Page 39
specific kind of waveguide that will be used is elliptical waveguide because it is the
most common type of waveguide used in microwave applications.
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
LOCATION Prado Siongco Capitangan
LATITUDE 1452'23.54"N 1441'24.76"N
LONGITUDE 12031'27.50"E 12028'56.21"E
ELEVATION 9 meters 257 meters
TOWER TYPE Self-Supporting Self-Supporting
TOWER HEIGHT 70 feet 70 feet
PATH DISTANCE 20.90 kilometers
LOCATION Capitangan Dangcol
LATITUDE 1441'24.76"N 1438'49.37"N
LONGITUDE 12028'56.21"E 12029'57.32"E
ELEVATION 257 meters 66 meters
TOWER TYPE Self-Supporting Self-Supporting
TOWER HEIGHT 70 feet 100 feet
PATH DISTANCE 5.14 kilometers
BSECE5B Page 40
DESIGN COMPUTATIONS
1. Transmitter Power (PT)

PT PT
PT(dbW) = 10log 1W PT(dbm) = 10log 1mW
2. Transmitter Waveguide Loss (LT)

(dB)
LTx(db) = length x total length
3. Transmitter Parabolic Dish Antenna Gain (GT)
GT(db) = 17.8 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(m) GT(db) = 7.5 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(ft)
4. Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

P T x GT
EIRP(watts) = EIRP(dB) = PT(dBm) + GT(dB) LT(dB)
LT
5. Free Space Loss (FSL) The loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in
a straight line through vacuum with no absorption or reflection from nearby objects.
FSL (db) = 92.4 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(km) FSL (db) = 96.6 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(mi)
6. Isotropic Receive Level (IRL)
IRL(dBW) = EIRP(dBW) FSL(dB) IRL(dBm) = EIRP(dBm) FSL(dB)
7. Receiver Waveguide Loss (LRx)

(dB)
LRx(db) = length x total length
8. Receiver Parabolic Dish Antenna Gain(GR)
GR(db) = 17.8 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(m) GR(db) = 7.5 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(ft)
9. Received Signal Level (RSL)
RSL(dBW) = IRL(dbW) + GR(dB) LRx(dB) RSL(dBm) = IRL(dbm) + GR(dB) LRx(dB)
10. Noise Threshold (N)
BSECE5B Page 41
N(dBW) = -204 + 10logB + NF(dB) N(dBm) = -174 + 10logB + NF(dB)
11. FM Improvement Threshold (IT) The point where capture-effects takes place and the
output signal-to-noise ratio suddenly jumps to 30dB.
IT(dBW) = N(dBW) + 10dB IT(dBm) = N(dBm) + 10dB
12. Fade Margin (FM) A fudge factor included in the system gain equation that
considers the non-ideal and less predictable characteristics of radio-wave propagation,
such as multipath propagation and terrain sensitivity. (Interpolation of Rayleigh Table)
FM(dB) = RSL(dBW) IT(dBW) FM(dB) = RSL(dBm) IT(dBm)
RAYLEIGH TABLE
PROPAGATION RELIABILITY FADE MARGIN(DB)

90 8
99 18
99.9 28
99.99 38
99.999 48
BSECE5B Page 42
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
Effective Earth Bulge

d1(km) x d2(km) 1O x 10.9
Eb(m) = 12.75k = 4
12.75 x 3
Eb(m) = 6.41m
First Fresnel Zone
F1(m) = 17.3 = 17.3
F1(m) = 15.62m
Fresnel Clearance
Fc = 0.6(F1) = 0.6(15.62m)
Fc = 9.372m
BSECE5B Page 43
POWER CALCULATION
Transmitter Power
PT 2W
PT(dbm) = 10log 1mW = 10log 1mW
PT(dbm) = 33.01dBm
Transmitter Waveguide Loss

(dB)
LT(db) = length x total length
4.56dB 3.2808
= 100ft x (20m + 2.5m) x m
LT(db) = 3.37dB
Transmitter Antenna Gain

GT(db) = 7.5 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(ft)
= 7.5 + 20log(6.4) + 20log(6)
GT(db) = 39.19dB
Effective Radiated Power

EIRP(dB) = PT(dBm) + GT(dB) LT(dB)
EIRP(dB) = 33.01dBm + 39.19dB 3.37dB
EIRP(dB) = 68.83dBm
Free Space Loss

FSL(db) = 92.4 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(km)
FSL(db) = 92.4 + 20log(6.4) + 20log(20.9)
FSL(db) = 134.93dB
BSECE5B Page 44
Isotropic Receive Level

IRL(dBm) = EIRP(dBm) FSL(dB)
IRL(dBm) = 68.83dBm 134.93dB
IRL(dBm) = -66.10dBm
Receiver Waveguide Loss

(dB)
4.56dB 3.2808
LRx(db) = 100ft x (20m + 2.5m) x m
LRx(db) = 3.37dB
Receiver Parabolic Dish Antenna Gain

GR(db) = 7.5 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(ft)
= 7.5 + 20log(6.4) + 20log(6)
GR(db) = 39.19dB
Receives Signal Level

RSL(dBm) = IRL(dbm) + GR(dB) LRx(dB)
RSL(dBm) = -66.10dBm + 39.19dB 3.37dB
RSL(dBm) = -30.28dBm
Noise Threshold
N(dBm) = -174 + 10logB + NF(dB)
N(dBm) = -174 + 10log(10x106) + 10dB
N(dBm) = -94dBm
BSECE5B Page 45
FM Improvement Threshold
IT(dBm) = -94dBM) + 10dB
IT(dBm) = -84dBm
Fade Margin
FM(dB) = RSL(dBm) IT(dBm)
FM(dB) = -30.28dBm (-84dBm)
FM(dB) = -30.28dBm + 84dBm
FM(dB) = 53.72dBM
Propagation Reliability
48 99.999
58-53.72 99.9999 - R
58-48 = 99.9999-99.999
53.72 R
R = 99.9995%
58 99.9999
BSECE5B Page 46
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
Effective Earth Bulge
d1(km) x d2(km) 2.5 x 2.64

Eb(m) = 12.75k = 4
12.75 x 3
Eb(m) = 0.39m
First Fresnel Zone
F1(m) = 17.3 = 17.3
F1(m) = 7.75m
Fresnel Clearance
Fc = 0.6(F1) = 0.6(7.75m)
Fc = 4.65m
BSECE5B Page 47
POWER CALCULATION
Transmitter Power
PT(dbm) = Transmitter to Repeater Link RSL(dBM)
PT(dbm) = -30.28dBm
Transmitter Waveguide Loss
(dB)
LT(db) = length x total length
4.56dB 3.2808
= 100ft x (17.5m + 2.5m) x m
LT(db) = 2.99dB
Transmitter Antenna Gain
GT(db) = 7.5 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(ft)
= 7.5 + 20log(6.4) + 20log(4)
GT(db) = 35.66dB
Active Repeater Antenna Gain
GRpt(db)= 63dB (Antenna specification)
BSECE5B Page 48
Effective Radiated Power
EIRP(dB) = PT(dBm) + GT(dB) + GRpt(db) LT(dB)
EIRP(dB) = -30.28dBm + 35.66dB + 63dB 2.99dB
EIRP(dB) = 65.39dBm
Free Space Loss
FSL(db) = 92.4 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(km)
FSL(db) = 92.4 + 20log(6.4) + 20log(5.14)
FSL(db) = 122.74dB
Isotropic Receive Level
IRL(dBm) = EIRP(dBm) FSL(dB)
IRL(dBm) = 65.39dBm 122.74dB
IRL(dBm) = -57.35dBm
Receiver Waveguide Loss
(dB)
4.56dB 3.2808
LRx(db) = 100ft x (30m + 2.5m) x m
LRx(db) = 4.86dB
BSECE5B Page 49
Receiver Parabolic Dish Antenna Gain
GR(db) = 7.5 + 20logfGHz + 20logD(ft)
= 7.5 + 20log(6.4) + 20log(2)
GR(db) = 29.64dB
Receives Signal Level
RSL(dBm) = IRL(dbm) + GR(dB) LRx(dB)
RSL(dBm) = -57.35dBm + 29.64dB 4.86dB
RSL(dBm) = -32.57dBm
Noise Threshold
N(dBm) = -174 + 10logB + NF(dB)
N(dBm) = -174 + 10log(10x106) + 10dB
N(dBm) = -94dBm
FM Improvement Threshold
IT(dBm) = -94dBM) + 10dB
IT(dBm) = -84dBm
BSECE5B Page 50
Fade Margin
FM(dB) = RSL(dBm) IT(dBm)
FM(dB) = -32.57dBm (-84dBm)
FM(dB) = -32.57dBm + 84dBm
FM(dB) = 53.72dBM
Propagation Reliability
48 99.999
58-51.43 99.9999 - R
58-48 = 99.9999-99.999
51.43 R
R = 99.9993%
58 99.9999
BSECE5B Page 51
SYSTEM RELIABILITY
System reliability is the percentage of time a system or link meets performance

requirements.
R = (1 Unavailability) x 100% U = (1 Availability) x 100% UTotal = U1 + U2 + U3 + UN
PROPAGATION RELIABILITY / AVAILABILITY
Transmitter to Repeater 99.9995%
Repeater to Receiver 99.9993%
UTx-Rpt = 1 0.999995 = 0.000005
URpt-Rx = 1 0.999993 = 0.000007
UTotal = UTx-Rpt + URpt-Rx = 0.000005 + 0.000007 = 0.000012
RTotal = (1 UTotal) x 100% = (1 0.000012) x 100% = 99.9988%
SYSTEM RELIABILITY = 99.9988%
BSECE5B Page 52
SYSTEM FIGURE
BSECE5B Page 53
BSECE5B Page 54
POWER LEVEL DIAGRAM
BSECE5B Page 55
COST ESTIMATION
DESCRIPTION QUANTITY PRICE
Transmitter Tower
T-36 70 Medium Self Supporting 1 Tower 301,955.06Php
Tower Kit
Repeater Tower
T-36 70 Heavy Self Supporting 1 Tower 342,436.95Php
Tower Kit
Receiver Tower
T-48 100 Medium Self Supporting 1 Tower 606,078.01Php
Tower Kit
Transmitter and Repeater Antenna

2 Antennas 234,133.96Php
Radio Waves SP6-59RS
Repeater Antenna
1 Antenna 128,673.12Php
CommScope P4-57W-PXA
Receiver Antenna CommScope P2-

1 Antenna 747,68.94Php
57W-PXA
Waveguide
320 feet 261,632.45Php
RFS Cablewave EP65-STANDARD
Transmitter Site Land Area 30 square meter 45, 000Php
Repeater Site Land Area 30 square meter 30, 000Php
Receiver Site Land Area 40 square meter 20, 000Php
TOTAT AMOUNT: 2,044,678.49
BSECE5B Page 56
CONCLUSION
The following are the conclusion after the design of Point-to-Point Microwave
Communication Link with a path length of no less than 25 kilometers from the receiver
site (Dangcol, Balanga Bataan) with 4 million pesos (Php 4 000 000) as the allocated
budget:
The factors that could affect the point to point microwave system are site
selection, antenna height, antenna type, tower type, site survey, repeater, waveguide
and transmission line.
The strategic location of the transmitter is on (1452'23.54"N, 12031'27.50"E)

Prado Siongco Lubao, Pampanga while the receiver is on (1438'49.37"N, 12029'57.32"E)
Dangcol Balanga, Bataan. Since there is no line-of-sight between the transmitter and
receiver, a repeater located at Capitangan Abucay, Bataan (1441'24.76"N,
12028'56.21"E) was employed.
From site survey, the availability and the obstruction was determined in which
the primary obstructions where the trees and other vegetation with a maximum height
of 15m
The measured antenna height considering the earth bulge, land elevation, height
of the obstructions and Fresnel clearance was 20m for the repeater and transmitter and
30m for the receiver.
BSECE5B Page 57
Self-supporting tower with its strong wind resistance for the three (3) towers was
selected to be used for the transmitter, repeater and receiver.
The determined antenna type to be use was Parabolic Dish Antenna with 6ft
diameter on the transmitter and front repeater and 4ft diameter on the back repeater
while 2ft diameter on the receiving antenna.
The chosen repeater was active repeater because it is not possible, practical, or
allowable to use a passive repeater on the chosen location and the transmission line
used is a waveguide because the transmission losses in waveguides are less than that of
coaxial cables.
The overall system reliability of the designed point - to - point microwave

communication link is based from the computed result was 99.9993% which meet the
industry standard of 99.999% availability (about 300 seconds outage a year) to 99.9996%
(about 125seconds outage a year).
BSECE5B Page 58
GLOSSARY
Earth Bulge - It refers to the circular segment of earth profile which blocks
off long distance communications.
Fade Margin A fudge factor included in the system gain equation that considers
the non-ideal and less predictable characteristics of radio-wave propagation, such as
multi-path propagation and terrain sensitivity.
Fresnel Clearance It is 60% of the first Fresnel zone. In microwave

communication design, once the Fresnel Clearance is freed of obstruction, free space
loss can be assumed.
Fresnel Zone It is one of a (theoretically infinite) number of concentric ellipsoids

which define volumes in the radiation pattern of a (usually) circular aperture.
Microwaves A type of an electromagnetic wave whose wavelength ranges from

1.0mm to 30cm.
Repeater It is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a

higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal
can cover longer distances.
System Reliability The percentage of time a system or link meets performance

requirements.
Waveguide - A waveguide is a structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic

waves or sound waves. In electromagnetics and communications engineering, the
term waveguide may refer to any linear structure that conveys electromagnetic waves
between its endpoints.
BSECE5B Page 59
SPECIFICATION
TRANSMITTER TOWER T-36 70 Medium Self Supporting Tower Kit
REPEATER TOWER T-36 70 Heavy Self Supporting Tower Kit
BSECE5B Page 60
BSECE5B Page 61
RECEIVER TOWER T-48 100 Medium Self Supporting Tower Kit
BSECE5B Page 62
BSECE5B Page 63
TRANSMITTER and REPEATER ANTENNA Radio Waves SP6-59RS
alpha frequency 6 GHz
front-to-back ratio (dB) 46 dB
mounting hdw included (Y/N) Y
maximum power input (W) N/A
polarization horizontal or vertical
lightning protection DC ground
vertical tilt (deg) 0 deg
antenna diameter (ft) 6'
radome (Y/N) N
antenna size range 6 ft to 7.9 ft
frequency range 5150-5949
dB gain range 30.0 to 39.9
gain 39.2 dBi
frequency (bandwidth) 5.725-6.425 GHz
VSWR <1.37:1
connector CPR137G
wind survival w/o ice (MPH) 125 MPH
beamwidth (deg) 1.9 deg
Depth 77"
Width 20"
Height 80"
Weight 230 LB
BSECE5B Page 64
ACTIVE REPEATER
BSECE5B Page 65
REPEATER ANTENNA CommScope P4-57W-PXA/A
maximum power input (W) 150W
radome (Y/N) Y
antenna size range 3.5 ft to 5 ft
gain 35. dBi
VSWR <1.1:1
connector CPR137G
Depth 58"
Width 56"
Height 56"
Weight 370"
BSECE5B Page 66
RECEIVER ANTENNA CommScope P2-57W-PXA
maximum power input (W) 150W
radome (Y/N) N
antenna size range 2 ft to 3 ft
gain 29.3 dBi
VSWR <1.10:1
connector CPR137G
Depth 27.6"
Width 27.6"
Height 24.8"
Weight 41 LB
BSECE5B Page 67
WAVEGUIDE RFS Cableware EP65-STANDARD
type standard
maximum frequency range 5.90-7.125 GHz
min. bend radius w/o rebend E 7.9"
min.bend radius w/o rebend H 19.8"
min.bend radius w/ rebend E 11.9"
min. bend radius w/ rebend H 23.7"
attenuation, (dB/100'@) 4.92@5.9 GHz
Depth 1.26"
Width 2"
Height 12"
Weight 0.67 LB
BSECE5B Page 68
REFERENCES
BOOK AND ARTICLE REFERENCES
Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide Second Edition By

Trevor Manning
Electronic Communications System Eight Edition By Wayne Tomasi
Engineering Considerations for Microwave Communications System
By Rober F. White
Microwave Network Design: A Manager's Guide to the Engineering
Process By Pinnacle Telecom Group
Tashjian Towers Corporation Corporation 2013 Catalog By
Tashjian Towers Corporation
Fundamentals of Radio Link Engineering By J. Frank Jimenez
WEB REFERENCES
http://financial-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/site+selection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_selection
http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/geographic
information/topographic-maps-data/basics/what-is-a-
topographic-map
http://docstore.mik.ua/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wireless/bbf
w/ptop/p2pspg02/spg02ch2.htm
http://earthsci.org/education/fieldsk/topmap.htm
http://www.oly-tech.com/antennaheight.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_profile
BSECE5B Page 69

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MICROWAVE LINK COMMUNICATION DESIGN

In todays information age, knowledge is made readily available not only

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from

The main advantage of using microwaves in communications is that it has the

Aside from those mentioned earlier, another line-of-sight application for

In the succeeding parts, the group will design a point-to-point microwave

IV FIELD SURVEY REPORT 22

VII WAVEGUIDE AND TRANSMISSION LINES 36

POWER LEVEL DIAGRAM 55

To design a Point-to-Point Microwave Communication Link with a path length

Select possible receiver, transmitter and if necessary, repeater site locations to

Choose the type of repeater, waveguide and transmission lines to be used.

Provide a tabulated list of the materials including description, specification, and

Microwave terminal sites can be a tower constructed on an existing structure

Culture: roads, buildings, urban development, boundaries, railways, power

In this microwave link communication design, the required receiver site is

RECEIVER SITE TO TRANSMITTER SITE: 25.2km

II. ANTENNA HEIGHT

Microwave Propagation at Free Space

Microwave Propagation at Standard Atmospheric Condition

amount of beam bending caused by atmospheric conditions can then be expressed as a

k-factor ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION

d1(km) x d2(km) d1(mi) x d2(mi)

d1 and d2 = the distance from each end site

k = the effective Earth radius factor

A Fresnel zone, named for physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is one of a

Fresnel provided a means to calculate where the zones are--where a given

To maximize receiver strength, one needs to minimize the effect of obstruction

Fn(m) = 17.3 Fn(ft) = 72.1

Fn = Specific Fresnel zone radius

d1 = Distance from one end of path to reflection point

d2 = Distance from reflection point to opposite end of path

D = Total length of path

n = number of specific Fresnel zone

The formula for Fresnel clearance is:

TRANSMITTER TO REPEATER LINK

REPEATER TO RECEIVER LINK

Radio masts and towers are, typically, tall structures designed to

or cantilevered structure, while a mast is held up by stays or guys. In selecting what

MONOPOLE GUYED TOWERS SELF-SUPPORTED

Rigidity Low Moderate High

Height Low High Moderate

Wind Loading Low Moderate - High High

Land Area Required Low High Low

Cost Moderate Moderate High High

Finally, though self-supporting towers tend to be expensive compared to

IV. FIELD SURVEY REPORT

To verify the availability and size of the land area

The maximum vegetation around the chosen receiver site is approximately 15

The available land area is about 150 square meters.

The available land area is about 50 square meters.

The surroundings of the transmitter site was composed of farms, poultry,

The available land area is 50 square meters.

TRANSMITTER TO REPEATER LINK

4.00 16.90 7.00 7.07 14.07 12.30 7.38 15.00 36.45

19.00 1.90 137.00 3.78 140.78 8.99 5.39 15.00 161.17

RECEIVER TO REPEATER LINK

2.50 2.64 114.00 0.69 114.69 7.75 4.65 15.00 134.34

ANTENNA HEIGHT TOWER HEIGHT

TRANSMITTER 20 meters 70 feet

REPEATER 20 meters 70 feet

RECEIVER 30 meters 100 feet

Microwave antenna is a type of antenna which is operated at microwave

Antenna is an important part of any wireless communication system as it