CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-1

CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS

6.1 General

6.1.1 Scope of application

(1) This chapter describes wind loads for the design of buildings that respond elastically in strong
winds.
(2) Two different wind loads are described. The first is for the design of structural frames, and the
second is for the design of components/cladding of buildings.

6.1.2 Estimation principle

(1) Wind loads for the design of buildings are individually specified for horizontal wind load for
structural frames, roof wind load for structural frames and wind load for components/cladding. The
horizontal wind loads for the design of structural frames shall be individually determined in the
along-wind, across-wind and torsional directions.
(2) For wind load for structural frames, combination of each horizontal wind load and combination of
horizontal wind load and roof wind load shall be considered according to A6.8. For components of
cladding and structural frame or particular joints of cladding and structural frames, combination of
horizontal wind load on structural frames and local wind load on cladding shall be considered.
(3) The wind loads shall generally be determined from the design wind speed defined for each wind
direction given in A6.1.2.
(4) The reference height is generally the mean roof height of the building. The wind loads are
calculated from the velocity pressure at this reference height. However, wind loads on lattice type
structures shall be calculated from the velocity pressure at each height, as shown in A6.6.
(5) The horizontal wind load on structural frames and the roof wind load on structural frames are given
by the product of the velocity pressure given in A6.1, the wind force coefficient given in A6.2, the
gust effect factor given in A6.3 and the projected area or subject area as shown in 6.2 and 6.3.
(6) The wind load on components/cladding is given by the product of the velocity pressure given in
A6.1, the peak wind force coefficient given in A6.2 and the subject area.
(7) For relatively flexible buildings with large aspect ratios, the horizontal wind loads on structural
frames in the across-wind and torsional directions given in A6.4 and A6.5 shall be considered. The
criteria for this are described in 6.1.3(1).
(8) For flexible buildings with very large aspect ratios, the structural safety against vortex-induced
vibration and aeroelastic instability shall be checked. The criteria for this are described in 6.1.3(2).
The wind loads on structural frames and members of round sectional shape caused by vortex
induced vibration shall be determined by A6.7.
(9) For small buildings and structures with large stiffness, a simplified procedure can be used, as given
 6-2 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

in A6.11.
(10) The increase of wind-induced vibration caused by neighboring buildings shall be considered from
A6.12.
(11) The response acceleration for checking the habitability of a building against wind-induced
vibration shall be evaluated from A6.10. For this evaluation, the 1-year-reccurence wind speed can
be obtained from A6.13.
(12) When the wind load shielding effects by surrounding topographies or buildings are considered,
the future changes shall be confirmed, and the shielding effect shall be investigated by appropriate
wind tunnel study or other suitable verification methods.

6.1.3 Buildings for which particular wind load or wind induced vibration is taken into account
(1) Buildings for which horizontal wind loads on structural frames in across-wind and torsional
directions are taken into account
For the buildings that satisfy the following criteria, wind load in the across-wind direction as
defined in A6.4 and wind load in the torsional direction as defined in A6.5 shall be checked.
H
3 (6.1)
BD
where
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
B (m): building breadth
D (m): building depth
(2) Vortex resonance and aeroelastic instability
For buildings that satisfy the following criteria, vortex-induced vibration and aeroelastic instability
shall be checked by the appropriate wind tunnel tests and so on. For buildings with circular section,
the wind load is prescribed in A6.7.
1) For buildings with rectangular section
H UH UH *
4 and 0.83U Lcr
*
or 0.83U Tcr (6.2)
BD f BD f BD
L T
where
U H (m/s): design wind speed as defined in A6.1.2. (wind directionality factor K D = 1 )
*
U Lcr : non-dimensional critical wind speed for aeroelastic instability in across-wind direction
calculated from Table 6.1
*
U Tcr : non-dimensional critical wind speed for aeroelastic instability in torsional direction
calculated from Table 6.2
f L , f T (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in across-wind and torsional directions
2) For buildings with circular cross-section
H UH
7 and 4.2 (6.3)
Dm f L Dm
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-3

where
Dm (m): building diameter at height 2H / 3

*
Table 6.1 Non-dimensional critical wind speed for aeroelastic instability in across-wind direction U Lcr
Flat terrain categories Side ratio D / B Scruton number L Note) *
Critical speed U Lcr
I, II D / B 0.8 L 0.7 16 L
L >0.7 11
0.8< D / B 1.5 all 1.2 L +7.3
1.5< D / B 2.5 L 0.2 2.3
0.2< L 0.8 12
L >0.8 15 L
D / B >2.5 L 0.4 3.7
L >0.4 not necessary to evaluate
III, IV, V D / B 0.8 all 4.5 L +6.7
0.8< D / B 1.2 all 0.7 L +8.8
D / B >1.2 all 11
Note) L is the mass damping parameter defined as L = L M /(3 BDH ) , where L is the
damping ratio for the first mode in the across-wind direction, M(kg) is the total building mass,
(1.22kg/m3) is the air density.

*
Table 6.2 Non-dimensional critical wind speed for aeroelastic instability in torsional direction U Tcr
Side ratio D / B Scruton number T Note) *
Critical speed U Tcr
D / B 1.5 T 0.05 2
0.05< T 0.1 11
T >0.1 not necessary to evaluate
1.5< D / B 2.5 T 0.05 2
0.05< T 0.15 4+8 T
T >0.15 8.6+7.4 T
2.5< D / B 5 T 0.05 2
T >0.05 5+10.5 T
Note) T is the mass damping parameter defined as T = T M ( B + D 2 ) /(36 B 2 D 2 H ) , where
2

T is the damping ratio for the first mode in the torsional direction.

6.2 Horizontal Wind Loads on Structural Frames

6.2.1 Scope of application

This section defines the procedures for estimating horizontal wind loads on structural frames in the
 6-4 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

along-wind direction.

6.2.2 Procedure for estimating wind loads

Along-wind loads on structural frames are calculated from Eq.(6.4).
WD = qH C D GD A (6.4)
where
WD (N): along-wind load at height Z
q H (N/m2): velocity pressure as defined in A6.1.1
CD : wind force coefficient as defined in A6.2
GD : gust effect factor as defined in A6.3.1
A (m2): projected area at height Z

6.3 Roof Wind Load on Structural Frames

6.3.1 Scope of application

This section defines the procedures for estimating roof wind loads on structural frames of buildings.

6.3.2 Procedure for estimating wind loads

Roof wind loads on structural frames are calculated from Eq.(6.5)
WR = q H C R GR AR (6.5)
where
WR (N): wind load
q H (N/m2): design velocity pressure as defined in A6.1.1
C R : wind force coefficient as defined in A6.2
GR : gust effect factor for roof wind load as defined in A6.3.2
AR (m2): subject area

6.4 Wind Loads on Components/Cladding

6.4.1 Scope of application

This section defines the procedures for estimating wind loads on components/cladding of buildings.

6.4.2 Procedure for estimating wind loads

Wind loads on components/cladding of buildings are calculated from Eq.(6.6).
W = q C A
C H C C (6.6)
where
WC (N): wind load
q H (N/m2): design velocity pressure as defined in A6.1.1
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-5

C C : peak wind force coefficient as defined in A6.2

AC (m2): subject area of components/cladding

A6.1 Wind Speed and Velocity Pressure

A6.1.1 Velocity pressure

The design velocity pressure, q H (N/m2), is calculated from:
1
qH = U H2 (A6.1)
2
where
(kg/m3): air density, assumed to be 1.22
U H (m/s): design wind speed, which depends on wind direction and is defined in A6.1.2

A6.1.2 Design wind speed

Design wind speed, U H (m/s), is calculated for each wind direction from:
U H = U 0 K D EH k rW (A6.2)
where
U 0 : basic wind speed (m/s) depending on the geographic location of the construction site,
defined in A6.1.3
K D : wind directionality factor defined in A6.1.4.
EH : wind speed profile factor at reference height H defined in A6.1.5.
k rW : return period conversion factor defined in A6.1.7.
The 1-year-recurrence wind speed is defined in A6.13 for evaluation of habitability.

A6.1.3 Basic wind speed

Basic wind speed U 0 (m/s) corresponds to the 100-year-recurrence 10-minute mean wind speed
over a flat, open terrain at an elevation of 10m. The wind speed is defined in Fig.A6.1 for various
locations in Japan.
 6-6 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

Izu Islands, not shown in the map 46

Ogasawara Islands, Satsunann Islands,
Okinawa Islands, Daitou Islands, 50
Sakishima Islands, not shown in the map

Figure A6.1 Basic wind speed U 0 (m/s)

 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-7

A6.1.4 Wind directionality factor

Wind directionality factor K D reflects the directional characteristics of the extreme wind, which
are influenced by the geographical location and topographic feature of the construction site. It shall be
determined as follows, with reference to the wind directionality factors for the 8 cardinal directions
shown in Table A6.1.
(1) Where the aerodynamic shape factors for each wind direction are known from an appropriate wind
tunnel experiment, the wind directionality factor K D , which is used to evaluate the wind loads on
structural frames and components/cladding for a particular wind direction, shall take the same value as
that for the cardinal direction whose 45 degree sector includes that wind direction.
(2) Where the aerodynamic shape factors in A6.2 are used
1) When assessing wind loads on structural frames
a) Where the aerodynamic shape factors are dependent on wind direction, four wind directions
should be considered that coincide with the principal coordinate axis of the structure. If the wind
direction is within a 22.5 degree sector centered at one of the 8 cardinal directions, the wind
directionality factor K D for this direction shall be adopted. If the wind direction is outside of the
22.5 degree sector, the larger of the 2 nearest cardinal directions shall be adopted.
b) Where the aerodynamic shape factors are independent of wind direction, the wind directionality
factor K D shall take the same value as that for the cardinal direction whose 45 degree sector
includes that wind direction.
2) When assessing wind loads on components/cladding
KD = 1

Table A6.1 Wind directionality factor K D

Wakkanai Kitamiesashi Haboro Omu Rumoi Asahikawa Abashiri Otaru Sapporo Iwamizawa
NE 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9
E 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
SE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1
S 1 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 1 1
SW 1 1 1 1 0.95 1 0.85 1 0.85 0.85
W 0.85 1 1 1 0.95 1 0.95 1 0.95 1
NW 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.85 1 0.85 1 1 1 0.95
N 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.9

Obihiro Kushiro Nemuro Suttsu Muroran Tomakomai Urakawa Esashi Hakodate Kutchan
NE 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.85
E 0.85 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.95
SE 0.85 0.9 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95
S 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1 0.95
SW 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1 0.95
W 1 1 0.95 1 1 0.85 1 1 0.95 1
NW 1 0.9 1 1 1 0.9 1 1 0.9 1
N 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.9 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
 6-8 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

Table A6.1(continued) Wind directionality factor K D

Mombetsu Hiroo Ofunato Shinjo Wakamatsu Fukaura Aomori Mutsu Hachinohe Akita
NE 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
E 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
SE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
S 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95
SW 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1 0.95 1 0.95
W 1 1 0.85 1 1 0.95 1 1 1 1
NW 1 0.85 1 1 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.95 1
N 0.9 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85

Morioka Miyako Sakata Yamagata Sendai Ishinomaki Fukushima Shirakawa Onahama Wajima
NE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 1 0.9
E 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
SE 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85
S 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9
SW 0.95 0.95 0.9 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1
W 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.95 1
NW 1 0.95 1 0.95 1 1 1 1 1 0.95
N 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.95 1 0.95

Aikawa Niigata Kanazawa Fushiki Toyama Nagano Takada Utsunomiya Fukui Takayama
NE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85
E 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
SE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.9
S 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1
SW 0.85 1 1 1 0.9 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
W 0.85 1 0.9 0.95 0.9 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85
NW 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.95 0.85 1 0.85
N 1 0.9 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1 0.85

Matsumoto Suwa Kumagai Mito Tsuruga Gifu Nagoya Iida Kofu Chichibu
NE 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.85
E 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
SE 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85
S 1 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95 1 0.85 0.85 0.85
SW 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85
W 0.85 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.9
NW 0.85 1 1 1 1 0.9 0.85 1 1 1
N 0.85 0.85 0.95 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95 1 0.85

Choshi Ueno Tsu Irako Hamamatsu Omaezaki Shizuoka Mishima Tokyo Owase
NE 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 0.85 1 0.85 0.85
E 0.85 1 1 0.95 0.95 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95
SE 0.85 0.9 1 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
S 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85
SW 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95 1 0.85 0.85 0.95
W 0.85 0.85 0.95 1 1 1 1 0.85 0.85 1
NW 0.95 0.85 0.9 1 1 0.95 0.85 0.85 1 0.95
N 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1 0.85
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-9

Table A6.1(continued) Wind directionality factor K D

Irozaki Ajiro Yokohama Tateyama Katsuura Oshima Miyakojima Hachijojima Chiba Yokkaichi
NE 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
E 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 1
SE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 1
S 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 1 0.95 0.85
SW 0.9 1 0.85 0.85 1 0.95 0.85 1 0.95 1
W 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.95 0.9 0.85 1
NW 0.85 0.85 1 1 1 0.85 1 0.9 1 0.85
N 0.85 0.95 1 1 0.9 1 1 0.9 1 0.85

Saigo Matsue Sakai Yonago Tottori Toyooka Maizuru Hagi Hamada Tsuyama
NE 0.9 0.9 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
E 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95
SE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.9 0.85 0.95
S 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 1 0.9 0.85 0.85
SW 0.85 0.9 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85
W 0.85 1 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 1 0.95
NW 0.85 0.95 0.85 1 0.9 1 1 1 0.85 0.95
N 1 0.95 0.85 1 0.9 1 1 1 1 1

Kyoto Hikone Shimonoseki Hiroshima Kure Fukuyama Okayama Himeji Kobe Osaka
NE 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.95 0.85 0.85 1 0.9
E 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85
SE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85
S 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.9 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 1
SW 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.9 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 1
W 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 1
NW 0.95 1 1 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.9 1 1
N 0.95 0.85 0.95 0.85 1 1 0.85 0.85 1 1

Sumoto Wakayama Shionomisaki Nara Yamaguchi Izuhara Hirado Fukuoka Iizuka Sasebo
NE 0.85 0.85 0.95 1 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 1
E 0.85 0.85 0.95 1 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
SE 0.9 1 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85
S 1 1 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.85 1 0.9 0.85
SW 0.85 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85
W 0.85 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 1 0.85 0.9
NW 0.85 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.95 1 1 0.9
N 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1 1 1 1

Saga Hita Oita Nagasaki Kumamoto Nobeoka Akune Kagoshima Miyakonojo Miyazaki
NE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9
E 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85
SE 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.95 1 1
S 1 1 0.85 0.9 1 1 1 0.95 1 0.85
SW 0.85 1 0.85 1 1 0.85 0.9 1 0.9 0.85
W 0.85 0.95 0.9 1 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
NW 0.95 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
N 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.9 1 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9
 6-10 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

Table A6.1(continued) Wind directionality factor K D

Makurazaki Aburatsu Yakushima Tanegashima Ushibuka Fukue Matsuyama Tadotsu Takamatsu Uwajima
NE 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.9 0.95
E 1 0.9 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.95
SE 1 0.9 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.9 1 0.85 0.85 1
S 1 1 1 1 0.85 0.95 1 0.85 0.85 1
SW 1 1 1 0.9 0.9 0.95 0.95 1 0.95 0.85
W 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.9 1 0.95 0.95 1 1 0.85
NW 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.9 0.85 0.9 0.85
N 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.9 0.85 0.9 0.85

Kouchi Tokushima Sukumo Shimizu Murotomisaki Naze Miyakojima Kumejima Naha Nago
NE 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85
E 1 0.85 0.95 0.95 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
SE 1 1 0.95 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.95 0.95 0.9
S 0.85 1 0.9 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.95 1 1 1
SW 0.85 0.85 1 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 1 1 1
W 0.85 0.85 1 1 1 0.85 0.95 0.85 1 0.85
NW 0.85 0.85 1 0.85 0.9 1 1 1 1 0.9
N 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1 1 1 1 0.85

Okinoerabu Minamidaitojima
NE 0.85 0.9
E 0.85 0.85
SE 1 0.95
S 1 0.95
SW 0.85 0.85
W 0.85 0.85
NW 0.9 1
N 0.95 1

A6.1.5 Wind speed profile factor

(1) Wind speed profile factor
Wind speed profile factor E is calculated from:
E = E r Eg (A6.3)
where
E r : exposure factor for flat terrain categories, defined in (2)
Eg : topography factor defined in (3)
(2) Exposure factor based on flat terrain categories
The exposure factor for flat terrain categories is defined in 2), according to the flat terrain categories
defined in 1).
1) The flat terrain categories of the construction site are defined in Table 6.2. However, if the terrain
category changes from smooth to rough in the region of the smaller of 40H (H: reference height) and
3km upwind of the construction site, the terrain category of the construction site is assumed the same
as that of the upwind smooth terrain.
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-11

Table A6.2 Flat terrain categories

Category Condition at construction site and upwind region
Smooth I Open, no significant obstruction, sea, lake
II Open, few obstructions, grassland, agricultural field
III Suburban, wooded terrain, few tall buildings (4 to 9-story)
IV City, tall buildings (4 to 9-story)
Rough V City, heavy concentration of tall buildings (higher than 10-story)

2 The exposure factor based on the flat terrain categories is defined in Eq.(A6.4), according to the
terrain categories defined in 1).
Z
1.7 Zb < Z ZG
Z G
Er = (A6.4)
Zb
1 . 7
Z Z Zb
G
where
Z (m): height above ground
Z b , Z G , : parameters determining the exposure factor E r , defined in Table A6.3

Table A6.3 Parameters determining E r

Category I II III IV V
Z b (m) 5 5 10 20 30
Z G (m) 250 350 450 550 650
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.27 0.35

(3) Topography factor

Topography factor, which reflects the change of the mean wind speed that occurs as wind passes at
right angles over escarpments or ridge-shaped topography, as shown in Figs.A6.2 and A6.3, is defined
in Eq.(A6.5). However, when the inclination s calculated from Eq.(A6.6) is less than 7.5 degrees,
or X s / H s is beyond the range shown in Tables A6.4 and A6.5, it is not necessary to consider the
topography factor, i.e., E g = 1 .
Z Z
Eg = (C1 1)C 2 ( C3 ) + 1 exp C 2 ( C3 ) + 1 and Eg 1 (A6.5)
Hs Hs
H
s = tan 1 s (A6.6)
2 Ls
where
C1 , C 2 , C 3 : parameters determining the topography factor, are given in Tables A6.4 and A 6.5,
and depend on the topography shape, inclination s and distance X s (m) from the
 6-12 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

top of the topographic feature to the construction site. When the inclination s is
greater than 60 degrees, the topography factor is assumed to be the same as that at 60
degrees.
Z (m): height above ground. It is assumed the same value as Z b when it is smaller than Z b .
H s (m): height of the topography
Ls (m): horizontal distance from the top of topographic feature to the point where the height is
half the topography height as shown in Figs. A6.2 and A6.3

Hs / 2
s
Hs
Hs / 2

Ls
Xs

Figure A6.2 Escarpments

Hs / 2
s
Hs
Hs / 2

Ls
Xs

Figure A6.3 Ridge-shaped topography

 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-13

Table A6.4 Parameters determining Eg (escarpments)

Xs /Hs
s
4 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 4 8
C1 1.15 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.45 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.15
7.5 C2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4
C3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C1 0.4 1 1.2 1.55 2.1 1.65 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.15
15 C2 0.9 0 0.65 0.85 1 0.8 0.7 0.55 0.45 0.35
C3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C1 0.7 0.5 1.05 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.25 1.2 1.15 1.1
30 C2 0.65 1.2 1.65 1.5 1.45 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.6
C3 2 2 1 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.4
C1 0.8 0 3.5 1.1 1.2 1.35 1.3 1.2 1.15 1.1
45 C2 0.5 1 1.6 2 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.9 0.55
C3 2 2 2 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.75 1.05 1.4 2
C1 0.6 0.1 1.8 2.4 1.2 1.4 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.1
60 C2 0.65 0.9 1.3 2.6 2 1.8 1.7 1.5 0.85 0.45
C3 2 2 2 1 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.9 3.1

Table A6.5 Parameters determining Eg (ridge-shaped topography)

Xs /Hs
s
4 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 4 8
C1 1.1 1.2 1.35 1.35 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1
7.5 C2 1 1 1 1 1.5 1.2 1.1 2 1.6 0
C3 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.9 0
C1 1 1.05 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.25 0.35 0.65
15 C2 0 0 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 2 3 2
C3 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.3
C1 0.75 0.55 0.85 1 1.2 1.3 1.25 1.2 1.1 1.02
30 C2 1.5 2 2 0 1 2 2 1.6 1.7 1.7
C3 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.8
C1 0.75 0.55 0.2 0.75 1.15 1.2 1.15 1.12 1.1 1.02
45 C2 1.5 2 2 3 1 2.5 2.5 2 1.6 1.3
C3 0 0 0 0 0 1.2 1.9 2.2 2.5 3.2
C1 0.75 0.55 0.2 0.2 1.15 1.12 1.15 1.12 1.1 1.02
60 C2 1.5 1.5 1.8 3 1 2.2 2.5 2 1.6 1.3
C3 0 0 0 0 0 1.8 2 2.3 2.6 3.4

Note) For a particular inclination s and a horizontal location X s / H s , the topography factor is
calculated by interpolating linearly from the values at the nearest inclinations and horizontal
locations.
 6-14 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

A6.1.6 Turbulence intensity and turbulence scale

Turbulence intensity and turbulence scale in A6.2, A6.3 are defined as follows.
(1) Turbulence intensity
1) Turbulence intensity I Z is defined according to the conditions of the construction site as:
I Z = I rZ EgI (A6.7)
where
I rZ : turbulence intensity at height Z on the flat terrain categories, defined in 2)
EgI : topography factor defined in 3)
2) Turbulence intensity on flat terrain categories
Turbulence intensity I rZ on flat terrain categories is defined in Eq.(A6.8) according to the terrain
categories.
Z 0.05
0.1 Zb < Z ZG
Z G
I rZ = 0.05
(A6.8)
Zb
0.1 Z Z Zb
G
where
Z (m): height above ground
Z b , Z G , : parameters determining the exposure factor, defined in Table A6.3
3) Topography factor for turbulence intensity
Topography factor for turbulence intensity for the condition, in which the wind passes at right
angles to the escarpments or ridge-shaped topography, as shown in Figs.A6.2 and A6.3, is defined as:
E
EgI = I (A6.9)
Eg
where
Z Z
E I = (C1 1)C 2 ( C3 ) + 1 exp C 2 ( C3 ) + 1 and E I 1 (A6.10)
Hs Hs
where
E I : topography factor for the standard deviation of fluctuating wind speed. When the
inclination s calculated from Eq.(A6.6) is less than 7.5, or the distance from the top of
the topographic feature X s (m) is beyond the range of X s / H s in Tables A6.6 and A6.7,
it is not necessary to consider the topography factor, i.e., E I = 1 .
E g : topography factor for mean wind speed, defined in Eq.(A6.5)
C1 , C 2 , C 3 : parameters determining the topography factor E I , are given in Tables A6.6 and
A6.7, and depend on the topography shape, inclination s and the distance X s (m) from
the top of the topographic feature to the construction site. When the inclination s is
greater than 60 degrees, the topography factor is assumed to be the same as that at 60
degrees.
Z (m): height above ground. It is assumed to be the greater of Z b and Z c when it is smaller
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-15

than Z b in Table A6.3, or Z c in Tables A6.6 and A6.7

H s (m): height of topography
Ls (m): horizontal distance from the top of the topographic feature to the point where the height
is half the topography height

Table A6.6 Parameters determining E I (Escarpments)

Xs /Hs
s
4 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 4 8
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7.5
C2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C1 1 1.05 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
15
C2 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3
C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C1 1.05 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.3 2.5 1.8 1.4 1.25
30
C2 0 0 0 0.7 2 2.5 10 8 4 1.5
C3 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.6
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.2
C1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.3 1.8 1.5 3 3 1.8 1.5
45
C2 0 0 0 1.4 1.7 1.6 6 5 3.5 2
C3 0 0 0.5 0 1 0.8 0 0 0.3 0.5
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.7 0.9
C1 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.3 6 8 4 3.5 2.2 1.7
60
C2 0 0 0 0.7 2.5 5 8 5 3 1.5
C3 0 0 0.3 0.5 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5
 6-16 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

Table A6.7 Parameters determining E I (Ridge-shaped topography)

Xs /Hs
s
4 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 4 8
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7.5
C2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0
C1 1 1 1 1 1 3.4 4.2 4 2.8 2
15
C2 0 0 0 0 0 19 11 4.6 2 1.6
C3 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.8 1.5 1.6 2.2
C1 1 1 1 1 1 1.6 1.9 2.2 3.2 2.7
30
C2 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 2 1.7 1.3
C3 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.6 1 0.7 0.5
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.5
C1 1 1 1 1 1 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.8 2.8
45
C2 0 0 0 0 0 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.3
C3 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.5
Zc/Hs 0 0 0 0 0 1.35 1.6 1.8 2 2.6
C1 1 1 1 1 1 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.9 2.9
60
C2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2
C3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.6
Note) For a particular inclination s and a horizontal location X s / H s , the topography factor for
fluctuating wind speed is calculated by interpolating linearly from the values at the nearest
inclinations and horizontal locations.

(2) Turbulence scale

Turbulence scale is defined independently of the terrain categories of the construction site as:
Z 0.5
30m < Z Z G
LZ = 100 30 (A6.11)
100 Z 30m

where
Z (m): height above ground
Z G : parameter determining the exposure factor, defined in Table A6.3

A6.1.7 Return period conversion factor

Return period conversion factor k rW is calculated from Eq.(A6.12).
k rW = 0.63( U 1)ln r 2.9 U + 3.9 (A6.12)
where
U 500
U =
U0
where
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-17

U 500 (m/s): 500-year-recurrence 10-minute mean wind speed at 10m above ground over a flat
and open terrain, defined in Fig.A6.4
U 0 (m/s): basic wind speed, defined in A6.1.3
r (year): design return period
 6-18 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

Izu Islands, not shown in the map 52

Ogasawara Islands, Satsunann Islands,
Okinawa Islands, Daitou Islands, 58
Sakishima Islands, not shown in the map

Figure A6.4 500-year-recurrence 10-minute mean wind speed at 10m above ground over a flat and
open terrain U 500 (m/s)
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-19

A6.2 Wind force coefficients and wind pressure coefficients

Wind force coefficients and wind pressure coefficients fall into two categories corresponding to the
design of the structural frames and components/claddings. The coefficients shall be estimated from
wind tunnel experiments or from the following procedure using the wind pressure coefficients
(external and internal pressure coefficients) and wind force coefficients provided in this clause.

A6.2.1 Procedure for estimating wind force coefficients

(1) Wind force coefficients for design of structural frames
1) Wind force coefficients C D for estimating horizontal wind loads on structural frames
Wind force coefficients are given in A6.2.4(1) and A6.2.4(4) or calculated from Eq.(A6.13) using
the external pressure coefficients provided in A6.2.2.
C D = C pe1 C pe2 (A6.13)
where
C pe1 : external pressure coefficient on windward face
C pe2 : external pressure coefficient on leeward face
2) Wind force coefficients C R for estimating roof wind loads on structural frames
Wind force coefficients are given in A6.2.5(2) or calculated from Eq.(A6.14) using the external
pressure coefficients provided in A6.2.2 and the internal pressure coefficients provided in A6.2.3.
C R = C pe C pi (A6.14)
where
Cpe : external pressure coefficient on roof
C pi : internal pressure coefficient
3) Wind force coefficients C D for estimating horizontal wind loads on lattice structures
Wind force coefficients are given in A6.2.4(3) or calculated from the wind force coefficients for
individual members provided in A6.2.4(5).
(2) Peak wind force coefficients C for design of components/cladding
C
Peak wind force coefficients C C are given in A6.2.7 or calculated from Eq.(A6.15) using the peak
external pressure coefficients provided in A6.2.5 and the factor for the effect of fluctuating internal
pressures provided in A6.2.6.
C = C C * pi
C pe (A6.15)
where
C pe : peak external pressure coefficient
C *pi : factor for effect of fluctuating internal pressures
 6-20 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

A6.2.2 External pressure coefficients for structural frames

(1) External pressure coefficients Cpe for buildings with rectangular sections and heights greater than
45m
For buildings with rectangular sections and heights greater than 45m, the external pressure
coefficients on the windward and leeward walls and on the roof are given in Table A6.8. The values in
Table A6.8 are applicable to buildings whose aspect ratios H / B are less than or equal to 8.

Table A6.8 External pressure coefficients Cpe for buildings with rectangular sections and heights
greater than 45m

i) Wall
External pressure coefficient C pe
D/B1 D/B>1
windward wall C pe1 0.8 k Z
leeward wall C pe2 0.5 0.35

Factor for vertical profile k Z

Z Zb Z b < Z < 0.8H Z 0.8H
( Z b / H ) 2 ( Z / H ) 2 0.82
B(m): building width
D(m): building depth
H(m): reference height
Z(m): height from ground
Z b (m): height defined in Table A6.3
: parameter defined in Table A6.3

ii) Roof
External pressure coefficient C pe
zone Ra 1.2
zone Rb 0.6
zone Rc 0.2
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-21

(2) External pressure coefficient Cpe for buildings with rectangular sections and heights less than or
equal to 45m
1) Buildings with flat, gable and mono-sloped roofs
External pressure coefficients Cpe for buildings with rectangular sections and flat, gable and
mono-sloped roofs whose heights are less than or equal to 45m are given in Table A6.9(1).

Table A6.9(1) External pressure coefficients Cpe for buildings with rectangular sections and flat,
gable and mono-sloped roofs whose heights are less than or equal to 45m

i) Wall
zone WU (windward wall) zone S (side wall)
B/H 1 B/H >1 Sa Sb Sc
0.8kZ 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.2
k Z is factor for vertical profile provided in Table A6.8.

When 0.8H < Z b , k Z = 0.82.

zone L (leeward wall)

wind dir. roof angle La Lb
() D/H 1 D/H >1 B/H <6 B/H 6

W1 45 0.4
W2 < 20 0.6 same value 0.8
W3 20 < 30 0.5 as zone La
30 45 0.6 1.0

ii) Roof
zone RU windward roof
roof angle D/H 1 D/H >1

() B/H 2 B/H 6 B/H 2 B/H 6

< 10 not necessary to evaluate
Positive 10 < 15 0
15 45 0.014( 15)
< 10 same value as zone R (roof)
10 < 30 0.04( 30)
0.84tan(702)
Negative 30 < 35 0.5tan(802 )
0.81tan(721.6 )
35 < 40 0
0
40 45 0
* Linear interpolation is permitted for 2 < B / H < 6.
 6-22 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

zone RLleeward roof

roof angle RLa RLb

( ) D/H 1 D/H >1 B/H <6 B/H 6
< 10 same values as zone R (roof)
10 < 15 0.5 same value as 1.1
0.6
15 45 0.6 zone RLa 1.4

zone R (roof)
Ra
Rb Rc
D/H 1 D/H >1
B/H 2 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.2
B/H 6 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.4
* Linear interpolation is permitted for 2 < B / H < 6.
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-23

wind dir. windward wall (zone Wu), windward roof leeward wall (zone L),
(zone Ru), roof (zone R), side wall (zone S) leeward roof (zone RL)

B(m)building width
D(m)building depth
H(m)reference height
l (m)the smaller of 4H and B
 6-24 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

2) Buildings with vaulted roofs

External pressure coefficients for buildings with rectangular sections and vaulted roofs whose
heights are less than or equal to 45m are given in Table A6.9(2).

Table A6.9(2) External pressure coefficients Cpe for buildings with rectangular sections and
vaulted roofs whose heights are less than or equal to 45m

i) Wall
External pressure coefficients are defined in Table A6.9(1).

ii) Roof
wind zone Ra zone Rb zone Rc
dir. f/B h/B=0 h/B=0.3 h/B=0.7 h/B=0 h/B=0.3 h/B=0.7 h/B=0 h/B=0.3 h/B=0.7
0 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2

0.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
W1
0.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

wind zone Ra zone Rb zone Rc

dir. f/D h/D=0 h/D=0.3 h/D=0.7 h/D=0 h/D=0.3 h/D=0.7 h/D=0 h/D=0.3 h/D=0.7
0 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.9

0.1 0.5 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
W2
0.3 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.4 0.2 0 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

* Linear interpolation is permitted for values f/B, h/B, f/D and h/D other than shown.

B(m): building width

D(m): building depth
H(m): reference height
f(m): rise
h(m): eaves height
l (m): the smaller of 4H and B
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-25

(3) External pressure coefficient Cpe for spherical domes

External pressure coefficients for spherical domes are given in Table A6.10.

Table A6.10 External pressure coefficients Cpe for spherical domes

zone Ra(positive) zone Ra(negative)

f/D h/D = 0 h/D=0.25 h/D = 1 h/D = 0 h/D=0.25 h/D = 1
0 Not necessary to evaluate 0.6 1.4 1.2
0.05 0.3 0 0 0 1.0 1.6
0.1 0.4 0 0 0 0.6 1.2
0.2 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.4
0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 not necessary to evaluate

zone Rb zone Rc zone Rd

f/D h/D = 0 h/D=0.25 h/D = 1 h/D = 0 h/D=0.25 h/D = 1 h/D = 0 h/D=0.25 h/D = 1
0 0 0.8 1.2 0 0.1 0.4 0 0.1 0.3
0.05 0 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.3
0.1 0 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.4
0.2 0 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.4
0.5 0 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.4 0.4
* Linear interpolation is permitted for values f/D and h/D other than shown.

D(m): building diameter

H(m): reference height
h(m): eaves height
f (m): rise
 6-26 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

A6.2.3 Internal pressure coefficients for structural frames

Internal pressure coefficients for structural frames shall be estimated appropriately considering the
location and size of wall openings. Internal pressure coefficients for buildings without dominant
openings are given in Table A6.11.

Table A6.11 Internal pressure coefficients C pi for buildings without dominant openings
C pi
0 or 0.4

A6.2.4 Wind force coefficients for design of structural frames

(1) Wind force coefficients C D for buildings with circular sections
Wind force coefficients for buildings with circular sections are given in Table A6.12. The values in
Table A6.12 are applicable to cases where DU H 6 (m2/s) and H / D 8 .

Table A6.12 Wind force coefficients for buildings with circular sections

C D = 1 .2 k 1 k 2 k Z
where
k1 : factor for aspect ratio
k 2 : factor for surface roughness
2
k Z : factor for vertical profile defined in Table A6.8 and k Z = 0.8
when 0.8H < Z b

k1
H /D<1 1 H / D 8
0.6 0.6( H / D )0.14

k2
D(m): building diameter
smooth surface (metal, concrete, flat curtain 0.75
H(m): reference height
walls, etc.)
Z b (m): height defined in Table A6.3
rough surface (1% relative roughness, rough 0.9
: parameter defined in Table A6.3
curtain walls, etc.)
very rough surface (5% relative roughness) 1
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-27

(2) Wind force coefficient C R for free roofs with rectangular base
Wind force coefficients for free roofs with rectangular base are given in Table A6.13. The values in
Table A6.13 are applicable to small buildings specified in A6.11.

Table A6.13 Wind force coefficient C R for free roofs with rectangular base

roof angle windward roof RU leeward roof RL

( ) positive negative positive negative
30 10 0.7+0.01 0.6+0.03 0.050.025 1.20.03
10 < < 10 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.9
10 30 0.3+0.03 1.15+0.025 0.3 0.60.03

H(m): reference height

( ): roof angle
Positive indicates downwards.
 6-28 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

(3) Wind force coefficient C D for lattice structures

6.5.6 Wind force coefficients for lattice structures are given in Table A6.14.
6.5.7
6.5.8 Table A6.14 Wind force coefficients C D for lattice structures
6.5.9 i) Square plan

B

B

solidity angle circular pipe angle circular pipe
0 3.8 2.3 4.4 2.5
0.5 1.9 1.4 2.3 1.7
0.6 1.9 1.4 2.3 1.7

ii) Triangular plan

The solidity is defined by
= AF / A0
solidity angle circular pipe where
0 3.8 2.3 AF(m2): projected area per panel
0.5 1.9 1.4
0.6 1.9 1.4 A0 (m2): whole plane area=Bh

*Linear interpolation is permitted for values of other than shown.

 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-29

(4) Wind force coefficients C D for fences on ground

Wind force coefficients for fences on ground are given in Table A6.15.

Table A6.15 Wind force coefficients C D for fences on ground

solidity CD

0 1.2
0.2 1.5 H
0.6 1.7
0.9 1.2
(solid fences included)
Note:
The area for calculating the wind loads is the overall area multiplied by the solidity .
The definition of is the same as that in Table A6.14.
Linear interpolation is permitted for values of other than shown.
The height of fence H is used for calculating the wind load.
 6-30 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

(5) Wind force coefficients C for components

Wind force coefficients for components are given in Table A6.16

Table A6.16 Wind force coefficients C for members

CY CY CY
CX CX CX CX
b b b b

b b
b/2
CX ( ) CX CY ( ) CX CY ( ) CX CY
1.2 0 2.1 0 0 2.4 0 0 2.1 0
45 1.6 1.6 45 1.6 0.7 30 2.1 0.2
90 0 0.8 60 0.7 1.1

CY b
CY CY
CX CY
b CX b CX
b

b
CX
b/2 d 0.1b
b/2

( ) CX CY ( ) CX CY ( ) CX CY ( ) CX CY
0 1.2 0 0 1.1 0 0 2.0 0 0 1.9 2.2
45 0.8 0.8 45 0.8 0.7 45 1.8 0.1 45 2.3 2.3
90 0.6 0.5 90 0.9 0.5 90 0 0.1 90 2.2 1.9
135 1.7 0.6 135 2.3 0.6 135 1.9 0.6
180 2.3 0 180 2.5 0 180 2.0 0.3
225 1.4 1.4
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-31

CY CY CY

CX CX CX
b b b


b/2 b/2 b/2

( ) CX CY ( ) CX CY ( ) CX CY
0 2.0 1.1 0 2.1 0 0 2.6 0
45 2.3 1.1 45 2.1 0.6 45 2.0 0.8
90 1.8 0.8 90 0.6 0.7 90 0.6 0.8
135 1.7 0 135 1.6 0.6
180 2.0 0.1 180 2.0 0
225 1.5 0.6
270 0.6 0.8
315 1.2 0.2

The area for calculating wind loads is bl (b = member width, l = member length) irrespective of wind
direction.
net

CX
b

solidity CX
0 2
0.2 2
0.6 2.7
0.9 2
(solid plate included)
The area for calculating wind loads is bl (l = net length).
The definition of is the same as that in Table A6.14.
Linear interpolation is permitted for values of other than shown.
 6-32 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

A6.2.5 Peak external pressure coefficients for components/claddings

(1) Peak external pressure coefficients C pe for buildings with rectangular sections and heights
greater than 45 m
For buildings with rectangular sections and heights greater than 45m, peak external pressure
coefficients are given in Table A6.17. The values in Table A6.17 are applicable to buildings whose
aspect ratios H / B1 are less than 8.

Table A6.17 Peak external pressure coefficients C pe for buildings with rectangular sections and
heights greater than 45m

Building with rectangular section Building with recessed corners

Building with chamfered corners

B1(m): smaller side length of plan

B2(m): larger side length of plan
H(m): reference height
la1(m): the smaller of H and B1
la2(m): the smaller of H and B2

i) Wall
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
C pe = k Z (1 + 7 I Z )
where kZ: factor for vertical profile defined in Table A6.8
IZ: turbulence intensity at the height Z defined by Eq. (A6.7)

When the effect of local topography is considered, the values of kZ and IZ at reference height H (z = H) can
be used in the above equation.
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-33

b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients

zone case C pe
Wa all 3.0
Wb all 2.4
Wc b / B 0.2 3.0
b / B > 0.2 2.4
b/B: the smaller of b1/B1 and b2/B2
Wd b' / B 0.2 3.0
b/B: the larger of b1/B1 and b2/B2
b' / B > 0.2 2.4

ii) Roof
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
Not necessary to evaluate

b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients

zone C pe
Ra 2.5
Rb 3.2
Rc 5.0kC

Reduction factor for area subject to local suction kC

subject area AC (m2) kC
AC < 1 1
1 AC 5 1/ AC 0.18
5 < AC 0.75
 6-34 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

(2) Peak external pressure coefficients C pe for buildings with rectangular sections and heights less
than or equal to 45m
1) Buildings with flat, gable and mono-sloped roofs
Peak external pressure coefficients for buildings with rectangular sections and flat, gable and
mono-sloped roofs whose heights are less than or equal to 45m are given in Table A6.18(1).

Table A6.18(1) Peak external pressure coefficient C pe for buildings with rectangular sections and
flat, gable and mono-sloped roofs whose heights are less than or equal to 45m

i) Wall
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
C pe = 0.9(1 + 7 I H )
where IH is turbulence intensity at height of H, obtained by substituting H for Z in Eq. (6.7)

b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients

zone Wa 3.0
zone Wb 2.4

ii)Roof
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
C pe = C pe (1 + 7 I H )
where Cpe is positive external pressure coefficient for zone RU provided in Table A6.9(1)
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-35

b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients

buildings with flat and gable roofs
zone roof angle ( )
10 20 30
Ra 3.2 2.5 2.5
Rb 5.4kC 3.2 3.2
Rc 3.2 3.2 3.2
Rd 3.2 5.4kC 3.2
Re 2.5 3.2 3.2
Rf 2.5 2.5 2.5
Rg 2.5 5.4kC 3.2
buildings with mono-sloped roofs

zone roof angle ( )

10 20 30
Ra 3.2 2.5 2.5
Rb 5.4kC 3.2 3.2
Rc 3.2 3.2 3.2
Rd 5.4kC 6.5kC 5.4kC
Re 3.7 3.7 3.7
Rf 2.5 2.5 2.5
kC represents reduction factor for area subjected to local suction provided in Table A6.17.
Linear interpolation is permitted for values of other than shown.
For mono-sloped roofs with < 10, the value for flat and gable roofs with 10 is used.

Buildings with flat and gable roofs Buildings with mono-sloped roofs

l (m): the smallest of 4H, B1 and B2

 6-36 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

2) Buildings with vaulted roofs

Peak external pressure coefficients for buildings with rectangular sections and vaulted roofs whose
heights are less than or equal to 45m are given in Table A6.18(2).

Table A6.18(2) Peak external pressure coefficient C pe for buildings with rectangular sections and
vaulted roofs whose heights are less than or equal to 45m

i) Wall
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
Positive peak external pressure coefficients are defined in Table A6.18(1).
b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients
Negative peak external pressure coefficients are defined in Table A6.18(1).

ii) Roof
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
zone Ra zone Rb zone Rc
f/B1 h B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1
h/B1=0 = 0.3 = 0.7 h/B1 = 0 = 0.3 = 0.7 h/B1 = 0 = 0.3 = 0.7
0.1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.3 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.4
0.4 2.2 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.6 0.5
Linear interpolation is permitted for values h/B1 and f/B1 other than shown.

b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients

Ra Rb Rc Rd
f/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1 h/B1
=0 = 0.3 = 0.7 =0 = 0.3 = 0.7 =0 = 0.3 = 0.7 =0 = 0.3 = 0.7
0 2.5 3.2 3.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.4kC 5.4kC
0.1 1.4 4.2 4.8 1.8 2.2 3.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.4 4.8 4.4
0.3 1.4 2.4 2.6 2.0 3.2 3.2 3.8 4.4 4.5 4.0 4.4 4.5
0.4 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.4 3.2 3.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.0 4.4 4.8
kC represents reduction factor for area subjected to local suction provided in Table A6.17.
Liner interpolation is permitted for values h/B1 and f/B1 other than shown.
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-37

zones for positive peak pressure coefficients zones for negative peak pressure coefficients

h(m): eaves height

f(m)rise
B1(m): building length in span direction
B2(m): building length in ridge direction
H(m): reference height
l (m): the smallest of 4H, B1 and B2
 6-38 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

(3) Peak external pressure coefficients C pe for buildings with circular sections
Peak external pressure coefficients for buildings with circular sections are given in Table A6.19.

Table A6.19 Peak external pressure coefficients C pe for buildings with circular sections

i) Wall
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
C pe = k Z (1 + 7 I Z )
where kZ: factor for vertical profile defined in Table A6.8
When 0.8H < Zb, kZ = 0.82.
IZ: turbulence intensity at reference height Z defined by Eq. (A6.7)
When the effect of local topography is considered, the values of kZ and IZ at the reference
height H (Z = H) can be used in the above equation.

b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients

C pe = {( k1 1)k 2 + k 3 + 1.4}(1 + 7 I H )
where k1: factor for aspect ratio defined in TableA6.12
k2: factor for surface roughness defined in Table A6.12
k3: factor for end effects defined in the following table
IH: turbulence intensity at height of H, obtained by substituting H for Z in Eq.(6.7)
k3
lower part upper part
H /D2 2< H / D 7 7< H / D 8
0.2 0.2 0.1( H / D ) 0.7

ii) Roof
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients upper part
Not necessary to evaluate

b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients

The values defined in Table A6.20 for f / D = 0 can be used.
When H / D > 1, the value for h / D = 1 should be used. lower part

D(m)building diameter
H(m)reference height
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-39

(4) Peak external pressure coefficients C pe for buildings with circular sections and spherical domes
Peak external pressure coefficients C pe for buildings with circular sections and spherical domes
are given in Table A6.20. The values in Table A6.20 are applicable to buildings whose aspect ratios
h / D are less than 1.

Table A6.20 Peak external pressure coefficients C pe for buildings with circular sections and dome
roofs
i) Wall
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
Positive peak external pressure coefficients are defined in Table A6.19.
b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients
Negative peak external pressure coefficients are defined in Table A6.19.
ii) Roof
a) Positive peak external pressure coefficients
f/D zone Ra zone Rb zone Rc
h/D =0 h/D =0.25 h/D =1 h/D =0 h/D=0.25 h/D =1 h/D =0 h/D=0.25 h/D =1
0 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
0.05 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1
0.1 1.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0 0
0.2 0.9(1+7IH) 0.6(1+7IH) 0.4(1+7IH) 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 0 0
0.5 1+7IH 1+7IH 1+7IH 1.9 1.3 0.7 0.3 0 0
IH: turbulence intensity at reference height H, obtained by substituting H for Z in Eq. (A6.7).
Linear interpolation is permitted for values f/D and h/D other than shown.
b) Negative peak external pressure coefficients
f/D zone Ra zone Rb zone Rc
h/D =0 h/D=0.25 h/D =1 h/D =0 h/D=0.25 h/D =1 h/D =0 h/D=0.25 h/D =1
0 4.4 5.1 3.3 1.5 3.7 3.0 0.4 2.3 2.3
0.05 3.0 4.8 3.3 1.5 2.7 2.7 1.3 1.3 1.3
0.1 2.0 4.2 3.0 1.5 2.2 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.4
0.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1
0.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0
Linear interpolation is permitted for
values f/D and h/D other than shown.

D(m): building diameter

f(m): rise
H(m): reference height
h(m): eaves height
 6-40 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

A6.2.6 Factor for effect of fluctuating internal pressures

The factor for the effect of fluctuating internal pressures for designing components/cladding shall be
*
estimated appropriately considering the location and size of wall openings. The values of C pi for
buildings without dominant openings are given in Table A6.21.

*
Table A6.21 Factor C pi for effect of fluctuating internal pressures for buildings without dominant
openings
*
C pi
0 or 0.5
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-41

A6.2.7 Peak wind force coefficients for components/cladding

Peak wind force coefficients for free roofs with rectangular base are specified as shown in Table
A6.22. The values in Table A6.22 are applicable to small buildings specified in A6.11.

Table A6.22 Peak wind force coefficient C C for free roofs with rectangular base
a) Positive peak wind force coefficients
zone roof angle ( ) C C
30 10 (0.650.015 )(1+7IH)
Ra 10 < < 10 0.8(1+7IH)
10 30 (0.55+0.025 )(1+7IH)
30 10 (0.90.02 )(1+7IH)
Rb 10 < < 10 1.1(1+7IH)
10 30 (0.85+0.025 )(1+7IH)
IH: turbulence intensity at reference height H, obtained by substituting H for Z in Eq. (A6.7)
( ): roof angle specified in Table A6.13
l (m): smallest of 4H, B1 and B2

b) Negative peak wind force coefficients

zone roof angle ( ) C C
| |< 10 3.5
Ra
10 | | 30 2.90.06 | |
| |< 10 4.5
Rb
10 | | 30 3.80.075 | |

| |< 10 10 | | 30
 6-42 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

A6.3 Gust Effect Factors

A6.3.1 Gust effect factor for along-wind loads on structural frames

Gust effect factor GD for along-wind loads on structural frames is estimated from Eq.(A6.16).
C 'g
GD = 1 + g D 1 + D2 RD (A6.16)
Cg
where
g D = 2 ln(600 D ) + 1.2
1 1
Cg = +
3 + 3 6
0.49 0.14 k = 0.07 ( H / B 1)
C 'g = 2 I H
0.63 BH L

1 +
( H )
0.56


k = 0.15 ( H / B < 1)
k
( H / B)
FD
RD =
4 D
RD
D = fD
1 + RD

FD =
(
I H2 FS D 0.57 0.35 + 2 R 0.053 0.042 )
C ' g2
1
R=
fDB
1 + 20
UH
f D LH
4
UH
F= 5/ 6
f D LH
2

1 + 71

U H
0.9
SD =
2 0.5
f D H f B
1 + 6 1 + 3 D
U H UH

where
D : mode correction factor given in Eq.(A6.32)
f D (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in along-wind direction
D : critical damping ratio for first mode in along-wind direction
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
B (m): projected breadth of building
U H (m/s): design wind speed as defined in A6.1.2
I H : turbulence intensity at reference height given in Eq.(A6.7) in which H is substituted for
Z
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-43

LH (m): turbulence scale at reference height given in Eq.(A6.11) in which H is substituted

for Z
: exponent of power law in wind speed profile defined in A6.1.5

A6.3.2 Gust effect factor for roof wind loads on structural frames
Gust effect factor GR for roof wind loads on structural frames of buildings without dominant
openings for internal pressure coefficient and wind force coefficient is specified as follows.
(1) Internal pressure coefficient C pi is equal to 0.4.
1) Wind force coefficient C R on tributary area of roof beam is not equal to 0.
Gust effect factor GR for roof wind loads on structural frames is estimated from Eq.(A6.17).
2
12.3rRe (1 + RRe ) + 0.3rc2
GR = 1 (A6.17)
1 rc
2) Wind force coefficient C R on tributary area of roof beam is equal to 0.
The product of wind force coefficient C R and gust effect factor GR is estimated from
Eq.(A6.18).
C R GR = 0.25 12.3rRe
2
(1 + RRe ) + 0.3 (A6.18)
(2) Internal pressure coefficient C pi is equal to 0.
Gust effect factor GR for roof wind loads on structural frames is estimated from Eq.(A6.19).
GR = 1 12.3rRe
2
(1 + RRe ) + 0.3rc2 (A6.19)
where parameters rRe , RRe , rc in Eqs.(A6.17), (A6.18) and (A6.19) are defined as follows for
direction of roof beam.
a) For roof beam parallel to wind direction
L
rc = 0.08 + 0.25
H
L L
(0.23 + 3.5I H2 ) exp 0.15 4
H H
rRe =
0.13 + 1.9 I H L
2
>4
H
3
U
RRe = 0.006 H
f R H 4 R
b) For roof beam normal to wind direction
rc = 0.4 / C pe
L L
(0.15 + 5 I H ) exp 0.1 H 6
2

rRe = H
0.082 + 2.7 I H L
2
>6
H
3
U
RRe = 0.015 H
f R H 4 R
where
 6-44 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

C pe : external pressure coefficient as defined in A6.2.1

H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
I H : turbulence intensity at reference height given in Eq.(A6.7) in which H is substituted for
Z
L (m): span of roof beam
U H (m/s): design wind speed as defined in A6.1.2
f R (Hz): natural frequency for first mode of roof beam
R : critical damping ratio for first mode of roof beam

A6.4 Across-wind Vibration and Resulting Wind Load

A6.4.1 Scope of application

This section defines the procedures for estimating horizontal across-wind loads on structural frames.
The procedure can be applied to buildings that satisfy the following conditions when wind is normal to
the front face.
i) Buildings have a uniform rectangular section from bottom to top.
H
ii) 6
BD
D
iii 0.2 5
B
UH
iv) 10
f L BD
where
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
B (m): projected breadth
D (m): depth
U H (m/s): design wind speed as defined in A6.1.2
f L (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in across-wind direction

A6.4.2 Procedure
Wind loads on structural frames caused by across-wind vibration are calculated from Eq.(A6.20).
Z
WL = 3qH CL' A g L 1 + L2 RL (A6.20)
H
where
C L' = 0.0082( D / B ) 3 0.071( D / B ) 2 + 0.22( D / B )
g L = 2 ln(600 f L ) + 1.2
FL
RL =
4 L
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-45

m 4 j (1 + 0.6 j ) j ( f L / f sj ) 2
FL =
j =1
{1 ( f L / f sj ) 2 } + 4
2 2
j ( fL / f sj ) 2
1 = 0.85
2 = 0.02
1, D/B < 3
m=
2, D/B 3
0.12 UH
f s1 = 2 0.89 B
{1 + 0.38( D / B) }
0.56 U H
fs2 =
( D / B ) 0.85 B
( D / B) 4 + 2.3( D / B) 2 0.12
1 = +
{2.4( D / B) 9.2( D / B) + 18( D / B) + 9.5( D / B) 0.15}
4 3 2 ( D / B)
0.28
2 =
( D / B) 0.34
where
WL (N): across-wind load at height Z
q H (N/m2): velocity pressure as defined in A6.1.1
A (m2): projected area at height Z
B (m): projected breadth
D (m): depth
Z (m): height
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
L : correction coefficient for vibration mode as defined in Eq.(A6.33)
f L (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in across-wind direction
L : critical damping ratio for first mode in across-wind direction
U H (m/s): design wind speed as defined in A6.1.2

A6.5 Torsional Vibration and Resulting Wind Load

A6.5.1 Scope of application

This section defines the procedures for estimating torsional wind load structural frames. They can
be applied to buildings that satisfy the following conditions when wind is normal to the front face.
i) Buildings have a uniform rectangular section from bottom to top.
H
ii) 6
BD
D
iii) 0.2 5
B
UH
iv) 10
f T BD
 6-46 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

where
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
B (m): projected breadth
D (m): depth
U H (m/s): design wind speed as defined in A6.1.2
f T (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in torsional direction

A6.5.2 Procedure
Torsional wind loads on structural frames are calculated using Eq.(A6.21).
Z
WT = 1.8qH CT' AB g T 1 + T2 RT (A6.21)
H
where
CT' = {0.0066 + 0.015( D / B ) 2 }0.78
g T = 2 ln(600 f T ) + 1.2
FT
RT =
4 T
UH
U T* =
f T BD
0.14 K T2 (U T* ) 2 T D( B 2 + D 2 ) 2
[U T* 4.5, 6 U T* 10]
L2 B 3
FT = F U *
F4.5 exp 3.5 ln 6 ln T [4.5 < U T* < 6]
F 4.5
4.5
F4.5 , F6 : values of FT when U T* =4.5 and 6, respectively
1.1( D / B ) + 0.97
+ 0.17 [U T* 4.5]
( D / B ) 2 + 0.85( D / B ) + 3.3
KT =
0.077( D / B ) 0.16 0.35
+ + 0.095 [6 U T* 10]
( D / B ) 0.96( D / B ) + 0.42 D / B
2

( D / B ) + 3 .6 0.14
+ + 0.14 [U T* 4.5]
( D / B) 5.1( D / B) + 9.1 D / B
2
T =
0.44( D / B) 2 0.0064
+ 0 .2 [6 U T* 10]
( D / B) 4 0.26( D / B) 2 + 0.1
where
WT (Nm): torsional wind load at height Z
q H (N/m2): velocity pressure as defined in A6.1.1
A (m2): projected area at height Z
B (m): projected breadth
D (m): depth
L (m): the larger of B and D
Z (m): height
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-47

H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)

T : correction coefficient for vibration mode as defined in Eq.(A6.34)
f T (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in torsional direction
T : critical damping ratio for first mode in torsional direction
U H (m/s): design wind speed as defined in A6.1.2

A6.6 Horizontal Wind Loads on Lattice Structural Frames

A6.6.1 Scope of application

This section defines the procedures for estimating horizontal wind loads on lattice structures built
directly on the ground, due to gust action.

A6.6.2 Procedure for estimating wind loads

Horizontal wind loads on lattice structures are calculated from Eq.(A6.22).
WD = q Z C D GD AF (A6.22)
where
WD (N): wind load
q Z (N/m2): velocity pressure at height Z , as acquired by changing H to Z in Eq.(A6.1)
C D : wind force coefficient, as defined in A6.2.4(3)
G D : gust effect factor calculated by the method described in A6.6.3
AF (m2): projected area of one face of lattice structure at height Z

A6.6.3 Gust effect factor

Gust effect factor is estimated from Eq.(A6.23).
Cg
GD = 1 + g D D 1 + RD (A6.23)
Cg
where
g D = 2 ln(600vD ) + 1.2
2I H
Cg = BD
+3
1 B
Cg =
2 + 3 2 + 4
SD F
RD =
4 D BD
RD
vD = f D
1 + RD
2
3 1
BD = 1 B
4 2 HB
1+
LH
 6-48 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

BH
B = 1
B0
2
3 1
S D = 1 B
4 f B f H
1 + 3.5 D 1 + 2 D
U H UH
f L
4 D H
UH
F= 5/ 6
f D LH
2

1 + 71
U
H

B + B0
B= H
2
where
D : mode shape correction factor, as calculated from (A6.32)
I H : turbulence intensity at reference height, as acquired by changing Z to H in Eq.(A6.7)
LH (m): turbulence scale at reference height, as acquired by changing Z to H in Eq.(A6.11)
: exponent of power law in wind speed profile defined in A6.1.5
f D (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in along-wind direction
D : critical damping ratio for first mode in along-wind direction
H (m): reference height, i.e. height of lattice structure
B0 (m): width at ground level
BH (m): width at height H
U H (m/s): design wind speed as defined in A6.1.2

A6.7 Vortex Induced Vibration

A6.7.1 Scope of application

This section describes wind load on buildings with circular sections and their components caused by
vortex induced vibration.

A6.7.2 Vortex induced vibration and resulting wind load on buildings with circular sections
Wind loads on buildings with circular sections caused by vortex-induced vibration are calculated
from Eq.(A6.24).
Z
Wr = 0.8 U r2 Cr A (A6.24)
H
where U r (m/s) is the resonance wind speed calculated from Eq.(A6.25).
U r = 5 f L Dm (A6.25)
where
Wr (N): wind load at height Z
(kg/m3): air density (=1.22)
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-49

C r : wind force coefficient at resonance, as defined in Table A6.23

Z (m): height from ground level
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
A (m2): projected area at height Z
f L (Hz): natural frequency of first mode in across wind direction
Dm (m): diameter of building at height 2H / 3

Table A6.23 Wind force coefficient at resonance C r

U r Dm s L < 5 s L 5

1.3 1 .5 1 .7
U r Dm < 3 +
L L s L
Linear Linear
3 U r Dm < 6
interpolation interpolation
0.53 0.16 0.57
6 U r Dm +
L L s L

where
L : critical damping ratio for first mode in across wind direction
s (kg/m3): building density as given by M /( HD m DB )
M (kg): total building mass
DB (m): building diameter at base

A6.7.3 Vortex-induced vibration and resulting wind load on building components with circular
sections
Wind loads on building components with circular sections caused by vortex-induced vibration are
calculated from Eq.(A6.27) when the conditions of Eq.(A6.26) are satisfied.
L UH
15 and 4.2 (A6.26)
D fLD
where
L (m): length of component
D (m): diameter of component
U H (m/s): design wind speed at height H which is the mean height of the component as
defined in 6.1.2(4)
f L (Hz): natural frequency for first bending mode
x M 0.26U r*
Wr = (2f L ) 2 sin A (A6.27)
L L 0.75 1.1 + 0.36U r*
 6-50 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

where U r* (m/s) is the non-dimensional resonance wind speed, and is a mass-damping parameter,
calculated from Eqs.(A6.28) and (A6.29), respectively.
3
U r* = 5 + (A6.28)

4 L M
= (A6.29)
D 2 L
where
Wr (N): wind load at x distant from the end of the component
x (m): distance from end of component
M (kg): total mass of component
L (m): span of component
A (m2): projected area at x
L : critical damping ratio for first bending mode of component
(kg/m3): air density (=1.22)

A6.8 Combination of Wind Loads

A6.8.1 Scope of application

This section defines the procedures for estimating the combination of horizontal wind loads and
roof wind loads.
For buildings not satisfying the conditions of Eq.(6.1), combination of along-wind load and
across-wind load should be considered by reference to A6.8.2. For buildings satisfying the condition
of Eq.(6.1), combination of horizontal wind loads should be considered by reference to A6.8.3.
For horizontal wind load and roof wind load, the combination load must be considered by reference
to A6.8.4

A6.8.2 Combination of horizontal wind loads on buildings not satisfying the conditions of Eq.(6.1)
Along-wind load calculated by 6.2 and across-wind load calculated from Eq.(A6.30) must be
considered together.
W LC = W D (A6.30)
where
D
= 0.35 and 0.2
B
where
WLC (N): combined across-wind load
W D (N): along-wind load defined in 6.2
B (m): projected breadth of building
D (m): depth of building
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-51

A6.8.3 Combination of horizontal wind loads for buildings satisfying the conditions of Eq.(6.1)
The three load combinations described in Table A6.24 must be considered.

Table A6.24 Horizontal wind load combinations

Combination along-wind force across-wind force torsional moment
1 WD 0.4WL 0.4WT

2

WD 0.4 +
0 .6

G D
WL ( )
2 + 2 LT 1 WT

3

WD 0.4 +
0 .6

G D
( )
2 + 2 LT 1 W L WT

Note) W D ,W L ,WT are the load effects due to along-wind load, across-wind load and torsional load,
defined in 6.2, A6.4 and A6.5, respectively. G D is the gust effect factor for along-wind loads
defined in A6.3.1. LT is the correlation coefficient between across-wind vibration and
torsional vibration defined in Table A.6.25.

Table A6.25 Correlation coefficient, LT

LT
D/B f1 B / U H
= 1 .0 = 1 .1 1 .4
0 .1 0.9 0.3 0.2
0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3
0 .5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
1 0.7 0.7 0.7
0 .1 0.7 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
1 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.05 0.6 0.2 0.2
2
0 .1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Note) For intermediate values of , f1 B / U H and D / B , linear interpolation may be applied.

fL / fT fL fT
=
fT / fL fL < fT

f L (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in across-wind direction

f T (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in torsional direction
f1 (Hz): the smaller of f L and f T
 6-52 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

A6.8.4 Combination of horizontal wind loads and roof wind load

Combination of horizontal wind loads defined in A6.8.2 or A6.8.3 and roof load calculated from 6.3
shall be considered together.

A6.9 Mode Shape Correction Factor

A6.9.1 Scope of application

This section defines the procedures for mode shape correction to adjust the horizontal wind loads on
structural frames calculated by a linear mode shape to the true mode shape.

A6.9.2 Procedure
The mode shape correction factors D for along-wind wind load, L for across-wind wind load
and T for torsional wind load are calculated from Eqs.(A6.32), (A6.33) and (A6.34), respectively,
approximating each first mode shape by Eq.(A6.31).

Z
= (A6.31)
H
1 M
2 + M conventional building
D
D = (A6.32)
M 0.5 BH 0.3 ( 2 ) + 1.4 lattice structure
structure
5M D
lattice
B0
1
M Z
L = (A6.33)
3M L H

T =
(
M B2 + D2 Z

) 1
(A6.34)
36 I T H
where
= 1 0.4 ln
: first mode shape in each direction
B (m): projected breadth of building
B0 (m): projected breadth at base of lattice structure
BH (m): projected breadth at top of lattice structure
D (m): depth
I T (kgm2): generalized inertial moment for torsional vibration
M (kg): total mass of building above grand
M D (kg): generalized mass of building for along-wind vibration
M L (kg): generalized mass of building for across-wind vibration
A6.10 Response Acceleration

A6.10.1 Scope of application

 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-53

This section defines the maximum along-wind response acceleration for ordinary buildings, the
maximum across-wind response acceleration for buildings with rectangular plan satisfying the
conditions of A6.4.1, and the maximum torsional response acceleration for buildings with rectangular
plan satisfying the conditions of A6.5.1.

A6.10.2 The maximum response acceleration in along-wind direction

Maximum response acceleration in along-wind direction at the top of a building is calculated from
Eq.(A6.36).
qH g aD BHC H C 'g RD
a Dmax = (A6.36)
MD
where
g aD = 2 ln(600 f D ) + 1.2
where
a Dmax (m/s2): maximum response acceleration in along-wind direction at top of building
q H (N/m2): velocity pressure as defined in A6.1.1
B (m): projected breadth of building
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
C H : value of wind force coefficient C D at reference height as defined in A6.2
C g' : rms overturning moment coefficient as defined in A6.3
: mode correction factor of general wind force calculated from Eq.(A6.35)
RD : resonance factor as defined in A6.3
M D (kg): generalized mass of building for along-wind vibration
f D (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in along-wind direction

A6.10.3 Maximum response acceleration in across-wind direction

The maximum response acceleration in the across-wind direction at the top of a building is
calculated from Eq.(A6.37).
qH g aL BHC 'L RL
aLmax = (A6.37)
ML
where
g aL = 2 ln(600 f L ) + 1.2
where
a Lmax (m/s2): maximum response acceleration in across-wind direction at top of building
q H (N/m2): velocity pressure as defined in A6.1.1
B (m): projected breadth of building
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
CL' : rms overturning moment coefficient as defined in A6.4
: mode correction factor of general wind force calculated from Eq.(A6.35)
 6-54 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

RL : resonance factor as defined in A6.4

M L (kg): generalized mass of building for across-wind vibration
f L (Hz): natural frequency for first mode in across-wind direction

A6.10.4 Maximum torsional response acceleration

The maximum torsional response acceleration at the top of a building is calculated from Eq.(A6.38).
0.6q H g aT B 2 HC 'T RT
aTmax = (A6.38)
IT
where
g aT = 2 ln(600 f T ) + 1.2
where
a Tmax (rad/s2): maximum torsional response acceleration at top of building
q H (N/m2): velocity pressure as defined in A6.1.1
B (m): projected breadth of building
H (m): reference height as defined in 6.1.2(4)
CT' : rms torsional moment coefficient as defined in A6.5
: mode correction factor of general wind force calculated from Eq.(A6.35)
RT : resonance factor as defined in A6.5
I T (kgm2): generalized inertia moment of building for torsional vibration
f T (Hz): natural frequency of first mode in torsional direction

A6.11 Simplified Procedure

A6.11.1 Scope of application

This section defines the estimation of wind loads by a simplified procedure for small buildings.
This procedure can be applied to buildings that satisfy the following conditions.
i) H 15 m
ii) H / 2 B 30 m
where
H (m): reference height defined in 6.1.2(4)
B (m): projected breadth

A6.11.2 Procedure
(1) Wind loads on structural frames
Horizontal wind loads and roof wind loads on structural frames are calculated from Eq.(A6.39).
WSf = 0.4U 02 H 0.4 C e C f A (A6.39)
where
WSf (N): wind loads on structural frames
U 0 (m/s): basic wind speed defined in A6.1.2
 CHAPTER 6 WIND LOADS 6-55

H (m): reference height defined in 6.1.2(4), not less than 10m.

C e : exposure factor, which is generally 1.0 and shall be 1.4 for open terrain with few
obstructions (Category II). When wind speed is expected to increase due to local topography,
this factor shall be increased accordingly.
C f : wind force coefficient. For horizontal wind loads, the wind force coefficient C D defined
in A6.2 with k Z = 0.9 shall be used. For roof wind loads, the wind force coefficient C R
defined in A6.2 shall be used.
A (m2): subject area
(2) Wind loads on components/cladding
Wind loads on components/cladding of buildings are calculated from Eq.(A6.40).
W = 0.15U 2 H 0.4 C C A
SC 0 e C C (A6.40)
where
WSC (N): wind loads on components/cladding
C e : exposure factor, which is generally 1.0 and shall be 1.4 for open terrain with few
obstruction (Category II). When wind speed is expected to increase due to local
topography, this factor shall be increased accordingly.
C C : peak wind force coefficient defined in A6.2. When calculating C C , the value of I Z or

I H shall be 0.26.
AC (m2): subject area of components/cladding

A6.12 Effects of Neighboring Tall Buildings

Effects of mutual interference by neighboring buildings and structures shall be considered for
estimation of design wind loads on buildings and claddings, when the effects may increase the wind
loads.

A6.13 1-Year-Recurrence Wind Speed

1-year-recurrence wind speed U 1H (m/s) is calculated from Eq.(A6.41).

U 1H = U 1 E H (A6.41)
where
U 1 (m/s): 1-year-recurrence 10-minute mean wind speed at 10m above ground over a flat and
open terrain, defined in Fig.A6.5
E H : wind speed profile factor at reference height H , defined in A6.1.5 according to the flat
terrain category of the construction site
 6-56 Recommendations for Loads on Buildings

Izu Islands, not shown in the map and

Ogasawara Islands, Satsunann Islands,
25
Okinawa Islands, Daitou Islands,
Sakishima Islands, not shown in the map

Figure A6.5 1-year-recurrence 10-minute mean wind speed at 10m above ground over a flat and
open terrain U 1 (m/s)