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Since B1 and B2 act along the same line but in opposite directions.
Baxial B1 B2 (along PX)
0 1 1
Or Baxial = m
4 ( r l ) 2
(r l ) 2
0 (r l )2 (r l )2
= 4
m
(r 2 l 2 )2
0 (4rl )
= m 2 2 2
4 ( r l )
We have, m (2l) = M, magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of the magnet.
0 2 Mr
Baxial 2 2 2 along PX (1)
4 ( r l )
2 2
MB MB cos 2 MBcos 2 cos 1 = MBcos 1 cos 2
W M B sin d sin d
1 1 1
Suppose magnet is initially perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, i.e. 1 = 90.
Then potential energy of the magnet in any position making an angle with the direction of the field can be obtained by
setting 1 90 and 2 in equation
U = MB (cos 90 cos ) = M B cos
U M B
A vertical plane passing through the magnetic axis of the earth is called magnetic meridian.
Elements of Earths Magnetism
The physical quantities, which determine the intensity of earths total magnetic field completely (both in magnitude and
direction), are called magnetic elements. They are:
(i) Magnetic Declination: Declination at a place is the angle between the geographic meridian and the magnetic meridian.
It is denoted by .
In the figure, ABCD and ABCD represent magnetic and geographic meridians respectively. BAB represents
the magnetic declination.
(ii) Magnetic Inclination or Dip: Dip at a place is defined as the angle made by the direction of earths total magnetic
field with the horizontal direction. It is denoted by . In the figure, BAP is the angle of dip.
(iii) Horizontal Component of Earths Magnetic Field: It is the component of earths magnetic field along the horizontal
direction. It is denoted by BH.
From point P (refer to the figure), if we drop PL perpendicular to AB and PM perpendicular to AD. Then AL and AM
represent horizontal component (BH) and vertical component (BV) of earths magnetic field.
In right ALP,
AL BH
cos
AP B
Or BH B cos (1)
LP AM BV
Also sin
AP AP B
BV B sin (2)
Squaring and adding the equations (1) and (2) , we have
BV
tan (4)
BH
7. MAGNETISATION AND MAGNETIC INTENSITY
(i) Magnetic Permeability : It is the ability of a material to permit the passage of magnetic lines of force thorugh it i.e.
the degree or extent to which magnetic field can penetrate or permeate a material is called relative magnetic permeability
of the material. It is represented by r
Relative magnetic permeability of a material is defined as the ratio fo the number of lines of magnetic induction per
unit area (i.e., flux density B) in that material to the number of magnetic lines per unit area that would be present, if the
medium were replaced by vaccum. (i.e., flux density B0)
B
i. e. r
B0
r or r 0
0
We know that 0 4 10 7 weber / amp - metre (Wb A1 m1) or henry / metre (Hm1)
Hm1 = Wb A 1m 1
= Tm2 A1m1 = Tm A1
(ii) Magnetising force or magnetic Intensity H
The degree to which a magnetic field can magnetise a material is represented in terms of magnetising force or
magnetic intensity H .
The product n I is called the magnetising force or magnetic intensity H. i.e. H n I , so that B H
If inside the toroidal solenoid, there is free space, then magnetic induction
B0 0 H
(iii) Intensity of Magnetisation I .
It represents the extent to which a specimen is magnetised, when placed in a magnetising field.
Quantitatively, the intensity of magnetisation of a magnetic material is defined as the magnetis moment per unit
volume of the material.
Magnetic moment M
I .........(i)
volume V
If a = uniform area of cross -section of the magnetised specimen (a rectangular bar)
2 l = magnetic length of the specimen.
m = strength of each pole of the specimen ,
from (i),
m 2l m
I=
a 2l a
Hence intensity of magnetisation of a magnetic material is also defined as the pole strength per unit area of across-
section of the material.
(iv) Magnetic Susceptibility m . It is a property which determines how easily a specimen can be magnetised.
Quantitatively, susceptibility of a magnetic material is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetisation (I)
induced in the material to the magnetising force (H) applied. susceptibility is represented by m
I
Thus m
H
(v) Magnetic Induction: When a piece of magnetic material is placed inside a magnetic filed (B0), it gets magnetised and
produce its own magnetic field. Magnetic induction denotes the number of magnetic lines of induction (magnetic
field lines inside the material) crossing per unit area normally through the magnetic substance. It is denoted by B.
The magnetic induction B is the sum of the magnetic field B0 and the induced field Bi
B B0 Bi
Relation between magnetic permeability and susceptibility
By definition: B0 0 H and Bi = 0 I
Then, B 0 (H I)
B 0 H I ... (i)
Physics/Class XII 5 2013 Vidyamandir Classes Pvt. Ltd.
Hand-Out Chapter - 5
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
Magnetic induction is also known as magnetic flux density or simply magnetic field.
B I
Dividing equation (i) by H, 0 1
H
H
B I
Using and m ,
H H
0 I m
1 m
0
B H
i.e., I or I
T T
I 1 C
or or m
H T T
where C is called Curie constant.
Increase in magnetisation (I) with decrease in temperature has a limit when the material becomes saturated. Figure I shows
a curve between (I) and (B / T). Once saturation is achieved further decrease in temperature does not bring change in
magnetisation.
Curie temperature for iron is about 1000 K, for cobalt it is about 1400 K and for nickel it is about 600 K.
Figure 2 (A)
(c) When they are placed in a
magnetic field, the lines of force
prefer to pass through them. Figure 2 (B)
Figure 2 (C)
(c) When they are placed in a magnetic
(c) When they are placed in a magnetic
field, most of the lines of force
field, the lines of force do not prefer to
prefer to pass through them.
pass through them.
Figure 3 (A)
This behaviour indicates that
(i) Field within the sample is
much more than the magnetic
intersity (figure 3A) i.e. perme- Figure 3 (B) Figure 3(C)
ability () is much more than This behaviour indicates that (i) Field within the sample is decreased to
B (i) Field within the sample is more than a very small value (figure 3C) i.e.
unity. (B > > H or > > 1 or permeability ( ) is always less than
H the magnetic intersity (figure 3B)
> > 1). i.e. permeability () is more than unity
(v) Susceptibility has a large positive (iv) Intensity of Magnetisation (I) has (iv) Intensity of magnetisation (I) has small
small positive value. negative value.
1
value m : I is large + ve so
H (v) Susceptibility has a small positive (v) Susceptibility has a small negative
m is large + ve). 1 1
value ( m : I is small + ve so value ( m : I is small ve so m
(d) They obey Curies law. At a H H
certain temperature i.e. Curie m is small + ve). is small ve).
point, ferromagnetic properties
disappear and material starts (d) They do not obey Curies law. Normally
(d) They obey curies law. They are
behaving as paramagnetic. their magnetic properties do not change
badly affected with the rise in
with temperature*
(e) Liquids and gases do not show temperature. Due to rise in tempera-
ferromagnetism. If a finely ture they lose magnetic property.
(e) If a diamagnetic liquid in a watch glass
powered ferromagnetic material in is placed on closely spaced magnetic
a watch glass is placed on closely (e) If a paramagnetic liquid in a watch poles and then widely placed magnet
spaced magnetic poles and then glass is placed on closely spaced
poles, the effect is observed as shown
widely placed magnet poles, the magnetic poles and then widely
in figure. In the first case there is a
effect is observed as shown in placed magnet poles, the effect is
depression in the middle but in the
figure. observed a shown in figure. In the
second case
middle but in the second case
Figure 4 (C)
Figure 4 (A) Figure 4(B)
It shown that such materials move there is a rise in the middle. it shows
there is a depression in the middle. It
from weaker to stronger magnetic that such material move from stronger
shows that such materials move from
field. to weaker magnetic field.
weaker to stronger magnetic field.
(f) When a sample of ferromagnetic (f) When a sample of diamagnetic liquid is
(f) When a sample of paramagnetic
material in a very finely powered put in a U-tube and magnetic field is
liquid is put in a U-tube and mag-
applied to one limb the level falls in that
from is placed in U-tube and netic field is applied to one limb, the
limb i.e., from stronger to weaker
magnetic field is applied to one level rises in that limb i.e. from
magnetic field.
limb, the level rises in that limb weaker to stronger magnetic field.
(Figure 5A)
B B2
BH = B has the dimensions of energy per unit volume. Therefore, the area within the BH loop represents
0 r
energy dissipated per unit volume in the material.
Retentivity: The measure of the magnetic field remaining in the specimen when the magnetising field is removed.
Coercivity: The value of reverse magnetising field required so as to reduce residual magnetism to zero. Both coercivity
and retentivity depend on the nature of the material.
10. PERMANENT MAGNETS AND ELECTROMAGNETS
Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets are the ferromagnetic substances which retain magnetism for a long time at room temperature.
One method to make a permanent magnet is to continuously run one end of a magnet on a fixed steel rod always
in one direction. The steel rod then acquires permanent magnetism.
Another method is to use electric current. When a current is passed through a solenoid containing a steel rod, then
the rod acquires permanent magnetism.
Steel or hard iron or hard alloys of iron like alnico are considered best for making permanent magnets.
Electromagnets
Soft iron has large permeability and small retentivity and hence is suitable for making electromagnets.
When a current is passed through a solenoid wound around a rod of soft iron, magnetic field inside the iron rod
increases many times making it an electromagnet.
On switching off the current, magnetic field more or less vanishes due to small retentivity of soft iron.
The soft iron rod will act as a magnet only as long as there is current in the solenoid. Electric bells, loud-speakers
and telephone receivers use electromagnets. Huge electromagnets are used in cranes to lift heavy things made of
iron.
2013
1. Which of the following substances are diamagnetic?
Bi, Al, Na, Cu, Ca and Ni. (1 Mark)
2012
1. The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field at a place is B and angle of dip is 60. What is the value of vertical
component of earths magnetic field at equator? (1 Marks)
5
2. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 2.6 10 . Identify the type of magnetic material and state its two properties.
(2 Marks)
2011
1. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 4.2106. Name the type of magnetic materials it represents. (1 Marks)
2. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north tip down at 60 with the
horizontal. The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field at the place is known to be 0.4 G. Determine the
magnitude of the earths magnetic field at the place. [Ans. 0.69G ] (2 Marks)
2010
1. (i) Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
(ii) Why is the core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials? (2 Marks)
2. Draw magnetic field line when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in an external magnetic field.
Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of the field line due to the substances? (2 Marks)
2008
1. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having positive susceptibility and the other
having negative susceptibility. What does negative susceptibility signify. (2 Marks)
2007
1. Why should the material used for making permanent magnets have high coercivity. (1 Mark)
2. (a) Distinguish the magnetic properties of dia, para- and ferro-magnetic substances in terms of
(i) susceptibility, (ii) magnetic permeability and (iii) coercivity.
Give one example of each of these materials.
(b) Draw the field lines due to an external magnetic field near a
(i) diamagnetic substance, (ii) paramagnetic substance. (5 Marks)
2006
1. Steel is preferred for making permanent magnets whereas soft iron is preferred for making electromagnets. Give one
reason. (1 Mark)
2. Why does a paramagnetic substance display greater magnetisation for the same magnetising field when cooled. How
does a diamagnetic substance respond to similar temperature changes. (2 Marks)
3. Three identical specimens of magnetic materials; nickel, antimony, aluminium are kept in a non-uniform magnetic field.
Draw the modification in the field lines in each case. Justify your answer. (3 Marks)
2005
1. What is the value of the horizontal component of the earths magnetic field at magnetic poles. (1 Mark)
2. Define the terms Magnetic Dip and Magnetic Declination with the help of relevant diagrams. (2 Marks)
3. Write two characteristic properties to distinguish between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials. (2 Marks)