In the geometric design of motorways, railways, pipelines, etc.,
the design and setting out of curves is an important aspect of the engineers work. The initial design is usually based on a series of straight sections whose positions are defined largely by the topography of the area. The intersections of pairs of straights are then connected by horizontal curves. II. Objective To be able to know the process in how to lay out a simple curve on certain location using the transit, tape and other equipment. This process includes computation using the principles and formulas taught to us by Engr. Sauro. To be able also to make decisions that help us grow more experience in this field of expertise.
III. Apparatus
1. Engineers transit 2. Tape 3. Nails 4. Marker 5. Straw 6. Yellow paper and bullpen ( recording )
IV. Summary of procedures
On July 3, 2014, we gathered at the sport center (at the
bleacher). Then with the assistance of Engr. Sauro, he determined the point of intersection by aligning himself along the two straight roads. After set upping the transit at the point of intersection, we measure the angle of intersection (I) by back sighting the middle of the straight road where the prefer P.C can be found but before back sighting the prefer P.C the Vernier must be 0-0 and fasten the upper clamp but loosen the lower clamp. After that, fasten the lower clamp and loosen the upper clamp. Then reverse the telescope and fore sight the prefer P.T and fasten the upper clamp then record the horizontal angle which is equivalent to I. We measure also the external distance where the curve could pass. Then we solve the tangent distance given the external distance and angle of intersection by finding first the radius. Since the tangent distance was known, we lay out the tangent distance from the P.I to P.T. And setting the Vernier to 0-0 without disturbing the lower clamp then we lay out the tangent distance from P.I to P.C.
On July 4, 2014, we lay out the curve and decide the
stationing of P.I would be 20+150. First we level the instrument at P.C; second we set the Vernier to 0-0 then fasten the upper clamp and loosen the lower clamp. After that we sight the P.I and fasten the lower clamp. We choose that the measurement of the subtended arc of the degree of curve to be 10m. With the aid of our data, we compute the stationing, degree of curve, sub-angles, sub-chord distance and deflection angles. Then we lay out the first point on the curve by losing the upper clamp and we set the reading of the horizontal angle equivalent to its deflection angle (with the aid of upper tangent screw) and we sight its sub-chord distance and mark the point using the nail with a straw. After that, we set the reading of the horizontal angle equal to the second deflection angle and sight 10m from the last establish point. Then repeat the process up to the last point before the sta. P.T. And measure the distance from the last point to sta. P.T. Then apply the correction on each point in the curve.
V. Tabulation
VI. Observation and analysis
VII. Conclusion and analysis
VIII. Reference
Engineering surveying by W. Schofield and M. Breach
Surveying for civil and geodetic licensure exam by