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ICTE 2015 1478

GIS, GPS, and BIM-Based Risk Control of Subway Station Construction


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Hualin Du1; Jianhua Du2; and Shougang Huang3

1
China Railway Tunnel Group Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 100022, Guangqumenwai St. 3,
Beijing, PRC. E-mail: 83058404@qq.com
2
Shijiazhuang Institute of Railway Technology, P.O. Box 050041, Sishuichanglu Rd.
No. 18, Shijiazhuang, PRC. E-mail: 11070932@qq.com
3
Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, P.O. Box 050043, 17 Northeast, Second Inner Ring,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PRC. E-mail: 370547248@qq.com

Abstract: In the process of subway station construction, many large construction


equipments are placed in a narrow area where the operations are highly dense and the
equipments have to carry heavy load and move or rotate in a broader space. In
addition, there are tall equipments carrying out aerial operation. Some construction
equipments are placed in limited underground space. These special conditions bring
extremely high risks to subway station construction. This paper probes into (1) the
application of BIM in summarizing and dynamically managing all the information
and data in the process of construction; and (2) the installation of GPS receiver OEM
board on large, high-risk construction equipments, the utilization of GIS and GPS
data in dynamic management of three-dimensional geographic spatial location
information of machineries and the visualized management of all data and
information. In addition, this paper analyzes the risks related to large construction
equipments and neighboring buildings and controlling methods. In this paper, the
author suggests to integrate GIS, GPS and BIM to develop construction early
warning and risk management systems so as to dynamically monitor the conflict
risks among cranes, drilling machines, excavators, loaders and dumpers, the risks of
collision between equipments and neighboring buildings and the risks of deformation
and structure damage of foundation pits and retaining walls. Lastly, this paper
analyzes the functional needs of the early warning and management system, which
provides a theoretical reference for the development and implementation of this
system.
Keywords: GIS; GPS; BIM; Subway station; Construction risk.

1 Research Background
The subway stations are always located at places where there are numerous

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high-rise buildings and complicated underground utilities. Various equipments are


placed in one limited space and a number of workers carry out construction
operations both on the ground and underground. On the construction site, it is likely
that the large equipments collide with other equipments, or the equipments collide
with the neighboring buildings or temporary facilities or the ground bearing pressure
is insufficient. All these are potential risks.
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At present, the method of artificial control of video monitoring are generally


used to monitor the construction risk in the world. From the literature review of the
situation, the intelligent control is not a security risk.
Given the characteristics of construction and surrounding conditions, delicacy
construction, informatization management and visual dynamic monitoring will be out
of question if we can develop the early warning and risk management system using
GPS, BIM and WebGIS. This will put the risk under control and speed up the
construction.
2 Program of GPS Setting on Construction Equipments
The GPS receiver and OEM board, installed on the tall equipments and fixed on
the ground, can identify the real-time accurate spatial location of construction
equipments. In order to simplify the motion model building of construction
equipments, the OEM board can adopt the following programs: (1) For the
self-propelled equipments like excavators and cranes with rotation mechanism, the
OEM board can be installed at the middle of the swivel joint, so as to pick up
real-time information of the equipments; (2) for the large parallel-movement
equipments like gantry crane, the OEM board can be installed in the driving room to
collect real-time information; (3) for the equipments with rotating mechanism like
tower crane, the OEM board can be mounted on the end of the suspension arm; and
(4) the OEM board can be mounted in a fixed location, so it can be used to collect
data of pseudo-range difference.
The GPS signal on the moving station is transmitted to the base station via
wireless network. After that, the signal goes through universal serial server and the
multiport serial card of host computer and then it is connected via serial cable and the
serial port of base server. At last, a multi-channel GPS signal acquisition system is
set up, just as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. multi-channel GPS signal acquisition system

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3 Building of Risk Data Model


3.1 Building-related Information Model
Building-related information model should involve information of (1) line grid
and elevation positioning; (2) the spatial position and size of the foundation pit,
space enclosing structure, steel shotcrete, pile body and top beam; (3) the main part
of the station: floor, column, roof, walls, soil mass and the separated layer; (4) the
spatial location and dimensions of adjacent existing architectural complex, structures,
civil pipeline facilities; (5) work yard model includes traffic facilities, traffic signs
and markings and urban greening. The construction structural element involves
attribute parameter of layered soil mass and steel shotcrete, concrete strength, steel
strength and the location and load of the steel. These will help to calculate the
structural safety and research the load-carrying capability at different stages.

Hmax
Rmax

Ground elevation
GPS2x0y0z0
Hhz

Dmax

Figure 2. Simplified

3.2 Spatial Data Model of Construction Equipments


The authors of this paper take excavator and truck crane as example and
introduce the modeling method of construction equipments (suppose we install the
GPS receiver and OEM board at the center of the central swivel joint). (1) We build a
simplified spatial model of excavator: namely simplify the activity space of the

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excavator, just as the spherical body shown in Figure 2. Above the ground, the
activity space is a hemispherical space, the center of which is the three-dimensional
position of GPS (x0, y0, z0). The three-dimensional position of GPS may change as
the excavator moves; the radius of this hemisphere space is maximum radius of the
excavators digging area (one of excavators parameter). The activity space of the
excavator excludes a cone whose height is Hmax and a circular truncated cone whose
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height is Dmax. In the figure 2, Rmax is the maximum radius of the excavators digging
area, Dmax is the excavators maximum digging depth, and Hmax is the excavators
maximum digging height.
In the process of operation, the excavator may shake. In addition, there is time
lag when the OEM board receives data. Therefore, for the sake of safety, the radius
of the spherical space should be increased. There is no other equipment under the
excavator. Thus, the spatial model can be expressed by parameter equation (1):

x = x0 + ( Rmax + CV ) sin cos



y = y0 + ( Rmax + CV ) sin sin
z = z + ( R + C ) cos 1)
0 max V

In this formula:
x, y, z the coordinates of X, Y and Z representing the
most farthest points the excavator can reach.
x0, y0, z0 the coordinates of X, Y and Z of center of
gyration.
Rmax the maximum radius of the excavators digging
area.
CV modification value of radius of the excavators
digging area.
Dmax the excavators maximum digging depth.
Hmax the excavators maximum digging height.
Hhz the height of the center of gyration (in this paper,
it represents the height of the GPS).
elevation (angle of depression) of the excavators
main arm, arcsin Hhz Dmax /Rmax

arcsin((HmaxHhz)/ Rmax)

rotation angle of the excavator, 02.

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Rmax

GPS3x0y0z0
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Dmax

Figure 3. Simplified
(2) The simplified spatial model of truck crane is as shown in Figure 3. The
activity space above the swing mechanism is simplified to a hemispherical space, the
center of which is the three-dimensional position of GPS (x0 ', y0', z0 '). The radius
of this hemispherical space equals to maximum working radius (one of the truck
cranes parameters) plus the long side of the hanging object (the centre distance
between the object and the steel wire rope ); the activity space under the truck crane
is a cylinder.
When the object is higher than the center of gyration, the spatial model can be
expressed b parameter equation (2):

x = x0 ' + ( R 'max + CV ' ) sin cos



y = y0 + ( R max + CV ) sin sin
' ' '

2
z = z0 + ( R max + CV ) cos
' ' '

In this formula :
x, y, z ---the coordinate of x, y and z of the point that the truck
crane (and the object) can reach.
x0, y0, ---the coordinates of x, y and z of the center of gyration.
z0
Rmax ---the crane maximum working radius and the long side
of the lifted object.
CV ---correct value of the cranes radius (the safety stock
added due to the shake of crane and lifted object is taken
into consideration.)
---the elevation of main arm, 0.

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---the rotation angle of the main arm, 02.

When the lifted object is lower than the center of the swing mechanism, the
spatial model can be expressed by parameter equation (3):
x = x0' + ( R 'max + CV ' ) cos
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y = y0 + ( R max + CV ) sin
' ' '

' ' 3
z = z0 D max

In this formula :
Dmax---the vertical distance between the lifted objects
undersurface and the top surface of the swing
mechanism.
Meanings of the rest symbols are the same as that of the symbols
in parameter equation (2).

4 Analysis and Control of Conflict Risk


4.1 Analysis of Conflict Risk

Figure 4.Dynamic space overlapping area

The conflicts in the process of construction may cause decline of productivity


and property damage or personal injury. BIM technique can be used to analyze the
hazardous area, conflicts between large equipments, collision between equipments
and neighboring buildings (temporary facilities), topple of tall equipments, the
conflicts between equipments and the pedestrians and the conflicts between
equipments and passing-by vehicles.
We also analyze the spatial overlap of some factors that lead to conflicts and the
obtained public areas should be the collision risk space. We take excavator and truck
crane as an example and overlay the activity spaces of excavator and truck crane.

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Just as shown in Figure 4, the overlapped public area is the space where collision
may occur.

4.2 Control of Conflict Risk


Controlling methods of conflict risks:
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(1) All large equipments are armed with GPS receiver and OEM board, so the
system server can identify the location information of each large construction
equipment, integrate each equipment attribute information (various mechanical
parameters). In this way, the dynamic real-time analysis of whether there can be a
collision area is carried out. In case of any collision, the system automatically and
immediately notified the drivers to pay attention to the collision area.
(2) Large equipments may enter the area where the bearing capacity is weaker
(for example, the top edge of the pit), which is a collision in the broad sense. Once
the mass of a large construction equipment (including loaded or lifted objects) is
greater than the carrying capacity (considering the safety factor) of the neighboring
building (temporary facilities) (safety factor), the system automatically and
immediately notified the drivers to pay attention to the possible collision.
(3) Before the construction starts every day, the security personnel will print the
pre-analyzed risk lists and send them to the large equipment drivers, reminding them
of the risks of potential collision risk and insufficient bearing capacity.

5 Risk Early Warning of Subway Station Construction and Functional


Requirement Analysis of Management System
The field investigation shows that the system should have the following
functions: (1) 4D simulation preview and dynamic management of the construction
process, equipment installation, existing neighboring buildings, civil pipe network,
security facilities (fender post, support and bounding wall); (2) 4D simulation and
dynamic management of materials processing, stacking and transportation; (3)
real-time tracking simulation and dynamic management of the equipments 3 D
location; (4) 4D simulation rehearsal and analysis of safety conflicts between two
construction equipments, staff and construction equipments, construction
equipments and engineering structures, and construction equipments and the ground
traffic; (5) monitoring information management and feedback; (6) risk analysis and
forecasting, risk identification management and accident early warning; (7)
emergency plan simulation and visualization selection; and (8) simulation preview of
emergency evacuation and emergency rescue visualization.
From the current research and application of early warning system has been
similar to the situation, the development of Risk Early Warning and Management
System of Subway Station Construction is feasible, and it is very urgent.

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6 Conclusions
This paper presents a program to use GPS, BIM and GIS to dynamically
monitor the risks in the process of subway station construction, probes into the
construction equipment modeling and discusses conflict risk analysis and controlling
method. The authors limited ability and shallow knowledge have limited the study,
so the author expect more colleagues to spare no efforts to the system development.
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References

He Yueguang, Du Nianchun, Li Zhiwei(2009). A Study of Monitoring Inforamiton


Management System of Metro Contruction Based on Web GIS. Rock and Soil
Mechanics.
Wang Shu Qiang, Wang Qiankun, He ChenChen(2012).GIS-based Subway
Construction Emergency Management System Design. Modern Buiness
Trade Industry.
Zhang Youhui, Qiao Qinghe(2007). Crashworthiness Control of Large-scale
Construction Machinery. Construction Mechanization.

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