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VIBRATION ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

SIXTO SARMIENTO CHIPANA


Vibration Analyst Level III
Machinery Lubricant Analyst Level II
ssarmiento@tecsup.edu.pe

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Peru, August 2015
Vibratin Analysis basics

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Vibration Analysis

Why?

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Why use Vibration Analysis?

Vibration Analysis provides us with early warnings of


many potentially serious problems in rotating machinery

Worn/Damaged Bearings
Worn/Damaged Gears
Lubrication Problems
Misalignment
Unbalance
Loose Fittings/Foundation

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Vibration Analysis
Basic Concepts

Vibration waveforms
Vibration amplitude
Time Domain
Frequency Domain

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Examples of Vibration

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What is Vibration?

The Simple Harmonic Oscillator

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What is Vibration?

Mass-Spring Systems with Damping

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What is Vibration?

The simplest possible vibratory motion that can


exist is the movement in one direction of a mass
controlled by a single spring.

Such a mechanical system is called a single degree

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of freedom spring-mass system
What is Vibration?

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What is Vibration?

The machine turns to 1800 RPM


The machine has a large number of frequencies

For example:
Line frequency: 60 Hz 3600 CPM
Fundamental frequency: 1800CPM

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The fundamental frequency coincides with the frequency of rotation
VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS

AMPLITUDE
Displacement
Velocity
Aceleration
FRECUENCY
FASE

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How do we measure amplitude?

Desplacement
Displacement
x A sin wt
Velocity

x Aw cos wt
Aceleration
Velocity
x - Aw sin wt
2
Aceleration

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Choose a point
to measure

Choose a direction

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Measurement locations - vibration
measurement

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We can measure...

DISPLACEMENT

VELOCITY
or
ACCELERATION

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At any point in time...

DISPLACEMENT = Distance
traveled (miles)

VELOCITY =
Speedometer reading (mph)

ACCELERATION =
How far your foot is down.

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Displacement

Actual physical movement of a


vibrating object
Emphasizes lower frequency
components
Measured in mils or microns

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Displacement

Measuring total mass trajectory.

It is used for low frequencies (from 0 to 1.200


CPM)

Is related to stress.

It uses an accelerometer and the signal is


integrated doubly to obtain displacement

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Displacement
is the easiest to visualize

Amplitude

Time

This is a time domain recording


of vibration displacement

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Velocity

Measure of the speed at which the


mass is moving
Preferred unit of measurement as it
effective over over a wide range,
from low frequency to high
frequency
Measured in inches / sec or mm / sec

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Velocity

Measuring the rate at which the mass is


moving during its oscillations.

It is used to frequency ranges between


600 and 60,000 CPM and is related to
fatigue.

It is measured directly with a "pick up"


speed or an accelerometer where the
signal is integrated to obtain velocity.

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Velocity or speed is zero as the object
comes to a stop before moving in the
opposite direction
Speed or velocity is greatest
here

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Acceleration

Rate of change of Velocity


Emphasizes high-frequency peaks in
a spectrum
Measured in gs

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Acceleration

It is the optimum for high frequencies, greater


than 60,000 CPM and is related to the force.

Acceleration is more difficult to measure the


amplitude of vibration, but more often is the
parameter directly measured in the field using an
accelerometer.

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Acceleration is greatest where velocity is at a
minimum

Object has decelerated and stopped and is about

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to begin accelerating again
Comparison of Velocity, Displacement & Acceleration

Displacement is used for


measuring low frequencies:
Low RPM

Acceleration is used
for measuring high
Velocity is best over a wide frequencies:
frequency range Bearing Frequencies

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Simple Harmonic Motion

This displacement waveform is sinusoidal.

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Simple Harmonic Motion - The Simplest Vibration

+ +

ANY vibration can be expressed as a sum of individual simple


vibrations.

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The Frequency Domain

= + + + ...

Use a graph to Amplitude


show how the
complex signal is
broken down into ...
simple ones.

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Frequency
Time & Frequency Domain

Time Domain waveform shown as many different frequencies

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and amplitudes
Sinusoidal time domain

Single peak in frequency


domain.

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Noise in time domain

Noise in frequency domain

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Review

Vibration measurement
Point & Direction
Displacement, velocity, acceleration
Time domain waveforms
Complex vibration
= sum of simple vibrations
Frequency domain

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Review:
GIRDHAR, P. (2004). Practical Machinery Vibration
Analysis and Predictive Maintenance. Third Edition. USA:
Elsevier Practical .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUznmZvSQOU

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