Trng THPT Nguyn Bnh Khim

CHUYN

DNG IN MT CHIU
PHN TH NHT

VN 1. DNG IN KHNG I. NGUN IN

1. Dng in v tc dng ca n.
a. Khi nim.
L dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht mang in t do.
Chiu dng in l chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in tch dng (quy c).
b. iu kin.
Phi c mt hiu in th (in trng) t vo hai u vt dn.
c. Tc dng
Tc dng nhit, ha, t .
Tc dng c trng ca dng in l tc dng t.
2. Cng dng in v dng in khng i.
a. Khi nim cng dng in
L i lng c trng cho tc dng may hay yu ca dng in. c xc nh bng
thng s ca in lng q dch chuyn qua tit din thng ca vt dn trong khng
thi gian t m n dch chuyn.
q
I
t
q
Nu xt trong khong thi gian t v cng nh t 0 th tr thnh o hm ca
t
dq
in tch i vi thi gian I
dt
b. Khi nim v dng in khng i
L dng in c chiu v cng khng i theo thi gian
q
I q I .t
t
n v: Ampe, k hiu A
3. Ngun in.
L mt thit b to ra v duy tr hiu in th gia hai cc ca ngun in
4. Sut in ng ca ngun in
a. Cng ca ngun in.

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L cng ca lc l dng tch dch chuyn cc in tch m, dng trong ngun in

to nn hiu in th gia hai in cc ca ngun.
b. Sut in ng ca ngun in
L i lng c trng cho kh nng sinh cng ca ngun in v c o bng thng
s gia cng ca lc l khi thc hin dch chuyn mt in tch q ngc chiu in
trng bn trong ngun.
A
n v (V)
q
Mi ngun in lun c mt sut in ng v in tr trong ca n (E,r)
c. Cng cng sut ngun in
Cng ngun in: Ang .q .I .t

Ang
Cng sut ngun: Png .I
t
5. Ghp ngun thnh b.
a. Ghp ni tip
Sut in ng: b 1 2 3

in tr trong: rb r1 r2 r3

Nu c n ngun ging nhau: b n. ; rb n.r

b. Ghp song song (cc ngun ging nhau).

Sut in ng: b .

r
in tr trng: rb
n
c. Ghp hn hp (cc ngun ging nhau)
Sut in ng: b n..

n.r
in tr trong: rb
m
Vi n l s ngun trn mt nhnh, m l s nhnh mc song song.
d. Ghp xung i.
Sut in ng: b 1 2 nu 1 2

in tr trong: rb r1 r2
Dng in s i ra t cc dng ca ngun ln hn
6. My thu in
L cc ngun chuyn ha in nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc nh: ni nng, ha
nng, quang nng, c nng, nhit nng

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Phn loi:
My thu ch to nhit
My thu mt phn ch ta nhit cn li chuyn sang dang nng lng c ch khc.
My thu c sut phn in v in tr trong. Hiu in th t vo my thu:
U r, I , ,
Lu y: dng in i vo cc dng my thu. Sut phn in ca ngun thu bng sut
in ng ca ngun khi pht ,
VN 2. NH LUT M VI ON MCH CH C IN TR THUN.
1. nh lut Ohm
Cng dng in qua on mch t l vi hiu in th hai u on mch v t l
nghch vi in tr
U
I
R
2. in tr ca vt dn
l
R
S

Vi in tr sut ca vt dn .m , l chiu di vt dn m , S tit din vt dn m 2
3. S ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit .
R R0 1 t t 0

Vi h s nhit in tr K 1 , R in tr nhit t, R0 in tr nhit t 0

4. Ghp in tr
a. Ghp ni tip:
in tr: R R1 R2 R3

Hiu in th: U U 1 U 2 U 3

Cng dng in: I I1 I 2 I 3

b. Ghp song song:

1 1 1 1
in tr:
R R1 R2 R3

Hiu in th: U U1 U 2 U 3

Cng dng in: I I 1 I 2 I 3

5. Mc in tr ph cho Vn k v Ampe k
a. Mc sn Rs cho Ampe k R s // R g

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Rg I Rg
I I g 1 1 n
Rs Ig Rs

I l dng vo Ampe k cn o, I g l dng qua in k

n l h s m rng thang o
b. Mc in tr ph cho Vn k R p ntR g

Ug Rp R
U I g R g R p R R p U g 1 U 1 p n
Rg
g R g U g Rg

U l hiu in th gia hai u vn k, U g hiu in th hai u in k

n l h s m rng thang o
VN 3. IN NNG CNG SUT IN NH LUT LENX
1. in nng tiu th, cng sut tiu th
a. in nng tiu th : A U .q U .I .t
A
b. Cng sut tiu th : P U .I
t
2. nh lut Jun Lenx
Q I 2 R.t J

Q 0,24.I 2 .R.t Calo

3. Hiu sut ngun
Pn U n Rn I .r
H
Png Rn r

4. Cng sut my thu in

U2
Vi my thu ch ta nhit : P U .I I 2 R
R
Vi my thu ch chuyn ha thnh dng nng lng khc (khi c mt phn ch ta nhit
do r , trong) : P , I r , I 2

,
Hiu sut my thu : H , 1kWh = 3 600 000 (J)
, r .I
VN 4. NH LUT M I VI TON MCH. CHO CC LOI ON MCH
1. nh lut Ohm cho ton mch
a. nh lut Ohm

I
RN r
Vi :
R N in tr mch ngoi.
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r in tr trong ca ngun.
sut in ng ngun
Sut in ng ngun bng tng gim in th trn ton mch
b. Quy c chiu tnh hiu in th.
Theo chiu tnh hiu in th :
Gp cc dng ca ngun th 0
Gp cc m ca ngun th 0
Chiu dng in cng chiu hiu in th th gim in th trn mch dng v
ngc li th m
2. nh lut Ohm cho cc on mch.
a. on mch cha ngun
on mch ch c ngun :
U AB A B
I
r
on mch c thm in tr R :
U AB
I
Rr A R B
b. on mch cha my thu
Ch c my thu :
U AB ,
I A B
r,
C thm in tr :
U AB ,
I A R B
R r,
3. nh lut Ohm cho on mch tng qut. (va cha ngun v my thu).

U AB , I R r r ,
U AB ,
I
R r r,
VN 5. PHNG PHP KICSP
1. Vct mt dng
Mt dng in i l i lng c tr s bng in lng chuyn qua mt n v din
tch t vung gc vi vn tc ca ht mang in trong mt n v thi gian.
I
i q 0 nv
S
I cng dng in qua tit din S ca dy dn.

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q0 in tch ht mang in

n mt ht mang in
v vn tc chuyn ng nh hng ca ht mang in
Vct dng = . .
2. Phng php Kic sp
a. Mt s khi nim.
im nt l im hi t ca mt nhm t nht ba dy dn ( ba nhnh).
Gia cc nt cnh nhau gi l cc nhnh (l mt on mch khng phn nhnh).
Mt mch (mch vng) l mt mch kn c tng tng tch ra t mch in ang
kho st.
b. nh lut Kic Sp.
nh lut 1: Tng i s cc cng dng in ti mi nt mng bng khng.
= 0.
Quy c:
Du + cho dng in i vo nt.
Du - cho dng in i ra khi nt.
nh lut 2:Trong mi mt mch (mch vng) tng i s cc sut in ng (v sut
phn in) bng tng i s cc gim in th trn mt mch .
= .
Quy c:
Chn mt chiu i f bt k dc theo mt mch
Nu chiu i ca f i t cc m n cc dng ca ngun th sut in ng
ly gi tr dng, v ngc li th m.
Nu chiu f cng chiu dng in trn mt mch th st p dng, v ngc
li th m.
3. Cc hng gii bi ton theo K S (xem phn II)

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PHN TH HAI
PHNG PHP V BI TP

DNG 1. NH LUT M CHO ON MCH CHA IN TR THUN

1.1. PHNG PHP (xem vn 2)
1.2. V D
1.2.1. V d 1
Cho mch in nh hnh v: bit = 2, = 6, = 3 . Hiu in th hai u
mch U = 8V. Xc nh in tr ca on mch v cng dng in qua mi in tr.

HD
S mch in mc nh sau: [ ( // )].
. .
V // nn = = = 2.
V nn = + = 2 + 2 = 4.
Cng dng in qua mch: = = = 2 .
Cng dng in qua cc in tr:
Vi nn ta c = = =2 .
Mt khc // nn = = = . =4 .
Vy: = = = v = =
1.2.2. V d 2
Cho mch in nh hnh v: bit = 2, = 4, = 3 . Hiu in th hai u
mch U = 4V. Xc nh in tr ca on mch v cng dng in qua mi in tr.

HD
S mch in mc nh sau: [( )// ].
V nn = + = 2 + 4 = 6.
. 3.6
V // nn = 3+ 12 = 3+6 = 2.
3 12
Cng dng in qua mch: = = =2 .
Cng dng in qua cc in tr:
V // nn = = =4
V nn ta c = = = = . v = =
1.2.3. V d 3: Cho mch in nh hnh v, bit = = 3, = 2, = 1, =
1, = 1 .
Tnh
Tnh , , , , , ,
Ni hai im D v Evi mt t in = 2 tnh in tch ca t

D
A B
C
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HD
Hiu in th hai u on mch .
S mch in: ( )//( )
Ta c:
= + = 6
= + = 3
.
= = 2. = + = 6
Vy hiu in th = . = 18 .
Hiu in th trn mi in tr:
Ta c

1.2.4. V d 4
1.3. BI TP
1.3.1. Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh v (a), hy xc nh in tr tng ng ca mch
v cng dng in qua cc in tr. Bit = 2, = 4, = 6, =
1,6 hiu in th hai u mch U = 12V.

Hnh a Hnh b K

1.3.2. Bi 2: Cho mch in nh hnh v (b), hy xc nh in tr tng ng ca mch

v cng dng in qua cc in tr. Bit = = = = 2 hiu in th
hai u mch U = 12V. Trong hai trng hp K m v ng.
DNG 2. MCH CU WHEAT STONE
2.1. Phng php
2.1.1. S mch in
M
A B

2.1.2. Mch cu cn bng. N

iu kin cn bng: . = . .
H qu: = 0; =0
S mch in: ( )//( . )

M
A B

( )( )
in tr on mch: =
2.1.3. Mch cu khng cn bng.
iu kin khng cn bng: . . .
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H qu: 0; 0.
Xc nh in tr ca mch bng hai phng php:
Phng php 1
Dng nh lut Kic Sp lp phng trnh v cng dng in.
Dng nh lut m chuyn cc phng trnh cng v phng trnh
in th , , .
Chn gc in th ti B =0
S dng nh l Keni
Bin mch tam gic thnh mch sao.
M

A
B

A
B

S mch in: [( )//( )]

H thc bin i:
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +

Bin mch sao thnh tam gic.

A A

B C
B
C

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H thc bin i:
.
= + +
.
= + +
.
= + +
2.2. V d
2.2.1. V d 1
Cho mch in nh hnh v, tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch. Bit:
a/ = 5, = 15, = 12, = 36, = 60.
b/ = 10, = 15, = 20, = 17,5, = 25.
M
A B

HD N
a/ mch cu c: . = . = 180 do mch cu cn bng khng c dng
in qua mch in tr thnh: ( )//( . ).
M
A B

N
( )( )
in tr on mch: = = 12,75
b/ mch cu khng cn bng v . . nn ta s dng nh l Keni tnh
in tr tng ng ca mch.
Bng cch chuyn tam gic , , thnh mch sao , , . Ta c:
= = 3
= = 5 M
= =7,5
A
B

N
S mch in: [( )//( )]
Vi: = + = 25
V: = + = 25
.
Mt khc // = = 12,5
Vy in tr tng ng ca mch: = + = 15,5
2.3. Bi tp

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2.3.1. Cho 12 in tr c ghp nh hnh v, tnh in tr tng ng c on mch.

Bit: = = = = 1; = = = = = 2; =
3; = 4; = 6.

2.3.2. Cho mch in nh hnh v, bit: = = 1; = = 2; = 3.

A B

Mch cu trn c cn bng khng

Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch trong ba trng hp sau:
Bin i mch tam gic , , thnh mch sao.
Bin i mch tam gic , , thnh mch sao.
Bin i mch sao , , thnh mch tam gic
DNG 3. PHNG PHP NH LUT M TNG QUT
3.1. PHNG PHP
3.1.1. nh lut m cho on mch tng qut
Hiu in th trn on mch AB: = . (1)
. l gim in th trn on mch AB.
sut in ng ca ngun trn mch.
hiu in th hai u on mch AB, =
3.1.2. nh lut m cho mch kn (ton mch)
= = ( + ) (2)
3.1.3. Lu
Vi nh lut (1) ch p dng cho on mch m trn gi tr I ti mi im
l nh nhau.
Quy c (theo chiu tnh hiu in th)
Nu gp cc dng ca ngun th > 0 , v ngc li th < 0.
Nu chiu dng in cng chiu tnh hiu in th th gim in th
trn mch dng, v ngc l thi m
3.2. V D
3.2.1. Cho mch in nh hnh v. Bit: = 7,8 , = 0,4; = = = 3, =
6.
M

A B
N

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Tnh .
Ni MN bng dy dn c in tr khng ng k tnh cng dng in chy
qua dy MN v chiu.
HD
Hiu in th
Cch 1
in tr mch ngoi, ta c s mch ( )//( . ).
( )( )
= = 3,6
Cng dng in qua mch kn: = = 1,95
Mch ngoi c hai nhnh song song nn: = = = . = 7,02
Cng dng in qua cc in tr:
: = = = 1,17 .
: = = = 0,78 .
Hiu in th gia hai im MN:
= + = . + . = 1,17 .
Cch 2
Tnh hiu in th trn cc nhnh:
Nhnh , , : = . = 7,8 0,4 (1)
Nhnh , , , : = ( + ) = 6. (2)
Nhnh , , , : = ( + ) = 9. (3)
Ti im A: = + (4)
T 2 v 3 ta c: = thay vo phng trnh 4 =
thay vo 1 ta c = 7,8 (5)
t 3 v 5 suy ra = 1,78 ; = , 78 .
Vy hiu in th gia hai im MN:
= + = . + . = 1,17 .
Cng dng in qua MN
Khi ta ni 2 im MN bng mt dy dn c in tr khng ng k mch in c
mc li theo s sau: ( // ) ( // ).

A B
N

,
in tr mch ngoi:
. .
= + = 3,5.
Cng dng in qua mch chnh: = =2 .
V MN ni bng dy dn c in tr khng ng k nn ta c th chp hai im ny
li vi nhau, khi : = + .
Trn on mch AM c // = = = = . =3
Vy = = 1 ; = = 1 .
Trn on mch MB c // = = = = . =4

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Vy = = ; = =
Ta thy rng trn nhnh AMB dng in > chng t trn dy MN c dng in,
chiu i t N n M:
Ta c = + = =
3.2.2. Mt in tr = 4 c ni vo ngun in c sut in ng = 1,5 to
thnh mt mch in kn. Cng sut ta nhit trn in tr R l 0,36W.
Tnh hiu in th gia hai u in tr R.
Tnh in tr trong ca ngun in.

HD
Hiu in th gia hai u in tr:
Cng dng in qua bng n
Ta c = . = = 0,3 .
Vy hiu in th hai u R: = . = 1,2 .
in tr trong ca ngun in:
Theo nh lut m cho ton mch: = = = 1

3.2.3. Mt bnh c quy c sut in ng v in tr trong = 1. np in cho

bnh c quy ta dng mt ngun in c hiu in th U = 18V, mc cng vi mt bin
tr R hiu chnh cng dng in.
Khi = 2, I = 2A tm .
Sau khi c quy c np y ni hai cc ca ngun vi in tr = 3 to
thnh mch kn. Tnh d gim din th trn c quy v hiu in th gia hai cc
c quy.
HD
S np in cho bnh c quy: , R

Ta c: = + ( + ) = ( + ) = 12 .
gim in th trn c quy v hiu in th gia hai cc khi ni vi thnh mch
kn.
Theo nh lut m ta c: = =3
gim in th trn c quy: . = 3
Hiu in th gia hai cc ca c quy: = =9

3.2.4. Cho mch in nh hnh v. bit = 12 , = 0,1, = = 2, = 4,

= 4,4.
Tnh in tr mch ngoi
Tnh cng dng in qua mch kn, v hiu in th .
Tnh cng dng in qua cc in tr v .
,
D

A
B
C
HD
a/ in tr mch ngoi:
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S mch ngoi: ( //( ))

Ta c: = + = 6
= = 1,5. = + = 5,9
b/ Cng dng in qua mch kn: = =2 .
Hiu in th gia hai im AB: = . = . =3 .
c/ cng dng in qua mi in tr:
ta c = = =2 .
Mt khc: // = = =3
Vy: = = 1,5 ; = = = 0,5
Hiu in th gia hai im CD: = + = + = 10,8

3.2.5. Cho mch in nh hnh v: bit = 6 , = 0,5, = 12, = 8, = 1,

= 4. Bit cng dng in qua l 0,24A.
Tnh v I.
`Tnh .
,
I

A
HD tng t bi trn
C B
= 4,8 , = 1,2 , = 0,5.
3.2.6. Cho mch in nh hnh v, bit = = 6 , = = 2, = = 4. Vn
k ch 7,5V. tnh hiu in th gia hai im AB v in tr R.
,
N
HD s dng phng php tng t
Bi trn
p s: V
,
A B
M
I
= = = 0,75 ; = 1,5 ; = 1.

3.2.7. Cho mch in nh hnh v: Bit = 4 , = 0,2, =3 , = 0,2, =

0,4. Tnh:
Hiu in th gia hai im AB
Tnh cng i dng in qua cc nhnh , ,
A
,

R
,

HD B
1, Gi s chn chiu dng in chy qua mch nh hnh v:
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Theo inh lut ppm cho oan mch tng qut:

on mch : = . = (1)

on mch : = . = (2)

on mch ARB: = . = (3)

Mt khc ti A ta c: = + (4)

Thay 1, 2, 3 vo 4 ta c: = = 2,8 .
2, thay gi tr vo cc biu thc 1, 2, 3 ta c c = 7 , = 6 , =1 ,
cc gi tr , , u dng chng t chiu dng in m ta chn l ng.

3.2.8. V d 2
Cho mch in nh hnh v: bit = 16 , = 2, =5 , = 1, =
4, = 3. Cc Ampek c in tr khng ng k. ch s 0, ch = 1 .
Tnh

I ,

A C B

D
HD
p dng nh lut m i vi ton mch:
V ch s 0 nn khng c dng in qua , in th ti hai im C v D bng
nhau.
Mch : = ( + ) = = 5 v =0
Mch : = =3 .
Hiu in th gia hai im CB:
Mch CDB: = + =5+3=8
Mch CB: = = =2
Cng dng in qua ngun l = + = 1 + 2 = 3
Mt khc ti im C ta c: = + = =2
Ti A ta c: = + = = 3 2 = 1
on mch : = . = 16 3.2 = 10
Mt khc: = + = = 10 8 = 2
Vy in tr : = = = 1.
V = + = = 10 3 = 7 .
Vy in tr :: = = = 7
DNG 4. PHNG PHP KIC SP
4.1. Phng php
4.1.1. B1
Chn chiu dng in (gi s).
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Gi thit cc cc ca ngun nu cha bit.

4.1.2. B2
Nu c n i lng cn tm cn lp n phng trnh trn nh lut KS
Mch c m nt mng
Lp m 1 phng trnh c lp (v dng in) L1.
=0
Lp n m + 1 phng trnh da trn L2.
=
Lu chng ta phi chn sao cho mi mch mi phi c t nht mt on mch
khng phn nhnh cha tham gia cc mt mng mi, lp phng trnh cho
mt mng. cn chn chiu i f mt cch ty cho mt mng.
Du ca ngun dng khi chiu i t cc m sang cc dng trng vi
chiu f chn v ngc li th m.
4.1.3. B3
Gii h phng trnh
4.1.4. B4
Bin lun
Nu kt qu dng in l dng th chiu ta chn l ng, nu m th ta
chn ngc li
Nu sut in ng tnh c l dng th gt v cc ngun in l
ng,nu m chon ngc li.

4.2. V d 1: cho mch in nh s bit = 8 , = 5 , = 2, = 84, = 3

in tr cc ngun khng ng k. Hy xc nh sut in ng ca ngun in v
cch mc cc cc ca n vo hai im a, b nh hnh v. dng in = 1 c chiu i ti
3. 1 6 5 1 6 5

2 3 4 2 3 4
HD
Bi ton ny chng ta c ba n s , , cha bit gi tr, v chiu
Gi s , c chiu nh hnh v v ngui in c cc dng mc vo nh
hnh v. Chn chiu dng trn cc mt mng nh nhnh v (ngc chiu kim ng h)
Mch in c 2 nt mng l 3 v 6, theo nh lut I Kic Sp ti 3 ta c phng
trnh:
= + + = 1 (1)
S phng trnh cn li l n m +1 = 2 (mt mng). Theo nh lut II KS
Mt mng 12361 ( , , , ) : =
8 = 2 1.4 2. = 4 (2)
Mt mng 34563: : + = +
5 + = 3 + 1.4 3. = 1 (3)
T 2 v 3 ta c: 2. 3. = 3 (4)
T 3 v 4 ta c: 2(1 ) 3. = 3 2 2. 3. = 3 5 = 1.
= 0,2 .
Thay vo 1 v 2 ta c = 1,2 ; = 1,6 .
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Ti liu BD HSG khi 11 GV: Nguyn Tt Thnh
 Trng THPT Nguyn Bnh Khim

Ta thy hai gi tr m nn phi o cc ca ngun v o chiu dng in

so vi chiu m ta chn.
4.3. h
DNG 5. PHNG PHP IN TH NT
5.1. Phng php
5.1.1. Lp phng trnh
Lp cc phng trnh v nt (nh L kic sp).
Lp phng trnh cho cc on mch
5.1.2. Lu :
Cc phng trnh cho cc on mch chnh l biu thc nh lut m tng qut
vit cho cc on mch hkng phn nhnh gia cc nt.
Ta quan tm ch yu n hiu in th gia cc nt, nn ta c th chn ti mt
nt bt k lm mc in th (ngha l in th ti nt bng khng).
Phng php ny ch yu s dng cho cc mch cha t nt
5.2. V d 1 cho mch in nh hnh v: bit = 60 , = 0, = 30 , = 0, = =
= 2. Tnh cng dng in qua cc nhnh.
,

HD ,
Gi s chn chiu dng in nh hnh v. A B
Xt ti nt A: = + (1)
Theo inh lut m tng qut cho tng on mch
Ta c:
on mch , , , : = = 60 2 = (2)
on mch , , , : = = 30 2 = (3)
on mch , , : = =2 = (4)
Thay 2, 3, 4 vo 1 ta c: = + = 60 + 30
3 = 90 = 30 .

5.3. g
DNG 6. PHNG PHP NGUN TNG NG
DNG 7. PHNG PHP TNH IN TR CA MCH IN V HN
DNG 8. PHNG PHP TNH MCH IN GN THM T
DNG 9.

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Ti liu BD HSG khi 11 GV: Nguyn Tt Thnh