IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
An Opportunistic Routing Protocol
Moonisa Sana
M.Tech Computer Sciene Engineering,
School of Computing & IT,
REVA University,Bangalore, India
moonisasana@gmail.com
Abstract In this paper we discuss about how to increase
the reliability, energy-efficiency in a wireless sensor
network. Since energy saving has become the top factor on
demand due to the increasing multimedia services in
mobile devices. The existing batteries unfortunately do not
provide the desirable lifetime. Therefore reducing energy
consumption has become very crucial factor in all the tasks
the mobile devices perform. This work presents an
Opportunistic Routing Protocol, which supports energy
consumption by increasing the networks performance and
also providing reliability to the wireless sensor networks.
Index Terms Opportunistic Routing; reliability; energy
efficiency.
I. INTRODUCTION
Routing has become an important research issue in
wireless sensor network. Many Opportunistic Routing
networks have emerged which have become an interest for
research community and due to having the factors of
capability for enhancing; it has been attracting many
researches. The Opportunistic networks evolve from the
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks called MANETs, which include
various new functionalties that make them efficient use. These
Opportunistic networks take the advantage of the boarddcast
nature of WSNs. They provide direct communication between
the devices which can be a overhead by any nearest device.
Traditional Routing Protocols calculate the unique route value
between the communicating devices ie., the transmitter and
the receiver. So here each device is considered as a single
node for the next hop to reach the destination.
However, in this Opportunistic Routing Protocol each node
selects a set of neighbors, as the potential next hops towards
their final destination. Since the mobile devices are battery
powered, the development of energy efficient networking
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Dr. Mallikarjuna Shastry
School of Computing & IT
REVA University,Bangalore, India
pmmshastry@yahoo.com
techniques/Protocols are necessary in order to reduce the
consumption of energy for communication in wireless sensor
networks is placed as the top demand factor and also to extend
the lifetime of batteries, to increase the efficiency and also the
reliability of the network. The higher efficiency of
Opportunistic Routing Protocols are compared with the
traditional Protocols, therefore the former may represent a real
alternative technique for reducing the consumumption of
energy in the Routing tasks.
II. THE OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING PROTOCOL
This paper presents an Opportunistic Routing Protocol that
addresses the trade-offs between the Quality of Experience
(QOE) and energy consumption in the multimedia
transmission. This Protocol presents an uniqueness in
selection of neighbors and the coordination phases, which
permits increase in the performance of the network, enhancing
the energy efficiency of the nodes. We also highlight the
packet-delivery reliability by showing the increased in the
reliability and the multimedia service quality of the network
without adding extra overhead to the network.
In the proposed system, we consider the client, the file server
and two neighbors- neighbor1 and neighbor2. The client
requests for a video from the file server which distributes the
frame to the two neighbors, neighbour1 and neighbor2; the
neighbors receive the frames from file server alternatively.
Finally the client receives the videos in the form of frames,
one frame at a time from the two neighbors. By using this
proposed system we can reduce the time consuming and hence
reducing the energy consumption. The increase in the number
of candidates is never advantageous. This fact is manifested in
the next section, where we consider less number of candidates
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IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
and try to achieve high level of QOS (Quality of Experience)
instead of trying to employ a more number of forwarders.
The energy consumption by the terminals is another important
factor that affects the ad-hoc networks because these devices a
usually make use of the battery power which does not have the
required lifetime. So, this leads to the development of the
power-efficient techniques for diminishing the consumption of
the energy in the communication networks and has become
one of the compelling needs. The energy consumption in the
wireless networks has become remarkable in the power
draining of mobile devices. Hence it is necessary to develop
an efficient networking Protocol/techniques for extending the
lifetime of the batteries.
The main contribution of this paper is as the following:
A detailed description of the ORP is presented. In this
description, we present the main features of this Routing
Protocol and compare with other Protocols.
We also present new method for selecting candidates. In
this Protocol we consider both distance progress towards
the final destinaton as well as reliability of the packet
delivery of the network.
A timer-based and an acknowledgement-based
coordination scheme, in addition to a dynamic adjustment
of the Protocols control-message for detecting intervals
during sending a message is developed aiming to reduce
the energy consumption d reducing energy consumption.
III. LITERATURE SURVEY
QoS Routing has become an important research issue in
wireless sensor networks (WSNs), especially for mission-
critical monitoring and surveillance systems which requires
reliable and timely data delivery. The existing work exploits
multipath Routing to guarantee both reliability and delay QoS
constraints in WSNs. However, the multipath Routing
approach suffers from a significant energy cost. In [2][3], they
exploit the geographic Opportunistic Routing (GOR) for QoS
provisioning with both end-to-end reliability and delay
constraints in WSNs. Existing GOR Protocols are not efficient
for QoS provisioning in WSNs, in terms of the energy
efficiency and computation delay at each hop. To improve the
efficiency of QoS Routing in WSNs, we define the problem of
efficient GOR for multi-constrained QoS provisioning in
WSNs, which can be formulated as a multi-objective multi-
constraint optimization problem.
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The Better Approach To Mobile Ad-hoc Networking
(B.A.T.M.A.N.) [4][5] calculates a unique route between the
transmitter and the receiver. So each node considers only one
neighbor as the next hop to reach a given destination.
Whereas, with ORP each node will selects a set of neighbors
as the potential next hops towards the final destination. Since
the mobile devices are powered by battery, reducing the
consumption of energy for communication in wireless sensor
networks is a compelling need. Wireless card energy
consumption has a remarkable weight in mobile device power
draining, thereby, the development of energy efficient
networking techniques/Protocols are in order to extend battery
lifetime. With the higher efficiency of Opportunistic Routing
Protocols when compared with traditional Protocols, therefore
the former may represent a real alternative technique for
reducing the energy consumed in the Routing tasks.
The Multirate Opportunistic Routing Protocol proposed in
[6] discusses about how to achieve the transmission rate
diversity and high throughput by exploiting multi-user
diversity in wireless networks. However, the performance of
this Protocol still cannot be guaranteed when participating
nodes contributed by different parties and have selfish
behaviors. This paper presents the first Cooperation Optimal
Protocol namely COMO for mltirate Opportunistic Routing
and forwarding,. They prove the game-theoretic properties of
this Protocol. Experiment results show that this Protocol can
prevent the selfish behaviors of the participating nodes and
guarantee high performance with a low communication
overhead.
Multicast has become one important mechanism in
modern wireless networks as it has made significant efforts to
improve its performance with different metrics such as energy
efficiency, throughput, delay etc. Traditionally, a loss-free
channel model is widely used to design a Routing Protocol. In
[7] it discusses that when the quality of wireless link is
affected it results in transmission failures due to many factors
like fading, collision or the noise of environment. In this
paper, they propose a Protocol called CodePipe, which is a
reliable multicast Protocol, with throughput, energy-efficiency
and high fairness in lossy wireless networks. The CodePipe
Protocol not only eliminates the coordination between nodes,
but it significantly improves the multicast throughput by
exploiting both inter-batch and intra-batch coding
opportunities. The four key techniques, namely, the LP-based
Opportunistic Routing structure, Opportunistic feeding, fast
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Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
batch moving and inter-batch coding, are proposed to offer
significant improvement in throughput, energy-efficiency and
fairness in the wireless networks. Simulation results show that
CodePipe Protocol significantly outperforms both of them.
In [8], says that we can tremendously improve the end-to-
end throughput in mult-ihop wireless networks by considering
spatial reusability of the wireless communication media. To
support the argument, a spatial reusability-aware single-path
Routing (SASR) and any path Routing (SAAR) Protocols are
proposed, which are compared with existing single path
Routing and any path Routing Protocols, respectively.
Experimental results show that, for single-path Routing, the
throughput gain is up to 2.9xs; and for any path Routing, the
throughput gain is up to 62.7%.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have increasingly
become an attractive inventory solution for many applications.
The low price of the sensor nodes help to deploy large sensors
in various applications. Most of the WSNs operate in an
unlicensed band of spectrum and have become over-crowded.
Therefore, as the number of the nodes in a network increases
the need of energy-efficient and resource-constrained
Protocols also increase. Incorporating cognitive radio
capability in sensor networks yields a promising networking
paradigm, also known as cognitive radio sensor networks. In
[9], a cognitive networking with Opportunistic Routing
Protocol for WSNs is introduced. The objective of this
Protocol is to improve the performance after increasing the
scalability of the network. A discrete event simulator is used
to examine the performance of this Protocol in comparison
with two other Routing Protocols. Simulation results show
that, the proposed Protocol performs better with respect to
throughput, packet delay, and total energy consumption, when
compared with other common Routing Protocols.
VI. CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the Opportunistic Routing Protocol is
an efficient Protocol for the distribution in streaming of traffic
in the wireless networks, considering the energy constraints.
As future work, it is planned to continue to explore the
approach to the Opportunistic Routing. It permits an efficient
management of the wireless sensor networks by taking an
advantage of the inherent characteristics of these systems, and
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hence improving the overall performance of the network as
well as energy efficiency of the nodes.
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