1

2
Contents
Information on Architectural drawing, lettering and related services

1. Scales & North Points 4-6

2. Lettering 7-10
3. Pencils, Pens & Erasers 11-18
4. Paper Types & Sizes 19-23
5. Architectural Drawing Instruments 24-31
6. Model Making 32-35
7. Photocopying & Printing 36-43

Information related to Design

8. Anthropometric Data 44-52

9. Staircases 53-56
10. Vehicular Circulation 57-66
11. Design of Toilets 67-72
12. Design of Kitchens 73-74
13. Disabled Access 75-77

Information on access to data and use of data for students of Architecture

14. Libraries, References & Plagiarism 78-87

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NORTH POINT & SCALES
By Ayanthi Abayasekara, Aqeel Sourjah and Devi Wijesinghe
What is a north point?
The direction in which a compass needle normally points, towards the
horizon on the left hand side of a person facing east, or the part of
the horizon lying in this direction.

Use of Compass and North Point a

North Point To show the orientation on a map, plan etc.

Compass To identify the North Point

Layout of a compass How to use a compass

Hold the compass correctly.

Find out where you're facing.
Turn the degree dial until the orienting arrow lines up with the
magnetic arrow, pointing them both North
Find where the direction of travel arrow intersects with the
degree dial.

Types of compass & retail store

TYPE NAME OF THE STORE

Premium stationers Alstons
Feytek Compass Rs. 220.00 -
Large Compass Rs. 200.00 -
Small Compass Rs. 110.00 -
Liquid filled Compass - Rs. 750.00
Ordinary Compass - Rs. 225.00
Compass Key Tag - Rs. 225.00

4
What is scale?
A scale is a way of making something smaller so that the transfer of its information regarding dimensions is made easier.

The ratio of the length in a drawing (or model) to the length of the real thing

Example:
In the drawing anything with the size of "1" would have a size of "10" in the real world, so a measurement of 150mm on the
drawing would be 1500mm in real size.

Imperial scales
The base unit of the imperial system is called a foot. This is further divided into
12 with each division referred to as an inch.

Flat ruler 8 types of scales

Triangular ruler 12 types of scales

Foot: the length of the average man's foot.

Metric scales
The metric system follows the idea that base units become larger or smaller based
on the power of 10.
The base units have prefixes to define these larger and smaller units.

The meter was intended to equal one ten-millionth of the length between the
North Pole to the Equator.
For example, 1 kilometer is equal to 1,000 meters. One centimeter is one-
hundredth of a meter, and 1 millimeter is 1,000 times smaller than a meter.

5
Scale conventions

METRIC SCALE MEANING

1:100 1cm = 100cm
1:200 1cm = 200cm
1:250 1cm = 250cm
IMPERIAL SCALE MEANING
1/8 1 = 1/8
1/2 1 = 1/2
1/4 1 = 1/4

The relationship between metric and imperial scales and what we use them for

PURPOSE METRIC IMPERIAL

FLOOR PLANS, SECTIONS, ELEVATIONS 1:50 1/4=1-0
1:100 1/8=1-0
DETAILED ENLARGEMENT 1:2 Half size
1:5 3= 1-0
1:10 1 1/2=1-0

Types of scales & retail store

TYPE NAME OF THE STORE

PREMIUM ALSTONS LABORATORY LEADERS STATIONARY
STATIONERS EQUIPMENT
Metric Rs.1895 .00 Rs. 1220.00 Rs. 970.00 Rs. 475.00
Imperial Rs. 2350.00 - Rs. 1200.00 -

6
LETTERING
By Raveena Weerabahu, Nadisha Abeyratne and Sharon Samuel

Pencil Techniques
Hold your pencil in the position shown. It should make approximately a 60 angle with the paper.
Letters must be open shaped and legible.
Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.
Use one stroke per line.

Pencil Strokes

Vertical Strokes are drawn Horizontal Strokes are Curved Strokes are drawn top to bottom in
downward drawn left to right one continuous stroke on each side

Horizontal
Straight Slanted Curved

Font formatting and sizes

REGULAR - TIMES NEW ROMAN
ITALICS - TIMES NEW ROMAN
BOLD - TIMES NEW ROMAN
BOLD ITALICS - TIMES NEW ROMAN

FONT SIZE 8 - TIMES NEW ROMAN

FONT SIZE 10- TIMES NEW ROMAN
FONT SIZE 12- TIMES NEW ROMAN
FONT SIZE 14- TIMES NEW ROMAN
FONT SIZE 16-- TIMES NEW ROMAN
FONT SIZE 18-- TIMES NEW ROMAN
7 FONT SIZE 20- - TIMES NEW ROMAN
FONT SIZE 22-- TIMES NEW ROMAN
 Lettering Groups (based on shape)

Wide Letters Round Letters Rectangular Based Letters

M, W O, Q, C, D, G H, N, V, X, Y, Z T, U

Rectangular Based
Letters
H, N, V, X,
Y, Z T, U
Narrow Letters
B, E, F, I, J, K, L, P, R, S

Lettering Groups (based on line types)

The V-A-K Group The M-W Group

The L-E-F Group The P-R-B Group The D-U-J Group

The O-Q-C-G Group The N-Z-X-Y Group

8
 Curved Strokes are drawn
Spacing Between Letters top to bottom in one
continuous stroke on
each side

The background area between letters should be equal - NOT the distance between them.
Spaces between words are approximately equal to the letter O.

Common Mistakes

Style not uniform

Height not uniform

Inclination not uniform

Thickness not uniform

Space not uniform

9
Document Format

Resources
French, Thomas E. and Meiklejohn, Robert (2009). A Manual for Students and Designers (Third Edition), The Ohio State
University, McGraw-Hill Book company, Inc.

Numero Uno (2014). Slideshare.net. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/Nuumero1/engineering-drawing-lettering-and-

lines-presentation/ (Accessed at: 11 November 2015)

UCVTS (2013). UCVTS Homepage. Available at:

http://www.ucvts.tec.nj.us/cms/lib5/NJ03001805/Centricity/Domain/611/Lesson%203%20Lettering.pdf (Accessed at: 11
November 2015)

10
PENS, PENCILS & ERASERS
By Ishani Amaratunga, Dayan Mohottiarachchi, Sachini Sarathchandra

PENCILS

Grading and Classification

Pencils across the world are graded on the European system using a continuum from H (for hardness) to B (for blackness)
The standard writing pencil is graded HB.
As well as F, a letter arbitrarily chosen to indicate midway between HB and H.

How to Handle the Pencil

Hold the pencil between the thumb and first finger with the pencil under the palp of the hand.
In both methods do not grip it too tightly.

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Types

Mechanical pencils
There are also pencils which use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the
End. Lead types are based on grade and size; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm, 1.40 mm,
1.00 mm, 0.70 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.18 mm, and 0.13 mm (ISO 9175-1)the
0.9 mm size is available, but is not considered a standard ISO size.

Solid graphite pencils

They are used primarily for art purposes as the lack of casing allows for covering larger spaces more
easily

Carbon pencils
They produce a fuller black than graphite pencils, but are smoother than charcoal.

Grease pencils
They write on virtually any surface.

Watercolor pencils
These are designed for use with watercolor techniques.

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Pencil sharpeners
Pencil sharpener Clutch pencil sharpener

ERASERS
An eraser is an article of stationery that is used for removing writing from paper.

Types of erasers

Rubber Eraser- For normal use of pencils

Electric Eraser- For hair line erasing, especially in pencil drawings.

Kneaded Eraser - The shape can be changed as you desire. Especially for fine erasing, and erasing corners.

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PENS

Pen thicknesses for drawings

0.1 Grids

0.13 Furniture

0.18 Fittings, Grids

0.2, 0.25 Windows / doors

0.35 Walls

0.4 0.8 Lettering of titles

Drawing of medium scale

1.00,1.40 Large scale drawing

2.00

Nib sizes correspond to the line widths as defined in ISO 128.

The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) called for four pen widths and set a color code for each: 0.25 (white),
0.35 (yellow), 0.5 (brown), 0.7 (blue); these nibs produced lines that related to various text character heights and the ISO
paper sizes.

How to use the pen

Unscrew the cap of the pen

Remove the cone
Fill to the level given
Shake the pen gently and use

14
How to Handle the pen

Technical drawing pens should be held perpendicular to the paper surface.

It may not work or damage when it is used at more acute angles.
It should never be used at an angle less than 45 degrees away from the paper surface.
Rough surfaces such as watercolor paper should be avoided as they may damage the tips.

Cleaning

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Ink
Ideal drawing ink should be suitable for any type of technical Drawing pen.
Should give a good contrast on the drawing.
Must be water proof, fade proof and should dry fast.
Should be away from direct sunlight.

Correction fluid
Correction fluid is an opaque fluid. Once dried it can be written over.
A good correction fluid could be dry fast and should be easily overwritten.
Correction tapes are available as well.

Blades
Also single edged razor blades, Scratch knives and sand paper can be used to scrape ink off paper
When doing it, you must be careful to make sure not to destroy the paper.

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Stationaries Laboratory
Equipment
(rOtring Germany) Isograph Rs. 1,160/=
Drawing Pens Rs. 1,590/=
0.1 Rs. 1,230/=
0.13, 0.18
0.25,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8

(rOtring Germany) Pen Set (4 Rs. 5,700/=

pen set) Rs. 4,500/=
0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7 Rs. 3,900/=(25% discount for this
(3 pen set) 0.25, 0.35, 0.5 item only)
0.25, 0.35, 0.7

(rOtring Germany) Ink Rs. 170/=

Black 23ml Rs.336/=
Red, Blue, Green 23ml

(rOtring Germany) Ink Rs. 90/=

Cartridge (5 per pack)

(rOtring Germany) Mechanical Rs. 268/=

pencil 0.35,0.5,0.7,1.0

(rOtring Germany) Mechanical Rs. 112/=

pencil leads

(Linex Denmark) Pencil Rs. 40/=

(rOtring Germany) Tikky 20 Rs. 90/=

Eraser

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Available at:
Rotring Dealers (YMBA Building)
Tel : 0112320257, 0112448336,
Laboratory Equipment Company (Pvt) Ltd., 01,
Thi rd Floor, Y.M.B.A. Building, Colombo 01.

Premium Stationary
Tel: 2370386, 2574793
Liberty Plaza, Colombo 03
Email: premiums@sltnet.lk
www.premiumstationers.lk

Sarasavi Stationers
Tel: 2390540, 2390541
11,Maliban Street, Colombo 11.

Office World
Tel: 0112667667
282, Cotta Road Colombo 08

Alston
Tel: 2436580, 2441945
68, W.A.D. Ramanayake Mw.
Colombo 02
Email: sales@alston.lk
www. alston.lk

Best Paper,
No 21 Pepiliyana Road,
Nugegoda.
Tel:0112826665

Staedtler
Tel: 077 774 6808
No: 415 B62,, Borella - Rajagiriya Rd,
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte

Sources
http://www.museartanddesign.com/pencils-pencil-grades/

http://www.pilot.co.jp/support/pdf/4+1_2.pdf

http://www.jetpens.com/blog/guide-to-technical-pens/pt/436

http://www.cultpens.com/pencyclopedia/guide-to-technical-pens

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PAPER TYPES AND SIZES
By Achana Rathnayake, Sachini De Silva, Hamla Sama Samad

Paper Size GSM and Texture Uses Disadvantages

and price and colour
price
Butter sheets 726x 507 35 -10/= Butter cream For preliminary Not available in all
And smooth texture drawing sketches standard sizes

Blank paper 40x58 60 - 7/= Smooth For all preliminary Cant erase ink
70 -8/= And white in colour work
80-9/=
100- 12/=

Ordinary A0-120/= 100 White and smooth For final Cant erase ink
drawing paper A1-20/= 70 texture presentation and
A2-15/= art work
A3-5/=
A4-3/=

Graph paper A1-28/= Smooth Lettering and Inaccurate grid sizes in

A4-2/= Plotting low quality brands

Art board A2- 50/= 250 White Mounting art work

A4-5/= Gloss/ Matt and Photographs

Kent paper A1 160 -145/= White, Off White Final drawings

A2 Less smooth presenting of art
work
Ivory board A1 210 Final presentation
A2

Conqueror 17x 24 - 100 White , Ivory, etc Final Presentation

board 25/= 160 Rough texture
220
Lana paper A3-15/= 170 Cream colour Final presentation
And smooth texture and art work

Bristol board 20x25 220 Can have different Drawings Pencil lines cannot be
250 colours erased comptetly

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 Photo copy A5 -4/= 70 Fade white colour Cant erase ink
paper (500 pack - 75 Glossy texture
250/= ) 80

500 paper
A4 pack
70 390/=
75-425/=
80-460/=
F4
8x11 -1/=

A3 2/=

Legal
(bigger 70-1/=
than A4) 80-1/=
13x11

Cheese board A0 145/= White-cream colour

and smooth texture

Plan Printing A1/ Roll 100 White To obtain a copy Expensive

paper (4000/=) Very Smooth from the original
using a
photocopier.
Mount board 640x561 675 Slightly rough Model making Cannot be used for
150/= mounting printing
Art work
Rough paper 720x10 90 Slightly rough Sketching sight Not suitable for final
sheets 30/= Measurements presentation

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAPER SIZES

THE RATIOS
Lengths and areas of each subsequent paper sizes are constant in proportion

21
TABLE OF PAPER SIZES FROM A0 TO A10

STOCKLIST AND RETAILERS OF STATIONARY

Name of shop Address Telephone Available

papers
Blank Paper
LEADER STATIONARY NO 10 MALIBAN STREET , 011-2334012, 4-736955 Butter Sheets
COLOMBO 11 Ivory board
Kent
Photocopy Paper
Bristol Board
Ordinary drawing
paper
Graph paper
Cheese Board
Blank Paper
K.P.M AND COMPANY 38, FIRST CROSS STREET , 011-2433511 Butter sheets
COLOMBO 11 Art board
Kent paper
Ivory board

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 Conqueror board
Cheese Board
Ordinary drawing
paper
Graph paper
Blank paper
UNITED STATIONARY NO 13, MALIBAN STREET , 011-2381923 Ordinary drawing
COLOMBO 11 paper
Graph paper
Photocopy paper
Bristol board
Blank paper
PAPYRUS PAPERS PAPYRUS PAPERS (PVT) LTD 011- 2314027 Ordinary drawing
277, VAUXHALL ST paper
COLOMBO 02 Graph paper
Photocopy paper
Bristol board
Blank Paper
BEST PAPERS 21, PAPILIYANA RD, 011-2826665 Butter Sheets
NUGEGODA. Ivory board
Kent
Photocopy Paper
Bristol Board
Ordinary drawing
paper
Graph paper
Cheese Board
Blank paper
NINE HEARTS 758/1, BASELINE RD, Ordinary drawing
COLOMBO 09 paper
Graph paper
Photocopy paper
Bristol board

23
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
by Yathindra Pallegoda, Poorni Randeniya, Minuri De Silva

Recommended Architectural Brands

Aristo Artline Atoma

Brause Berol Blundell Harling

Cult pens Calepino Cretacolor

Diplomat Diamine DUX

Edding Exacompta E+M

Faber-Castell Ferrari Forever

Lamy LOQI Lihit Lab

Manuscript MouseRug M+R

Namiki Nuuna Nomadic

Platinum Pentel Parker

Rotring Rhodia

Staedtler Sheaffer Schneider

Tom Bow Troika TruVirtu

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Types of Instruments
Art Supplies (Paint, Paint Brushes, Colour Pencils, Chalk)
French Curves
Stencil
Cutting Mats
Glass top desk
Measuring Tape
Plotter Pens
Drawing Board
T Ruler
Set Square
Adjustable Set Square
Parallel Ruler
Compass
Protractor

Drawing boards
A drawing board (also drawing table, drafting table or architect's table) is, in its antique
form, a kind of a multipurpose desk which can be used for any kind of drawing, writing on
a large sheet of paper or other oversized document or for drafting precise technical
illustrations.

These Drawing boards come in different sizes and have a side support to keep any paper
from falling. More recently, engineers and draftsmen use this more.

However, with the gradual introduction of computer aided drafting and design (CADD
or CAD) the drawing board is becoming less common.

T-Ruler
A T-square is a technical drawing instrument used by draftsmen primarily as a guide for
drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table.

common lengths being 18 inches (460 mm), 24 inches (610 mm), 30 inches (760 mm), 36
inches (910 mm) and 42 inches (1,100 mm).

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Compass

A compass is a technical drawing instrument that can be used for inscribing circles or arcs.
As dividers, they can also be used as tools to measure distances.

Compasses can also be used drafting, navigation, and other purposes.

Compasses are usually made of metal or plastic, and consist of two arms connected by a
hinge which can be adjusted to allow the changing of the radius of the circle drawn.

Set Square & Adjustable Set Square

A set square or triangle (American English) is an object used in engineering and

technical drawing, with the aim of providing a straightedge at a right angle or other
particular planar angle to a baseline.

It can also be used to parallel lines.

The simple difference between a set square and an adjustable set square is that in the
adjustable set square, the angle can be changed according to the purpose whereas in a
normal set square it is fixed.

Protractor

A protractor is a measuring instrument that is used to measure angles.

Usually they are calibrated from 0 180 degrees and the angles are measured in
degrees.

Most protractors are made out of plastic.

How to draw/ measure an angle.

Firstly draw a baseline and mark the reference point from which the angles extends.
Then keep the midpoint of the protractor to the reference point and mark or measure the intended angle.
If in this the angle is drawn then extend a line passing though the two points

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French Curves

A French curve is an instrument which consist of many curves and is usually made out of plastic,
wood or metal.

It is used in manual drafting, to draw smooth curves with varying radii.

And below this is a demonstration on how the French curve is actually used in architectural
drawing.

Stencils

Stenciling produces an image or pattern by applying pigment to a surface over

an intermediate object with designed gaps in it which create the pattern or
image.

In practice, the (object) stencil is usually a thin sheet of material, such as

paper, plastic, wood or metal, with letters or a design cut from it, used to
produce the letters or design on an underlying surface by applying pigment
through the cut-out holes in the material.

The key advantage of a stencil is that it can be reused to repeatedly and

rapidly produce the same letters or design

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 Parallel Ruler
Parallel rulers are a drafting instrument used by navigators to draw parallel lines on charts.

The tool consists of two straight edges joined by two arms which allow them to move closer or further
away while always remaining parallel to each other.

By alternating the moving edge, and securely holding down the non-moving edge, you can move the
rulers about the chart while still maintaining the same angle.

Prices & Other Information

Drawing boards

Brand Size Price Available At

Rotring Rapid A3 10600 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Rotring Profile A3 9600 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Rotring drawing board with T-Square A2 3360 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Rotring (Plywood) A2 4000 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Rotring (Melamine) A2 4950 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Drawing board with T-Square 5000 Laboratory Equipment Pvt. Ltd.

Drawing board with T-Square A0 4750 Alstons Stationery Pvt. Ltd.

Drawing board with T-Square A3 8640 Alstons Stationery Pvt. Ltd.

Drawing board with T-Square A3 12450 Office World (timber A3 Rotring and plastic A3 Rapid)

Drawing board with T-Square (Plastic) A2 5400 Sarasavi Bookshop - Nugegoda

Drawing board with T-Square (Wood) A3 3900 Sarasavi Bookshop - Nugegoda

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Set Square

Brand Price Available At

Set Square (2 pieces) 2150 (Staedtler) Premium Stationers (only medium size)

45 45 1640 Laboratory Equipment Pvt. Ltd.

30 60 1900 Office World (only staedtler medium size)

Adjustable 600 Alston Stationery Pvt. Ltd.

Sarasavi Bookshop Nugegoda

Laboratory Equipment Pvt. Ltd.

Premium Stationers

Rotring 36cm 800 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Rotring 32cm 640 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Rotring 25cm 570 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Huajie 700 Leaders Stationery (Fort)

Helix 800 Sarasavi Bookshop Nugegoda

Rotring (small) 950 Sarasavi Bookshop Nugegoda

Chinese 370 Sarasavi Bookshop Nugegoda

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T-Square

Brand Price Available At

Without board 1800 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Helix (Wood) 2000 Sarasavi Bookshop Nugegoda

Helix (Plastic) 1100 Sarasavi Bookshop - Nugegoda

French Curves

Price Available At

600 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

700 Laboratory Equipment Pvt. Ltd.

300 Alston Stationery Pvt. Ltd.

Stencils

Brand Price Available At

Rotring (mini) 1600 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Rotring (large) 1300 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Linex 1080 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

30
Parallel Rulers

Brand Length Price Available At

Linex 300mm 3000 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

Linex 380mm 3000 Rotring YMBA (Fort)

RETAILERS CONTACT DETAILS

Shops Addresses Telephone Numbers

Sarasavi Bookshop 2B, Samudradevi Mawatha, Nugegoda, 011 - 2820820

Sri Lanka

Papyrus Papers No: 277, Vauxhall Street, 011 - 2314027

Colombo 02, Sri Lanka.

Alstons Stationery Pvt. Ltd. No: 68, W. A. D. Ramanayake Mw, 011 - 2 436 580 / 2 441 945
Colombo - 02
Sri Lanka.

Prince Trade Center Pvt. Ltd. No: 63, Prince Street, Pettah, Colombo 011 - 2387686
11, Sri Lanka.

K.P.N. Stationary Maliban Street, Pettah, Sri Lanka. 011 2433207 / 2433511

31
MODEL MAKING
By J.Poorvigah , M.Narmatha

WHAT IS A MODEL?
Models are an important part of the design process for any project. They are not simply the final design solution.
Models can help students analyze a situation and identify the needs of the people who use it. They are easily pulled
apart and altered. Models can help students appreciate how spaces are used and identify problems that may arise
from the interaction of different users.
They can be used as a means of communicating proposed solutions, highlighting special features, materials and
colors. Most importantly, a model is informative and brings a building, object or place to life off the plan.

TYPES OF MODELS
Working model
These are made at different stages of the design to study the spatial relationship and the
Structural feasibility.
Quick assembling of inexpensive material may cater this aspect of model making.

Final construction model

This will represent the actual outlook of the design including color, texture and details etc.

WORKING MODEL FINAL CONSTRUCTION MODEL

MAKING MODELS
Models are made using plans, sections, elevations and details of a design.
Materials used for the model must be carefully selected to display the actual outlook and the characteristics of the
design.
Models must follow a specific scale, which may be either metric or imperial.

32
 Detailed Detailed Exterior Site Plans and
Building of City
Interiors Building(s) Maps
1:1 1:100 1:1000

1:2 1:200 1:1250

1:5 1:500 1:2500

1:10 1:5000

1:20

MODEL MAKING STATIONARY

33
 MDF board model chipboard model
Corrugated board model

Textured paper model Plywood model mountboard model

34
MODEL MAKING EQUIPMENTS

35
PRINTING AND PHOTOCOPYING
by Shanya Fernandez, Akbar Deen, Zahra Niaz

What is a printer?
It is an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.

It is connected to a computer by a USB cable through which data flows.

Nowadays you get wireless printers which do not require a USB connection

DIGITAL PRINTING
TYPES OF 2D PRINTING

SCREEN PRINTING

GRAVURE

OFFSET PRINTING

FLEXOGRAPHY

3D PRINTING - Also known as additive printing it is used to make 3 dimensional objects

DIGITAL PRINTING - involves methods of printing from a digital based image directly to variety of media.

There are three types of digital printing

Inject printing
Laser printing
Blue printing

36
Devices that ease an Architects work
Plotter
A Plotter is a very accurate large scale printer that is used to produce engineering drawings and
Architectural blueprints.

Drum Plotter, which are placed vertically

Flatbed Plotters ,which are placed horizontally

Laser Cutters
This is the technology where lasers are used to cut materials. It works by directing a high powered laser that is controlled
by a computer, this is called CNC (computer numerical control) The difference between mechanical cutting and laser cutting
is that in laser cutting there is less contact with the material so no contamination and less heat is generated and also
mechanical cutting uses power tools

3D Printers
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), refers to producing a three
dimensional object. In 3D printing, successive layers of material are formed under
computer control.

37
Scanners
This a device that optically scans images, printed text, or an object, and converts it to
a digital image. Commonly used in offices are variations of the desktop flatbed
Scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning.

Printing Address and Info Remarks

places
softwave 107D Sri Sambuddhatva Jayanthi Mawatha, Colombo. It is possible to mail them and get
Tel. 011 2502295. a printout but you need to call
Email Address: info@softwave.lk them and inform them once you
send the mail.
Also speak to Mr. Umanga to get
a discount

Anim 8 Ven. Muruththettuwe Ananda Himi Mawatha, Colombo. You can mail your items to
Tel. 011 2 591567 sales@print2digital.com and they
Call the below mentioned people regarding laser cutting will print your items for you.
as they handle that aspect

Dasun Ext. 105 dasun@anim8.lk Ext. 105

Veron 0768204834 veron@print2digital.com +94768204834

Salaka No. 466, Union Place, Colombo 02

nd
Print Plus No. 460/20/1/1, 2 floor, Bauddhaloka mawatha, You can mail your items to
Colombo 07. (in front of the D. S. Senanayake swimming printpluscad@gmail.com and
pool entrance). they will print your items for you.
Tel.0773727247

0304 Design No. 4, Bullers lane, Colombo 07. They are open 24 hours and they
Studio Tel. 011 4503654 give discount for CSA students
Alstons No. 555/3, New Kandy road, Thalangama north, Mail your items to
Battaramulla. sales.btr@alston.lk and they will
Tel. 011 2053996 print your documents and speak
to Mr. Asanga for discounts

Prices for Printing (All prices are mentioned in Sri Lankan Rupees)
The cheapest place is highlighted in blue and the places where is guaranteed high quality with
experience are in green.

38
Name of Place Paper Size Price

Black & White Color prints

Print Plus A0 375.00 750.00

A1 200.00 450.00

A2 140.00 300.00

A3 40.00 70.00

A4 20.00 35.00

Softwave A0 500.00 2000.00

A1 300.00 1000.00

A2 200.00 600.00

A3 20.00 40.00

A4 10.00 60.00

Anim 8 A0 2200.00 2200.00

A1 1100.00 1100.00

39
 A2 600.00 600.00

A3 88.00 175.00

A4 44.00 88.00

0304 Design Studio A0 225.00 650.00

A1 120.00 400.00

A2 90.00 260.00

A3 20.00 80.00

A4 6.00 40.00

Salaka A0 1200.00 1600.00

A1 600.00 800.00

A2 300.00 300.00

A3 150.00 280.00

A4 20.00 140.00

Alstons A0 250.00 550.00 - 2500.00

40
 A1 150.00 350.00 - 2000.00

A2 100.00 250.00 - 1000.00

A3 15.00 135.00

A4 7.00 55.00

What is Photocopying?
It is the production of copies of an original document containing text or images by the use of a scanning and printing
machine. It is a common practice all around the world

Prices for Photocopying & Scanning(All prices are mentioned in Sri Lankan Rupees)
The cheapest place is highlighted in blue and the places where we guarantee quality with are in green.

Name of Paper Price for Photocopying Price for Scanning

Place Size
Black & Colour Black & Colour
White White

Alston A0 200.00 - 120.00 -

A1 100.00 - 95.00 -

A2 75.00 - 65.00 -

A3 10.00 - 40.00 -

A4 5.00 - 20.00 -

41
0304 Design Studio A0 160.00 - 110.00 250.00

A1 80.00 - 80.00 160.00

A2 60.00 - 60.00 100.00

A3 10.00 - 20.00 40.00

A4 4.00 - 10.00 20.00

Anim 8 A0 - - -- -

A1 - - - -

A2 - - - -

A3 - - 100 100

A4 - - 100 100

Salaka A0 150.00 300.00 - -

A1 100.00 200.00 - -

A2 80.00 160.00 - -

A3 10.00 12.00 - -

A4 5.00 6.00 - -

42
 Softwave A0 140.00 1125.00 125.00 750.00

A1 90.00 275.00 - 100.00 400.00

675.00

A2 70.00 175.00 75.00 250.00

A3 8.50 140.00 - 20.00 60.00

180.00

A4 4.50 60.00 - 10.00 30.00

120.00

43
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA
By Irudini Liyanage and Ahmed Ismail

What is anthropometry?
Anthropometry involves quantitative measurements of dimensions of human body and is a universally
accepted technique for assessing sizes and proportions of human body. ISO standards are used for such
anthropometric measurements and these data of dimensions differ according to races, gender etc.
1) Static: Measurements when body is still (e.g: length of bones and distance between joints)
2) Dynamic: Measurements taken when body is in motion (e.g: Clearances, Reach etc.)

Importance of anthropometry in Architecture

Anthropometric data is vital in designing physical elements for human use. To design an ergonomically
efficient design, the designer must study anthropometric data.
It is important that the physical elements designed by an architect fit the task properly.
Mismatches between dimensions of products and corresponding user must be avoided.
Studying anthropometry and applying them in the design ergonomically will ensure better
comfort and productivity without fatigue.

44
Anthropometric Data of Sri Lankan Female and Male

45
Useful anthropometric data

46
47
For working

For relaxing
(e.g: Lounge chair)

48
KITCHEN

0.34"
0'-2"
- The heights of the worktops (34) are based on the
average height of a Sri Lankan woman (5)

- Height of the cooker should be 2 below the worktop

level for the working height to be equal.

0'-32"

dimensions of a sink

49
GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF CORRIDORS AND DOORS Corridors
Corridors within a building should be wide enough to allow two-way traffic and maneuvering at
junctions or when passing through doorways. For example, a clear width of 6 is the minimum that will
allow two wheelchair users to pass safely.
All corridors should have an unobstructed width of at least 4 wide.

Doorways and hallways

Movement in hallways and through doorways should be as convenient to the widest range of people,
including those using mobility aids or wheelchairs, and those moving furniture or other objects. Door
should open 90 degrees (1.57 rad).
Door Heights & Widths: Two standard heights, 6' 8" and 8' 0" and two standard widths, 3' 0" and
3' 6" are available for most doors. And height from floor to door handle should be 42 or 45

300mm door nib (or clear space) to leading edge (pull side on)

50
STUDIES RELATED TO ANTHROPOMETRY

The Vitruvian man drawn by Leonardo Davinci according to the detailed

analysis of dimensions of human body, by Viturvius

Modular by Le Corbusier is a technique of analyzing proportion used in

architecture based on ideal proportion

The portrayal of dimensions of human body by Ernst Neufert according to golden section

51
LIMITATIONS AND SOLUTIONS
Anthropometric data is the mean measurements / average measurements of dimensions of human
body. However most of the people dont fall into this average. Therefore most of them are unable to
find the sustained comfort in the furniture.

As a solution it is advised to do designs that can accommodate a range of user dimensions

(e.g: adjustable seats)

52
STAIRCASES
By Manik Goonewardane,Dasuni Kolambage

Parts of Stairs
1. Steps -is a portion of stairs which permits
ascent and descent
2. Tread -it is the upper horizontal portion of
step upon which the feet is placed
3. Riser - The vertical portion between each
tread on the stairs
4. Hand Rail -is a rail that is designed to be
grasped by the hand so as to provide stability
or support
5. Baluster -it is a vertical member of wood or
metal supporting the handrail
6. Newel post -Vertical member which is placed at the end of flights to connect handrail
7. Nosing-This is a part of the thread ,rounded to give good architectural effects
8. Run-Is the total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landings
9. Stringer-These are the sloping wooden
members which support the steps in a stair.
They run along the slope of the stair.

Types of stairs

53
Straight Stairs
Straight stairs are certainly one of the most common stairs used in both residential and
commercial buildings. One or more flights are used when space available for staircase is long
but narrow in width.
Straight stairs can also have landings in the middle to reduce the workload for the people who
are using them in order for them to not to tire themselves

Winder
A series of wedge shaped steps in a stairway, used to make a 90 degree turn.
Types of winders-2 quarter winder, double winder.

Half landing (dog legged stairs/fire exit stairs)

This is basically 2 parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landing that requires a 180 degree
turn in the walk line. Generally used as fire exits because it requires less space.

54
Curved Stairs
Curved stairs add elegance and s beauty. Curved stairs are helical and have a large radius and
typically do not make a full circle.

Spiral
Spiral stairs are often confused with curved stairs because both follow a helical arc. These
usually are made very compact and the treads radiate around a center pole.

55
 Formula
To arrive at the optimum rise, which takes the least energy, the following formula can be
Applied;
2R + T = 23 (for Sri Lankans)
Head room should be 7 (minimum) from the top of the riser.

Principles to be observed while planning and designing a stair case

according to the gazette.

Type Width of a Minimum Riser Tread

stair headroo
Centimete Centimete
m meters
Centimeter r r
s

Internal stairs 75 2.0 19 22.5

serving one upper
floor only

Stairs in building 105 2.1 17.5 22.5

used as place of
public assembly and
public building

All other types 90 2.1 17.5 22.5

1. There shall be no obstruction in any staircase between the top most landing and the exit
door on the ground floor.
2. Every staircase, staircase landing, balcony or verandah shall be protected on any side
overlooking a courtyard, void or external air space, by either a handrail balustrade or
parapet which shall have a height of not less than 0.9 meters and shall be of a suitable
design and type of construction to prevent any person from falling over the side of such
staircase, staircase landing balcony or verandah.

56
VEHICULAR CIRCULATION
By Damien Fernando and Romien Kavisha

STANDARD VEHICLE SIZES

Family Saloons

SUV

Bicycle

57
 Buses

Jeeps

58
PARKING GARAGES (MINIMUM REQUIREMENT)
for one vehicle :

For two Vehicles :

59
REASONS FOR NEEDING THE STANDARD SIZES OF A VEHICLE?
When designing a house, a garage will be a permanent & a necessary part of the design. The
standard size of a vehicle will be needed when designing a garage for a house, apartment, hotel,
commercial buildings etc. (As shown above)

When the vehicle is parked inside the garage, there should be a clearance between the door of
the vehicle and the wall. The doors should be able to open freely without any obstructions.

THIS SHOULD
NOT HAPPEN

A person should be able to walk around the vehicle freely without any obstructions.

60
 Another reason to know the standard size of the vehicle is when an architect/ civil engineer is
designing a road or a highway the standard size of a vehicle is needed when calculating the
dimensions of the road

61
The standard dimensions of a vehicle are needed when designing a road as shown below.

The dimensions should give an Architect/ Civil Engineer an idea when designing the width of the lanes.

Vehicles should be able to pass each other without any obstructions so therefore the clearance between
two vehicles should be calculated carefully.

REGULATIONS FOR PARKING ISLES

Residential Standard Vehicle Commercial

Vehicle

Flats/ Dwelling Units/Terrace houses(less than 75 sq.m. in gross floor 1 for 2 units -
area)
Flats/Dwelling Units with gloss floor area 75-200 sq.m. 1 for 1 unit -

Flats/Dwelling Units with gloss floor area more than 200sq.m. 3 for 2 units -

62
 Institutional Standard Vehicle Commercial
Vehicle
Nursing homes/PVT hospitals 1 for 2 beds 1 for 500 sq.m.
Consulting Rooms(min. 8 sq.m.) 6 for 1 room 1 for 500 sq.m.

OPD areas/Medical Labs 1 for 20 sq.m. 1 for 500 sq.m.

PVT Schools/Nurseries etc. 1 for 20 students -

Tutorials and Educational Institute 1 for 200 sq.m. -

Recreational/Amusement 1 for 100 sq.m./Decided by -

Authority

Commercial Standard Vehicle Commercial Vehicle

Retail Shops/ Grocery 1 for 50 sq.m. -

Department Shops/ Shopping Complex 1 for 50 sq.m. 1 for 500sq.m

Banks 1 for 50 sq.m. -

Hardware 1 for 50 sq.m. 1 for 50 sq.m.

Vehicle Sales 1 for 50 sq.m. 1 for 50 sq.m.

Office 1 for 150 sq.m. -

Restaurants/Night clubs 1 for 10 sq.m./Restaurant 1 for 500 sq.m.

space

Star Class hotels 1 for 10 sq.m./1 for 5 1 for 500 sq.m.

rooms

Guest Houses/Recreational clubs/Lodges 1 for 50 sq.m. / 1 for 3 1 for 500 sq.m.

rooms

Cinemas/Theatres/Auditoriums etc 1 for 20 seats 1 for 500 sq.m.

Other Commercial buildings 1 for 100 sq.m. 1 for 500 sq.m.

63
 PARKING LOTS

Underground Parking

stacked parking roof parking 90 degree parking

PARKING ARRANGEMENTS AND DIMENSIONS REGULATIONS

AS IN UDA

64
 90 degree parking
parallel parking

45 degree parking 30 degree parking 60 degree parking

demonstration on how to do a 90 degree parking

65
 TURNING CIRCLES AND RAMPS
MINIMUM TURNING CIRCLES

Minimum turning circle is the smallest possible circle in which a vehicle can turn.

The average minimum turning circle for a car is 8.70 m / 28-5.

The average minimum turning circle for a bus is 15 m / 49-2.

RAMPS

The UDA states that:

The maximum gradient of ramps shall not be steeper than 1 in 8.

Every such ramp shall start only beyond

BASEMENT PARKING

66
DESIGNING A TOILET
By Shamin Gunawardena and Thameesha Eliyapura

Private Toilet

Mirror

Wash Basin

Grip/grab bar:
33 above finished
floor.

Water closet: Flooring:

Distance between center line and skid-proof
adjacent wall: 0.45m Easy to clean
Well drained
Threshold: Entry Door: Waterproof
20mm height Doorway : 32 in width
Door 34
floor to ceiling height: 80

67
Bathroom shower

Floor:
Skid-proof

68
Plan of toilet

Section of toilet

Public Toilets

69
 150 381mm
0m
m 850mm

600mm

300mm

Minimum ceiling height : 2134 mm

Urinals:
Floors: water-proof, non-slip material, durable. Height: 0.45m from finished
floor level
Minimum of 1 urinal should be
provided

70
 Design principles

Ventilation

Good ventilation:
Gable level windows:
To prevent bad odor proper circulation of fresh
Let in natural light air.
Fresh air
Prevent humidity and dampness

Aesthetically pleasing view

Artwork , ornaments to cover up the blank spaces

Appearance of a more welcoming space
Use of color

71
Positioning

Shower positioned Use of artwork next to Carefully hidden

under open space the mirror to create the water closet
illusion of more space Use of the grip bar
as a towel holder

Use of material

Floors: Walls:
Rough Water-proof (Ceramic tiles)
Skid-proof Durable
Water-proof E.g.: ceramic tiles
E.g.: rough marble, ceramic tiles etc.

72
THE DESIGN OF KITCHENS
By Peshan Jayakody and Ishani Gamage

Space Planning- Work Triangles

The kitchen work triangle is the centerpiece of

most kitchen layouts. The goal of the work
triangle is to place the three work sites the
most efficient distance apart and to minimize
traffic through the work zone. In the traditional
kitchen the three main work sites are:
Sink - the cleaning/preparation work site
Refrigerator - the cold storage work site
Stove - the cooking work site

If you place these too far away from each other

you waste a lot of steps while preparing a meal.
If they are too close to each other you have a
cramped kitchen without any place to work.

Standard dimensions of the kitchen triangle are as follows;

A leg of the triangle should be between 4 feet (1.2 m) and 9 feet (2.7 m).
The sum of all three sides of the triangle should be between 13 feet (4.0 m) and 26 feet (7.9 m).
And further, there should be no major traffic flow through the triangle. Cabinets or other obstacles
should not intersect any leg of the triangle by more than 12 inches (30cm). A full-height obstacle, such
as a tall cabinet, should not come between any two points of the triangle.

Natural Light and Ventilation

NATURAL LIGHT
An opening from a side of the kitchen can help
bring in natural light into the kitchen. It makes the
kitchen not only a visual pleasure, but helps to
keep the surfaces dry and fresh.

VENTILATION
The Kitchen should be well ventilated by having
open spaces to bring fresh air in and to avoid
unpleasant odors.

73
Cross Ventilation- Air should be channeled through a small opening such as a doorway to a larger
Opening such as pergolas. This movement of air through a smaller space to a larger space is called
Cross Ventilation.
Stack Effect- Stack Effect means the procedure of air rising up, resulting from air buoyancy. Putting up
windows from lower a level and chimneys, fanlights from a higher level can help bring fresh air into
kitchen from this way.

Work Surface Design

WORK TOPS

74
 DISABLED ACCESS
By Abigail Fernando and Sachintha Fernando

THE GAZETTE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS
OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ACT, NO.28 OF 1996
(Access measurements and reach dimensions must be considered when designing and constructing
accessible environments for people with disability / Of the persons using technical aids (crutches, canes,
wheelchairs, etc.), )

DISABLED ACCESS NEEDS TO BE ACCOMMODATED IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES

Parking areas,
Pathways and corridors,
Hand rails and grab bars,
Steps and stairs,
Ramps,
Lifts and elevators,
Doorways and entrances to any public buildings,
Toilets, basins, bed rooms,

Dimensions of wheelchairs

Doorways and Entrances

75
Pavements , Public roads and Pedestrian crossings ( kerbs and ramps )
Kerbs should be lowered at crossings and driveways not more than 25mm above driveway.
Slopes of indoor kerb ramps shall be gently less than 1 : 12 and outdoor ramps less than 1:15.
Access can be ramped or level approach, min width 1200, max slope 1:12.
A slope of 1:12 means that for every inch of total rise, there needs to be 12 inches of ramp
length

Parking Space
A minimum of one accessible space must be allocated for every 25 parking spaces .
For 500 and more please reffer the gazette.

76
Bathrooms

Guiding Blocks

77
LIBRARIES , REFERENCES AND PLAGIARISM
By Meshari Fahim and Nishadya Fernando

LIBRARIES

MAP OF LIBRARIES IN COLOMBO

1. The Postgraduate Institute of Archaeological Research.

2. The Public Library of Sri Lanka.
3. The National Library of Sri Lanka.
4. Sri Lanka Institute of Architects.
5.The British Council.
6.City School of Architecture

78
 1) The Public Library
of Sri Lanka

Address: Open Hours

15, Sir Marcus Fernando Monday to Friday :

Mawatha, Colombo 07 8.30 am 8.00 pm

Phone: Saturday and Sunday :

8.30 am 7.00 pm
011 2 691968

Map route to The National Library of Sri Lanka from CSA.

2) The National Library Open Hours :

of Sri Lanka Mondays ,
Wednesdays,Friday and
4
Address: Saturday :
Colombo
8.30 am 4.00pm
Phone:
011 2 685197 Tuesday and Thursday
8.30 am 6.00pm

Sundays :
CLOSED

Map route to The National Library of Sri Lanka from CSA.

3)Sri Lanka
Institute of
Architects

Address:
120/7, Open Hours :
VidyaMawatha,
Colombo 07 Tuesday to Saturday
8.00 am 5.00pm
Phone:
011 2 697109

Map route to Sri Lanka Institute of Architects from CSA.

79
 4) The Postgraduate
Institute of
Archaeological
Research

Address:
407, Bauddhaloka
Mawatha, Colombo 07

Phone:
011 2 685217

Map route to The Postgraduate Institute of Archaeological

Research from CSA

MORUTUWA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Library Address: Library, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Moratuwa.

Lending Section Monday - Saturday 7.30am 7.00pm

(Third Floor) Sunday Closed

Periodical Division Monday - Saturday 8.30am 7.00pm

(First Floor) Sunday Closed

Membership Counter Monday - Friday 8.30am 4.00pm

(Second Floor) 8.30am 6.45pm

Saturday

Sunday Closed

Reading Area Monday Sunday

(Second Floor) 7.30am8.00pm

Study Area Monday Sunday 8.00am 10.00pm

(Basement)

Tel: 0112650301, 0112650534, 012650441, 0112650340, 0112650188,

Email: info@lib.mrt.ac.lk, umlibrary@lib.mrt.ac.lk

80
BOOK STORES
Main bookstores in Colombo and close suburbs

Bookshop Name Address Tel. No

Sarasavi Bookstore 24, Hill St, Dehiwala 0112722349

449/9, Y.M.B.A. Building, Colombo Fort 0112326831

147, St. Michaels Rd, Col. 03 0112424587

1/50, Y.M.B.A. Building, Borella 0112698886

2B, Samudradevi Mw, Nugegoda 0112820820

Vijitha Yapa Bookstore Unity Plaza Building, No 2, Galle Rd, Col. 04 0112596960

World Trade Center, 3rd Floor, Next to Barista 0112394784

Coffee Shop, Col. 01

Crescat Boulevard, G 6A, Col. 03 0115510100

130, S. De S. Jayasinghe Mw. Nugegoda 0112810714

32, Thurstan Road, Col. 07 0112577624

Makeen Bookstore 430, Galle Rd, Col. 03 0112375930

Barefoot Bookshop 704, Galle Road, Col. 03 0112502467

M. D. Gunasena Bookstore 20, St. Sebastian Hill, Col. 12 0112389802

81
82
83
REFERENCES
Why do you cite your references?
It is important to cite references in order to:
- support your arguments and give your work a factual basis
- protect yourself against charges of plagiarism
- demonstrate to assessors or critics that you have carried out the necessary research
- allow the reader to locate the material you consulted.

When do you cite your references?

THREE TYPES OF REFERENCING SYSTEMS:

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

Referencing books
Author Surname, Author First Initial. published year. Book Title. Place of Publish: Publisher.
Referencing websites
Contributor Surname, Contributor First Initial. Year. Resource Title [Online]. Place of Publish: Publisher.
Available at: website address of document [Accessed: Day Month Year]

84
example for Harvard style referencing :

MLA - MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION

Most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.
Referencing books
Author Surname, Author First Name. Book Title. Place of Publish: Publishing House, Year. Print.
Referencing websites
Contributors Names. Article name. Web Site Name, Last Edited Date. Website. Date of Access.

85
American Psychological Association ( APA )

Most commonly used to write write ups and more subjective topics
Referencing Websites
Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxx

example for APA referencing :

PLAGIARISM

What is Plagiarism?

According to dictionaries, Plagiarism is defined as ;

To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own , Use (another's production) without
crediting the source, To commit literary theft.
It is act of taking another persons writing, conversation, song or even ideas & passing it as ones original
work.
In other words, Plagiarism is an act of fraud.
How to avoid Plagiarism?
Whenever you paraphrase, summarize, or take words, phrases, or sentences from another person's
work, it is necessary to indicate the source of the information within your paper using an internal
citation

86
PLAGIARISM CHECK APPLICATIONS
Anti-Plagiarism

A software designed to accurately detect plagiarism. It is an adaptable tool to deal with World Wide
Web copy-pasting information from the assignment of authorship. The main aim of this program is to
help reduce the impact of plagiarism on educational institutions. At present, it distributes free software
to detect plagiarism. Checking documents in a format *.rtf, *.doc, *.docx, *.pdf

DupliChecker

It is 100% free, extremely easy to use, it has the options of copy-pasting the text, entering the URL of the
content destination required to be checked, or uploading a text file.

CopyLeaks

It offers entire website plagiarism scan. It also supports of multiple file formats in any language.

PaperRater

It offers Grammar checking, plagiarism detection & writing suggestions. It is a free resource that is
developed and maintained by linguistics professionals and graduate students.

Plagiarisma

It is a free software which supports Windows. It has the ability to search website contents by copy
pasting the URLs &and files in HTML, DOC, DOCX, RTF, TXT, ODT and PDF formats.

Plagiarism checker

It is 100% free & easy which does not require a download or installation. It includes detailed
instructions. It is ideal for educators to check whether a students work has been copied from the
internet.

Plagium

It is a plagiarism detection tool which is free & very easy to use. It has the ability to scan up to 5,000
words at a time. It is ideal for a quick search on the web or social media

87