IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)

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Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2017 ISSN 2321-5984

The Analysis of Scattered Pilot OFDM System

and the Discussion of Channel Estimation Based
on Two Dimensional Interpolation Filter
Yung-An Kao 1 , Hsing-Fu Chiu 2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering Chang Gung University

ABSTRACT
In a scattered pilot orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system (OFDM), it is similar to sampling the two-dimensional
(2D) channel frequency response (CFR) that a receiver obtains the CFR at pilot subcarriers from several OFDM symbols. In
this study, the sampled 2D CFR was considered a sampled image. Then, the 2D spectrum of sampled image was analyzed. On
the basis of the analysis results, the performance of a 2D linear interpolation filter used for estimating the CFR is discussed
here; moreover, constraints on the use of the filter are outlined. Furthermore, an approach for designing a 2D interpolation
filter under conditions where 2D linear interpolation filters are not suitable is detailed.
Keywords: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, channel estimation, interpolation filter

1. INTRODUCTION
In wireless transmission, the transmission channel causes signal distortion. Generally, the equalizer compensates for
the signal distortion. However, for high-data-rate transmission, the use of the traditional time-domain equalizer can
lead to the problem of high hardware complexity. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is
based on the concept of parallel transmission in which the entire frequency spectrum is divided into multiple
orthogonal, narrow-band subchannels [1], [2]. Therefore, the channel frequency response (CFR) at each individual
subcarrier can be treated as flat fading when a frequency-selective fading channel is employed. Consequently, in OFDM
systems, one-tap frequency-domain equalizers can be used for compensating for the CFR at each subcarrier. The
associated design is both simpler and easier to implement than that of a time-domain equalizer. Furthermore, it is
crucial to accurately estimate the CFR for compensating for the signal distortion in the receiver.
Current communication standards such as OFDM systems involve the use of pilots (e.g., Long Term Evolution [LTE])
or training sequence (e.g., IEEE 802.11a) for estimating the CFR. For a time-variant channel, the CFR varies after a
transmitted OFDM symbol. Therefore, the CFR estimated from the training sequence embedded in the foremost signal
is not appropriate for use in the subsequent OFDM symbols. Consequently, for a time-variant channel, pilots can be
inserted within OFDM symbols in particular subcarriers for estimating the CFR. Two major types of pilot arrangements
are block-type and comb-type arrangements, and the corresponding channel estimation methods have been investigated
in past studies [3][5]. The scattered pilot arrangement is another type of arrangement and is used in DVB-T and
DVB-T2; the corresponding channel estimation method has been discussed in previous studies [6][8].
In a time-variant channel, the channel is assumed to be almost unchanged in an OFDM symbol, and the CFR is
generally estimated in two steps on the basis of pilot signals. First, the CFR at pilot subcarriers is estimated. This is
generally accomplished by dividing the received signal by a known transmitted signal on specific pilot subcarriers.
Second, the CFR at data subcarriers is estimated by using the estimated CFR at pilot subcarriers. In this step, the
following methods are normally used: one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) linear interpolation [9], [10],
polynomial interpolation [11], FFT interpolation [12], [13], and the least-squares method [4]. The simplest method is
1D linear interpolation. In the comb-type pilot arrangement, this method is appropriate when the maximum channel
delay spread is small, and interpolation is performed in the frequency direction (or subcarrier direction). In the block-
type pilot arrangement, this method is appropriate when the maximum Doppler frequency shift is small, and
interpolation is performed in the time direction (or OFDM symbol direction). When the scattered pilot arrangement is
used, a 1D or 2D interpolation filter can be used for interpolating the CFR at data subcarriers. The 2D linear
interpolation filter [7] is very common, and it is advantageous because it can be separated into two 1D linear
interpolation filters, the hardware realization of which is much simpler than that of inseparable 2D interpolation filters.

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In a receiver, estimating the CFR at pilot subcarriers from several OFDM symbols is equivalent to sampling the
original 2D CFR. The power spectrum density of the sampled 2D CFR was discussed in a previous study [7], and the
statistical characteristics of the 2D CFR were illustrated. To design an interpolation filter, the spectrum of the signal
that is to be interpolated should be analyzed. The signal referred to is the sampled 2D CFR. The spectrum rather than
the power spectrum density is analyzed in this study. However, what are the characteristics of the spectrum of the
sampled 2D CFR? Furthermore, what is the relationship between the channel impulse response and the spectrum of the
sampled 2D CFR? These are the questions that this study addressed. Once the characteristics of the spectrum of the
sampled 2D CFR are obtained, the conditions under which the 2D linear interpolation filter is applicable to
interpolating CFR can be determined. An approach to designing a superior 2D interpolation filter when the 2D linear
interpolation filter is not applicable was also developed in this study.
In Section 2, the 2D spectrum of a sampled 2D CFR is analyzed, and in Section 3, the conditions under which the 2D
linear interpolation filter is applicable to interpolating CFR are presented along with the characteristics of spectrum of
a sampled 2D CFR. In Section 4, system-simulation-based verification of the results of previous investigations is
discussed, and the approach to designing the superior 2D interpolation filter is presented. Finally, the conclusions of
this study are provided in Section 5.

2. SPECTRUM OF THE 2D CFR

First, the spectrum of a 2D CFR is discussed. If a time-variant channel changes slowly, it can be assumed that the
channel impulse response is constant in one OFDM symbol interval and varies between symbols. Let h[l,n] denote the
discrete-time channel impulse response at the nth sample of the lth OFDM symbol, where 0n<N; here, N is the FFT
size. The CFR H[l,k] at the kth subcarrier of the lth OFDM symbol can be expressed as
N 1
H [l , k ] h[l , n ]e j 2 kn / N . (1)
n0

H[l,k] can be regarded as a 2D image. Estimating the CFR at the pilot subcarriers is equivalent to sampling H[l,k]. The
spectrum analysis of the sampled image in an image processing area [7], [16] can be used to discuss the sampled CFR.
The 2D frequency response of H[l,k] is
L 1 N 1 L 1 N 1 N 1
H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) H [ l , k ]e j1l e j 2 k h[l , n ]e j1l e jk ( 2 2 n / N ) , (2)
l 0 k 0 l 0 n 0 k 0

where L is the number of OFDM symbols; 1 and 2 are the frequencies in the time direction and subcarrier direction,

respectively. The sampling of H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) at frequencies 2 = 2r/N, where r = 0, 1, 2, , N 1, can be expressed
by rewriting (2) as
L 1 N 1 N 1
H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) | 2 2 r / N h[l , n ]e j1l
e j 2 k ( r n ) / N
. (3)
l 0 n 0 k 0

When n = N r or n = r = 0, the last summation term equals N. And the last summation term equals 0 when n N r.
Therefore, (3) can be simplified as
L 1 j1l
j1 j 2 N h [ l , N r ]e , when 1 r N 1,
l0 (4)
H ( e , e ) | 2 2 r / N L 1
N h[ l , 0]e j1l , when r 0.
l0

The sampling of the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) at N equally spaced frequencies between 2 = 0 and 2 =
2 with a frequency spacing of 2/N in (3) and (4) is equivalent to performing DFT of H[l,k] in the subcarrier
direction. When r is an integer in the range N/2 r < N/2 (equivalent to sampling 2 in the interval to ), then (4)
holds even for 0 r < N/2. For N/2 r < 0, the last summation term in (3) equals N and zero when n = r and n r,
respectively. Therefore, the following result can be obtained:

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Figure 1 (a) Schematic of a scattered pilot arrangement. Black squares represent pilot subcarriers and white squares
represent data subcarriers. (b) A schematic of the spectrum of the sampled 2D CFR corresponding to Fig. 1(a). The
gray blocks represent the primary locations of the signal spectrum.
L 1
H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) | 2 2 r / N N h[ l , r ]e j1l , (5a)
l0

when 2 < and N/2 r < 0. If the maximum channel delay in the samples is less than N/2, then H ( e j1 , e j 2 )
can be simplified as
L 1
H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) | 2 2 r / N N h[ l , r ]e j1l , (5b)
l0

when 2 < and N/2 r < 0. When 2 2r/N, (2) can be rewritten as
L 1 N 1
sin( 2 N / 2)
H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) [ h[ l , n ] e j [ n 2 N ( N 1)/ 2 ]/ N ] e j1l . (6)
l0 n0 sin(( 2 2 n / N ) / 2)

This equation indicates that the frequency response H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) in the 2 direction is obtained by interpolating the
discrete-time channel impulse response when 2 2r/N. From (4)(6), it is clear that the maximum channel delay
determines the signal bandwidth in the 2 direction [7]. Let the maximum channel delay in the samples be max. The
signal bandwidth in the 2 direction is then given by 2max/N.
The signal bandwidth in the 1 direction shows the variation of a time-variant channel, and the maximum Doppler
frequency shift affects the signal bandwidth in this direction [7]. Equation (6) expresses the DTFT of
N 1
sin( 2 N / 2) (7)
h[ l , n ] e j [ n 2 N ( N 1)/ 2 ]/ N
n0 sin(( 2 2 / N ) / 2)
in the time direction. Clearly, only h[l,n] is related to l in (7). Moreover, h[l,n] does not vary with l when the channel is

time invariant, and the bandwidth of H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) in the 1 direction is zero. However, when the channel is time
variant and the maximum Doppler frequency shift is fd, h[l,n] comprises two components: e j 2 f d [ l ( N N g ) n ]Ts and
j 2 f d [ l ( N N g ) n ]Ts
e ; here, Ts is the sampling period and Ng is the number of samples in the guard interval. Therefore,

the signal bandwidth of H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) is 4fdTs(N + Ng) in the 1 direction.
Estimating the CFR at pilot subcarriers and assuming the CFR at other data subcarriers to be zero can be regarded as
equivalent to sampling the 2D CFR. Consider the sampled 2D CFR as a sampled image. The spectrum of the sampled
image repeats on a grid similar to the sampling grid [7], [16]. Consider the example of the scattered pilot arrangement
in Fig. 1(a). Fig. 1(b) shows a schematic of the spectrum of the sampled 2D CFR based on the scattered pilot

arrangement in Fig. 1(a). The gray block near the coordinate origin corresponds to H ( e j1 , e j 2 ) , and the rest of the
j1 j 2
gray areas are H ( e , e ) repeated on a grid similar to that of the scattered pilot arrangement in Fig. 1(a).
During the interpolation, it is necessary to retain the gray block at the center of the 2D spectrum in Fig. 1(b) and filter

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other excess gray blocks. The 2D spectrum at the center has bandwidths of 2max/N and 2fdTs(N +Ng) in the 2
(frequency) and 1 (time) directions, respectively. The 2D interpolation filter must be designed to accommodate the
signal bandwidth. Later, a DVB-T scattered pilot arrangement is considered as an example for verifying the discussion
presented in this section.

3. 2D INTERPOLATION FILTER
After the CFR at pilot subcarriers is estimated, it is used to estimate the CFR at data subcarriers. The commonly used
interpolation method for the scattered pilot arrangement is 2D linear interpolation, and the 2D linear interpolation
filter used for implementing this interpolation can be separated into two 1D linear interpolation filters. Consider the
example of the scattered pilot arrangement in Fig. 1(a). First, linear interpolation is performed in the time direction,
resulting in the sampling rate increasing by a factor of 4. The corresponding linear interpolation filter coefficients are ht
= [0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0.75 0.5 0.25]. Let the frequency response of ht be Ht( e j1 ). The magnitude frequency response,
|Ht( e j1 )|, is shown in Fig. 2(a). Next, linear interpolation is performed in the frequency direction, resulting in the
sampling rate increasing by a factor of 3. The corresponding linear interpolation filter coefficients are hf = [1/3 2/3 1
2/3 1/3]. Let the frequency response of hf be Hf( e j 2 ). The magnitude frequency response, |Hf( e j 2 )|, is shown in Fig.
2(b). The 2D linear interpolation filter h2 is equal to htThf, and the 2D frequency response H2( e j1 , e j 2 ) of h2 is
Ht( e j1 )Hf( e j 2 ). Fig. 3(a) shows a plot of the magnitude frequency response of H2( e j1 , e j 2 ), and Fig. 3(b) shows
the corresponding contour map of the magnitude frequency response; the number of contour levels is 20.

Figure 2 (a) Plot of the magnitude frequency response for ht (the filter of the 2D linear interpolation filter in the time
direction). (b) Plot of the magnitude frequency response for hf (the filter of the 2D linear interpolation filter in the
frequency direction).

Ideal 2D interpolation removes all gray blocks in Fig. 1(b) except that at the center. If the passband of H2( e j1 , e j 2 ) is
defined as the area within the innermost ellipse of the contour in Fig. 3(a), then the spectrum at the center of Fig. 1(b)
will passes through when2fdTs(N + Ng) < 0.06 and 2max/N < 0.08. Fig. 3(c) depicts a plot of
20log10|H2( e j1 , e j 2 )| and Fig. 3(d) presents the contour map of 20log10|H2( e j1 , e j 2 )|. The stopband of H2( e j1 , e j 2 )
can be observed in Figs. 3(c) and 3(d). Clearly, H2( e j1 , e j 2 ) = 0 when 1 = and /2 and 2 = 2/3. Therefore,
all spectra except that at the center are filtered out if both 2fdTs(N + Ng) and 2max/N are sufficiently small.
Furthermore, the 2D linear interpolation performance declines with an increase in 2fdTs(N + Ng) or 2max/N. Other
interpolation filters should be adopted when either 2fdTs(N + Ng) or 2max/N is large.
For example, in Fig. 1(a), the case where 2fdTs(N + Ng) is comparatively small but 2maxfc is comparatively large is
first examined. The 2D linear interpolation filter in the 2 direction is not suitable in this case, implying that the
interpolation filter should be redesigned in the 2 direction. The redesigned interpolation filter in the 2 direction
should have a bandwidth of 2maxfc. The filter can be designed using the common filter design tool, and no other
criteria are required. In the 1 direction, the frequency response of the linear interpolation filter should be zero at 1 =
and /2. When 2fdTs(N + Ng) is sufficiently small, it is desirable to filter out the entire spectrum except for that

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locate at the 2 axis in Fig. 1(b). Therefore, it is not necessary to redesign the interpolation filter in the 1 direction in
this case.
Now, the case where 2fdTs(N + Ng) is comparatively large but 2max/N is comparatively small is examined. The 2D
linear interpolation filter in the 1 direction is not suitable in this case. However, because 2max/N is small, even if only
a 1D linear interpolation filter is used in the 2 direction, the interpolation performance would be superior to that of the
original 2D linear interpolation filter. 1D linear interpolation is equivalent to increasing the sampling rate by 12 in the
2 direction. Therefore, a 1D linear interpolation filter can be used in the 2 direction; its coefficients are
1 | n 11| /12, for n 0,1, , 22 (8)
h f 1[ n ]
0, otherwise.
The filter in the 1 direction can be designed as a general low-pass filter with a bandwidth of 2fdTs(N+Ng). Since fd is
related to the vehicle speed, a low-pass filter corresponding to different vehicle speeds in application can be designed
beforehand. For example, low-pass filters can be designed for vehicle speeds of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 km/h. However,
if the Doppler frequency shift is large, its effect can no longer be ignored. A large Doppler frequency shift destroys the
orthogonality of the subcarriers, resulting in intercarrier interference because of power leakage among OFDM
subcarriers. Therefore, the assumption that the channel is almost constant within one OFDM symbol is no longer valid.
Even if the interpolation filter in the 1 direction is redesigned, it would not appreciably improve the interpolation. This
case, a large Doppler frequency shift, should be avoided.

Figure 3 (a) Plot of the magnitude frequency response for the 2D linear interpolation filter. (b) Contour map
corresponding to Fig. 3(a). (c) Plot of the log magnitude frequency response for the 2D linear interpolation filter. (d)
Contour map corresponding to Fig. 3(c)

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4. SIMULATIONS
The simulation discussed in this section is based on an example of a scattered pilot arrangement in DVB-T. Consider
the case of the DVB-T 8k mode in which the modulation is QPSK, carrier frequency is 862 MHz, sampling period is
1/8 s, and length of the cyclic prefix is one-eighth of the OFDM symbol period. The Jakes model [17] is adopted for a
six-path time-variant channel. The delays (in samples) in the six-path channel are 0, 2, 5, 13, 19, and 40, and the
corresponding powers are 0.5, 1, 0.63, 0.25, 0.16, and 0.1 respectively. Therefore, max equals 40. The vehicle speed is
120 km/h, and therefore, the maximum Doppler frequency shift is 95.76 Hz.
The discussion of (4)-(6) was verified by performing a simulation. The spectrum of the sampled 2D CFR was analyzed
after the CFR was estimated at the scattered pilot subcarriers. The analyzed data consisted of one frame comprising 68
OFDM symbols. Before the analysis of the spectrum of the sampled 2D CFR, the sampled 2D CFR was multiplied by a
Hamming window in the time direction for reducing the pseudo high-frequency component of the spectrum obtained
using DFT in the time direction. An accompanying disadvantage is the inexact values of the spectrum after the DFT.
However, the distribution range of the spectrum can still be observed and compared with that in the previous
discussion. Furthermore, no Hamming window is multiplied in the subcarrier direction because the pseudo high-
frequency problem is not faced in this direction.
Next, the 2D DFT was used for analyzing the 2D spectrum. Fig. 4(a) shows a one-run simulation of the magnitude
frequency response for the 2D DFT of the product of the sampled 2D CFR and the Hamming window. Because the
channel is generated randomly according to the channel model, the corresponding simulation figure in Fig. 4(a) is
different each time. The 2D spectrum bandwidth and the relation between the 2D spectrum and the channel impulse
response can be observed; each 2D spectrum bandwidth differed slightly from that in the simulations. Fig. 4(b) shows
the contour map of Fig. 4(a) with 20 levels, and the spectrum is consistent with that in Fig. 1(b). Next, the 2D spectrum
bandwidth was verified. The theoretical bandwidth in the 1 direction was 2fdTs(N+ Ng)=0.77 rad/s, and the
normalized frequency was 0.245. The theoretical bandwidth in the 2 direction was 2max/N=0.031 rad/s, and the
normalized frequency was 0.0098. It is difficult to determine the bandwidth from Fig. 4(b), and therefore, the
bandwidth in one direction was determined by fixing the frequency value in the other direction. First, l 2 was assumed
to be zero and the bandwidth in the time direction was determined. The observed bandwidth was approximately 0.23,
which is close to the theoretical value of 0.245. Subsequently, 1 was assumed to be zero and the spectrum in the
frequency direction was determined for verifying (5). The observed bandwidth is close to the theoretical value of
0.0098. This is consistent with observations of (5) and Fig. 4.

Figure 4 (a) Magnitude frequency response for the 2D DFT of the product of the sampled 2D channel frequency
response and the Hamming window. (b) Contour map corresponding to Fig. 4(a).
In the simulation, the spectrum bandwidth in the time direction was 0.245, which is considerably larger than the
passband bandwidth (0.188) in the time direction for the 2D linear interpolation filter. This can be observed by
comparing Figs. 4(b) and 3(b), and therefore, the interpolation performance of the 2D linear interpolation filter is
expected to be poor. However, the spectrum bandwidth (0.0098) in the frequency direction was small and thus
corresponds to the case discussed previously (where 2fdTs(N+ Ng) is comparatively large and 2max/N is comparatively

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small). As discussed, a 1D linear interpolation filter can be employed in the frequency direction, and its coefficients are
given by (8). The designed filter coefficients in the time direction were ht1= [-0.0648 0.0214 0.3176 0.44 0.3176 0.0214
-0.0648] , so the equivalent coefficients of the 2D interpolation filter were ht1Thf1. The 2D magnitude frequency
response is shown in Fig. 5(a), and Fig. 5(b) shows its corresponding contour map. A comparison between Figs. 4(b)
and 5(b) indicates that all spectra except that at the center are filtered out by the 2D interpolation filter. The filtering
results can be improved by increasing the number of filter coefficients; however, such an increase also increases the
hardware complexity.
Next, the bit error rates of the 2D linear interpolation filter, 1D linear interpolation filter, and the designed 2D
interpolation filter in the system simulation are discussed. Fig. 6 shows the BER simulation results for different SNRs.
Clearly, the result of the 2D linear interpolation filter is the poorest, followed by that of the 1D linear interpolation
filter. The designed 2D interpolation filter provides the most favorable result among the three interpolation filters. For
a given BER under high SNR, the designed 2D interpolation filter exhibits an approximately 5 dB improvement
compared with the 1D linear interpolation filter.

Figure 5 (a) Magnitude frequency response of the designed 2D interpolation filter. (b) Contour map corresponding to
Figure 5 (a).
0
10
1-D linear interpolation
2-D linear interpolation
proposed filter
BER

-1
10

-2
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR (dB)

Figure 6 System simulation results for the bit error rate of the 1D linear interpolation filter, 2D linear interpolation
filter, and designed 2D interpolation filter.

5. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the CFR estimated from a scattered pilot arrangement was considered a sampled 2D image and its
characteristics were investigated on the basis of the 2D spectrum of the 2D image. The characteristics were used for
analyzing the relationship between the 2D spectrum of the sampled 2D CFR and the channel impulse response.
Subsequently, the analytical results obtained were verified by performing simulations.
The characteristics of the 2D linear interpolation filter and the limitation of its application to interpolating CFR were
also discussed. A situation where the 2D linear interpolation filter was not applicable was presented and an approach to

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designing a new 2D interpolation filter for interpolating a 2D CFR was proposed. A new 2D interpolation filter was
designed for an example situation, and its efficiency was found to be higher than that of the 2D linear interpolation
filter.
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Yung-An Kao, received the B.S.E.E. degree from Tam Kang University, Taiwan, in 1989, the M.S.E.E.
degree from Tatung Institute of Technology, Taiwan, in 1991, and Ph.D. degree from the Institute of
Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, in 1998. From 1998 to 2003, he worked as an R&D
engineer in the Computer and Communication Laboratory (CCL) of Industrial Technology and Research
Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. He is currently an assistant professor in the Department of
Electronical Engineering in Chang Gung University (CGU), Taoyuan city, Taiwan, R.O.C. His research interests
include adaptive filter, digital signal processing, and wireless Communication Systems.

Hsing-Fu chiu, was born in Taiwan (R.O.C.) in 1989. He was conferred both the BS degree and MS degree
in Electronic Engineering in Chang Gung University. He is drafted into the military service after he
graduated. His research interests include Wireless Communication Systems, Digital Signal Processing.

Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2017 Page 33