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Maxwells third and fourth equations for static field will also
be introduced.
S D dS Q S B dS 0
divD D V divB B 0
2
(2) electric field strength E magnetic field strength H
l E dl 0
l H dl I S J dS
curl E E 0 curl H H J
3
4.1 Laws of magnetic force
The laws of magnetic force are based on a series of
experiments first conducted by Oersted in Denmark and later
extended by Ampere and his colleagues Biot and Savart in
France.
In SI units, k = 0/4;
0 = permeability of free space = 4 10-7 H/m;
and the force is in newtons (N).
It can be proved that F12 F21 despite the asymmetry in the
circuits.
Introducing a field concept, we rewrite (4.1)
5
0
( I 2 dl 2 ) ( I 1 dl 1 a r )
F 21
4 2 1 r2 (4.1)
as (first integrate on circuit 1, then on circuit 2)
0
I 2 dl 2
I 1 dl 1 a r
F21
2
4
1 r2
(4.2)
6
Also define the magnetic induction (or magnetic flux density)
B as
B 0 H Weber/meter2 (Wb/m2) or Tesla (T) (4.4)
Then
F21 2
I 2 dl 2 B1 (Force on circuit 2 due to field B1)
7
The motor rule: if we put a current carrying wire in a
magnetic field, we see that there is a force: F ILB
If the wire is at an angle to the field, the relationship takes this into
account by changing to: F ILB sin
8
Application: d.c. electric motor
9
Some typical examples of magnetic field
10
4.1.2 Biot-Savart law
For the current element I dl shown in Fig. 4.2, the magnetic
field intensity at the field point P is
I dl ar
dH
4r 2 (4.6)
Eqn. (4.6) is the differential form of (4.3) and is known as
Biot-Savart law.
ar is from the current element to point P.
dH is normal to the surface formed by I dl and ar .
a
I 2 d a z ar
I dl ar sin I d a z ar
dH
4r 2
a
2
4a
4
sin
a z ar a z a y sin a z cos a sin ( a : enter this paper)
13
dH
I d a sin
4a
I
( sin )d a
4a
H
I I I
( sin )d a cos E a cos E a
E
/ 2 4a 4a
H
4a (4.7)
Note that H is entering the y-z plane normally at P.
For more general situation:
P
I H
14
H cos B cos A a
I I
( sin )d a
B
A 4a 4a
H
I
cos B cos A a
4a
15
B = 0, A = /2, hence the magnetic field strength at point P
is
I I I
H (cos B cos A )a (cos 0 cos 90 )a a
4a 4a 4a
I
H
4a
a
(4.7a)
(b) Infinite wire (Fig. 4.4b)
I
H
2a
a
(4.7b)
17
4.1.4 Force between parallel infinite wires
Fig. 4.5 shows two infinitely long parallel wires 1 and 2
separated by distance a.
The currents I1 and I2 in the wires are steady and in the same
direction.
We wish to find the force acting between the two wires.
l2 2a 2a a
Example 4-1
Use Amperes circuital law to determine the field due to an
infinitely long wire carrying a steady current I.
Solution:
20
Refer to Fig. 4.6. The wire is placed in the z-direction
(perpendicular to plane of paper) and carries a steady current
I. We wish to determine the magnetic field at a distance a
from the wire.
22
Fig. 4.7 Magnetic field due to a current sheet
If the plate is infinitely wide, H y 0 , H z 0 , so only H x
exists.
Applying Amperes circuital law to the rectangular loop
1234:
H12l H 23 d H 34l H 41d J S l
H xl H z d H xl H z d J S l
d
2 H xl 2 H z d J S l 2H x 2H z JS If l, 2H x J S
l
23
JS
Hx
2
In vector notation:
JS 1 1 1
H a x J S a y a z J S an H J S an
2 2 2 2 (4.10)
Here an is defined as an outward normal unit vector to the
current sheet.
24
4.1.7 Magnetic field in a long solenoid
H dl I ,
NI
H L NI , H
l L
25
4.2 Maxwells third equation: curl H
The current in Amperes circuital law can be expressed by
evaluating the integral of current density, i.e.
H dl I J dS
l S (4.11)
Eqn. (4.11) is Maxwells third equation in integral form for
static fields.
According to Stokes theorem, H dl ( H ) d S
l S
curl H H J (4.12)
Eqn. (4.12) is Maxwells third equation in differential form
for static fields.
Because l H dl 0, curl H 0 ,
hence the magnetic field is non-conservative.
26
Another method to deduce the differential form**
Fig. 4.8 shows a rectangular loop 1234 parallel to the x-y
plane. The current density J has the component Jx, Jy and Jz.
First consider the component Jz (normal to the plane 1234).
Assume that at centre of the loop the magnetic field is
H H x ax H y a y H z az
1 H y 1 H x 1 H y 1 H x
=
H y
2 x
x y H x
2 y
y x H y
2 x
x y H x
2 y
y x
H y H x
xy
= x y
By definition,
curl H lim
n
H dl a
S
n
lim H dl a
S 0
H y H x
curl H a z
S x y
z z
S 0
H y H x
curl H a z J z a z
x y
z
ax ay az
curl H J x ax J y a y J z az
x y z
Hx Hy Hz
or
curl H H J (4.12)
29
4.3 Maxwells fourth equation: div B
Refer to Fig. 4.9, the magnetic flux density B passes
through an open surface S.
The magnetic flux is defined as
B dS
S (Wb) (4.13)
By divergence theorem,
S
B dS B d ( vol ) 0
vol
hence,
div B B 0 (4.15)
Eqn. (4.15) is Maxwells fourth equation in differential form.
31
4.4 Summary of Maxwells equations for static fields
(2) curl E E 0 E l
dl 0
(3) curl H H J H
l
dl I JS
dS
(4) div B B 0 S
B dS 0
32