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MACEDONIAN FOLK MYTHOLOGY

Macedonian Folk Demonology

Reviewers
Acd. Blaze RISTOVSKI
Prof, d-r Aneta SVETIEVA

Publishers
INSTITUT FOR OLD SLAVONIC CULTURE - PRILEP
PUBLISHING FIRM - MATICA MAKEDONSKA - SKOPJE

Director of the Institute for Old Slavonic Culture

D-r Vangelija DESPODOVA

Director of Matica Makedonska

Rade SILJAN

Artisting editor and shaping

Niko P. TOZI
 '"

 TANAS VRAZINOVSKI

MACEDONIAN
FOLK DEM0N0L0GY
ASSISTANTS
Vladimir KARADZOSKI, Ljupco RISTESKI
LolaSIMOSKA

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144
Macedonian Folk Demonology
Summary

Macedonian Folk Mythology and Demonology as its part, remains one of

the least investigated field of our sciense. In the last centry publications and those
from the period between the wars, we find a rich macedonian material which
reffers to the mythological beliefs of the macedonian people, Until the Second
World War, macedonian folk mythology had been a subject researched by
bulgarian and Serbian scientists who considered it part of their own folk culture
and sciense.
We notice more serious researches of the macedonian demonology in the
80's, although we meet scientific works with these problems in the previous
period but in a smaller number. Such research works are mainly devoted to the
representations of mythological ballads by K. Penushliski, Fania Popova, and
Marko Kitevski. With the appearance of the anthology Vampires in macedonian
beliefs and legends", written by Leposava Spirovska and Tanas Vra'inovski, and
the monograph Mythological legends!" written by Tanas Vra'inovski and K{i{tov
Vroclavski, an important step forward has been made toward the study of
different demoniac creatures.
Traditional archetype of Slavic folk culture clearly points out the tendencies
for mythological and symbolic personification of appearances and processes
which were happening both in the nature and the society surrounding the human
being. This moment is very important in the sphere of national consciousness
and the formation of a wide circle of fantastic demoniac characters and
presentations. On the basis of this, beliefs for the existence of different demoniac
creatures were formed.
According to that, the subjekt of our research is a special field of the folk
culture, so called Demonology" which contains a group of beliefs in demons -
supernatural creatures, and in connection with them, so called magic - religious
practices". As to the origin of demons, there was a belief that at least part of them
have their origin in the religion of the Old Slavs, which has been confirmed with
historical sources.
Christianization had also had a great influence on the development of
demonology among the countrymen. It is important to mention that the church
aimed at liquidation of all christian beliefs and ceremonies, and takiug away of all
reminiscences of pagan celestial beings. Nevertheless, a lot of pagan ceremonies
and beliefs have been kept today. They are often reduced, changed or adapted
but they have preserved the original contents and a lot of mythological elements,
elements of low mythology (demonology). A lot of moments from the pagan
ceremonies and beliefs have found their place in the system of the church and
dogmatism. Some of them found their place in the official Christianity where they
have been incorporated in the cults of the Christian saints.

10 145
 As to the defining of demonology we can point out three basic levels for its
understandig: everyday, theological and scientific.
- The everyday understandig of demonology has been understood as a
sphere of beliefs in diferent spiritual creatures, in most of the cases nonindividual
and sometimes without form.
- Theological understanding deals with thinking about the structure of these
creatures as well as the scope of their negative connotation in the human life and
the possibilities of protection from them.
- The scientific understanding of demonology may be explained from
several aspects: religious, ethnographical and folklore. It includes the theories for
presentations of creatures similar to the Gods, their genesis, place and role in the
religious system, their functioning and their disappearing. It is a researching field
in the sphere of folk beliefs which refer to the presentations of these demoniac
creatures, semidemoniac characters and parademoniac appearances, for the
ceremonial practice and magic - religious activity.
In the tradition of the macedonian folk culture, beliefs in demoniac creatures
are very important and they are interlaced with the beliefs of other Slavic nations,
especially of the South - Slavic ones.
We pay a special attention to the question of ethnographical - folklore
interlacing without which we can not entirely include the demoniac presentations
and characters wich are our aim in this research.
The purpose of the research of beliefs in demoniac creatures is to some to
their reconstruction through the way of empiric relations. For that purpose,
detailed field researches have been done in more regions of Macedonia where a
rich material has been collected from the field of macedonian folk beliefs and the
folk prose: legends and tales.
On the basis of our research, we have concluded that beliefs in all well -
known demoniac creatures known in the past live in the contemporary macedo-
nian folk culture, although in many cases they are met in their reduced form.
Owing to that, we have come to important data about the following demoniac
characters: zmev", lamja", vampir", samovila", navi", stopan - pokrovitel",
demoni na bolesta". These researches show that there is unequal presence of
some demoniac characters in concordance with the regional extension. However,
beliefs and legends for vampires are the most popular ones.
Material and analyses allow formation of a conditioned qualification where
the demoniac creatures are divided into four groups:
1. Atmospherical demons
2. Demons of nature (field, wood, mountain and wather ones).
3. Demons of destiny (destined men/women)
4. Harmful demons (demons of diseases and death).
The analysis of beliefs, motives and their wide introduction, allow to define
the basic characteristics of the demoniac creatures most important of which are
the physical ones. In principle, these creatures are invisible and they became
available to the people only in some weather or ceremonial conditions. Then they
have a mouth, thick eyebrows, or, they don't have them at all. They have a big
head and they are short, their eyes are green or brigth, they have unusual bid

146 o?
teeth, horns, they do not have a back, they have wings, six fingers, animal legs,
a tail, and they appear naked. They are known as song lovers, music lovers and
folk - dance lovers. Their appearance is double: animal and human, in most of
the cases with possibilities for metamorphosis.
The study of mythological presentations in the folk culture of our nation will
contribute to the enligthment of important questions in the history of the national
religion, mythology and folk opinion of Macedonians.
 IP

*<?.'


1. , 1947 , e. .
1933 , , 66.
2. , 1934 , e. .
1944 , 16. 113.
3. , 1921 . e. . -
22. 11. 1994 . , 109.
4. , 1907 , e. .
1944 , , 89.
5. , e. . 1955
, , 43.
6. , 1919 . e. .
1944 , , 75.
7. , 1890 , e. .
, 1969 , , 8, 9.
8. , 1945 . e. .
24. 10. 1994 . , , 115.
9. , 1932 , e. .
1944 , e. , 61.
10. , 1934 , e. .
1944 , , 62.
11. , 1916 , e. .
1944 , e. . 37, 40, 45, 87, 88, 103.
12. , 1919 , e. . -
1987 , , , 10, 11, 85, 86.
13. , 1910 , e. .
1993 , e. , 78, 82, 83, 84, 101.
14. , 1933 , e. .
1955 , , 22.
15. , 1934 , e. .
1933 , . 96, 104.
16. , 1926 , e. .
1994, , 2, 3, 21, 24, 31, 33, 112.
17. , 1923 , e. .
1994 , , 48.
18. , 1936 . e. . -
1994 , , 89.
19. , 60 , e. .
1994 , , 47.

149
 20. , 1934 , e. ..
1994 , e. , 91, 108.
21. , 1912 , e. .
1994 , , 7, 20, 28, 35, 50, 54,
70, 92, 93, 105, 110.
22. , 1904 , e. .
1944 , , 15.
23. , 1933 , e. . -
1995 , , 25.
24. , 1919 , e. . -
1994 , , 57.
25. , 1911 , e. .
1994 , , 30, 95, 106.
26. , 1938 , e. .
1993 , , 81.
27. , 1923 , e. .
1994 , , 1, 111.
28. , 1902 , e. .
1994 , , 76.
29. , 1915 , e. .
1994 , e. , 29.
30. , 1915 , e. .
1955 , e. , 26, 36, 44, 48.
31. , 1938 e. .
1944 , , 49, 64.
32. , 1917 , e. .
1994 , , 97.
33. , 1938 , e. .
1993 , , 71, 74, 79, 100.
34. , 1930 , e. .
1993 , , 77.
35. , 1945 . e. , -
. 26. 10. 1994 . e. , , 114.
36. , 1925 , e. . -
1995 , 4.
37. , 1919 , e. .
1992 , , 72.
38. , 1922 , e. .
1994 , e. , 17, 19, 80.
39. , 1927 , e. .
1994 , e. , 27, 46, 58, 94, 10.
40. , 1949 , e. .
1994 , , 13, 34, 63, 68, 69.
41. , 1905 , e. .
1994 , , 32.
y

150
 42. , 65 , e. .
1994 , e. , 6, 56, 90.
43. , 1921 , e. .
1994 , , 51, 52, 53, 102.
44. , 1924 , e. .
1995 , , 23, 42.
45. , e. .
1994 , , 5, 12, 38, 39.
46. , 1928 , e. .
1994 , , 53.
47. , 1907 , e. . -
1987, , , 73.
48. , 1925 e. . -
1995 , , 41.
49. , 1912 , e. .
1994 , , 59, 60, 67, 116.
50. , 1926 , e. .
1986 , , 14,18.
51. , 1905 , e. .
1994 , , 65.

/
15* ;1
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, 127 . , 12
, 137 . , 8
(), 23 , 29
, 21 , 130, 143 ,
, 27 , 108, 109
. , 60, 68, 69 , 121, 122
, 84
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. , 80 , 43
, 19 !;,
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19
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, 8 73, 74, 75
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, 31, 32 . , 80

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. , 80
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, 31, 32 , 32

153
, 31, 32, 107 , 30
, 113 , 21
, 32 , 81
, 105
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, 135
, 13 , 143
, 21 ,
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, 85

154


, 77, 119, 130 , 22

, 56, 137 , 22
, 33 , 22
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, 22 , 113
, 73
, 45 , 80
, 11 , 21
, 133 , 21
, 21, 74, 118
, 22 , 30
, 21 , 32, 33
, 22 , 56, 119
, 46 , 83, 84
, 74, 110, 111, 119, 130, 32 , 65
, 22 , 22
, 21, 144 , 22 . -
, 12 , 21
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, 129 , 22
, 119 , 119
, 7, 12 , 113
, 21
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, 21 , 73
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, 143 , 21, 143
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, 21, 64
, 111 , 22 ^,
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, 76
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155
 , 22, 52, 73, 74, 130
, 39
, 123
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, 21, 141 , 49
, 137 , 22, 42, 43
, 22 , 43
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, 109, 119 , 43
, 21 , 119
, 22, 66 , 77
, 113 , 21
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,66 , 137
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, 31 , 20, 74, 93
, 33
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, 75
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, 22 , 20, 22
, 31 , 22
, 21 , 22
.. 31
, 42 , 22
, 21 , 110
, 7, 11, 12, 20, 22, 47, 52, , 22
65, 73, 83, 139 , 74
, 83 , 141
, 21 , 22, 70
, 109
, 20, 21, 142 , 30
, 83 , 31, 33
, 22 , 32, 33
, 21, 74 , 21, 84
, 22 , 21
, 22 , 21, 123
, 83, 133
, 112 , 52, 73
, 21
, 21, 144 , 221
, 74 , 130
, 73 , 65
, 22, 62, 74, 77, 84, 93, 132

156
, 22 , 12
, 52
, 22 . , 12
, 7, 12, 56 , 21, 22
, 22, 119 , 84
, 93 , 21
, 49, 51 (), 123
, 22
, 93 , 137
, 22
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, 21, 22 , 70
, 21
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, 22 , 22
, 65 , 113


- " . . . . "'19
(
1 23
1. 27
2. 27
3. 28
4. 28
5. 29
' 6. 30
7. 30
* * * " 8. 31
' 9. 32
10. 33
' " 11. 33
' ; 12. 34
' ' 13. 35
I3MEB . sw\ 37
14. , " 41
15. 41
' ' ' 16. 42
18. 43
19. 44
20. 45
21. 46
47
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24. ^ 50
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25. ** 53
26. '\\ 53
27. ,1 54
28. 55
29. ., 55
30. - ,' 56
31. , 58
32. ,.'. 59
V 61
33. ."'. ';.' 64
34. 64

159
 35. 65
36. 66
37. 66
38. 67
39. 67
40. , , . 68
41. 69
42. 70
43. 70
44. 71
45. 71
VI 73
46. . . 76
47. 76
48. 77
49. . " 78
50. 78
51. - 79
52. 80
53. 81
54. 81
VIHABM 83
55. 87
56. - 87
57. 88
58. 89
59. Co 89
60. 90
61. 90
93
62. 97
63. 97
64. 98
65. 99
66. 99
67. 100
68. 100
69. 102
70. 102
71. - 103
72. 104
73. 105
74. 107
75. 108
76. 109
77. 110
78. 111
79. 112
80. - 112
81. 113
A
160
 82. - 114
83. ' . 114
84. 115
85. 117
86. 117
87. 118
88. 119
89. 119
90. 120
91. 121
92. - 121
93. 122
94. . 123
95. , . . 124
96. 124
IX . 127
97. 129
98. 129
99. 130
100. 130
101. 131
102. - 132
133
103. - . 135
104. : . 135
105. 136
.' 106. - 136
'..' 107. 137
139
108. 141
109. 141
110. 142
111. " 142
112. 143
113. 143
115. 144
116. 144

MACEDONIAN FOLK DEMONOLOGY (SUMMARY) 145

HA

149

153

,155

161

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CIP -
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398.221 (=866)
398.221 (=866) (049.3)

/ [] ;
, , . - :
, : , 1996. -164 . : .
; 24

Ha . . .: Macedonian folk demonology / [compiled by] Tanas Vrazinovski. -

/ : . 7-[17]. - : . 18. - Summary - .
1. ,

ISBN 9989-48-066-4