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Unit 4 Magnetic Field (Magnetostatic Field)

Charge electric field


Moving charge magnetic field
Moving charge in conductors current magnetic field

A magnetic field is produced by


moving charges;
flow of electric current (which is equivalent to moving charges);
(in conductors)
permanent magnets.

Inthis unit, you will learn:


the laws of magnetic force;
the Biot-Savart law;
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the Amperes circuital law.

Maxwells third and fourth equations for static field will also
be introduced.

Compare between electric field and magnetic field


Electric field Magnetic field
(1)electric flux density D magnetic flux density B


S D dS Q S B dS 0

divD D V divB B 0

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(2) electric field strength E magnetic field strength H


l E dl 0


l H dl I S J dS

curl E E 0 curl H H J

Potential is independent of path taken. Potential is dependent of path taken.


It is a conservative field. It is not a conservative field.
(3) D E B H
: permittivity () : permeability ()

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4.1 Laws of magnetic force
The laws of magnetic force are based on a series of
experiments first conducted by Oersted in Denmark and later
extended by Ampere and his colleagues Biot and Savart in
France.

4.1.1 Magnetic force


Oersteds and Amperes experiments showed that the
mechanical force between two circuits 1 and 2 is given by
F21 k
( I 2 dl 2 ) ( I 1 dl1 a r )
2 1 (double integral)
r2 (4.1)
where k is a proportional constant. This is illustrated in Fig.
4.1.
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Fig. 4.1 Mechanical force between two circuits

In SI units, k = 0/4;
0 = permeability of free space = 4 10-7 H/m;
and the force is in newtons (N).
It can be proved that F12 F21 despite the asymmetry in the
circuits.
Introducing a field concept, we rewrite (4.1)

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0

( I 2 dl 2 ) ( I 1 dl 1 a r )
F 21
4 2 1 r2 (4.1)
as (first integrate on circuit 1, then on circuit 2)
0
I 2 dl 2
I 1 dl 1 a r
F21
2
4
1 r2
(4.2)

Now we define the magnetic field intensity (or magnetic


field strength) H at element 2 due to the whole of circuit 1:

I 1 dl 1 a r
H
1 4 r 2 (A/m) (4.3)

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Also define the magnetic induction (or magnetic flux density)
B as
B 0 H Weber/meter2 (Wb/m2) or Tesla (T) (4.4)
Then
F21 2
I 2 dl 2 B1 (Force on circuit 2 due to field B1)

Omitting the subscripts, we have the general equation:


F I
l
dl B (4.5)

If I and B are constant: F ILB

A simple example of magnetic force

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The motor rule: if we put a current carrying wire in a
magnetic field, we see that there is a force: F ILB

This relationship holds true as long as the current is at 90o to the


magnetic field.

If the wire is at an angle to the field, the relationship takes this into
account by changing to: F ILB sin

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Application: d.c. electric motor

Magnetic field is taken as the medium () for energy


conversion between electrical system and mechanical system.

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Some typical examples of magnetic field

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4.1.2 Biot-Savart law
For the current element I dl shown in Fig. 4.2, the magnetic
field intensity at the field point P is
I dl ar
dH
4r 2 (4.6)
Eqn. (4.6) is the differential form of (4.3) and is known as
Biot-Savart law.
ar is from the current element to point P.
dH is normal to the surface formed by I dl and ar .

Fig. 4.2 Magnetic field due to current-carrying filament


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4.1.3 Magnetic field due to a straight conductor
In Fig. 4.3, the straight conductor OE is along the z-axis and
carrying a steady current I.
We wish to determine the magnetic field at point P with
distance a from the end of the wire.

Fig. 4.3 Magnetic field due to straight conductor


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Applying the Biot-Savart law,
I dl ar
dH
4r 2 . From Fig. 4.3,
a a
l ; r
tan sin
cos
dl ad az
sin
sin 2 cos 2 a
a
d a d a z
sin sin
2 z 2


a
I 2 d a z ar
I dl ar sin I d a z ar
dH
4r 2
a
2
4a
4


sin
a z ar a z a y sin a z cos a sin ( a : enter this paper)

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dH

I d a sin
4a
I
( sin )d a
4a
H
I I I
( sin )d a cos E a cos E a
E

/ 2 4a 4a
H
4a (4.7)
Note that H is entering the y-z plane normally at P.
For more general situation:

P
I H

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H cos B cos A a
I I
( sin )d a
B

A 4a 4a
H
I
cos B cos A a
4a

Consider the following special cases:

(a) Semi-infinite wire (Fig. 4.4a)

Fig. 4.4a Semi-infinite wire carrying current

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B = 0, A = /2, hence the magnetic field strength at point P
is
I I I
H (cos B cos A )a (cos 0 cos 90 )a a
4a 4a 4a
I
H
4a
a
(4.7a)
(b) Infinite wire (Fig. 4.4b)

Fig. 4.4b Magnetic field due to infinite wire carrying current

B = 0, A = . The magnetic field strength at point P is:


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I I I
H (cos B cos A )a (cos 0 cos180 )a a
4a 4a 2a

I
H
2a
a
(4.7b)

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4.1.4 Force between parallel infinite wires
Fig. 4.5 shows two infinitely long parallel wires 1 and 2
separated by distance a.
The currents I1 and I2 in the wires are steady and in the same
direction.
We wish to find the force acting between the two wires.

Fig. 4.5 Force between parallel wires carrying current


Consider the magnetic field at a point P on wire 2 due to
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current I1 in wire 1.
I1 0 I1
From (4.7b), H
, a B 0 H a
2a 2a
From (4.5), force on l2 of wire 2 is
0 I1 0 I1 I 2 l 2 0 I1I 2l2
F I 2 dl2 B1 I 2l2 a z a (4.8)( a ) , F ( a )
l 2a 2a 2a
Note that the force between two parallel wires is attractive if
they carry currents in the same direction.
From (4.8), the force per unit length of wire 2 is
F 0 I1 I 2 4 10 7 I1 I 2 I1 I 2
(a ) (a ) 2 10 ( a )
(4.8a)
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l2 2a 2a a

Eqn. (4.8a) is used for the definition of the ampere: currents


of 1 A in conductors 1 m apart produce a force of 210-7 N
per metre of wire.
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4.1.5 Amperes circuital law
Amperes circuital law states that:
The line integral of H around any closed loop l is equal
to the total current enclosed, i.e.
H
l
dl I (4.9)
Note that Amperes circuital law is valid for loop of any
shape.

Example 4-1
Use Amperes circuital law to determine the field due to an
infinitely long wire carrying a steady current I.
Solution:

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Refer to Fig. 4.6. The wire is placed in the z-direction
(perpendicular to plane of paper) and carries a steady current
I. We wish to determine the magnetic field at a distance a
from the wire.

Fig. 4.6 Application of Amperes circuital law

From symmetry, the magnetic field strength paths are circles


centred on the wire. Consider a circular path of radius a. The
total current enclosed is I.
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Applying Amperes circuital law,
H
l
dl I
We also notice that H is everywhere parallel to dl ,
therefore
I
H (2a ) I H
2a

4.1.6 Magnetic field near a current sheet


Refer to Fig. 4.7. Let the current sheet be in the z=0 plane
and the surface current density J S J S a y A/m. We wish to
find the magnetic field strength in the space above and below
the sheet.

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Fig. 4.7 Magnetic field due to a current sheet
If the plate is infinitely wide, H y 0 , H z 0 , so only H x
exists.
Applying Amperes circuital law to the rectangular loop
1234:
H12l H 23 d H 34l H 41d J S l
H xl H z d H xl H z d J S l
d
2 H xl 2 H z d J S l 2H x 2H z JS If l, 2H x J S
l
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JS
Hx
2
In vector notation:
JS 1 1 1
H a x J S a y a z J S an H J S an
2 2 2 2 (4.10)
Here an is defined as an outward normal unit vector to the
current sheet.

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4.1.7 Magnetic field in a long solenoid

It has N turns. Suppose H is uniform inside the solenoid


and is equal to zero outside the solenoid.

H dl I ,
NI
H L NI , H
l L

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4.2 Maxwells third equation: curl H
The current in Amperes circuital law can be expressed by
evaluating the integral of current density, i.e.
H dl I J dS
l S (4.11)
Eqn. (4.11) is Maxwells third equation in integral form for
static fields.
According to Stokes theorem, H dl ( H ) d S
l S

curl H H J (4.12)
Eqn. (4.12) is Maxwells third equation in differential form
for static fields.
Because l H dl 0, curl H 0 ,
hence the magnetic field is non-conservative.
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Another method to deduce the differential form**
Fig. 4.8 shows a rectangular loop 1234 parallel to the x-y
plane. The current density J has the component Jx, Jy and Jz.
First consider the component Jz (normal to the plane 1234).
Assume that at centre of the loop the magnetic field is
H H x ax H y a y H z az

Fig. 4.8 Illustrating the curl of a magnetic field


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The line integral of H around the loop is:
H dl H dl H dl H dl H dl
l 12 23 34 41

1 H y 1 H x 1 H y 1 H x
=
H y
2 x
x y H x
2 y
y x H y
2 x
x y H x
2 y
y x

H y H x
xy
= x y
By definition,
curl H lim
n
H dl a
S
n

lim H dl a
S 0

H y H x
curl H a z
S x y
z z
S 0

Applying Amperes circuital law,


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H dl I J xy

z
l

H y H x
curl H a z J z a z
x y
z

Considering all three directions:


H y H x H z H y H x H z
curl H az ax a y J x ax J y a y J z az
x y y z z x

ax ay az

curl H J x ax J y a y J z az
x y z
Hx Hy Hz
or
curl H H J (4.12)

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4.3 Maxwells fourth equation: div B
Refer to Fig. 4.9, the magnetic flux density B passes
through an open surface S.
The magnetic flux is defined as
B dS
S (Wb) (4.13)

Fig. 4.9 Illustrating divergence of flux density

Since is continuous and forms a closed loop, then for a


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closed surface S,
B dS 0 (4.14)
S

Eqn. (4.14) is Maxwells fourth equation in integral form.

By divergence theorem,
S
B dS B d ( vol ) 0
vol

hence,
div B B 0 (4.15)
Eqn. (4.15) is Maxwells fourth equation in differential form.

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4.4 Summary of Maxwells equations for static fields

Differential (point) Integral form


form
(1) div D D V D dS
S
Q
vol
V d ( vol )

(2) curl E E 0 E l
dl 0

(3) curl H H J H
l
dl I JS
dS

(4) div B B 0 S
B dS 0

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