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EEE 203
Operational Amplifiers
Purpose
To introduce the Operational Amplifier by
providing background, functionality and
applications.
Introduction
An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is an integrated
circuit that uses external voltage to amplify the input
through a very high gain.
We recognize an Op-Amp as a mass-produced
component found in countless electronics.
Introduction
Single-ended Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
-Amplifies difference between inputs
Operational Amplifier
Output gain high
A ~= 106
Tiny difference in the input
voltages result in a very
large output voltage
Output limited by supply
voltages
Comparator
If V+>V-, Vout = HVS
If V+<V-, Vout = LVS
If V+=V-, Vout = 0V
3-stage Op-Amp
Why are they useful?
Sensor signals are often too weak or too noisy
Op Amps ideally increase the signal amplitude
without affecting its other properties
Why are they useful?
Negative feedback leads to stable equilibrium
Voltage follower (direct feedback)
If Vout = V- , then Vout ~ V+
H(s) = A / (1 + AF)
When AF >> 1
H(s) = 1 / F
Where: A = Op Amp Open Loop Gain
F = Feedback Loop Gain
OP AMP Golden rules
1.The output attempts to do whatever is
necessary to make the voltage difference
between the inputs zero.
2.The inputs draw no current.
Basic Circuits Review
Kirchoffs Law
Voltage Law: The sum
of all the voltage drops
around the loop = Vin V1 + V2 + V3 = Vin
Resistance (Ohms )
Series
Parallel
Basic Circuits Review
Capacitance (Farad F)
Series
Parallel
Inductance (Henry H)
Series
Parallel
Ideal Op Amp
Zin is infinite
Zout is zero
Amplification (Gain) Vout / Vin =
Unlimited bandwidth
Vout = 0 when Voltage inputs = 0
Ideal Op Amp
Ideal Op-Amp Typical Op-Amp
Uses: Amplifystraight up
Inverting Op-Amp
V 2 R3 R1 R4 V1 R3
Vout
( R4 R2 ) R1 R1
Vout V2 V1
Integrating Op-Amp
This works
because the
capacitor needs
time to charge.
High pass filter (active)