In low salinity water flooding, the salt is modeled as a single component in water phase.

This option can be activated by keyword LOWSALT in the RUNSPEC section. It allows the
user to modify the saturation and relative permeability end points for water and oil
phases as a function of the salt concentration. Therefore, two sets of saturation
functions, one for the high salinity and one for the low salinity must be given as an
input. The saturation end points are first modified as:

The F1 factor is a function of salt concentration and must be provided as a look-up table
using the LSALTFNC keyword. Then the relative permeability for water and oil, and
oilwater capillary pressure are also found by look-up table at the scaled saturations
using the SWOF keyword, and then interpolated similarly as:

The keyword LSALTFNC, which is activated in the PROPS section, is set to indicate salt
concentrations and weighting factor inputs for low salinity - F1, F2 factors. F1 is the
weighting factor for calculating the low salinity saturation endpoints and the relative
permeability interpolation, while F2 is weighting factor for capillary pressures.
Therefore, the weighting factors determine the effectiveness of salinity. In the most
ideal case, this values LSALTFNC table is tabulated from the laboratory measurements
and up scaled to
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field. In this study, F1 and F2 factors perform in the same nature as shown in Table.3.1.
The F1 factor value of 0 means that the high salinity saturation functions will be used
while the value of 1 means low salinity saturation functions will be used. The threshold
salinity is between 1000-5000 ppm, means that when salinity less than 1000 ppm or
more than 5000 ppm, the system will be less affected, compared to the threshold range
of salinity. Figure.3.3 shows the relationship of salinity to weighting factor (Jerauld,
2008).
In generally, when low salinity option is active, keyword PVTWSALT in PROPS section is
used to supply the water PVT data for simulation. However, this keyword has to be
replaced by PVTW keyword when the chemical flooding: polymer, alkaline and
surfactant are active in the same system. Using this keyword allows the users to specify
formation salt concentration, the water formation volume factor, water compressibility
and water viscosity at the reference pressure as a function of salt concentration.
Meanwhile, PVDO keyword is used to supply the oil PVT data. As state at the beginning,
the connate water has viscosity 0.5 cp and oil viscosity is constant at 2 cp between the
reference pressures range 200 300 barsa.
The initial salt distribution throughout the synthetic model is specified in the SOLUTION
section. If the initial conditions are determined by equilibration, the salt concentration
can be varied with depth independently in each equilibration region. The SALTVD
keyword supplies a table of salt concentrations versus depth for each equilibration
region. The salt concentration is assumed to be constant at 40000 ppm from the depth
below 5000 meters in this study.
To control the concentration of salt in the injection stream, WSALT keyword is needed in
SCHEDULE section.

Modelling of Low Salinity

The option for LSW can be activated in the ECLIPSE 100 simulator by keyword LOWSALT
in the RUNSPEC section. The model is based on the change in relative permeability
model proposed by (Jerauld et al., 2006).The methodology for modeling LSW followed
that in Schlumberger Eclipse Manual.