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ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
How are metal alloys ____________ and what are their
common applications ?
What are some of the common ____________ techniques
for _________?
What heat treatment procedures are used to improve the
mechanical properties of both __________________ alloys?
Chapter 11 - 1
_______
Steels __________
Cast Irons
_________
<1.4wt%C 3-4.5 wt%C
___________
800 727C Fe3C
Steels
Low Alloy High Alloy
low carbon Med carbon high carbon
<0.25 wt% C 0.25-0.6 wt% C 0.6-1.4 wt% C
heat
Name plain HSLA plain plain tool stainless
treatable
Cr,V Cr, Ni Cr, V,
Additions none none none Cr, Ni, Mo
Ni, Mo Mo Mo, W
Example 1010 4310 1040 43 40 1095 4190 304, 409
Hardenability 0 + + ++ ++ +++ varies
TS - 0 + ++ + ++ varies
EL + + 0 - - -- ++
Uses auto bridges crank pistons wear drills high T
struc. towers shafts gears applic. saws applic.
sheet press. bolts wear dies turbines
vessels hammers applic. furnaces
blades Very corros.
resistant
increasing strength, cost, decreasing ductility
Based on data provided in Tables 11.1(b), 11.2(b), 11.3, and 11.4, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Chapter 11 - 3
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BLAST FURNACE
heat generation
gas C + O2
CO2
refractory
vessel reduction of iron ore to metal
layers of ______ CO2 + C
2CO
and __________ _______________________
air purification
slag
Molten iron CaCO3
CaO+CO2
CaO + SiO2 + Al2O3
slag
Chapter 11 - 4
Ferrous Alloys
Iron-based alloys
Steels
Cast Irons
Cast Irons
Ferrous alloys with > ____________
more _________________________
Low melting relatively easy to cast
Generally brittle
Chapter 11 - 6
2
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600
Adapted from Fig. 11.2,
+ Graphite
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. 400
[Fig. 11.2 adapted from 0 1 2 3 4 90 100
Binary Alloy Phase (Fe) C, wt% C
Diagrams, 2nd ed.,
Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-
in-Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1990.]
Chapter 11 - 7
________ iron
add Mg and/or Ce
graphite as ________ not flakes
matrix often pearlite stronger
but less ductile
Chapter 11 - 8
__________ iron
heat treat white iron at 800-900C
graphite in __________
reasonably strong and ductile
Chapter 11 - 9
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Chapter 11 - 10
Chapter 11 - 11
Chapter 11 - 12
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Nonferrous Alloys
Cu Alloys Al Alloys
Brass: Zn is subst. impurity -low : 2.7 g/cm3
(costume jewelry, coins, -Cu, Mg, Si, Mn, Zn additions
corrosion resistant) -solid sol. or precip.
Bronze : Sn, Al, Si, Ni are strengthened (struct.
subst. impurities aircraft parts
(bushings, landing & packaging)
gear) NonFerrous Mg Alloys
Cu-Be : -very low :
1.7g/cm3
precip. hardened Alloys -ignites easily
for strength -aircraft, missiles
Ti Alloys
-relatively low : 4.5 g/cm3 Refractory metals
-high melting Ts
vs 7.9 for steel Noble metals -Nb, Mo, W, Ta
-reactive at high Ts -Ag, Au, Pt
-space applic. -oxid./corr. resistant
Based on discussion and data provided in Section 11.3, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
Chapter 11 - 13
Metal Fabrication
How do we fabricate metals?
___________ - hammer (forged)
Cast molten metal into mold
___________________
Rough stock formed to final shape
Chapter 11 - 14
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Chapter 11 - 16
Chapter 11 - 17
Chapter 11 - 18
6
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molten
solidified
Chapter 11 - 19
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a) _____________ A
b) _____________ P
c) Tempering
(Tempered
Martensite) A
B
10
0%
50
0% %
Fig. 10.25,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
b) a)
c)
Chapter 11 - 22
Hardenability -- Steels
__________ measure of the ability to form martensite
Jominy end quench test used to measure ____________.
Adapted from Fig. 11.11,
flat ground Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
specimen (Fig. 11.11 adapted from
A.G. Guy, Essentials of
(heated to Materials Science,
phase field) Rockwell C McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York,
24C water hardness tests 1978.)
60
40
0 M(finish)
ar P ite
M
M ens
lite ea +
ar
ar ite
t
t
rli Pe
te ar
Chapter 11 - 24
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Hardness, HRC
five alloys each with, 100
80 %M
C = ______________ 4340
50
40 4140
10
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 11.14 adapted from
4
5140
0
figure furnished courtesy Republic Steel 20
Corporation.) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance from quenched end (mm)
Chapter 11 - 26
Precipitation Hardening
Particles impede ___________ motion.
Ex: Al-Cu system 700
T(C) L CuAl2
Procedure: 600
--Pt A: _______________
+L
+L
A
(get solid solution) 500
--Pt B: _______ to room temp. +
400 C
(retain solid solution)
--Pt C: ________ to nucleate 300
small __________ within (Al) 0 B 10 20 30 40 50 wt% Cu
phase. composition range
available for precipitation hardening
Other alloys that precipitation
Adapted from Fig. 11.24, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
harden: Temp. (Fig. 11.24 adapted from J.L. Murray, International
Pt A (soln heat treat) Metals Review 30, p.5, 1985.)
Cu-Be
Cu-Sn
Mg-Al Pt C (precipitate )
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pre ny s
so .
era ita ge
lid uil
lut
ov recip r lar
ge tes
so n-eq
30
ma
tensile strength (MPa)
%EL (2 in sample)
d
e
no
400
few
20
p
300
149C 10
200 204C
149
C
204C
100 0
1min 1h 1day 1mo 1yr 1min 1h 1day 1mo 1yr
precipitation heat treat time precipitation heat treat time
Adapted from Fig. 11.27, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 11.27 adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker (Managing Chapter 11 - 28
Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1979. p. 41.)
Summary
Chapter 11 - 29
10