Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 2014
Research report
Abstract
Archaeological research in the Liang Abu rock shelter (East Kalimantan) led to the discovery and analysis of a pot-
tery assemblage including red-slipped, cord-marked and incised pottery sherds, radiocarbon dated to 167221BP
and 152422BP. In order to discuss our findings we undertake a reappraisal of the pottery material and associated
radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites on Borneo Island, which provide us with an appropriate framework for
a comparative analysis. This allows us to to include the inland region of Kalimantan in the technological network of
Neolithic Island South East Asia.
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Figure 1. Location of Liang Abu and other sites mentioned in the text.
mensions are around 25 m in maximum length and be- mains), including 3 kg of pottery sherds were recovered
tween 5 and 8 m in width (Ricaut et al. 2011). and are currently under study. Eighteen stratigraphic
Four test-pits were opened in 2009 and a new excava- units (US) were identified (Figure 2) and the bed rock was
tion campaign was undertaken in 2012. More than 70kg reached at a depth of ~160 cm below the modern surface.
of archaeological material (lithics, beads, shells, faunal re- The presence of lithics in all of the levels seems to attest
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Plutniak et al. New Ceramic Data from East Kalimantan: Research report
to human presence throughout the stratigraphy but the Layer 2 is well-defined in stratigraphy, was easily per-
material is still under study. Four 14C dates were obtained ceived during the excavation and is the last layer to con-
in 2012, two for US2, one for US10, and one for US12 (Table tain pottery. Moreover, the refitting of the sherd fragments
1), and the results are consistent with the stratigraphy. (28 refitting units in total) is concentrated within layer 2,
reinforcing the hypothesis of a homogeneous and coher-
Layer 2 ent stratigraphic level. This is also supported by the two
radiocarbon dates from charcoal sampled during the 2012
The pottery material was concentrated inside layers 1 and excavation, which gave two similar dates, one at 167221
2 (Figure 2: US1 and 2). During fieldwork in 2009, these BP and the other at 152422 BP (Table 1).
layers were excavated at four different locations, cover-
ing 5 m in total. During excavation in 2012 layers 1 and 2 Liang Abus layer 2 earthenware
were excavated on a surface of 3 m, and red-slipped and
cord-marked pottery material was identified. This paper General features
discusses the layer 2 material.
The first layer corresponds to the current surface cir- In total there were 554 sherds in layer 2, distributed as fol-
culation level and is approximately 8 cm thick with yellow- lows:32 rims, 37 articulations (including determined and
brown and very powdery sediment. This layer is disturbed undetermined shoulder, carination and foot articulation)
by trampling and bioturbation, and contains bones, lithic and 485 bodies. The assemblage was highly fragmented
material and ceramics. (average length 227 mm). Thirty five percent of the
Layer 2, lying directly under layer 1, is ~12 cm thick sherds were decorated (impressed or incised). Although
and is very rich in archaeological remains (fauna, lithics it was difficult to reconstitute whole profiles of the vessels,
and ceramics). The sediment is brown and powdery, mixed typological analysis identified four shape classes: cups, re-
with a large amount of fine gravel. No geoarchaeological stricted vessels and two kinds of open vessels (classed ac-
analysis has yet been conducted at Liang Abu, but we note cording to angle of deviation from imaginary vertical axis:
that some authors have proposed two main explanations <45 and >45). Pottery analysis is ongoing and a more de-
for this kind of sedimentary formation; it can result from tailed study will be provided in another paper. In the cur-
bioturbation processes (Johnson 1993) or from alluvial rent paper we focus on specific types of earthenware: the
erosion (Mercader et al. 2002). few occurrences of red-slipped and cord-marked pottery.
Table 1.Radiocarbon dates mentioned in the text (calibrated using Oxcal 4.2.2, IntCal09 calibration curve) (Bronk Ramsey
2009; Reimer et al. 2009)
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The red-slipped and cord-marked sherds from pot. Three technological descriptions led to this sugges-
Liang Abus layer 2 tion. Firstly, on the surfaces of the sherds smoothing traces
covered by slipped and polishing traces were observed,
Three red-slipped sherds were found in different excavated on the inner and outer surfaces. The outer surfaces were
squares (Figure 3). However, a detailed observation of the red-slipped and the inner surfaces had a brownish-slip.
sherds suggested that they were originally from the same Secondly, traces of unstable oxydo-reduction cooking at-
mosphere were observed in the sherd sections. Thirdly, al-
though it was impossible to reconstitute the vessels whole
profile, morphological features of the three sherds con-
form to a restricted and, perhaps, footed vessel. Sherds no.
602 and no. 912 are perpendicularly double-curved, which
suggests a necked or footed vessel form. Sherd no 445 can
be considered as a rim or a foot, with a diameter of 15cm
(Figure 4).
The seven cord-marked sherds were found in squares
12E and 12F (Figure 3). They were all small pieces (length
average:246 mm) and different kinds were observed. Ex-
amples of red-slipped and cord-marked sherds from Liang
Abus layer 2 are shown in Figure 5.
DISCUSSION
Figure 4. Potential footed vessel from the three red-slipped sherds from Liang Abu.
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Plutniak et al. New Ceramic Data from East Kalimantan: Research report
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Research report Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 5 No. 1 2014
Chia (2003), as they are from the very end of the earli-
est phase (Table 1: using the combining function provided
by OxCal 4.2.2, cumulation of the two last dates gives a
probability range of 12911017 BC). Furthermore, Spriggs
pointed out that less than 1.5% of the sherds came from
the expected earliest level. So, there are no clear and robust
relationships between the dated samples, stratigraphical
units and the pottery units. The dating of Bukit Teng-
koraks assemblage is still debated and periodization of its
features remains ambiguous (Spriggs 2003).
The Upper Birang sites (East Kalimantan) are among
the closest sites to Liang Abu, but no red slipped pottery
was recorded (Arifin 2004). On the Kimanis site there is
a date at 465090 BP from spit 11, but not directly associ-
ated with the presence of pottery. The only reliable date as-
sociated with pottery is from a piece of charcoal from test
pit C4, spit 8 (1270240 BP), knowing that 58 sherds were
found in test pit no 4, between spit 10 and 3, and only 6
sherds are decorated with a ribbed-motif, which is similar
to those from Liang Abu. In Lubang Payau cord-marked
pottery have been found but, unfortunately, in a layer not Figure 6. Red-slipped pottery from Liang Jon (East Kaliman-
dated directly. The underneath layer is dated at 4610110 tan).
BP, and provides an excessively loose terminus post quem.
Liang Jon (East Kalimantan), located along the Ma-
rang River (GPS location 013'52"N, 11716'24"E), has pro-
vided important pottery material (1912 sherds recorded, 1942797 BP (Wk-22010) and 292245 BP (Wk-22009).
Chazine and Ferri 2008) and the analysis of this site is The authors excluded the first date and suggest that it is
ongoing. However, we note that the upper level of the two an effect of the redeposition of sediment by a nearby river.
trenches (A and B) excavated in 2007 provided incised, They note that the pottery assemblage is typical of that
impressed and cord-marked sherds but these levels were from the early Metal Age period usually estimated be-
disturbed. The 24 red-slipped sherds were found deeper tween 500 BC and early centuries of the AD period and
and isolated in another trench (C), directly on a limestone consider the second date not incoherent, but older than
floor. These red-slipped sherds were found alone, without expected for the metal age period. They prefer to accept
the presence of any other pottery type. A piece of charcoal the radiocarbon-based dating rather than the pottery
embedded in the limestone was dated at 268535 BP (Ta- style-based one, and suggest that the Jambu Hillir site
ble 1, Gay 2010), which indicates a terminus post quem to should be the oldest date for a Metal Age site in Indonesia
this assemblage. The relationship between the red-slipped (Anggraeniand Sunarningsih 2008).
sherds and the limestone is strengthened by presence of
calcification on the sherds surfaces. Diffusion and alternative models
Liang Jons red-slipped pottery has similar features to
those pieces found in north-east Borneo (Bukit Tengorak, In his broad literature synthesis Spriggs (2007) discusses
Madai Baturong): flat rim, footed vessel, restricted and the diffusion of pottery material in Island South East Asia,
carinated forms (Figure 6). Based on the rims collected, and summarises current debates about the possibility of
we deduced that the sherds belong to at least two vases. two independent cultural complexes moving into ISEA,
Analysis of this assemblage is still ongoing. both having left traces in Borneo.
Two sites are located in south Kalimantan. At Gua The dominant model, proposed by Bellwood (2007),
Babi (Widianto 1997) the pottery assemblage was highly suggests a southward diffusion (i.e., Neolithization) from
fragmented. 23% of the sherds were decorated (paddle im- Taiwan around 4000 BP, which impacted the Philippines,
pressed and cord-marked, only one was incised) and some the north of Borneo and Sulawesi between 38003600
red-slipped pottery was present, but dates are not avail- BP, and then later spread into the Pacific. This movement
able (Arifin 2006). The Jambu Hillir site (Anggraeniand was associated with the presence of red-slipped pottery
Sunarningsih 2008) provided a pottery assemblage which in ISEA, the Austronesian languages, some specific cul-
included red-slipped, incised and impressed pottery. Pot- tural items (Gray and Jordan 2000; Bellwood 2005, 2007;
tery was found throughout the test pit stratigraphy (90cm Spriggs 2007) and some limited, but still debated, popula-
deep), but only spit 5 (depth 5060 cm) has been dated. tion movements (Solheim 2006; Bulbeck 2008; Wollstein
Unfortunately the two dates obtained are not coherent et al. 2010; Karafet et al. 2010; Jinam et al. 2012).
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Plutniak et al. New Ceramic Data from East Kalimantan: Research report
A current debate focuses on a potential earlier move- range. Like Bulbeck (2008) we employ an empirical ap-
ment coming from the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java proach, going back to the raw data. We propose an inte-
and Borneo (Spriggs 2007), which was initially supported grative periodization based on both radiocarbon dates
by Bellwood (1997). At this time Bellwood clearly distin- and the evolution of pottery features in Borneo, using
guished an early Malay vector, originating from Thailand, pottery data from Liang Abu, Liang Jon, and previously
and a later Philippine vector, originating from Taiwan. known sites in Borneo. Regarding the eastern side of Ml-
The first vector would have been characterized by cord- ler mountain range, the earliest phase is documented at
marked pottery and the second vector by red-slipped and/ Liang Jon and contains red-slipped but no cord-marked
or incised and impressed pottery. The assemblages from pottery. Bellwood and Dizon (2005) date the dispersal
Gua Sireh (Datan and Bellwood 1991) and Niah (Barker from Taiwan into the northern Philippines at about 2000
2005) in Sarawak are then related to those from Thailand BC. Dating the penetration of corded pottery in Borneo is
and the western Malaysian Neolithic sites. still controversial, as it is unclear if (fine) corded ware is
However, new data have disrupted this dual model, present at Gua Sireh (Bulbeck 2008). Nevertheless, all the
and Bellwood now associates the earliest cord-marked known sites on the eastern part of the Mller mountains
pottery from Borneo with the fine corded ware from Tai- are more recent compared to the northern and western
wan: this cord-marked pottery is also contemporaneous sites. Therefore, Jambu Hillirs assemblage can be consid-
with the red-slipped pottery of the latest phase (Spriggs ered as prior to the (fine) cord-marked pottery in this area.
2007). Consequently, cord-marked pottery would not have Liang Jons first phase could find a transitional place be-
been an exclusive characteristic of the Thailand-Malay tween Jambu Hillir and Liang Abu data. Liang Jons assem-
vector. blage is older than that at Liang Abus and, coherently, it
It is possible that the spread of pottery features into contains significantly more red-slipped sherds. Liang Abu
Borneo, in the early phase, and at least on the Malay side, presents an admixture of red-slipped, cord-marked pot-
was part of a different movement than the later one dif- tery and a dominant percentage of incised and impressed
fusing from Taiwan. The data acquired in East Kalimantan sherds. This configuration is reliable with Bellwoods sug-
strengthens this idea. gestion regarding Taiwans fine corded wear: Liang Abu is
To detect a clearer pattern of pottery diffusion in ISEA interpreted as a testimony of a period back to the intro-
some authors have proposed a periodization, like Wibi- duction of cord-marked pottery initially from Taiwan into
sono (2006) who suggests a style chronology of pottery the eastern side of Mller mountain range.
at the scale of the whole of South-East Asia based on 3 Nevertheless, we emphasize that we are dealing with
periods: from ~4000 to 2500 BC, characterized by red- few data related to pottery artefacts, which may explain
slipped pottery and illustrated by Bukit Tengkorak (Sabah), why the Kalimantan region is not usually investigated in
Dimolit and Musang (Luzon); detail. Due to this we do not want to make general asser-
from 2500 to 1000BC, characterized by paddle- tions concerning past population migrations, and moreo-
impressed pottery and illustrated by Gua Sireh ver the data cannot support either Bellwoods (2007) or
(Sarawak); Solheims (2006) models on the Kalimantan region.
from 1000 BC, without mentioning a chronological Solheim (2006) dates a cultural expansion, begin-
termination to this phase, both characterized by a ning approximately 5000BC, from coastal continental
geometric style and the co-occurrence of previous south-east Asia (Vietnam) to a region centered on Borneo,
features (red-slipped, paddle-impressed). This phase crossing this island from north to south (i.e. from his early
is illustrated by Magapit site (Luzon). central lobe to late central lobe Solheim 1996). This date
This periodization is useful as a general framework, is too old to be supported by the results we get in Kalim-
but is, however, unsatisfactory as it aims to describe the antan. However, Solheims focus on settlement location
whole of Island South-East Asia from a few sparse sites within his Nusantao concept, gives us cause to reassess the
from each chronological phase. A comprehensive pe- relationships between coastal and inland archaeological
riodization will be based on reliable observations from sites.
each area it aims to describe rather than forcing it into Our reassessment of ceramic data from controlled
a preconceived scenario (Bulbeck 2008). According to stratigraphic contexts with absolute chronological infor-
Wibisonos framework, Liang Abus assemblage would mation challenges what was supposed to be known about
correspond to the latest phase, with its especially broad inland sites in Kalimantan. Arifin (2006), for instance,
definition. Such a description is useful, but it brings little claims that Kalimantans sites (albeit only those from Up-
relevant information, as Liang Abus layer 2 dates are far per Birang and Gua Babi) are excluded from the well-
more recent. developed maritime cultures in the north and north-east
To avoid the weakness of Wibisonos framework we (Arifin 2006:158). Spriggs notes that in Kalimantan (and
focus on pottery data from sites in a more restricted geo- Palawan) pottery is cord-marked as opposed to the red-
graphic area, the island of Borneo, which is bounded by slip pottery derived from Taiwan (Spriggs 2007:112).
the sea and physically divided by the Mller mountain The data obtained at Liang Abu and Liang Jon lead
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Research report Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 5 No. 1 2014
us to modify these assumptions. Indeed, the Kimanis site archaeological excavations are undertaken and study of
(Upper Birang) should be placed into the later phase of the material is standardized to a high level. The pursuit of
our periodization, corresponding to the absence of red- our research project in Kalimantan will lead us to gather
slipped pottery (Table 2). With this perspective, assump- more evidence during the forthcoming years.
tions should be made based on the data provided from
the investigations and not from the absence of data due Acknowledgments
to a lack of investigation. As demonstrated by our paper,
there are no a priori reasons why the Kalimantan inland This research was supported by the French Ministry of
regions were not involved in the technological and cul- Foreign and European Affairs (French Archaeological
tural network diffusions. The network exchange perspec- Mission in Borneo), the French Embassy in Indonesia
tive proposed by Bulbeck (2008) has opened an interesting through the Cultural and Cooperation Services (Institut
orientation in ISEA archaeological studies: he calls for a Franais en Indonsie). We also thank Budi Amuranto
rigorous reassessment of the available data and notably (Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, East Kutai Sangata,
points out the need for further pottery analysis in the Ka- Indonesia) and Bambang Sulistyanto (National Center
limantan region. Our paper provides some insights into for Archaeology, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
this direction. Arkeologi Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia) for administrative
support; Truman Simanjuntak (National Research Center
CONCLUSION for Archaeology, Jakarta, Indonesia) for comments on the
manuscript; Patrice Grard for support in preparing the
The limitations of archaeological research in Borneo are figures. Josette Sarel (CNRS, UMR 7041, ArScAn, Univer-
that (i) it is mostly the northern Malaysian part of the sit de Paris X, Nanterre, France), Jean-Georges Ferri
island where archaeological excavations and data are avail- (Independent researcher, Laboratoire AMIS, CNRS UMR
able. The vast Kalimantan territory has few pottery assem- 5288, Toulouse, France), Michel Grenet (CNRS, UMR 5608
blages described, published and usable for comparative Laboratoire TRACES, Toulouse, France), Benedicte Voeltzel
analysis; (ii) most of them are fragmentary, sampled in (CNRS, UMR 7041, ArScAn, Universit de Paris X, Nanterre,
disturbed context, poorly dated and understudied from a France) and the people of Merabu are thanked for their
stratigraphic point of view. assistance during fieldwork.
A third difficulty is related to the archaeological inter-
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