University of Palestine

College of Engineering

Design of Concrete Structures 1

Prepared by:

Odai AlRiyati 120140649

Eng. Muneeb JadAllah

Section 1 Literature Review

Section 2 Calculation of Loads

Section 3 Design of Ribs

Section 4 Design of Beams

Section 5 Design of Columns

Section 6 Design of Ground

beams
Section 7 Design of Footing
 Section 1
Literature Review
 Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

i. Design codes & methods

1. Design codes
A code is a set of technical specifications that control the design and construction of a
certain type of structures. Theoretical research, experiments, and past experience help in
the process of setting these specifications. The purpose of such code is to set minimum
requirements necessary for designing safe and sound structures. It also helps to provide
protection for the public from dangers resulting form the use of inadequate design and
construction techniques.
There are two types of codes; the first is called structural code, and the second is called
building code. A structural code is a code that involves the design of a certain type of
structures (reinforced concrete, structural steel, etc.) The structural code that will be used
extensively throughout this project is The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-05), which
is one of the most solid codes due to its continuing modification, improvement, and
revision to incorporate the latest advancements in the field of reinforced concrete design
and construction. Supplements containing such revisions are made on yearly basis. Every
six or seven years, a comprehensive code edition is made, combining all revisions made
since the last comprehensive edition.
A building code, on the other side, is a code that reflects local conditions such as
earthquakes, winds, snow, and tornadoes in the specifications.
Usually the building code which describes the prevailing conditions in a certain city or state
is sued in addition to the main structural or national code.
The building codes that will be used in this project are: ASCE-2005 (American Society of
Civil Engineering) for wind load and UBC-1997 (Uniform Building Code) for Earthquake
2. Design methods
Two methods of design for reinforced concrete have been dominant. The Working Stress
method was the principal method used from the early 1900s until the early 1960s. Since
the publication of the 1963 edition of the ACI Code, there has been a rapid transition to
Ultimate Strength Design.
Ultimate Strength Design is identified in the code as the Strength Design Method. The 1965
ACI Code (ACI 318-56) was the first code edition which officially recognized and permitted
the Ultimate Strength Design method and included it in an appendix. The 1971 ACI Code
Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

(ACI 318-63) dealt with both methods equally. The 1971 ACI Code (ACI 318-71) was based
fully on the strength approach for proportioning reinforced concrete members, except for a
small section dedicated to what is called the Alternate Design Method. In the 1977 ACI Code
(ACI 318-77) the Alternate Design Method was demoted to Appendix B. It has been
preserved in all editions of the code since 1977, including the 1999 edition mentioned in
Appendix A In the 2002 code edition, the so called Alternate Design Method was taken
out.
A. The Ultimate Strength Design method:
At the present time, the ultimate-strength design method is the method adopted by most
prestigious design code; including the 2005 version of the ACI building code (ACI 318-05).
In this method, elements are designed so that the internal forces produced by factored
loads do not exceed the corresponding strength capacities and allow for some capacity
reduction.
The factored loads are obtained by multiplying the working loads (service loads) by factors
usually greater than unity. The favored mode of failure is the one that ensures a controlled
local failure of members in a ductile rather than brittle manner.
Shortcomings:
1. The use of elastic methods of analysis to determine the internal forces in the
members, which are associated with the factored loads, is inconsistent. This is due to
the fact that when the ultimate load is approached, steel and concrete are no longer
behaving elastically, a basic requirement of the validity of the elastic methods of
design.
2. Regardless of the method of design used, structures are expected to behave
elastically or nearly under normal working loads. Under this condition, the ultimate
strength method cannot be used and the working stress analysis should be made to
determine the deformations and crack widths.
Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

B. The Working Stress Design method:

Before the introduction of the strength-design method in the ACI building code in 1965, the
working stress design method was used in design. This method is based on the condition
that the stresses caused by service loads without load factors are not to exceed the
allowable stresses which are taken as a fraction of the ultimate stresses of the materials, fc
for concrete and fy for steel. In this method, linear elastic relationship between stress and
strain is assumed for both concrete and steel reinforcement. The working stress-design
method will generally result in designs that are more conservative than those based on the
ultimate-strength design method. Now only the design of sanitary structures holding fluids
is based on the working-stress design method since keeping stresses low is a logical way to
limit cracking and prevent leakage.
Shortcomings
1. No way to account for degrees of uncertainty of various types of loads. Dead loads,
for example, can be predicted more accurately than live loads which are usually
variant and harder to predict.
2. Experimental investigations showed that analysis according to the working-stress
design method does not predict actual behavior, especially, at high stresses.
3. Modern methods recognize crack pattern in their recommendations for arrangement
of reinforcement; this could not have been predicted from the elastic theory.
4. The elastic theory does not allow for prediction of the ductility of a structural
member. Consideration of ductility, however, is of a vital importance in the field of
design for most dynamic effects.
5. The working stress design method does not make allowances for varying quality
control, standard of construction and variations indicating the magnitude of damage
that may be caused by possible failure of a particular element.
6. It has been confirmed by tests that the working stress design method does not give
correct information with respect to the actual factor of safety against failure of
reinforced concrete members. The factor of safety is defined as the ratio between the
load that would cause the total collapse to that used as the service or working load. It
has been found that the value of this factor is far different from the ratio of the
ultimate strength to the so-called working stress.
Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

3. Safety provisions
A. Load factors:
Structures, components, and foundations shall be designed so that their design strength
equals or exceeds the effects of the factored loads in the following combinations (ACI318-
2005, 9.2.1)

U = 1.4(D + F) (4.1)

U = 1.2(D+ F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) (4.2)

U = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W) (4.3)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) (4.4)

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S (4.5)

U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H (4.6)

U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (4.7)

Where

D: Dead load

E: Earthquake load

F: Load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights

H: Load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials

L: Live load

Lr: Roof live load

R: Rain load

S: Snow load

T: Self-straining force & W: Wind load

Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

B. Strength reduction factors:

According to (ACI318-2005, 9.3.2.1 through 9.3.2.3) strength reduction factors are given in
the Table (4.1):
Table 4.1: Strength reduction factors
Nominal strength
For tension- controlled sections 0.90
For compression- controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.70
Other reinforced members 0.65
For shear and torsion 0.75
 Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

ii. Construction materials

1. Concrete
A. Concrete compounds:
Simply, concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate, sand and gravel,
chemically bounded together by Portland cement. The table below shows ratios of each
compound in concrete. These ratios are approximate values. Net values can be calculated
by Mix design methods.

Table 1: Concrete compounds

Cement 11 %
Fine Aggregate 26 %
Coarse Aggregate 41 %
Water 16 %
Air 06 %

1- Cement:
A cementations material is one that has the adhesive and cohesive properties
necessary to bond inert aggregates into a solid mass of adequate strength and
durability.
Water is needed for the chemical process (hydration) in which the cement powder
sets and hardens into one solid mass. The type that is used widely is known as the
Portland cement.
Concrete made with Portland cement generally needs about two weeks to reach
sufficient strength so that forms of beams and slabs can be removed and reasonable
loads applied. They reach their design strength after 28 days and continue to gain
strength thereafter at a decreasing rate.

2- Aggregate:
Granular material, such as sand, Gravel, crushed stone, and iron blast-furnace slag,
used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.
Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be not larger than:
1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, nor
Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

1/3 the depth of slab, nor

3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires,
bundles.
3- Water:
Almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no pronounced taste or odor can
be used as mixing water for making concrete.
Some waters that are not fit for drinking may be suitable for concrete making
provided that they satisfy the acceptance criteria laid by ASTM C94 Table (2.2)
Table 2: Acceptance criteria for undrinkable water
Limits Tests
Compressive Strength,
minimum percentage 90% ASTM C 109 or T 106
of control at 7 days
Time of set, deviation From 1:00 earlier to
ASTM C 191 or T 131
from control, hr:min 1:30 later

Some questionable waters can be used as mixing water but they have to satisfy
some conditions:
Sea water:
o Seawater containing up to 35,000 ppm of dissolved salts is generally suitable
as mixing water for plain concrete.
o Seawater is not suitable for use in making steel reinforced concrete and pre-
stressed concrete due to high risk of steel corrosion
Acid water:
o Acid waters may be accepted as mixing water on the basis of their pH values.
o Use of acid waters with pH values less than 3.0 should be avoided.
o Organic acids, such as tannic acid can have significant effect on strength at
higher concentrations.
Alkaline water:
Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

o Waters with sodium hydroxide concentrations up to 0.5 % and potassium

hydroxide in concentrations up to 1.2 % by weight of cement has no
significant effect on strength.
o The possibility for increased alkali-aggregate reactivity should be
considered before using the alkaline water as mixing water.
o Tannic acid can have significant effect on strength at higher concentrations.
Industrial waste water:
o Industrial wastewaters may be used as mixing water in concrete as long as
they only cause a very small reduction in compressive strength, generally
not greater than 10 % to 15 %.
o Wastewaters from paint factories, coke plants, and chemical and galvanizing
plants may contain harmful impurities. Thus such wastewaters should not
be used as mixing water without testing.
Sanitary sewage:
o The sanitary sewage may be safely used as mixing water after treatment or
dilution of the organic matter.
4- Admixtures:
Material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement, used as ingredient of
concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its
properties.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of concrete:
Concrete has some properties that made it the most suitable material for constructions:
1- Concrete has many environmental advantages, including durability, longevity, heat
storage capability, and chemical inertness

2- The raw materials used in cement production are widely available in great
quantities.

3- Needs little or no finish or final treatments.

4- Concrete can be reused with bituminous asphalt as road base materials, can be
recycled and reused by crushing into aggregates for new concrete or as fill material
for road beds or site works.
Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

5- It has a relatively high compressive strength.

6- It has better resistance to fire than steel.
7- It has a long service life with low maintenance cost.
8- In some types of structures, such as dams, piers, and footings, it is the most
economical structural material.
9- It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in pre-cast
structural components.
10- It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection.

Even though, concrete has some limitations:

1- It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its compressive strength.
2- It needs mixing, and curing, all of which affect the final strength of concrete.
3- The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is high. The cost of form material and
workmanship may equal the cost of concrete placed in the forms.
4- It has a low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio is about 1:10
depending on the materials).
5- Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and application of live loads.
6- It has low strength to weight ratio.
7- Concrete is a volume instable material.
3. Concrete compressive strength:
The compressive strength of concrete f c is mainly affected by the water cement ratio,
degree of compaction, age, and temperature. It is determined through testing standard
cylinders 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length in uniaxial compression at 28 days (ASTM
C470). Test cubes 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm are also tested in uniaxial compression at 28 days
(BS 1881), shown in Figure (2.1).
The ACI Code is based on the concrete compressive strength as measured by a standard test
cylinder. Designers have to pay attention to make the necessary transformation when
concrete compressive strength is based on the cube test. The concrete compressive
strength as measured by the standard cylinder test can be approximated by Eq. (2.1).
f c Cylinder = 0.80 f c Cube (2.1)
Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

Figure 1: Cylinder and cube test specimens

4. Concrete tensile strength:

One of the main disadvantages of concrete is poor resistance to tension. The tensile
strength of concrete denoted by f ct is about 8% to 15% of its compressive strength f c .
5. Stress strain relationship for concrete and modulus of elasticity:
The modulus of elasticity of concrete E c is defined as the ratio of normal stress to
corresponding strain for compression stresses below proportional limit. The secant
method is usually used to determine E c , being the slope of the line drawn from a

compressive stress of zero to a compressive stress of 0.45 f c . According to ACI 8.5.1 and for

normal weight concrete.

Ec 4700 f c , where: E c and f c in MPa

High strength
Stress

Ec
Portion of curve neglected
fc ' by ACI Code

0 .001 .002 .003 .004 .005

Strain

Figure 2: Stress-strain diagram

Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

6. Shrinkage:
Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the reduction in volume of concrete due to loss of
moisture. Shrinkage can be reduced through using a low water-cement ratio, good curing of
concrete, nonporous aggregates, shrinkage reinforcement, and expansion-joints.
ACI 7.12.2.1 specifies that a minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement ratio of
0.0018 (that have f y 4200kg / cm 2 ) is to be used in slabs where deformed bars or welded

wire fabric (plain or deformed) are used.

1. Reinforcement steel:
The low tensile strength of plain concrete, a brittle material, results in limited structural
applications since most structural elements carry loads that create tensile stresses of
significant magnitude. The addition of high strength ductile reinforcement that bonds
strongly to concrete produces a tough ductile material capable of transmitting tension and
suitable for constructing many types of structural elements, e.g., slabs, beams, and columns.

A. Properties of reinforcement steel:

Steel reinforcement in the form of longitudinal bars is used to resist tensile forces resulting
from direct tension and/or flexure. Reinforcement is also used to resist stress's resulting
from shear and/or torsion. In some cases, reinforcement is used to resist compressive
stresses.
Reinforcement comes in two forms; round steel bars or welded wire fabric WWF. When
bars have smooth surfaces, they are called plain, and when they have projections on their
surfaces, they are called deformed.
Round bars come in diameters ranging from 6 mm to 50 mm.
The modulus of elasticity Es is defined as the slope of the stress-strain curve. ACI 8.5.2
gives the modulus of elasticity for mild and high strength steels as Es =200103, where Es
is given in MPa.
Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

Stress, fs
neglect in design
fy
design stress-strain curve

Es

y Strain, s

Figure 3: Stress strain diagram.

B. Modes of failure:
1. Brittle failure:
In this case concrete on compression side reaches the maximum compressive strain before
the reinforcement reaches its yield strain at failure fs< fy c =0.003

2. Balanced section:

Figure 2.4: Balanced section

Design Project Literature Review CVL 3314

Balanced section is the section at which the concrete on compression side reaches its
ultimate strain (c = 0.003) at the same time when the steel in tension side reaches its yield
strain (y = fy/s/Es). This condition gives the position of the neutral axis as follows:
(c/d)balanced= cu/( cu+ y) = 0.003/(0.003+fy/ s/Es) = 600/(600+fy/ s)

3. Ductile failure:
This mode of failure occurs when the reinforcement reaches its yield strain before the
concrete at compression side reaches the maximum compressive strain.
At failure fs= fy c =0.003
 Section 2
Calculation of Loads
Design Project Calculation of Loads CVl 3314

1. Design Assumptions:
Load and Load Combination:
Live Load = 0.2 t/m2
Wu = 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L
Concrete Cover
7.5 cm in underground elements
2.0 cm in ribs
4.0 cm in other elements
Materials Unit Weight
(Sand) =1.8 t / m3
(concrete) = 2.5 t / m3
(Plaster) = 2.1 t / m 3
(Morter) = 2.1 t / m 3
(tiles) = 2.1 t / m 3

Soil Properties:
qall gross =2.00 t / m2
(soil) = 1.70 t / m3
Df = 1.50 m
Thickness of finishing materials:

Plaster finish = 1.5 cm

Design Project Calculation of Loads CVl 3314

2. Slab thickness calculations:

Beam (rib) Kind Maximum Length (m) Minimum Thickness (cm)

Simply Supported 3.70 370/16=23.12

One-End Continuous 4.36 436/ 18.5 =23.5

Two-End Continuous 5.21 521 / 21 = 24.8

Cantilever 1.05 105/ 8 = 13.12

The overall slab thickness is taken as = 25 cm

Calculation of dead load :-

COVERING MATERIAL:-
= 0.05 1.8 = 0.09 2

= 0.025 2.1 = 0.06 2

= 0.025 2.1 = 0.04 2

= 0.015 2 = 0.03 2

= 0.09 + 0.05 + 0.055 0.03 = 0.23 2

Design Project Calculation of Loads CVl 3314

EQUIVALENT PARTITION LOAD

Weight of walls carried by the slab:

37.79
w 0.23 ton/m 2
180.08 - 17.4

. = 0.469 + 0.225 + 0.23 = 0.924 2 .

 Section 3
Design of Ribs
Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

Design of ribs:-

Take the rib between C7-C10-C13-C16 as an example

Rib Strip Loading

Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

By using Beam D program for analysis ... bending moment & shear force
diagrams are shown as figures :-
Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

1. Check rip thickness for shear:

Use = 280 /, = 4200/ , = 12 , = 25 ,

Check rib strength for beam shear:

Effective depth = 25 2 0.8 0.6 = 21.6

1.1 0.75 0.53 280 12 21.6

1.1. c 1.89 ton Vu,max 1.7 ton
10 3
Though shear reinforcement is required, 4 8 mm U-stirrups per meter run are
to be used to carry the bottom flexural reinforcement.

2. Design of flexural reinforcement:-

2.1. Design of negative moment (design as a rectangular section):

Mu =

0.85 2.61 105

= (1 1 )
2

0.85 280 2.61 105 2.3

=
(1 1 )=
4200 12 21.62 280

= = 12 21.6 = 2

(min)= = 0.0018 12 24.6 = 0.5312

Use 312mm , one is straight and the other is bent-up in each rib at its bottom side
Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

Design of positive moment ( as T- section):-

Assuming that a<8cm and =0.90 Rectangular section with

b=beff =52 cm

Mu = 2 t.m

0.85 280 2.61 105 2

=
(1 1 ) = 0.0078
4200 12 24.62 280

= 0.0033
= = 0.0078 12 24.6 = 2.32

Use 312mm (As,used= 2.312 ) one is straight and the other is bent-up in each
rib at its bottom side

= = 7.8 < 8
0.85

Check =0.9

a 7.8
c 9.176 cm
1 0.85
d c 24.6 9.176
t 0.003 0.003
c 9.176
0.00504 0.005 0.9 OK
 Section 4
Design of Beams
Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

Design of beams:-
Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

Take beam1 as an example as shown in figure :

By using Beam D for analysis ... bending moment & shear force diagrams are
shown as figures :-
Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

1. Design of flexural reinforcement

Use = 280 /, = 4200/ , = 60, = 25 ,

= 25 4 0.8 1 = 19.2

1.1. Design of positive moment :-

Mu = 10.5 t.m

0.85 210 2.61 105 7.5

= (1 1 ) = .00872 > .00335
4200 60 19.22 280

= = .00872 60 19.2 = 16.5 2

Use 620 =18.842 )

Check spacing between bars S

602420.882
= = 8.45
81
= 28 4 0.8 0.7 = 22.5

=9.8. O.K

1.2. Design of negative moment :-

Mu = 10.7 t.m
Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

0.85 280 2.61 105 10.7

=
(1 1 ) = 0.00317
4200 80 22.22 280

Checking Steel Percentage

14 14
= = = 0.00333
4200

0.75 0.85 280 0.85 6120

= ( ) = 0.0214
4200 6120 + 4200

< =0.9
<
=

= = 0.0033 80 22.2 = 13.792

Use 914 ( =13.852 )

Check spacing between bars S

80 2 4 2 0.8 9 1.4
= = 15.85
91
= 28 4 0.8 0.7 = 22.5

Check Mu :-

=10.98 . O.K

1.3. Design of shear:-

Check beam width for shear:
deff = 28 4 0.8 0.7 = 22.5 cm
Design Project Design of Beams CVl 3314

= 15.5 t

1.1 0.75 0.53 280 80 22.5

1.1 = = 11.97
103

>

No shear reinforcement is required , use the minimum shear reinforcement

( use 210mm vertical stirrups spaced @20cm)
 Section 5
Design of Columns
Design of columns:-

Take as an example

4200
Use = 300 , = ,
2 2

= 78.97
= = 0.52 [0.85 + 0.01( 0.85 )]

= = 0.52 [0.85 300 + (4200 0.85 300)]

= 800 , Assuming b =20 cm , h = 40cm

= -0.0646 < =0.01 ( use =0.01 )

= = 0.01 800 = 8 2

Use 614 , = (9.232 )

Design of ties:-
Assuming 8 ties
The spacing between ties is not exceed the smallest of :
16 = 16 (1.4) = 22.4
48 = 48 (0.8) = 38.4
20

se 8 @ 20

402420.831.4
= = 13.1 ok
2
 Colomn No. Carried area(m2) Slab load(t/m2)*(#of stories) Col. Height (m) wall load(t) L.L(service)(t) Col. Width (b) (cm)h for design(cm) Area gros (new)(Ag)(cm2) Pu cor ected(t) bar diameter(mm)# of Bars (Req.) Area steel new(cm2) Reinf. Ratio Tie diameter(mm)Spacing Between Ties# of Bar on L. direction # of Bar on W.Direction Sc L(cm) Sc W.(cm)
C1 8.11 37.306 2.95 14.742 8.11 20 40 800 78.9736 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C2 14.98 68.908 2.95 11.648 14.98 20 45 900 124.6177 12 8 9.0432 0.010048 8 19.2 4 2 10.2 8
C3 14.56 66.976 2.95 10.192 14.56 20 40 800 119.4376 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C4 7.75 35.65 2.95 14.651 7.75 20 40 800 76.3012 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C5 9.19 42.274 2.95 17.29 9.19 20 40 800 89.7208 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C6 17.83 82.018 2.95 0 17.83 20 45 900 130.9321 12 8 9.0432 0.010048 8 19.2 4 2 10.2 8
C7 17.54 80.684 2.95 0 17.54 20 45 900 128.8673 12 8 9.0432 0.010048 8 19.2 4 2 10.2 8
C8 8.88 40.848 2.95 17.199 8.88 20 40 800 87.4044 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C9 9.86 45.356 2.95 20.2475 9.86 20 40 800 98.0402 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C10 19.93 91.678 2.95 0 19.93 20 50 1000 146.3266 14 8 12.3088 0.0123088 8 20 4 2 11.6 7.6
C11 20.39 93.794 2.95 0 20.39 20 50 1000 149.6018 14 8 12.3088 0.0123088 8 20 4 2 11.6 7.6
C12 9.9 45.54 2.95 19.4285 9.9 20 40 800 97.3422 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C13 4.94 22.724 2.95 0 4.94 20 40 800 38.7128 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C14 12.06 55.476 2.95 11.6935 12.06 20 40 800 103.4394 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
Design of other columns:-

C15 13.79 63.434 2.95 14.6965 13.79 20 40 800 119.3606 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
C16 6.96 32.016 2.95 12.376 6.96 20 40 800 67.9464 14 6 9.2316 0.0115395 8 20 3 2 13.1 7.6
 Section 6
Design of Ground beams
1. Design for flexural:

Dead load:

Cross-section 25x50

Own weight of beam = 0.5 x 0.25 x 2.5 = 0.31 ton/m

Weight of wall (1x1) = 0.9145 t/m

Wu factored = 1.22*1.4 = 1.708 ton/m

d = 50-4-.8-(1.4/2) = 44.2 cm, assuming 14mm bars & 8mm stirrup.

0.85280 2.61105 4
= [1 1 (2044.22 280] = 0.00193
4200
 As = x b x d = 0.00193 x 25 x 44.2 = 2.13 cm2

Use 3 14mm bars

Check spacing = (25-2*4-2*0.8-3*14) / (3 -1) = 5.6 cm > 2.5 cm

2. Design for shear:

Vu = 5.1 ton

Check for ductility

vc = 0.75*0.53*16.733*29*34.2/1000 = 4.074 ton

vs = vu- vc/ = 5.1-4.074/0.75

vs = 1.36 ton

Szone3= 0.5*2*4200*34.2/2.62*1000=75.2 cm

Smax = d/2=34.2/2=12.25

Use 18mm @ 10 cm
 Section 6
Design of Footings
Design Project Design of Footing CVl 3314

Design of footings:-

Take as an example

= 280 2 , = 4200 2 , ( ) =


20 , = 1.8 2 , = 1.5
2

Assume that the footing thickness is equal = 50 cm

() = 20 1 1.8 0.5 2.5 = 16.95/2

+ 75.04
= = = 4.12 2
() 16.95

For a square footing , B = 4.427 = 2.1

Use 210 210 50 cm footing

Evaluate the net factored soil pressure :

= 1.2 + 1.6 = 87.38

87.38
() = = = 19.81 /2
2 2.12

check footing thickness for punching shear :

Average effective depth d = 50 7.5 1.6 = 40.9 cm

Design Project Design of Footing CVl 3314

The factored shear force:

Vu= qu (net) *(L)*(B)- [ (C1+ d ) (C2+ d )]

Vu = (19.81) (8.88)(2.10)- [ (0.2+40.9/100)(0.4+40.9/100)] =77.6 tons
b = 2 (40 + 40.9) +2 (20 + 40.9) =283.6 cm

Vc is the smallest of

283.6 40.9
1 fc bo d = 0.75 1 280 = 145.569 tones
1000
2 2 283.6 40.9
0.53fc ( 1 + ) bo d = 0.75 0.53 280 ( 1 + 2) = 154.3 t
c 1000

s d
0.27fc ( 2 + ) bo d = 305.33 t
bo

Vc = 145.2569 tones

footing thickness is adequate for resisting punching shear .

check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction :

In short direction
40.9
Vc = 0.75 0.53 280 = 59.84 ton
103

Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at a distance d from faces of

column
2.10.2
Vu = 19.81 2.1 [( ) 40.9/100)] = 22.5 ton
2
Vc > Vu ok

In long direction
Design Project Design of Footing CVl 3314

40.9
Vc = 0.75 0.53 280 = 59.84 ton
103

Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at a distance d from faces of

column
2.10.4
Vu = 19.81 2.1 [( ) 40.9/100)] = 18.34 ton
2
Vc > Vu ok

Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:

In short direction
B L C1 2 2.1 2.1 0.2 2
Mu = qu (net) ( ) = 19.81 ( ) = 18.77 t. m
2 2 2 2

b = 210 cm & = 40.9 cm

0.85 280 2 105 18.77

=
(1 1 ) = 0.0014
4200 0.9 0.85 280 40.92 210

As= b h = 0.0014 50 210 = 12.3cm2

Asmin= 0.0018 b h = 0.0014 50 210 = 18.9cm2

Asused= 18.9cm2

Use 1016mm in short direction

In long direction
Design Project Design of Footing CVl 3314

B L C1 2 2.1 2.1 0.4 2

Mu = qu (net) ( ) = 19.81 ( ) = 15.03 t. m
2 2 2 2

b= 210 cm & d= 40.9 cm

0.85 280 2 105 15.03

=
(1 1 ) = 0.00114
4200 0.9 0.85 280 40.92 210

As= b h = 0.00114 50 210 = 9.82cm2

Asmin= 0.0018 b h = 0.00114 50 210 = 18.9cm2

Asused= 18.9 cm2

Use 1016mm in short direction