february 2012 Vol. 34 No.

2
INFRASTRUCTURE

22 Ensuring
Electrical
Isolation in
Elevated Rail
 In the Specs
On the Job
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February 2012 Vol. 34 No. 2

INFRASTRUCTURE

22 Ensuring Electrical Isolation in Elevated Rail

GFRP reinforcing bars tie rail plinths and pedestals to Miami
Metrorail guideway girders
by Doug Gremel

26 Resolving Sweating in Open Industrial Concrete

Floor Slabs
Problems may be linked to using floors as a casting surface
by Arthur W. McKinney

24 31 Advancing the Technology of Bridge Deck Overlays

by Ed McLean

ALSO FEATURING

19 Notable Concrete in Dallas

Projects in and around the venue for the Spring Convention

35 Strut-and-Tie Models for Dapped-End Beams

Proposed model is consistent with observations of test beams
by Alan H. Mattock

41 Design Rules for Steel-Concrete Composite Columns:

1910 to 1963
by Richard W. Furlong

48 Detailing Corner
Reinforcing Bar Details for Mat Foundations

63 ASCC Position Statement

Topping Slabs over Prestressed Members

70 Concrete Q & A
Accelerated Concrete Strength Testing

52

Concrete international february 2012 3

 February
Concrete international
Publisher
John C. Glumb, CAE
(John.Glumb@concrete.org)
Editor-in-Chief
Rex C. Donahey, PE, LEED AP
(Rex.Donahey@concrete.org)
engineering editor
W. Agata Pyc
(Agata.Pyc@concrete.org)
Managing Editor
Keith A. Tosolt
(Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org)
Editorial assistant
Kaitlyn J. Hinman
(Kaitlyn.Hinman@concrete.org)
Advertising
Jeff Rhodes
Network Media Partners, Inc.
(jrhodes@networkmediapartners.com)
Publishing Services
supervisor
Barry M. Bergin
Editors
Carl R. Bischof (Senior Editor),
Karen Czedik, Kelli R. Slayden,
Denise E. Wolber
Graphic Designers
Gail L. Tatum (Senior Designer),
Susan K. Esper, Colleen E. Hunt,
Ryan M. Jay
Publishing Assistant
Daniela A. Bedward
American Concrete Institute
http://www.concrete.org
Tel. (248) 848-3700
Fax. (248) 848-3150
4 february 2012 Concrete international
33
departments
7 Presidents Memo
8 News
10 Educational Seminars
13 ACI Committee Document
Abstracts
15 On the Move
53 Products & Practice
56 Products Showcase
A worker prepares a reinforcing bar
cage for the AirportLink extension
of the Miami-Dade Transit Metrorail
58 Calls for Papers
system. To enhance electrical isolation 60 Meetings
of the systems electrified rails, glass-
fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcing 61 Industry Focus
(GFRP) bars were used in pads and 62 Whats New, Whats Coming
pedestals supporting the rails. For
more on the AirportLink project 64 Public Discussion
and how GFRP bars were used in its
65 Spanish Translation Synopses
construction, see Ensuring Electrical
Isolation in Elevated Rail, starting on 67 Membership Application
p. 22. (Photo courtesy of Hughes Brothers
Inc., Seward, NE.) 68 Bulletin Board
69 Advertisers Index
71 Bookshelf
Copyright 2012 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
headquarters office: P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094. Telephone: (248) 848-3700. Facsimile (FAX): (248) 848-3701.
Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, Mich. 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, Mich., and at additional mailing offices. Concrete
International has title registration with the U.S. Patent Trademark Office. Subscription rates: $161 per year (U.S. and
possessions); $170 (elsewhere) payable in advance: single copy price is $26.00 for nonmembers, $19.00 for ACI members, both
prepaid. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Concrete International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094. The Institute
is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended
to supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. Permission
is granted by the American Concrete Institute for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to
photocopy any article herein for the fee of $3.00 per transaction. Payments marked ISSN 0162-4075/97 should be sent directly to the
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the express permission of the American Concrete Institute is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk copying should be
addressed to the Publisher, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute. Canadian GST #126213149RT
 American Concrete Institute
IN Ci President
Kenneth C. Hover
Board of Direction

Dennis C. Ahal
Directors
Ron Klemencic
Neal S. Anderson David A. Lange
Past President
Emmanuel K. Attiogbe Denis Mitchell
February 2012 Board Members
Khaled W. Awad Jack Moehle
David Darwin
James R. Harris David H. Sanders

T
Luis E. Garca
he basic framework of any sys- Florian G. Barth Cecil L. Jones Joseph C. Sanders
temwhether its for transporta-
tion, communication, security, Vice Presidents Executive Vice President
water supply or sanitationmust be James K. Wight Anne M. Ellis Ronald Burg
maintained. If not, economic vigor,
social structures, and the environment Technical Activities Educational Activities Certification Programs
Committee Committee Committee
will be damaged. Sound familiar? Yes, chair chair chair
infrastructure maintenance is a key David A. Lange David M. Suchorski G. Terry Harris
part of sustainable development. secretary staff liaison staff liaison
But maintenance is often considered Daniel W. Falconer Michael L. Tholen John W. Nehasil
a necessary evil. Consider the example
Sergio M. Alcocer Alejandro Duran-Herrera Khaled W. Awad
of repairing a bridge on a major David J. Bird Frances T. Griffith Heather J. Brown
thoroughfare. Besides the cost, the Chiara F. Ferraris Tarek S. Kahn Mark A. Cheek
mere act of making the repair can create Ronald J. Janowiak Kimberly E. Kurtis Cesar A. Constantino
traffic congestion and delays. Delays Michael E. Kreger Thomas O. Malerk Jean-Franois Dufour
Kevin A. MacDonald John J. Myers Alejandro Duran-Herrera
are externalized costsa transportation Antonio Nanni William D. Palmer Jr. J. Mitchell Englestead
department doesnt have to pay drivers Hani H. Nassif Andrea J. Schokker Frances T. Griffith
for their lost timebut they are still Jan Olek Lawrence L. Sutter Charles S. Hanskat
Michael M. Sprinkel Lawrence H. Taber Joe Hug
costs. Do it cost effectively and fast Pericles C. Stivaros David W. Whitmore Colin L. Lobo
thats the core of our article on bridge Eldon Tipping Thomas O. Malerk
deck overlays (p. 31) Ed T. McGuire
Perhaps the best way to have cost William D. Palmer Jr.
John J. Schemmel
effective and fast maintenance, however, is Vinicio Suarez
avoiding it in the first place. Electric George R. Wargo
transit systems are wonderful features
ACI Staff
for any city, but neighboring water
Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg (Ron.Burg@concrete.org)
supply and sanitation systems and the
Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb (John.Glumb@concrete.org)
transit systems themselves can be
damaged if electric current strays from Certification and chapters: Professional development:
the rails and takes an alternate path to John W. Nehasil, Michael L. Tholen,
Managing Director Managing Director
the traction power substation. Insulating (John.Nehasil@concrete.org) (Mike.Tholen@concrete.org)
rail seat pads, rail clips, and embedded
Customer and member support: Sales and membership:
anchors are essential system features Melinda G. Reynolds, Manager Diane L. Baloh, Director
that can help avoid stray currents. (Melinda.Reynolds@concrete.org) (Diane.Baloh@concrete.org)
Providing additional insulation using Engineering: Strategic Development Council/
glass-fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcing Daniel W. Falconer, Marketing, sales, and
bars adds to the security, minimizing Managing Director industry relations:
(Daniel.Falconer@concrete.org) Douglas J. Sordyl,
the occurrences of stray current Managing Director
corrosion. Avoiding the need for Finance and administration:
(Douglas.Sordyl@concrete.org)
Donna G. Halstead,
maintenancethats the core of our Managing Director Sustainability:
cover article on the most recent (Donna.Halstead@concrete.org) Kevin P. Mlutkowski, Director
addition to the Miami-Dade Transit Publishing and event services: (Kevin.Mlutkowski@concrete.org)
Metrorail (p. 22). Rene J. Lewis, Director
Because infrastructure is so essential, (Renee.Lewis@concrete.org)
its no wonder that companies and
engineers compete to provide the best Sustaining Members
solutions to maintenance issues. And, See pages 16-17 for a list of ACIs Sustaining Members.
its why well continue to report on To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI Web site at
those solutions in future issues. www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm.
Rex C. Donahey

Concrete international february 2012 5

 Only at the
Art of Concrete
ACI Spring 2012 Convention
March 18-22 Hyatt Regency Dallas

Special Events at the

ACI Spring 2012 Convention

International Lunch, Art and Science of Building in

Concrete: The Work of Pier Luigi Nervi

Art of Concrete Student Competition

Student Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) Bowling Ball

Competition

Student and Young Professional Networking Event

ACI Career Fair

Student Lunch, Giving Back to the Global Community:

An Attainable Responsibility and Privilege

Dallas Pub & Grub Experience

Reception in Honor of James O. Jirsa

Contractors Day Lunch

Concrete Mixer at Gilleys Dallas

For additional details visit: Scan code to

register now!

www.aciconvention.org
Presidents
Memo
Journey to the Center of ACI
T
he honor of serving as
your President has
dramatically widened my
view and personal understanding
of our organization. Thirty
years ago, my perception of
ACI was based entirely on the
activities of and my circle of
friends in the Greater Miami
Valley Chapter in Cincinnati, OH.
That view was generally
confirmed when I moved to
Kenneth C. Hover, Ithaca and joined the Central
ACI President New York Chapter in Syracuse.
For me, ACI existed primarily
as a confederation of local chapters (with some group in
Detroit, MI, that collected dues, wrote rules, printed books
and magazines, and provided seminar speakers).
Then Dick White and Peter Gergely encouraged me to
attend conventions, and Dick Kriner and Boyd Ringo got
me into committees, and before I knew it, my ACI world
centered on Committees 308 and E903. Those committees
were my home in ACI with folks who shared my interests
and ideas, and other folks who saw things differently.
I learned new things that reinforced or challenged my
concrete world view and took great pride in our finished
products. I came to believe that ACI revolved around my
committees like the pre-Copernican sun revolved around
the earth. Service on the Board, many other committees,
and the Executive Committee has since shown me that
ACI does not revolve around Chapters, Boards, Committees
(Executive or otherwise), or professional staff. I have
concluded that ACI is member-centric, where each
members influence is proportional to their participation.
We participate knowing that we may or may not prevail
in a key debate at one meeting or on one ballot, but with
perseverance and continued showing up we will make a
difference. And we keep on coming back because we
believe in ACIs mission to Advance Concrete Knowledge, for your participation, perseverance, and faithfulness. For
were passionate about improving our products and our
industry, and we enjoy fellowship with folks who share the
same goals.
In ACI, members bring issues, set priorities, and move
toward consensus by asking the questions and debating the
answers. The continual evolution of our documents proves
that consensus is not a permanent position cast in concrete
(sorry). (An ACI document is like a building that is constantly
under renovation and being improved, enlarged, or made
more efficient.) Consensus is the name we give to a patch of
solid common ground or floor space we can all agree to
stand on while were looking for improvements. Our
chapters and committees are the job sites where consensus-
building happens and, as a result, many of us are fiercely
proud to have a past or present affiliation with those
specific groups.
Member faithfulness to ACIs parts is one of the pastes
that holds the larger Institute together, and those of us
temporarily entrusted with limited control over ACIs
affairs need to recognize and encourage the motivational
power of member allegiance to chapters and committees.
After all, in the final analysis, it is members keeping faith
with each other that gets a chapter through the challenges
of hosting a convention or certification event and gets a
committee through that last push to finish an ACI-
quality document. Group loyalty brings camaraderie,
mutual support, and the focus required to get the work done.
But just as in any large organization, loyalty and allegiance
to smaller groups within can lead to feelings of Us versus
Them. The Us is usually the subgroup that has banded
together to contribute their time, energy, interest, and
expertise to make needed improvements or advances. In our
case, Them is usually another subgroup of ACI volunteer
members with a different perspective on the issue. In ACI,
everybody is one of us to somebody and one of them to
somebody else! But the good news is that ACI is small
enough and communication is easy enough that we can
reach out to each other, debate our differences, and find
common ground using our consensus process that guaran-
tees that everybody has a voice.
Early in the year is a good time to remind ourselves that
members are at the center of ACI. We members nominate
the officers, populate the Board of Direction, and empower
them to monitor our procedures and bylaws. We members
constitute our committees and chapters, and we make
things happen. For that reason, I want to thank all of you
those thinking that 2012 might be the year to get involved,
please do so! For those already involved, please continue
and welcome new members around the table. Remember,
we are ACIand that includes all of them and all of us!
Kenneth C. Hover
Concrete international february 2012 7
News
Spring Convention Sessions on Nervi
and the Art of Building in Concrete
Pier Luigi Nervi is regarded as one of
the most inventive structural engineers
of the twentieth century. Named an
ACI Honorary Member in 1969, Nervi
worked at the intersection of the art and
science of construction. He has been
described as the most brilliant artist in
reinforced concrete of our time.
In 2009, on the 30th anniversary of
Pier Luigi Nervi
Nervis death, a broad research and
educational program was promoted with the intent of
disseminating Nervis cultural legacy and exploring the
complexity of his extraordinary stature as a structural artist.
The program culminated in the international traveling
exhibition Pier Luigi NerviArchitecture as Challenge,
highlighting some of his most celebrated works. The
exhibition is cosponsored by ACI in recognition of Nervis
ACI Honorary Membership and is expected to tour in
North America in 2013.
On March 18, Mario A. Chiorino, FACI, Emeritus
Professor of Structural Analysis, School of Architecture,
Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, will celebrate Nervi as the
grand master of concrete structures and will present a
preview of the international exhibition at the International
Lunch of the ACI Spring 2012 Convention in Dallas, TX. In
two technical sessions on the theme Structural Concrete:
An Art Form, additional speakers will review the work of
other eminent pioneers and discuss recent trends in the
merging of architecture and structural engineering.
Go to www.concrete.org/Convention/Spring-
Convention/Front.asp for more event details.
New Green Matters Conference to
Examine Issues in Concrete and
Sustainability
A special focus Green Matters Conference, to be held
February 23-24, 2012, in San Antonio, TX, at the Henry B.
Gonzalez Convention Center, brings together leading
industry experts to share up-to-date information on
sustainable concrete technologies and trends in green
building. High-interest topics that will be covered in
technical seminars include infrared reflective coatings for
heat island mitigation, innovative uses of concrete to
provide cooling and stormwater management, environmental
benefits of polished concrete, and advancements in
functional resilience of architectural concrete. The courses
offer AIA-CES credits.
When innovative products and new methods come to
market, it is a challenge to evaluate when, where, and how
8 February 2012 Concrete international
to use them, said Sherry Boyd, Conference Director. Its a
huge advantage that the Green Matters Conference is held
side by side with the Concrete Decor Show so that attendees
are able to see them in use and ask technical experts
questions during demonstrations and competitions.
Registration for the Green Matters Conference includes
admission to the exhibit hall floor February 22-24, and live
demonstrations of the latest product and equipment
developments scheduled at the Henry B. Gonzalez
Convention Center. The demonstration pavilion will also
showcase competitions in arenas dedicated to polished
concrete, concrete coatings, and precast fabrication. Lunch,
included free with event registration, is served in the exhibit
hall on Wednesday, February 22, and Thursday, February 23,
to allow attendees uninterrupted time to network and talk
with industry leaders.
An opening address by David D. Shepherd, AIA, LEED
AP, Director of Sustainable Development for the Portland
Cement Association, presents an industry outlook for 2012
and beyond, including an update on research at MIT being
sponsored by the Concrete Joint Sustainability Initiative.
The panel discussions and technical seminars at the Green
Matters Conference will focus closely on materials and
methods. Panel discussions include:
The Greening of Decorative Concrete: LEED and
Beyond, moderated by John Strieder, Editor of
Concrete Dcor;
Reflecting on Polished Concrete: Contributing to a
Green Environment, moderated by Peter Wagner,
Deco-Pour;
Sustainable Design Using Architectural and Decorative
Concrete, moderated by Timothy J. Gregorski, Senior
Editor, Building Design + Construction; and
Why Green Materials Matter: Balancing Sustainability,
Performance, and Economy, moderated by Jan R.
Prusinski, Executive Director, Cement Council of Texas.
The Green Matters Conference is targeted to the whole
building team to raise awareness of the new directions in
sustainable design and green building that are made possible
with architectural and decorative concrete. The new event is
owned and operated by Professional Trade Publications, Inc.
Visit www.greenconcretematters.com to register or
call (877) 935-8906 for more information.
Post-Tensioning Institute Certification
for 2012
The Post-Tensioning Institutes (PTI) field certification
schedule has been announced. PTIs training and
certification workshops comply with the requirements of
IBC, ACI 318, and ACI 301. The programs, dates, and
locations for 2012 are as follows:
News

Level 1 Unbonded PT Field Installation: February Go to www.post-tensioning.org/certification_

25-26, Philadelphia, PA; March 24-25, Denver, CO; April
21-22, Houston, TX; May 5-6, Nashville, TN; June 9-10,
Miami, FL; July 7-8, Seattle, WA; September 8-9,
Memphis, TN; October 13-14, Ontario, CA; and
November 10-11, Atlanta, GA.
Slab-on-Ground Installer-Stressor: April 14-15,
Houston, TX; and June 9-10, Ontario, CA.
Level 1 & 2 Unbonded PT Inspector: February 17-19,
Austin, TX; March 23-25, Charlotte, NC; April 13-15,
Baltimore, MD; May 18-20, Detroit, MI; June 22-24,
Denver, CO; July 27-29, Las Vegas, NV; and September
21-23, Houston, TX.
Level 1 & 2 Bonded PT Field Specialist: March 14-16,
Pittsburgh, PA; April 11-13, Minneapolis, MN; May
23-25, Gainesville, FL; July 18-20, Chicago, IL; September
12-14, San Jose, CA; and October 10-12, Austin, TX.
PTI certification workshops are presented by instructors
with extensive experience in post-tensioning installation.
program.php for more information.
Enter the 2012 PCA Concrete Bridge
Awards Competition
Theres still time to submit your bridge project for the
13th biennial Concrete Bridge Awards Competition,
cosponsored by the Portland Cement Association (PCA)
and Roads & Bridges magazine. Bridges of all types in which
the basic structural system is concretehighway, railway,
transit, pedestrian, and wildlife crossingsare eligible.
Entries are encouraged for cast-in-place or precast bridges
(or combinations) with short, medium, or long spans.
These bridges can be newly constructed, rehabilitated, or
widened structures.
To be eligible, bridges must have been essentially
completed between September 2009 and September 2011.
Entries are due February 29, 2012. Interested owners,
consultants, contractors, or suppliers can submit entries

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Concrete international February 2012 9

News
online, or by downloading an entry form and submitting a
hard copy version. Go to www.cement.org/bridges/
br_award_submission_form_org2.asp.
The awards will be presented at the ACI Fall 2012
Convention in Toronto, ON, Canada, October 21-25, 2012.
Winners will be announced in Roads & Bridges magazine,
by PCA, and by other professional publications.
Registration Open for ADSC EXPO 2012
The Association of Drilled Shaft Contractors and
International Association of Foundation Drilling (ADSC-
IAFD) will be holding the ADSC EXPO 2012, the largest
drilling conference in the world, on March 14-17, 2012, at
the JW Marriott San Antonio Hill Country Resort & Spa
in Texas.
The EXPO keynote speaker will be Alberto Alemn
Zubieta, CEO of the Panama Canal Authoritythe agency
that manages the Panama Canaland a recipient of numer-
ous national and international awards for his contributions to
the world maritime industry. Zubieta will deliver a technical
case history on the Panama Canal Expansion. Several ADSC-
IAFD members worked on various stages of the project.
Zubieta joins a lineup of other industry experts for
educational and professional development sessions. In
addition, the ADSC EXPO is an opportunity to network
among decision-making contractors, engineers, and
manufacturers during receptions and more than 30 hours
of exhibit time. Visit www.adsc-iafd.com to register for
ADSC EXPO 2012.
In Memoriam
Robert W. Gaul passed away after a short illness on
November 4, 2011. He was an ACI Fellow and an active
member of the Institute for over 45 years. Gaul was active
in ACI Committee 503, Adhesivesnow 548, Polymers and
Adhesives for Concreteand served as Chair for over
11 years. Additionally, he was a member of ACI Committee
515, Protective Systems for Concrete, and a past member of
ACI Committee 364, Rehabilitation. He received the ACI
Delmar L. Bloem Award in 1988.
Gaul received his mechanical engineering degree from
Santa Clara University and later became President of
Adhesive Engineering Company from 1969 until it was
purchased by Master Builders in 1987. He went on to
become one of the founders of Chemco Systems. He spent
much of his career advocating the technically proper use of
polymer resins for crack repair, segmental bonding, and
paving of bridges all over the world.
Don Pfeifer, FACI, a pioneer in the development of
solutions for corrosion-related distress in reinforced
10 February 2012 Concrete international
concrete structures, died December 4,
2011, at the age of 75, in Madison, CT.
He received his bachelors degree in
civil engineering in 1959 and masters
degree in theoretical and applied
mechanics in 1960 from the University
of Illinois. His professional career
began at the Portland Cement
Association (1960-1970). He served as Pfeifer
the Director of the Structural Precast Division of the
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (1970-1972) and was
the Manager of Strategic Engineering for Westinghouse
Prestressed Concrete Division (1972-1976).
Pfeifer joined Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. (WJE)
in 1976, where he founded and managed the Materials
group. From 1979 to 1994, he served as Principal
Investigator on four major corrosion-related studies
sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration or the
National Cooperative Highway Research Program.
ACI Past President Clyde E. Kesler
died December 30, 2011, in
Champaign, IL. He was 89 years
old. Kesler was a professor of civil
engineering and of theoretical and
applied mechanics at the University
of Illinois for many years and earned
Professor Emeritus status upon his
retirement. He served as ACI President
Kesler
in 1967 and was named an ACI
Honorary Member in 1973 for outstanding service
to the Institute and for worldwide eminence in teaching,
research, and practice of concrete. Kesler served as
Chair of the Technical Activities Committee for 3 years
(1960-1962). He was active on other ACI technical
and education committees and was also ACIs
representative on the U.S. National Committee on
Earthquake Engineering.
Kesler graduated from the University of Illinois in
1943, and served as an officer in the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers in Europe and Asia. He received his MS from the
University of Illinois in 1946. After a short time with the
Illinois Central Railroad, he returned to the university and
joined the staff of the Department of Theoretical and
Applied Mechanics. In 1962, he also became a member of
the Department of Civil Engineering staff.
During his career, Kesler was active in a number of
technical and professional organizations, including the
American Society for Engineering Education and the
American Society of Civil Engineers, of which he was
named a Fellow.
 2012 ACI
Educational
Seminars
seminars at-a-glance
For more information on ACI seminars,
visit www.concreteseminars.com
ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code
One-day seminar for structural engineers, specifiers, building
officials, contractors, architects, and inspectors interested
in keeping up with the latest information in concrete design
and construction. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) has
just published the latest edition of ACI 318, Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. This
seminar, which is cosponsored by ACI and the Portland Cement
Association (PCA), will cover all the major changes in this
new edition of the Code. A major portion of the revisions
are related to the addition of adhesive anchors in ACI 318
for the first time. In addition to the new anchor design
requirements, the seminar will cover adhesive anchor
evaluation requirements and new provisions requiring
certification of the anchor installer under certain circumstances.
Changes to reinforcing steel detailing requirements,
allowable grades, and coating types will also be covered.
Important topics, such as detailing for structural integrity
and designing using the latest in strut-and-tie modeling, will
be presented and discussed.
Troubleshooting Concrete Construction
One-day seminar for contractors, design engineers, specifiers,
government agencies, and material suppliers. This seminar
will provide attendees with solutions to problems with
concrete. The seminar will cover placing reinforcement,
preventing most cracks, making functional construction
joints, vibrating concrete properly, detecting delaminations,
and identifying causes of deteriorating concrete. Complimentary
Continuing Education Credit
Seminar attendees will receive 0.75 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) worth 7.5 Professional Development Hours (PDHs) for each day of
the seminar. Professional engineers can convert CEUs to PDHs to fulfill their continuing education requirements. ACI is a Registered
Provider with the American Institute of Architects and several state licensing boards.
publications include: ACI 301, ACI 302.1R, ACI 303R, ACI
303.1, ACI 308R, ACI 309.2R, and seminar lecture notes.
Concrete Repair Basics
One-day seminar for engineers, repair contractors, material
suppliers, maintenance personnel, and public works
engineers. Attendees will learn the best methods and
materials for economical and effective concrete repairs.
The seminar will cover causes and evaluation of problems
in deteriorating concrete, repair techniques, repair
materials, cracks and joints, protection systems, overlays,
and specifications for structures. Complimentary
publications include ACI 201.1R, ACI 224.1R, ACI 364.1R,
ACI 437R, ACI 546R, and seminar lecture notes.
Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
One-day seminar for designers, specifiers, architects,
engineers, contractors, building owners, and government
agencies. Participants will learn about setting expectations for
serviceability; sustainability; engineering considerations,
loads, soil support systems, and low-shrinkage concrete
mixtures with good finishability; minimizing problems with
curling, shrinkage, joints, and surface tolerances; placing
and finishing equipment; thickness design; designing for
shrinkage, joints, details, and reinforcing; curing; surface
treatments including polishing; requirements for plans and
specifications; preconstruction meetings; and problem
recognition and remediation. Complimentary publications
include: ACI 302.1R-04, ACI 302.2R-06, ACI 360R-10,
industry-related articles, and seminar lecture notes.
seminar dates and locations For additional dates and locations or more information on ACI seminars,
visit www.concreteseminars.com Dates are subject to change.

Please check seminar location and date

Troubleshooting Concrete Construction (TRO2) Concrete Repair Basics (REP2)
TXS Dallas, TXMarch 22, 2012 NJS New Brunswick, NJApril 5, 2012
WAS Seattle, WAApril 11, 2012 PAS Philadelphia, PAJune 14, 2012
TNS Nashville, TNApril 18, 2012
MAS Boston, MAMay 2, 2012 ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code (3182)
INS Indianapolis, INMay 16, 2012 NES Omaha, NEApril 4, 2012
GAS Atlanta, GAMay 23, 2012 PAS Pittsburgh, PAApril 10, 2012
MDS Baltimore, MDJune 6, 2012 LAS New Orleans, LAApril 12, 2012
ORS Portland, ORJune 13, 2012 OHS Cleveland, OHApril 25, 2012
FLS Ft. Myers, FLMay 1, 2012
Concrete Slabs-on-Ground (SLA2) UTS Salt Lake City, UTMay 9, 2012
ILS Chicago, ILApril 17, 2012 KSS Kansas City, KSMay 23, 2012
CAS San Francisco, CAApril 24, 2012 CAS San Diego, CAMay 31, 2012
COS Denver, COMay 8, 2012 TXS San Antonio, TXJune 12, 2012
NCS Charlotte, NCMay 15, 2012 NYS Albany, NYJune 14, 2012
WIS Milwaukee, WIJune 5, 2012

refund policy
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please notify the ACI Seminar Registrar at 248-848-3815 immediately. If you notify us 7 or more working days before the seminar, we will refund your registration
fee. If you notify us that you cannot attend within 3 to 6 working days before the seminar, we will issue you an ACI credit for the full amount of your registration fee
that you may redeem for any future ACI seminar, product, or service. If you notify us that you cannot attend less than 3 working days before the seminar date, we
will issue you an ACI credit minus a $75 administrative fee. Confirmed participants who do not attend are liable for the entire fee unless we are notified in advance
of the seminar date that you cannot attend. If ACI cancels a seminar due to insufficient enrollment, your registration fee will be refunded. ACI is not responsible for
any incidental or consequential damages such as nonrefundable airfare.

fees and sign-up One-day seminar

$597 Nonmember Registration Fee
$457 ACI National Member Registration Fee
$125 Full-Time Student
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ACI Committee Document
Abstracts
Guide for Precast Parra-Montesinos, Ian Robertson,* and Loring A. Wyllie Jr.
Concrete Wall Panels M. Saiid Saiidi, Jorge I. Segura, Consulting Members: Hossam M.
(ACI 533R-11) Bahram M. Shahrooz, Myoungsu Abdou, Fariborz Barzegar, Hugh L.
Reported by ACI Committee 533, Shin, John W. Wallace, James K. Wight, Cotton, Filip C. Filippou,
Precast Panels
Brian D. Miller, Chair; David Wan,
Secretary; George F. Baty, Benjamin
Lavon, Harry A. Chambers, Donald F.
Meinheit, Aaron W. Fink, Larbi M.
Sennour, Sidney Freedman,
Venkatesh Seshappa, Harry A. Gleich,
Ava Shypula, and Allan R. Kenney.
Consulting Members: Thomas J.
Grisinger and Weilan Song.

Abstract: This guide presents

recommendations for precast
concrete wall panels. It should be
used with ACI 318-08, Building
Code Requirements for Structural
Reinforced Concrete, which is
legally binding when adopted by
the local authority. This guide
discusses the basic principles
of design, tolerances, materials,
fabrication, installation, quality
requirements, and testing.

Guide for Design

of Slab-Column
Connections in
Monolithic Concrete
Structures (ACI 352.1R-11)
Reported by Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 352, Joints and
Connections in Monolithic
Concrete Structures
Mary Beth D. Hueste,* Chair;
Thomas Kang,* Secretary; Sergio M.
Alcocer, John F. Bonacci, James R.
Cagley, Marvin E. Criswell,
Jeffrey J. Dragovich, Catherine E.
French, Luis E. Garca, Russell
Gentry, Theodor Krauthammer,
Michael E. Kreger, James M. LaFave,
Douglas D. Lee, Dawn E. Lehman,
Roberto T. Leon, Cheng-Ming Lin,
Donald F. Meinheit, Nilanjan Mitra,
Jack P. Moehle, Stavroula J.
Pantazopoulou, Gustavo J.

Concrete international February 2012 13

Document Abstracts
David W. Mitchell, Charles F. Scribner, David Z. Yan-
kelevsky, and Liande Zhang.
Member of editorial subcommittee
*
Chair of editorial subcommittee
Abstract: This guide provides recommendations for
determining proportions and details of monolithic
reinforced and post-tensioned concrete slab-column
connections. Included are recommendations regarding
appropriate uses of slab-column connections in structures
resisting gravity and lateral forces; procedures for
determination of connection load-carrying capacity; and
reinforcement details to achieve adequate strength,
ductility, and structural integrity. Recommendations are
based on a review of the literature for ultimate and
serviceability limit states. A commentary is provided to
clarify the recommendations and identify reference
material. Design recommendations are set in standard
type. Commentary is set in italics.
Guide to Simplified Design for Reinforced
Concrete Buildings (ACI 314R-11)
(For Buildings of Limited Size and Height,
based on ACI 318-11 and ACI IPS-1,
Essential Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete Buildings)
Reported by ACI Committee 314, Simplified Design of
Concrete Buildings
JoAnn P. Browning,* Chair; Michael C. Mota, Secretary;
Iyad M. Alsamsam, Kenneth B. Bondy, James R. Cagley,
Omar D. Cardona, W. Gene Corley, Om P. Dixit,
David A. Fanella, Yosef Farbiarz, Luis E. Garca,*
Jose M. Izquierdo-Encarnacin, H. Rolfe Jennings,
Mahmoud E. Kamara, Jason J. Krohn, James S. Lai,
Lionel A. Lemay, Andres Lepage, Robert F. Mast,
Adolfo B. Matamoros, Lila Gabriela Mendez Florez,
Javeed Munshi, T. George Muste, Viral B. Patel,
Santiago Pujol, William E. Rushing Jr., Guillermo
Santana, Jorge I. Segura, Larbi M. Sennour, and Jairo Uribe.
Committee members responsible for the additions and revisions
*
to ACI IPS-1.
Chair of Task Group
Abstract: This guide presents simplified methods
and design techniques that facilitate and speed the
engineering of low-rise buildings within certain
limitations. Material is presented in an order that
follows typical design process with procedures
introduced as the designer will need them in the
course of a building design.
14 February 2012 Concrete international
Especificaciones para Concreto
Estructural (301S-10)
Preparado por Comit ACI 301, Especificaciones
para Concreto
W. Calvin McCall,* Director; Colin L. Lobo, Secretario;
James Edward Anderson, Jon B. Ardahl, Nicolas J. Carino,*
Ramon J. Carrasquillo, Domingo J. Carreira, Mark F.
Chrzanowski, Steven R. Close, James N. Cornell II,*
Juan Pablo Covarrubias, Marwan A. Daye, Mario R. Diaz,
Daniel P. Dorfmueller, Barry E. Foreman, Sidney Freedman,*
John W. Gajda, David P. Gustafson, Charles S. Hanskat,
Jerry S. Haught, Kenneth C. Hover,* Steven C. Jaycox,
Larry B. Krauser, James A. Lee, Frank Stephen Malits,
Theodore L. Neff,* Jerry Parnes, Aimee Pergalsky,* Henry B.
Prenger, G. Michael Robinson, Bruce A. Suprenant,
Wahid A. Tadros, Scott M. Tarr,* Arthur T. Weiss Jr.,
Michael A. Whisonant, Michelle L. Wilson,* Dennis M.
Wittry, y Bryan T. Wo.
Miembros de Subcomit con voto: Scott Michael
Anderson, Roger J. Becker, Julie K. Buffenbarger, Anthony R.
DeCarlo Jr., Darryl E. Dixon, Greg K. Fricks, Thomas M.
Greene, Gardner P. Horst, Robert S. Jenkins, Larry P. Jorn,
Alfred L. Kaufman Jr., Roy H. Keck, Donald P. Kline, Jason J.
Krohn, Lionel A. Lemay, Kevin A. MacDonald, Thomas O.
Malerk, Arthur W. McKinney, Andrew S. McPherson,
Donald F. Meinheit, Dennis W. Phillips, Robert C.
Richardson, John R. Ries, Edward D. Russell, Gregory M.
Scurto, Larbi M. Sennour, William C. Sherman, Joseph J.
Steinbicker, y Gregory R. Wagner.
Miembros de Subcomit 318-S a cargo de la versin
en espaol: Thomas C. Schaeffer, Director; Ramn L.
Carrasquillo, Csar A. Constantino, Luis E. Garca,
Augusto H. Holmberg, Jos Izquierdo-Encarnacin,
Jose Damazo Juarez, Carlos E. Ospina, Gustavo J. Parra-
Montesinos, Enrique Pasquel, Mario Rodrguez,
Guillermo Santana, Roberto Stark, y Fernando V. Yaez.
Miembros asociados: Ruy Sanchez Jose Lozano y
George I. Taylor.
Director de Subcomit
*
Fallecido
Prefacio: Estas Especificaciones constituyen unas
Especificaciones de Referencia que el profesional facultado
para disear puede aplicar a cualquier proyecto de construccin
que involucre concreto estructural, citndolas en las Especifi-
caciones del Proyecto. Se incluyen listados de verificacin
para ayudar al profesional facultado para disear en la
redaccin de los requisitos complementarios a las presentes
Especificaciones de Referencia, segn sea necesario, designando
o especificando requisitos particulares del proyecto.
On the
Move
ACI member Steven M. Edwards has been promoted
from Manager of Structural Services of the Nashville, TN,
office of architecture and engineering firm Barge, Waggoner,
Sumner, and Cannon, Inc. (BWSC) to a firm-wide position
in the Industrial and Buildings Services Group in all BWSC
offices. Edwards has more than 12 years of engineering
experience and has worked on a variety of projects,
including industrial and park facility structural designs and
government facility additons and renovations. He received
his BS in construction cngineering from Iowa State
University, is a licensed professional engineer in six states,
and holds the LEED BD+C credential.
ACI member Larry Scofield has joined the International
Grooving and Grinding Association (IGGA) as the Director
of Engineering and Research. Scofield has over 35 years of
experience through his positions in construction, materials,
and pavement management with the Arizona Department
of Transportation and as Director of Pavement Innovation
for the American Concrete Pavement Association.
Scofield received his bachelors and masters degrees in
civil engineering from Arizona State University and was
honored in 2008 with the Lester F. Kuzmick Award
IGGAs highest honorin recognition of excellence in the
grooving, grinding, and pavement preservation industry.
Hynes Whaley Associates hired David Carter in the
position of Client Development for their Austin, TX, office.
Carter has a background in development and real estate,
including direct experience in real estate development,
sales, finance, operations management, and construction
project management. He will be responsible for creating
and maintaining client relationships and community
involvement initiatives in the Austin area.
U.S. Concrete, Inc., announced that its Board of Directors
appointed ACI member William J. Sandbrook as a
Director and their President and Chief Executive Officer.
Sandbrook joins the company from Oldcastle Products and
Distribution, where he was Chief Executive Officer. He
attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and
served in the Army for 13 years. He received his MBA from
the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
(UPenn), an MS in systems engineering from UPenn, a
masters in public policy from the Naval War College, and
an MA in international relations from Salve Regina
University.
Douglas C. Johns has joined steel producer Gerdau as
the Western Region Business Development Specialist for
Edwards Scofield Carter
the companys ZBAR reinforcing bar division. Johns has
almost 20 years of direct customer experience in the financial
services and construction industries. He received his BS in
business administration from the University of Redlands.
Honors and Awards
The Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate Institute (ESCSI)
honored several ACI members in their 2011 awards.
The Thomas A. Holm Award was presented to J. Barret
Reese, a Past President of ESCSI. The award is given each
year to an individual who has contributed to research,
development, and use of expanded shale, clay, and slate
aggregate, which Reese has done for more than 40 years
in his career at TXI-Texas Industries, Inc. He has served
on multiple industry boards, committees, task forces,
and groups.
The Frank G. Erskine Award was given to Benjamin A.
Graybeal and Gary Greene Jr. The award is given to
those outside the industry who recognize the properties
of and use expanded shale, clay, and slate in design,
promotion, or implementation. Graybeal, a Research
Structural Engineer with the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA), has more than 14 years of
experience in research and development, spending the
last five leading the Structural Concrete Research
Program for the FHWA and testing and evaluating bridges
and construction materials. He received his graduate
degrees from the University of Maryland and Lehigh
University. Greene has been a Project Engineer with
Professional Service Industries for 4 years, researching
lightweight high-performance concrete girders in the
Structures Lab at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research
Center. He received his PhD from the University of
Missouri-Rolla. Both men are being honored for
their research, as it provides data on bond strength,
development length, shear performance, and prestress
losses for high-performance concrete.
Concrete international February 2012 15
 are the foundation of our success.
To provide additional exposure to ACI Sustaining Members,
Concrete International includes a 1/3-page member profile and a listing
of all Sustaining Member organizations. All Sustaining Members receive
the 1/3-page profile section on a rotating basis.
ACS Manufacturing Corporation
Ash Grove Cement Company
Ashford Formula
Baker Concrete Construction, Inc.
Barrier-1 Inc.
BASF Corporation
BCS
Buzzi Unicem USA
Cantera Concrete Company
CECO Concrete Construction
Changzhou Jianlian Reinforcing Bar
Conjunction Co., Ltd.
Chryso, Inc.
Commercial Contracting Corporation
Concrete Engineering Specialists
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
CTLGroup
Dayton Superior
The Euclid Chemical Co.
Fibercon International, Inc.
Francis Harvey & Sons Inc.
Future Tech Consultants
Golden Relief Resources LLC
W.R. Grace & Co.
Headwaters Resources, Inc.
Holcim (US) Inc.
Keystone Structural Concrete, LLC
Kleinfelder
Lafarge North America
Lehigh Cement Co.
Lithko Contracting, Inc.
Meadow Burke
W. R. Meadows, Inc.
Metromont Corporation
Mintz Levin
Municipal Testing
Operating Engineers Training Trust
Oztec Industries, Inc.
Penetron International Ltd
PGESCo
Portland Cement Association
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
Schmitt Technical Services, Inc.
LM Scofield
Sika Corp.
S.K. Ghosh Associates, Inc.
STRUCTURAL
Structural Services, Inc.
Triad Engineering, Inc.
TWC Concrete Services
Urban Concrete Contractors Ltd.
Wacker Neuson
Westroc, Inc.
Wacker Neuson is a global
manufacturer of light and compact
equipment with a comprehensive
portfolio. The companys emphasis
stands firmly on outstanding quality,
innovative technology, personalized
service, and close customer contact.
Wacker Neusons concrete and
climate-control product lines help
concrete contractors effectively
manage projects through innovative
products that significantly reduce
project costs, deliver high-quality
results, and maintain tight project
schedules.
Wacker Neuson products are
available through one of the largest
dealer networks in North America and
supported by an industry-leading
team of factory-trained sales and
service personnel. The broad line of
concrete and climate control
products includes a versatile
selection of walk-behind and ride-on
trowels, internal and external
vibrators, screeds, rebar cutters/
benders, rebar tiers, hydronic and
indirect fired heaters, heat exchangers,
air movers, and dehumidifiers.
The company also offers a wide
range of compaction, demolition,
and utility and compact equipment.
Look no further than Wacker Neuson
equipment and job-site consulting
for all phases of the construction
process.
For complete product, demon-
stration, and company information,
please visit www.wackerneuson.com.

To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our Web site at www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm
 Dayton Superiors reputation as
the industry leader in the design,
manufacturing and distribution of
concrete construction product
solutions is the result of innovation
backed by more than 100 years of
experience. They are the preferred
partner of distributors, contractors,
architects and engineers professionals
who demand the highest quality,
most technologically-advanced
products and services in the industry.
Offering over 17,000 standard
products, Dayton Superiors proven
concrete solutions span a wide
breadth of industry disciplines
including forming, concrete repair
and restoration, rebar splicing,
paving, bridge deck, precast and
tilt-up. From infrastructure and
institutional projects to high-profile
commercial development, Dayton
Superiors product solutions are
found on construction sites worldwide.
With 16 manufacturing facilities
throughout North America, all
streamlined to support standard and
made-to-order products, a nationwide
network of over 2700 dealer/distributor
locations,14 strategically located,
company-owned distribution centers,
a team of 70+ professionally-trained
customer service advisers and a staff
of professional engineers licensed for
all 50 states, Dayton Superior stands
ready to provide an unparalleled
customer experience as the most
comprehensive, single-source
provider for all your concrete
construction product needs.
For more information, visit
www.daytonsuperior.com or call
888-977-9600.
Operating coast to coast, Headwaters
Resources is the nations leading
marketer of coal combustion products.
These products, principally fly ash
and bottom ash, are marketed for
numerous applications in the building
products industries. Headwaters
specializes in serving ready mixed
concrete producers, structural fill
contractors, and a variety of building
products manufacturers. Headwaters
Resources has invested heavily in
terminals and transportation
equipment to provide reliable service
to fly ash purchasers. Headwaters
has also developed an array of
innovative products that use high
volumes of fly ash, including aerated
concrete and a complete line of mortars,
stuccos, blocks, bricks, and pavers.
To learn more about Headwaters
Resources, please visit their Web site
at www.flyash.com or call 801-984-9400.
It began in the late 1950s as a
research project funded by U.S. Steel
at Carnegie Mellon University to
develop a new method to control
cracking in concrete products. This
resulted in the formation of FIBERCON
International, a leading manufacturer
of steel fiber reinforcement for the
concrete industry.
Unlike wire mesh or rebar, which
is placed in a single plane, FIBERCON
steel fiber reinforcement is isotropic,
becoming part of the entire matrix
and thus providing a crack interceptor
at each randomly placed fiber. This
modification of crack growth keeps
microcracks from becoming macro-
cracks. When made of low-carbon
steel, it is effective for general
concrete construction. When made of
stainless steel, it is ideal for refractory
use due to its oxidation resistance
and high melting temperature.
With a staff of experts, the company
provides engineering and design
assistance and can guide customers
to make the best choice for each
application from industrial and
commercial floors, composite metal
decks, shotcreted tunnel lining or slope
stabilization and precast segments.
From simple beginnings and
through years of hard work, FIBERCON
is continually refining its products
and developing solutions to industry
problems. In this way FIBERCON
plans to remain the leader in providing
steel fiber reinforcement for the
concrete industry.
For more information about
Fibercon, visit www.fiberconfiber.com
or call 724-538-5006.
 Next Time...

specify ACI Certified personnel

Since 1980, ACI has tested over 350,000 concrete technicians,
inspectors, supervisors, and craftsmen in 17 different
certification programs.

When you have a need for qualified concrete

professionalsspecify ACI Certification.

CCRL Lab Tour

The Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory offers performance
examinations for the ACI Concrete Strength Testing Technician and
ACI Aggregate Testing Technician Level 1 certification programs.
Visit www.ACI Certification.org for:
Upcoming tour locations are: Descriptions of ACI Certification
February 2012 March 2012
Programs Includes program
Alabama Illinois requirements and reference/
Florida Indiana resource materials.
Illinois Louisiana
Indiana Mississippi Schedule of Upcoming/Testing
Kentucky
Sessions Search by program
and/or state.
Directory of Certified Individuals
Confirm an individuals certification
To schedule your lab for CCRL inspection, and to arrange for
performance testing, contact Jan Prowell at (301) 975-6704. and date of expiration.
18 February 2012 Concrete international
Notable Concrete
in Dallas
Projects in and around the venue for the Spring Convention

T
he ACI Northeast Texas Chapter will be the host for
the ACI Spring 2012 Convention in Dallas, TX, to take
place March 18-22 at the Hyatt Regency Dallas.
Register for the event at www.aciconvention.org or call
(248) 848-3795 for more details. Some examples of recent
concrete construction in the area include:

Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center

Baylor University Medical Center, 3535 Worth Street,
Dallas, TX
At 467,000 ft2 (43,400 m2), the Sammons Cancer Center
outpatient facility is a 10-story structure with a faade that
includes a mixture of glass-fiber-reinforced concrete
(GFRC), stone, glass, and metal panels. Located on the
Baylor University Medical Center campus, the exterior
features a radiused curtain-wall faade. Sammons Cancer
Center achieved LEED Gold Certification under the U.S. Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center
Green Building Council LEED Core and Shell 2.0 rating
system, earning credits for Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency,
Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, and
Indoor Environmental Quality.
Project credits include GFRC Cladding Systems LLC,
Concrete Panel Supplier.
Submitted by Cory Simpson, Sales Representative
Central Region, Lehigh Cement Company/White Cement
Division, Waco, TX.

Gables Villa Rosa

2650 Cedar Springs Road, Dallas, TX
On this high-rise apartment complex in Uptown, cast
stone elements enhance the ground-level retail areas
with a sense of a distinctive Spanish design, high-quality
construction, and permanence.
Project credits include Advanced Cast Stone, Cast Stone
Supplier.
Submitted by Larry Rowland, Manager-Marketing &
Gables Villa Rosa
Tech Services, Lehigh Cement Company/White Cement
Division, Allentown, PA.

Concrete international February 2012 19

 Jones AT&T Stadium, Texas Tech University
Drive of Champions, Lubbock, TX
As the home field of the Red Raiders since 1947, the
stadium has had multiple renovations in the last two decades
that have expanded capacity and modernized amenities.
Project credits include Eagle Precast.
Submitted by Cory Simpson, Sales Representative
Central Region, Lehigh Cement Company/White Cement
Division, Waco, TX.
Jones AT&T Stadium
Las Colinas Highlands
6191 North State Highway 161, Irving, TX
A concrete structure frames a contemporary form with
classical elements. The architect chose cast-in-place concrete
to maximize floor space at minimum expense. The base of
the brick-clad building terminates at the third floor with a
cast stone entablature. Varying brick colors and accent
bands create visual interest in the faade with texture, light,
and shadow that change throughout the day.
Project credits include Advanced Cast Stone, Cast Stone
Supplier; Acme Brick, Masonry Unit Supplier; and Pavestone,
Unit Paver Supplier. Photo courtesy of Charles Davis Smith, AIA.
Submitted by Larry Rowland, Manager-Marketing &
Tech Services, Lehigh Cement Company/White Cement
Division, Allentown, PA.
Las Colinas Highlands

Reagan Place
Maple Avenue and Oak Lawn Avenue, Dallas, TX
Reagan Place is the newest addition of office space on
the Old Parkland Hospital campus. Its Georgian architecture
was inspired by Jeffersonian designs and complements the
historic buildings on the campus. The 47,000 ft2 (4400 m2)
building includes a two-story balcony and a two-story
rotunda lobby that emulate period details in porticos,
fireplaces, and moldings.
Project credits include Advanced Cast Stone, Cast
Stone Supplier.
Submitted by Larry Rowland, Manager-Marketing &
Tech Services, Lehigh Cement Company/White Cement
Division, Allentown, PA.
Reagan Place
STOVL Operations Facility, Lockheed
Martin Aeronautics Co.
1 Lockheed Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX
The Short Take Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL)
Operations Facility is used to conduct aircraft propulsion
system testing on the Lockheed Martin F-35B STOVL jet.
Designed to direct the aircrafts lift fan and downward jet
engine exhaust plume to allow extended ground level
testing, the facilitys deck comprises steel cascades that
direct and vent the airflow. The facilitys foundation pit has
a 4 in. (100 mm) thick layer of high-temperature-resistant
concrete to protect against prolonged exposure to hot
STOVL Operations Facility exhaust gasses.

20 February 2012 Concrete international

 Submitted by Donald G. McLaughlin, Structural Concrete Suppliers; and Gate Concrete, Precast Supplier.
Department Manager, Burns & McDonnell Engineering Submitted by Thomas L. Scott, Partner, JQ, Dallas, TX.
Company, Inc., Kansas City, MO.
Acknowledgment
The Joule Thanks to Michael Paul, Duffield Associates, Philadelphia, PA, and
1530 Main Street, Dallas, TX member of ACI Committee 124, Concrete Aesthetics, for organizing
The adaptive reuse of an historic building and the these submissions.
construction of a new building created a luxury hotel and
resort in downtown Dallas. The 19-story bank building,
originally built in 1927, was restored and renovated and a new
19-story structure was constructed as an expansion of the
historic building. Due to low floor-to-floor heights, concrete
was the only choice for the new structure. The low roof at the
10th floor features a dramatic cantilevered swimming pool
with a glass end that overlooks Dallas Main Street below.
Project credits include JQ, Structural Engineer; Balfour
Beatty, General Contractor; and Pecos Construction,
Concrete Contractor.
Submitted by Thomas L. Scott, Partner, JQ, Dallas, TX.

Transport Life Office Building

714 Main Street, Fort Worth, TX
The Joule
The recent renovation of the Transport Life building
replaced original exterior finish materials (terracotta and GFRC)
with precast concrete. Original ornamentation included
carved busts of Roman soldiers at the second floor level. These
had been removed in earlier renovations, so 10 new busts
were made in cast stone, matching cladding material in the
first two stories of the office tower. The remarkable detail in
each soldiers headdress, uniform, and facial features was
carved into a master and cast from intricate rubber molds.
Project credits include Advanced Cast Stone, Cast Stone
Supplier.
Submitted by Cory Simpson, Sales Representative
Central Region, Lehigh Cement Company/White Cement
Division, Waco, TX.

Trinity River Campus, Tarrant County Transport Life Office Building

College
300 Trinity Campus Circle, Fort Worth, TX
A new campus for Tarrant County College in downtown
Fort Worth consists of four multi-level concrete buildings,
totaling 144,000 ft2 (13,400 m2), carved into the south side
of the Trinity River Bluff. Concrete columns at north and south
ends of the buildings slope 7 degrees toward the river. The
two primary buildings are six-story, cast-in-place, post-tensioned
concrete superstructures with 12 ft (3.7 m) cantilevered walk-
ways and 20 ft (6.1 m) cantilevered floor and roof levels.
Cladding for all buildings consists of dark gray precast with
a random reveal layout to provide a sleek finish for the campus.
Project credits include JQ, Structural Engineer; Big
Thorn Architects and Bennet-Benner-Pettit, Architects;
Austin Commercial/Con Real, General Contractor; Capform,
Concrete Contractor; TXI and Cow Town Redi Mix, Trinity River Campus, Tarrant County College

Concrete international February 2012 21

Ensuring Electrical
Isolation in Elevated Rail
GFRP reinforcing bars tie rail plinths and pedestals to
Miami Metrorail guideway girders
by Doug Gremel
T
he Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) Metrorail is a 22 mile
(35 km) rapid transit system serving metropolitan
Miami, FL. The system will soon be greatly enhanced by
the addition of the 2.4 mile (3.9 km) AirportLink, connecting
the existing Earlington Heights Station to the new Miami
Intermodal Center (MIC). Developed by the Florida
Department of Transportation, the MIC is a major
transportation hub that serves as a central transfer point to
different modes of transportation, including Metrorail,
Metrobus, Tri-Rail, Amtrak, intercity buses, tour buses, taxi
cabs, rental cars, and the Automated People Mover (APM)
connection to the Miami International Airport. Construction
of the AirportLink and MIC projects began in the spring of
2009 and will be completed in the spring of 2012.
Cutting the Current
Within the Metrorail system, power is supplied to the
transit vehicles via a contact (third) rail (Fig. 1), and the
running rails for the transit vehicle serve as the negative
return to the power substation. As for any electric transit
system, stray current corrosion is a major concern. This is
typically handled by insulating rail fastener anchor inserts
and creating an electrically continuous network of
reinforcing bars in the plinths, pedestals, and deck supporting
the rails.1
Contact rail
Pedestal Running rails
Plinth pads
Guideway deck
Insulated rail anchor insert
Fig. 1: Schematic of the rail system. Power is supplied to transit
cars via the contact rail. The running rails support the transit cars
and provide the return circuit to the power substation
22 february 2012 Concrete international
In existing elevated sections of the Metrorail system, steel
reinforcing bars were used to connect cast-in-place pedestals
and plinth pads to guideway girder decks. The electrically
continuous network was established by welding longitudinal
bar splices and welding longitudinal bars to transverse
collector bars. Experience has shown that the clearance
between the plinth pad reinforcing bars and the insulated
rail anchor inserts can be very small, however, so damage to
insert insulation can cause electrical shorts. To address this
issue in the construction of the elevated rail from the
Earlington Heights Station to the MIC as well as in the
MIC crossover areas of the AirportLink, electrical isolation
was enhanced by using glass-fiber-reinforced polymer
(GFRP) reinforcing bars to make the structural connections
between guideway structures and cast-in-place pedestals
and plinth pads.
Construction Detailing
Three types of guideway structures were used for the
AirportLink.2 Thirty in. (760 mm) deep cast-in-place slab
bridges were used at the AirportLink connection to the
Earlington Heights Station. AirportLink sections over
existing rail, existing and planned highways, and the Miami
River were constructed by launching precast segmental box
girders from piers (balanced cantilever construction).
Where crane access and maximum span allowed, guideway
structures consisted of 72 in. (1830 mm) deep precast
concrete U-beams that were raised into position and then
completed with a cast-in-place deck. To provide the structural
connections between the guideway structures and cast-in-
place rail plinths, No. 3 (10 mm) GFRP stirrups extended
above the precast decks of the box girders (Fig. 2). Similarly,
No. 4 (13 mm) GFRP stirrups extended above the cast-in-
place decks.
The adage, the devil is in the details is certainly true for
reinforcing bar detailing. To ensure the rail cars were stable
along curves, the yaw of the rail and elevations of the
pedestals and plinths had to be varied (Fig. 1). Initial design
 Fig. 2: The segmental
detailing of the GFRP bars followed
precast deck elements
detailing conventions that would included post-tensioning
traditionally be used for steel bars. ducts, steel reinforcing
That is, to accommodate variation in bars, and GFRP stirrups.
the height of the rail along the length The GFRP bars were
of the track, the detailer assumed that detailed to extend above
it would be possible to bend and the finished deck
modify the reinforcing bars in the
field, as is traditionally done with steel
reinforcing bars. However, although
GFRP bars can be supplied with
bends, they must be fabricated Fig. 3: The trackwork
contractor was responsible
according to a firm bar schedulethe
for installing the plinth
bends must be fabricated at the time
reinforcing, setting the
the bars are produced. A key solution rails, and placing the
was to adopt a minimum acceptable concrete within plinths and
embedment depth from the deck into pedestals. Here, workers
the rail plinth and shift any variations are positioning rail anchors
in the reinforcing detailing from the and assembling plinth
deck bars into the plinth bars. While forms. The GFRP plinth
this shifted reinforcing from the deck reinforcing and insulated
to the plinths, it allowed for field rail anchor inserts can be
adjustments to accommodate the seen below the rails
variations in yaw and elevation.
With a fixed number of stirrups and
a fixed depth of embedment into the
plinths, the segmental precast contractor
and the cast-in-place contractor were MALA CX12 Concrete
free to focus on locating the proper
quantities of stirrups along the rail Imaging System
centerlines. Responsibility for adjust- Scanning Structures for
ments to the final heights of the plinth
reinforcing bars was shifted to the Non Destructive Evaluation
trackwork contractor, the contractor
that was also responsible for precisely
setting the rail height (Fig. 3).
To aid each of the contractors and
ensure economical fabrication of the
GFRP stirrups, the number of bar
configurations was minimized. To
assist the trackwork contractor, plinth
length, width, and height were
distilled into six combinations, each
with its own kit of bent GFRP bars
(Fig. 4). The logistics of getting the
right bar to the right location along Locate rebar, post tension cable,
the entire length of the 2.4 mile and other structures in minutes
(3.9 km) guideway structure was Determine slab thickness and
thereby simplified, helping to minimize depth to cover
installation errors. Detect live conduits with EM
Sensor
Uniquely Constructible
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) Mala Geoscience USA, Inc.
bars are unique in that they can be 465 Deanna Lane Charleston, SC 29492
easily field cut with fine blade saws or Phone: (843) 852-5021 Fax: (843) 284-0684 www.malags.com sales.usa@malags.com

Concrete international february 2012 23

grinders equipped with carborundum blades. The track-
work contractor took advantage of this feature by prefabri-
cating plinth cages, positioning them along the rail path,
and field trimming the legs of the cage to adjust the heights
of each leg (Fig. 4 and 5). Although individual bar locations
had to be tweaked to avoid deck bars and embedded rail
track inserts (Fig. 6), this was simply a matter of removing
bar ties, repositioning bars, and installing new ties.
Fig. 4: GFRP bar kits comprised hooked and straight bars for the
trackwork contractor to assemble into plinth cages as required
Fig. 5: A worker prepares to trim the legs of a plinth cage to set
the correct height before installing it over the projections of the
plinth stirrups (to his left). To the workers right, bar cages have
been installed over the stirrups in the guideway deck
24 february 2012 Concrete international
Some extraordinary circumstances also arose during the
course of construction, requiring some key workarounds
with the GFRP bars. During launching of the precast
concrete segments, for example, it was necessary for large
gantry cranes to be positioned directly above the GFRP bar
locations (Fig. 7). This meant that GFRP bars in those
locations that bore the crane reactions could be crushed
(or were removed).
The workaround was to install replacement bars using
epoxy adhesive. A series of anchor pullout tests established
that GFRP bars could be developed using adhesive. Because
its much easier to drill down the embedded shaft of a
GFRP bar than through concrete, it became common
practice to simply trim off a damaged GFRP bar, drill
directly into the remaining portion of the remaining
segment of the bar to a prescribed depth, clean the hole,
install the adhesive, and push a new bar into the hole. The
same procedure was used to replace bars damaged during
the normal course of construction (Fig. 8).
The trackwork contractor was able to set up jigs and
fixtures to mass-produce rail plinth cages and then simply
place them along the length of the track for height adjust-
ment. For tying the GFRP bars for the prefabricated cages,
Fig. 6: Plinth stirrups, cages, and rail fastener anchor inserts
(blue) prior to concrete placement
Fig. 7: Gantry cranes and other equipment sometimes conflicted
with GFRP bars. Here, the bars at a reaction point for a crane
girder have been trimmed flush with the deck. They will be
replaced before completion of the rail plinth
the specification instructed the trackwork contractor to use
plastic-coated wire ties, but the contractor eventually
adopted injection-molded polymer bar clips dispensed
from a gun-type fixture (Fig. 4 and 5). Although the clips
were more expensive than wire ties, the increase in productivity
more than made up for the added cost.
A Steep Learning Curve
As with any project that incorporates a relatively new
product or process, there is initial skepticism. But, the
doubt dissipates once experience is gained. For the Metro-
rail project, the GFRP bars were the new product, but
workers quickly learned to take advantage of the easy
handling of prefabricated cages made possible by the light
weight of GFRP. Working with the GFRP reinforcing bar
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8: If damaged, GFRP bars could be replaced with new bars
anchored using epoxy adhesive: (a) damaged bars have been
marked for replacement; and (b) after the existing bars were
cut off, new bars were installed in holes drilled through the
existing bar
supplier Hughes Brothers, Inc., the general contractor
Odebrecht-Tower Community Joint Venture; the segmental
precast contractor Rizzani de Eccher USA, Inc.; the cast-in-
place deck contractor Baker Concrete Construction; and
the trackwork contractor Railworks Track Systems, Inc.,
quickly agreed on how to stock and handle the GFRP bar
kits they were responsible for installing.
Of course, there were the occasional unforeseen conditions
that made it necessary to borrow bars from other parts of
the project. Fortunately, there was good communication
and coordination by all parties and willingness to buffer
suitable quantities of fabricated GFRP bars as they were
shipped from the bar manufacturer in Nebraska to the job
site in Miami, FL.
The project is one of the largest uses of FRPs in civil
infrastructure to date. As of publication, all indications are
that the implementation of GFRP bars in this major public
works project will be a complete success. While this is not
the first implementation of GFRP bar for electrical isolation
in high-voltage rail lines, it certainly will not be the last.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to acknowledge the efforts of J. Mendoza,
E. Lamborgini, and H. Zambrano of Odebrecht-Tower Community
Joint Venture; and L. Gallo and K. Drennon of Railworks Track Systems
in making this application of GFRP reinforcing a collaborative success.
References
1. Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP), Track Design
Handbook for Light Rail Transit (TCRP Report 57), National Academy
Press, 2000.
2. Bridges, V., The Miami Intermodal CenterEarlington Heights
Connector, ASPIRE, Summer 2011, pp. 26-28.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
ACI member Doug Gremel is Director,
Non-Metallic Reinforcing, Hughes
Brothers, Inc., Seward, NE, and Chair of
the management committee of
Composite Insulated Concrete
Systems LLC, Omaha, NE. He is a
member of ACI Committee 440,
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforce-
ment; the International Institute for
Composites in Construction; and the International Concrete
Repair Institute. He is the past Chair of the FRP Rebar
Manufacturers Council of the American Composites
Manufacturing Association; participates in fib TG9.3
deliberations, defining guidelines for the use of FRP reinforcing
in EuroCode countries; and is active on ASTM Committee
D30, Composite Materials. He received his BS in engineering
science from Colorado State University.
Concrete international february 2012 25
Resolving Sweating in
Open Industrial
Concrete Floor Slabs
Problems may be linked to using floors as a casting surface
by Arthur W. McKinney
A Areas
lthough the concrete industry has developed
reliable methods for constructing concrete slabs
that will carry moisture-sensitive flooring materials,1
there has been a steady increase in floor moisture problems
associated with open industrial floors. In such cases,
moisture develops on the exposed surface and produces a
persistent wet, slippery condition. This is not a simple
transient condensation event. The persistent slippery
surface affects foot and vehicular traffic and may also affect
moisture-sensitive materials stored directly on the floor.2
Serviceability and occupant safety are critical concerns.
The floors experiencing these problems share common
characteristics: they are in buildings with tilt-up concrete walls
constructed within the last 10 years and generally within a
relatively well-defined geographic area. This pattern recognition
has been useful in trying to understand the underlying causes
and developing strategies for avoidance or remediation.
These floors are typically finished by machine troweling;
to date, nothing remarkable has been identified in the basic
chemistry of the cements or other components of the
concrete mixtures.
Common Factors
Certain common factors have been observed where
sweating has occurred:
Sweating can be correlated with specific, predictable
changes in ambient humidity; however, in-place
measurements indicate that the floor surfaces are
typically above the dew point. Geographically, the
problem has been concentrated in northern Florida,
Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Texas;
The projects were built using tilt-up wall construction, and
portions of the floor used for casting the wall panels were
treated with a liquid-applied, reactive bond breaker to
prevent the wall from sticking to the floor when lifteda
requirement unique to tilt-up construction;
26 February 2012 Concrete international
used to cast wall panels sweat, while adjacent floor
areas do not;
In cases where the floor has been cured with a similar
reactive product, sweating may be observed over the
entire floor, except for secondary areas, such as pourback
strips between the erected wall panels and the edge of
the slab used as casting surfaces, pourbacks to replace
slab sections removed for subsequent utility work, and
pourbacks at column blockouts. These secondary areas
typically have not been treated after finishing (or they
were cured using means other than a reactive product),
and they do not exhibit the sweating problem; and
When drying occurs, white powder, filaments, or crystals
may be left on the surface. These have been identified as
carbonation products of alkali salts precipitating out of
solution. Frequently, such material defines the extent and
pattern of tilt-up panels or other components cast on the
floor (Fig. 1).
Hypothesis
Reactive bond breakers have been effective in facilitating
tilt-up wall construction. Typical reactive compounds contain
components to produce a gel or film of crude soap by reacting
with calcium hydroxide in the concrete surface. Such products
may be applied as a curing compound for the casting surface
and possibly to other areas of the floor slab. Multiple coats are
applied in the casting area as a bond breaker.
Effects of both the application and the application rate of
the reactive compounds are clearly discernible. The residual
gel or film and its effect remain persistent over time.
One effect is similar to sealing a concrete surface, causing
a redistribution of the moisture profile (from the wetter
bottom of the slab to the drier top). This can draw deliques-
cent materials to the surface, resulting in the powder,
filament, or crystal deposits. Observation suggests that the
persistence of the problem is exacerbated by the absence of
a vapor-retarding sheet under the slab.
This allows free movement of water
vapor from the subgrade into the slab.
It appears that, unless residual
products can be completely removed,
their presence and the transport of
deliquescent materials to the surface
create the persistent wet, slippery
surface conditions observed. Adverse
chemistry at the floor surface is the
root problem.
However, it is also clear that
weather does play a role. Floors do not
typically exhibit sweating except under
specific weather conditions related
to relatively rapid changes in
relative humidity.
Our analysis suggests that simply
cleaning the floor surface could
remediate or at least substantially
attenuate the problem. This should be
coupled with reasonable management
of the building ventilation system.
Remedial Approaches
Two remedial approaches have
generally been attempted:
Clean the floor surface to remove
any residual or deliquescent
materials brought to the surface.
The effects of cleaning can be
evaluated as a change in the
absorption rate at the surface; and
Manage the building ventilation
system to minimize the introduction
of outside air (attenuate the rate
of change in ambient interior
conditions). Ceiling-mounted,
high-volume, low-velocity (HVLV)
fans can be used to improve air
(a)
Fig. 1: In many cases, surface moisture problems are associated with the formation of a
powder or crystalline residue in areas where tilt-up wall panels were cast: (a) general
view of casting area on floor slab; and (b) close-up of crystals
movement. Such fans can move
warmer air near the ceiling down to
the floor, warming the surface and
moving it further off the theoretical
dew point.
Normal cleaning procedures have
been shown to temporarily resolve the
problem. Aggressive cleaning can severely
damage the traffic surface, leading to
serviceability problems such as tire wear.
Numerous protocols have been proposed
and field tested over the last several years
with limited success. It became clear that
a workable deep-cleaning process needed
to be developed.
Remediation by deep cleaning
Where the project reflects the
conditions described, deep cleaning of
the slab surface to effectively remove
residual materials may be the best
choice. Recent success with this
approach has been encouraging, as it
directly addressed the root cause. One
issue with such cleaning has been to
determine the correct materials and
protocols for remediating the problem
without damaging the slab surface.
A sequence for an effective deep-
cleaning protocol is set out in the
sidebar on Cleaning Regime. Experi-
ence has shown that both the specific
sequence and dwell time within each
step are very important.
If deep cleaning does not fully
resolve the problem, the weather side
of sweating may be addressed.
Events can be anticipated and
attenuated by managing the building
ventilation system.
(b)
Concrete international February 2012 27
Cleaning Regime
A small test area should be used to confirm the adequacy
of the materials, protocol, and timing. When cleaning large
areas, results should be checked against the test area at
each step. The general outline for testing the procedure is
as follows:
1. Check the floor for water penetration. If water
sprayed on the surface beads up, proceed with the
following steps.
2. Spray alkaline degreaser (at full strength or at a dilution
rate recommended by the supplier) in front of a ride-on
floor scrubber. The ride-on unit should be configured
to agitate the degreaser with its leading brooms,
followed by scrubbing and continuous vacuuming.
3. Rinse using a spray of clean water in front of
the scrubber, again agitating, scrubbing, and
vacuuming continuously.
4. Spray acidic cleaner in front of the scrubber, agitating with
the units brooms and scrubbing but without vacuuming.
The scrubber should leave a trail of bubbles on the floor.
5. Vacuum the floor.
6. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 to increase the absorption of
the floor.
7. Fill the clean water tank with neutralizing solution and
scrub the floor with neutralizer and without vacuuming.
Fig. 2: Testing for relative absorption using Rilem tubes. In this case, four tubes were used at each test site/cycle
28 February 2012 Concrete international
The scrubber should leave a trail of bubbles on the floor.
8. After the complete work area has been treated with the
neutralizer, rinse with clean water and vacuum.
9. After each step, test the floor for water penetration and
compare the results with the test area. In recent tests,
Rilem tubes have been tried to assess relative improve-
ments in surface absorption. The tubes were sealed to the
floor and evaluated over a 2-hour period (Fig. 2). Rilem
tubes on concrete can produce erratic results, but multiple
tests suggest significant improvement after cleaning.
10. Allow to dry or revacuum.
Each agitation and power-scrubbing step may take
15 to 20 minutes based on a 10,000 ft2 (930 m2) effort. Keep
the work area uniformly wetted through each
step. Dwell time is very important. The cleaning
products should likely contain surfactants and
chelating components. It may take some trial and
error to achieve a process that deeply removes the targeted
materials without damaging the floor surface. The devel-
oped process can then be applied to larger floor areas.
After deep cleaning, application of a surface densifier
might be considered (to date, the presence or absence of a
silicate densifier has not been shown to be a factor in
either causation or remediation).
Remediation by managing ventilation
Managing the building ventilation system to limit or
avoid moisture events has become better understood as the
problem has affected an ever-larger geographical area and,
thus, more projects. This solution is, basically, living with
the problem. The strategy is as follows:
1. Identify and track the problematic weather events;
2. Keep the floor clean;
3. Avoid negative air pressure in the building;
4. Under the appropriate conditions, close all exterior
doors and shut down ventilation fans and louvers to
minimize infiltration; and
5. Supplement air movement from the ceiling area down
to the floor using high-volume, low-speed (HVLS) fans.
These prevent stratification and warm the slab.
Steps 4 and 5 must be activated prior to the weather
change. With proper timing, events can be substantially
curtailed. Bad timing can make the problem worse.
Such air movement only solutions do not require
additional heat energy or mechanical dehumidification.
Evaporation, per se, is simply not effective unless the air is
dehumidified. The perceptible air movement from HVLS
fans reduces occupant stress during problematic events.
project. This will impart costs that may push pricing
outside local market norms.
References
1. ACI Committee 302, Guide for Concrete Slabs that Receive
Moisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials (ACI 302.2R-06), American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2006, 42 pp.
2. ACI Committee 360, Guide to Design of Slabs-on-Ground (ACI
360R-10), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 72 pp.
Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
Arthur W. McKinney, FACI, has 45 years
of design and construction experience
and a successful international
practice. He is a member and past
Chair of ACI Committee 360, Design
of Slabs on Ground, and a member of
ACI Committees 117, Tolerances; 301,
Specifications for Concrete; and 302,
Construction of Concrete Floors.

General Avoidance and Design

Considerations
Current understanding of the moisture problem leads to
two approaches that should be considered for new open
industrial floors, particularly in those geographic locations
subject to sweating events:
Use reactive bond breakers only in areas used for casting
and use them in strict accordance with the manufac-
turers printed instructions. Avoid direct contact with
the floor surface. In the casting areas, cure the floor with
a suitable water-based styrene acrylic compound. Again,
follow the manufacturers instructions. Using the curing
compound will help ensure that the reactive component
in the bond breaker will interact with the materials in
the wall panelnot the materials in the floor. This is an
approach that is used in stack casting. After casting
operations, completely remove the residual materials
from the floor surface; and
Limit sources of moisture by the design and management
of the building ventilation system and by requiring a
competent vapor-retarding sheet under the entire floor.

Summary
Sweating floors are the result of a combination of adverse
transient weather and adverse floor surface chemistry. The
problem can be substantially remediated by deep cleaning of
the floor surface.
For open industrial floors, the moisture issue represents
a growing concern. The indicated strategies will affect the
design and overall methods and materials required for a

Concrete international February 2012 29

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Products&PracticeSpotlight
Advancing the
Technology of Bridge
Deck Overlays
by Ed McLean
I
n the U.S., deck overlays are commonly used to extend
the service lives of bridges. In the typical overlay operation,
the concrete wearing surface is removed, repairs are
made at delaminations and spalls, and a new wearing
surface is installed. Overlays have been successfully executed
using a number of mixture types, including low-slump
portland cement concrete (PCC), PCC mixtures with silica
fume (SF), and latex-modified concrete (LMC).
By the 1990s, Mike Sprinkel of the Virginia Department
of Transportation (DOT) saw a need for having a low-
permeability cement-based overlay that could develop high
strength in less than 4 hours. Such a mixture would allow
work to be completed rapidly (overnight or on weekends),
thus minimizing traffic delays and congestion on heavily
traveled roadways. After evaluating mixtures produced with
various rapid-setting cements, the Virginia DOT selected
an overlay concrete comprising Rapid Set Cement,
manufactured by CTS Cement Manufacturing Corp.
(CTS), coupled with a latex admixture. Known as very
high-early-strength latex-modified concrete (LMC-VE), this
technology provides a low-permeability concrete overlay
that can be opened to traffic only hours after installation.1
Updating the Technology
By 2007, transportation departments throughout the U.S.
included LMC-VE in their overlay specifications. Even so,
Edward Rice, founder of CTS and an innovator in concrete
construction materials and methods, was concerned that
contractors were increasingly bidding ordinary PCC
overlays in lieu of LMC-VE overlays. They were apparently
avoiding LMC-VE because of the materials need for
specialized handling and mixing equipment and its
temperamental workability.
Rices solution was the development of a new product
a mixture with the high performance of LMC-VE but
without the associated negatives. This product, known as
Rapid Set Low-P (Low-P), is supplied as a premixed powder
comprising Rapid Set Cement with a redispersible polymer,
corrosion inhibitor, and wetting agent. Because Low-P
eliminates the need for separate latex storage tanks (on site
and on mixing equipment), production costs are signifi-
cantly lower than for LMC-VE.
Demonstrating the Technology
In 2008, CTS approached Patrick Martens, District 6
Bridge Engineer (St. Louis) with the Missouri DOT (MoDOT)
and requested a pilot project to demonstrate the benefits of
the Low-P technology. Martens agreed to a demonstration,
and on October 25, 2008, MoDOT personnel applied an
overlay to the Chestnut overpass above Interstate 70 (I-70)
in downtown St. Louis. Using a rented mobile mixer and a
lightweight vibratory truss screed, the districts bridge
maintenance workers were able to produce and place
21 yd3 (16 m3) of the Low-P mixture in 12 hours. Although
workers reported that the mixture was sticky, they success-
fully placed the 8 to 9 in. (200 to 225 mm) slump Low-P
concrete in three sections, each 12 ft (3.6 m) wide and
80 ft (124.4 m) long. Three-hour compressive strengths
exceeded 4000 psi (27 MPa), so the demonstration met
requirements for placement ease and early strength.
The demonstration would not be successful, however, if
the overlay didnt meet durability requirements. So the
following April, MoDOTs bridge survey team evaluated
the overlay. Using a rebound hammer, they estimated that
the compressive strength averaged over 5700 psi (39 MPa).
Pulloff tests indicated that the overlays were well bonded to
Concrete international february 2012 31
Products&PracticeSpotlight
the substrate; although two cores broke at the bond line (at
320 and 260 psi [2.2 and 1.8 MPa]), most test cores broke in
the substrate. Rapid chloride permeability (RCP) tests
conducted per AASHTO T 277 indicated that the charge
passed through 2 in. (50 mm) overlay specimens was only
640 coulombswell within the range typically considered
to delineate low-chloride permeability.
According to Martens, there were numerous reasons why
Low-P was a good fit for Missouri projects. At the time, we
had just started with rapid-setting overlays for fast-track
projects in downtown St. Louis, he said. The ability of
Low-P to achieve rapid strength gain made it a viable
option. Further, it was less expensive, and our crews could
easily dispense and finish the product with our own systems.
Applying the Technology
Shortly after the inspection of the Chestnut I-70 overpass,
a local contractor, Concrete Strategies, was awarded a
MoDOT contract that included replacement of the concrete-
wearing surfaces on eight bridges. All of the bridges had
existing overlays that had been constructed with low-slump
PCC or SF concrete; the new work would provide the second
overlay for six decks and the third overlay for two decks.
Six of the decks required repairs before the overlays
could be installed. The original contract required that
repairs were to be made using PCC and the overlays were
to be made using LMC. To minimize downtime, Concrete
Strategies requested that they be allowed to complete the
repairs and the overlay using the same mixture. This
required that the repair concrete would be capable of
reaching traffic-bearing strength in only 2 hours. Low-P
not only satisfies this requirement but it also contains a
corrosion inhibitor to protect the reinforcing bars within
the repair zones. MoDOT therefore agreed to the modification,
allowing Concrete Strategies to meet the aggressive schedule
required for the projects. Low-P was used for both repairs
and the overlays on the Lafayette I-55 overpass.
The MoDOT specifications for deck preparation, mixture
proportioning, overlay placement, and curing on the eight
bridges were based on the use of LMC-VE concrete. The
specification called for a cement content of 658 lb/yd3
(390 kg/m3) and equal weights of coarse and fine aggregates.
Placements were made in mid-May with the following
performance results: 8 to 9 in. (200 to 229 mm) slump;
7160 and 9300 psi (49 and 63.7 MPa) compressive strengths
at 3 hours and 28 days, respectively; and average RCP test
results of 448 coulomb charge passed at 28 days. Pulloff tests
averaged 200 psi (1.4 MPa) tensile strength and chaining
indicated no delaminations. Finally, testing per AASHTO T 161
showed that the Low-P mixture had a durability factor of
99% after 300 cycles of freezing and thawing.
32 february 2012 Concrete international
Based on these results, MoDOT approved the use of
Low-P mixtures for repairs and overlays on two additional
projectsthe Utah and Pestalozzi I-55 overpasses. To reduce
the compressive strength of the concrete used for repair
patches, the cement content was reduced from 658 to
572 lb/yd3 (339 kg/m3), but the mixture proportions for the
overlays matched those for the Lafayette overpass.
Typically, new products take time to get through the
evaluation phase, so its remarkable that the Low-P product
was fast-tracked in this manner, said Martens. When
contractors discovered that Low-P was less expensive than
LMC-VE and the same desired results could be achieved, it
helped to expedite the review process.
Although the cement content was lowered, test results
indicated that the repair mixture would perform at the
same levels as LMC-VE mixtures. On the Utah overpass,
for example, the repair mixture consistently developed
3-hour compressive strengths of 4300 psi (29.5 MPa), with
14-day flexural strengths (per AASHTO T 177) of 928 psi
(6.4 MPa), and 14-day RCP values of 604 coulombs.
The reduced cement content was therefore specified for
both repairs and overlays on the Arsenal and Sidney I-55
overpasses. The reduced cement content mixture provided
similar performance on subsequent placements, including a
1300 ft (396 m), 3-1/2 lane overlay on I-44 over the Meramec
River near Eureka, MO (Fig. 1). Test results included a
durability factor of 99%, 14-day flexural strength of 708 psi
(4.8 MPa); average 3-hour compressive strength of 4300 psi
(29.5 MPa); and 14-day RCP values of 883 coulombs. As
with the previous Low-P overlays, sounding and pulloff
tests showed excellent bond. By the end of 2009, MoDOT
had allowed the use of Low-P mixtures on overlays of six
decks, totaling more than 102,000 ft2 (9500 m2) as well as
for countless joint replacements and patching applications
throughout District 6.
Advancing the Technology
In 2010, Concrete Strategies completed the two remaining
decks in their 2009 contract for bridges in downtown
St. Louis. Following those projects, contracts were awarded
to XL Contracting to place deck overlays on four bridges in
Jefferson County, MO, and on the 9th Street ramp from I-64
into downtown St. Louis. In MoDOT District 6, Kilian
Corporation was awarded the contract to place overlays on
four rural, two-lane highway bridges.
In late summer, MoDOT self-performed an overlay
placement in Macon County in MoDOTs District 2 (Fig. 2).
On this 200 ft (61 m) long deck, a roller screed was used as
the primary finishing machine in lieu of a traditional
self-propelled bridge deck screed. According to Scott
Stephens, District 2 Bridge Engineer, the district saved
Products&PracticeSpotlight

about $25,000 by using the roller screed, yet the resulting

overlay had excellent ride quality. The user-friendly nature
of Low-P has allowed MoDOT to install several overlays
with our own maintenance forces, said Martens. On lower
volume routes, in conjunction with hydrodemolition, crews
can install these with a roller screed. We have turned
around bridge rehabilitations in less than 2 weeks using our
own crews and Low-P concrete.
Late in the season, RV Wagner was awarded an overlay of
the Rt. 61 Bridge over I-55 in Festus, MO. Other contractors
had also completed overlay projects using Low-P mixtures,
so in 2010, a total of 14 bridges (187,000 ft2 [7400 m2]) in
(a) Missouri were overlaid with Low-P concrete.
For 2011, the contracted work in Missouri included six
bridges on I-270, eight bridges on I-170, and the AH overpass
on I-44 southwest of St. Louis (Fig. 3). These projects
totaled almost 100,000 ft2 (9300 m2). MoDOT District 8
(Springfield) also completed overlays on two, two-lane
rural bridges using their own crews and mobile mixers.

(b)

Fig. 2: On lower-volume routes, such as this project in Macon

County, MoDOT crews have been able to place repairs and
overlays using a roller screed

(c)

Fig. 1: Contractors have used Low-P for repairs and overlays on

high-traffic routes, such as the I-44 bridge over the Meramec
River near Eureka, MO: (a) preparation: milling and demolition
revealed the poor condition of the deck; (b) monolithic placement:
concrete was produced using two 10 yd3 (7.6 m3) mobile volumetric
mixers charged about mile (800 m) from the end of the bridge,
allowing the contractor to place 650 ft (200 m) of a 12 ft (4 m)
lane each night; and (c) service: since completion in August of
2009, two surveys have shown that cracking is limited to
reflective cracking associated with cracks in the substrate and Fig. 3: Screeding, tining, and curing operations on the AH
flexural cracking associated with negative moments in the deck overpass on I-44, southwest of St. Louis, MO, in May 2011

Concrete international february 2012 33

Products&PracticeSpotlight
We wanted a product that was durable, with low-shrinkage
and low permeability to protect the underlying black rebar,
said Darin Hamelink, MoDOT District 8 Bridge Engineer.
We received a great deal of support from CTS personnel,
who assisted us with calibrating our mobile mixers and
ensuring we would end up with a quality end product.
Hamelink estimates that MoDOT saved around $40,000 per
bridge by using in-house personnel and Low-P cement.
MoDOT has been both proactive and cautious in
applying Low-P mixtures. In 2010, inspectors noted
cracking in Low-P overlays, so additional inspections and
evaluations were conducted. The evaluations indicated that
the majority of the cracks are reflective, having originated
in the substrate. Also, surveys of decks with overlays
constructed using alternate concrete mixtures showed that
the cracking observed on Low-P decks matched the cracks
on decks constructed with other concrete types.
To date, overlay placements using Low-P concrete have
totaled over 435,000 ft2 (40,400 m2) on more than 40 bridges
in Missouri, along with various partial and full-depth deck
34 february 2012 Concrete international
repairs and joint replacements. MoDOTs rehabilitation
of I-55 overpasses received a Concrete Quality Award in
2009 from the St. Louis Concrete Council for the use of
Low-P cement technology. The International Concrete
Repair Institutes Great Plains Chapter gave an Award of
Excellence in 2010 to the MoDOT Bridge A1970 Rt. 3
Project in Macon County.
But Missouri isnt alone in the use of the new technology.
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey has used
Low-P in high environmental exposure applications. Wearing
surface replacements in Virginia and North Carolina have
shown value, and transportation officials in Kentucky have
approved Low-P mixtures for experimental use.
Rarely is a new product developed, field tested, and
accepted as quickly as Low-P. The experience of the MoDOT
and others, however, shows that this new technology is
more user-friendly than existing technologies, meets
performance requirements, and is cost competitiverapid
acceptance was the natural result.
Reference
1. Wenzlick, J.D., Evaluation of Very High Early Strength Latex
Modified Concrete Overlays, prepared for the Missouri Department of
Transportation, May 2006, 23 pp.
Note: Additional information on the AASHTO standards discussed in
this article can be found at www.transportation.org.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
CTS Cement Manufacturing Corporation
www.ctscement.com
Ed McLean is the Regional Engineering
Manager for CTS Cement Manufac-
turing Corporation and is responsible
for directing the CTS Engineer Sales
Team in developing projects using CTS
products throughout the central U.S.
He received his BS in civil engineering
and construction management from
Bradley University in 1979. He has served
as a local chapter officer and on the Education Committee
for the International Concrete Repair Institute. His extensive
experience in the concrete industry includes owning and
operating a limestone quarry, a concrete pumping service,
and concrete production facilities. He has developed and
presented technical programs throughout the U.S. on high-
performance cements and use of fibers in concrete.
Strut-and-Tie Models for
Dapped-End Beams
Proposed model is consistent with observations of test beams

by Alan H. Mattock

T
he use of the strut-and-tie method (STM) to model the
behavior of dapped-end beams can be very useful in
design; however, the choice of an appropriate STM
truss model is very important. Logically, the STM truss model
chosen should be consistent with the observed behavior of
dapped ends, modeling the flow of forces in the dapped end.
The use of STM models in design is based on the
assumption that a selected truss model behaves plastically
at loads approaching its nominal strength. An appropriate
STM model will minimize the redistribution of internal
forces and the inelastic deformation necessary for a member
to develop its design nominal strength. As a result, STM
models that closely approximate the flow of forces naturally
occurring in a member will lead to the selection of more
efficient reinforcement, and the resulting member will have
Fig. 1: Typical cracking approaching failure of a suitably
narrower service-load cracks.
reinforced dapped end
The desirability of choosing an STM model in which
the flow of forces approximates the flow of forces naturally
occurring in the member was noted by Schlaich et al.1 in In this article, two widely published STM models for the
their landmark 1987 paper. Referring to the necessary dapped end are examined and compared with behavior
inelastic deformations approaching nominal strength, they observed in tests of 16 dapped ends subjected to a variety of
state, In highly stressed regions this ductility requirement combined vertical and outward horizontal reactions. It is
is fulfilled by adapting the struts and ties of the model to shown that these STM models lead to overestimates of the
the direction and size of the internal forces as they would amount of reinforcement required for a given combination
appear from the theory of elasticity. They further emphasize of vertical and horizontal reactions. A simplified STM
that, while deviations from elastic stress trajectories are model for the dapped end is proposed. This model more
acceptable, the development of basic STM models should nearly corresponds to the flow of forces observed in dapped
be consistent with observed force paths. ends and requires a smaller amount of reinforcement than
In structural concrete, the development of cracks in the the two other models.
concrete is a good clue as to the orientation of tension and
compression forces in the member. Compression forces are Review of STM Models for Dapped Ends
generally in alignment with the cracks and tension forces A model of concern
are oriented approximately normal to the cracks. A typical Originally proposed by Cook and Mitchell,2 the
cracking pattern for a suitably reinforced dapped end STM truss model shown in Fig. 2 has since appeared in
approaching failure is shown in Fig. 1. ACI SP-2083 and ACI SP-273.4 Comparing with Fig. 1, it can

Concrete international February 2012 35

 1.5 kip 2.2 kip 2.9 kip be seen that the assumed compression Strut BD must cross
(6.7) (9.8) (12.9)
1.90 in.
the diagonal tension cracks in this region, almost at right
7 in. B
E (48) angles. The assumption of such a strut is therefore
(178)
A 1 2 D inconsistent with the behavior observed in many tests of
2 in. 10 kip
beams with dapped ends. Use of the truss model in the
4
(51) (44.5) 13.48 in.
(342) example shown in Fig. 2 yields a value of 76.9 kips (342 kN)
10 in. for the force in the hanger reinforcement (Tie BC). This is
(250) 43.6 kip 3
(194) more than 1.8 times the net support reaction of 42.1 kips
C F 3.63 in.
(92) (187 kN) acting on the nib. Part of the calculated extra
tension in the hanger reinforcement results from the
3 in. 4 in. 4 in. 7 in. 5 in. assumed horizontal reaction at Node A, but this does not
(76)(102)(102) (178) (127) (mm or kN)
account for the full difference. Further, the model does not
agree with test observations.
Fig. 2: Since originally proposed by Cook and Mitchell,2 this STM
truss model has been included in examples in ACI SP-2083 and
ACI SP-273.4 Compression struts and tension ties are respectively Conflicting results
represented by dashed and solid lines (after Fig. 2-4 in Never, in any of the many tests of dapped ends that I have
Reference 3) witnessed, has the measured force in the hanger reinforcement
been so much in excess of the end support reaction, as
indicated in Fig. 2. In almost all cases, the force in the
Nib Interface between nib Potential diagonal hanger reinforcement has been very close to the magnitude
and full-depth beam tension cracks of the vertical support reaction. This has been true both for
the case of vertical support reaction only and for the case of
Ah combined vertical and outward horizontal reactions.
hn d n Reference 5 provides supporting data. Specimens in this
As
study were 5 in. (127 mm) wide and 24 in. (610 mm) deep
A
reinforced concrete beams. A schematic of the dapped end
D h
of a test specimen from the study is shown in Fig. 3, and
Nn lv test parameters and results are listed in Table 1.
Vn Av
a In the test program, the distance from the vertical
Hanger 45 reaction to the center of the hanger reinforcement a and
reinforcement the effective depth of the nib flexural reinforcement dn
Ash (closed stirrups) were varied. The force in the hanger reinforcement (Tie AD
Beam flexural Beam shear
reinforcement reinforcement in Fig. 2) at yield of the nib flexural reinforcement Fy(test)
was deduced from the strain measured in the hanger
Fig. 3: Schematic of dapped-end test specimens (after reinforcement. It can be seen that in all the 16 dapped ends
Reference 5). Specimens were 5 in. (127 mm) wide and 24 in. tested, Fy(test) was very close to the vertical reaction at yield
(610 mm) deep reinforced concrete beams. The distance from
of the nib flexural reinforcement Vy(test), with an average
the vertical reaction to the center of the hanger reinforcement
ratio of 0.97 and a standard deviation of 0.071. The applied
a and the effective depth of the nib flexural reinforcement
dn were varied
outward horizontal force Nn in these tests varied from zero
to 50 to 60% of the vertical reaction Vn.
1.5 kip 1.7 kip 2.4 kip
(6.7) (7.6) (10.7) Alternative model
7 in. B 1.90 in. Figure 2-6 of Reference 3, reproduced herein as Fig. 4,
(178) crack E (48)
shows an alternative STM truss model previously proposed
2 in. 10 kip A 1
D 13.48 in. by the FIP.6 This model takes into account the diagonal
(51) (44.5) (342) tension cracking shown in Fig. 1 and, for the same loading
10 in. 43.6 kip condition as that shown in Fig. 2, predicts a force in the
(250) (194) 2
hanger reinforcement of 40.4 kips (180 kN), which is 96%
C F 3.63 in. of the net support reaction acting on the nib.
(92)
Section 3.4.6 of Reference 3 discusses the difference in
3 in. 4 in. 4 in. 7 in. the calculated tension in Tie BC in the STM models shown
(76)(102)(102) (178) (mm or kN) in Fig. 2 and 4. It also observes that the STM model in Fig. 4
corresponds to the observed cracking, concluding: This is
Fig. 4: STM model truss after Reference 3 an acceptable strut-and-tie model solution.

36 February 2012 Concrete international

 Flexural compression B
Development length
P2
A D
P1

Shear
stirrups 45
C
Fig. 6: Simplified STM truss model. The external tensile Restraint P1
Inclined
compression is provided by the development length extension of Tie AD
forces

Beam flexural
reinforcement

Fig. 5: Transfer of force over the development length of the concrete and stirrup reinforcement stresses due to the
extension of Tie AD (refer to Fig. 3 and 4) development of Tie AD were higher than what would occur
in most practical cases because the horizontal force acting
on the dapped end was 50 to 60% of the vertical reaction,
In Table 1, the nominal shear strength Vn(calc) was compared to 20% of the vertical reaction required by
calculated considering the static equilibrium of those pieces ACI 318-118 for corbel design and commonly used in the
of the dapped end that would be cut off by two cracks design of dapped ends.
running from the reentrant corner of the dapone vertically
upward and one at 45 degrees to the horizontal and a third
crack running upward at 45 degrees from the bottom corner
of the full depth beam, as shown in Fig. 3. This approach
was proposed in Reference 7 and leads to the conclusion
that the hanger reinforcement force is equal to the vertical
reaction acting on the dapped end. This approach is
equivalent to assuming an STM model truss similar to that
shown in Fig. 4, but without Tie DF and Node D. This is
because both approaches are based on the satisfaction of
static equilibrium for the various parts of the dapped end.
The use of a tie such as Tie DF implies that the total
tension in Tie AD must be resisted at Node D by Strut CD
acting with Tie DF as a truss. This would only be true if Tie
AD terminated at Node D with some form of positive
anchorage, so that the total force in Tie AD was resisted by
Strut CD acting with Tie DF as a truss. In fact, Tie AD is
continued past Node D by a length sufficient to develop
the yield strength of Tie AD, taking into account the depth
of concrete below Tie AD.
The buildup of force in Tie AD takes place gradually
over this development length, rather than suddenly at
Node D and, hence, there is no need for a tie such as Tie DF.
(In the example from Reference 3, the force in Tie DF is
38.0 kips [169 kN]approximately the same as the force in
the hanger reinforcement.) No such tie was provided in the
tests5 reported in Table 1, yet no tensile distress occurred
due to the omission of such a tie. The tensile stresses in the
concrete due to the transfer of force from the extension of
Tie AD are evidently resisted by the surrounding concrete
and the normally designed shear web reinforcement,
because no extra cracking was observed in this part of the
beam in the tests of References 5 and 7. In these tests, the

Concrete international February 2012 37

Table 1:
Data from dapped-end beam tests5
Nib
depth Shear Nn, Vn(test), Vy(test), Fy(test),
Specimen hn, in. span a, kips Vn(calc), kips Vn(test)/ kips Vy(test)/ kips Fy(test)/
No. (mm) hn/h in. (mm) a/dn (kN) kips (kN) (kN) Vn(calc) (kN) Vn (calc) (kN) Vy(test)
12 9 39.24 46.44 42.15 42.7
1A 0.50 0.82 0 1.18 1.07 1.01
(305) (229) (175) (207) (187) (190)
12 9 20 36.78 42.19 39.06 38.4
1B 0.50 0.82 1.15 1.06 0.98
(305) (229) (89) (164) (188) (174) (171)
12 11 46.17 46.77 44.10 43.0
2A 0.50 1.01 0 1.01 0.96 0.98
(305) (279) (205) (208) (196) (191)
12 11 25 38.68 42.58 39.54 37.8
2B 0.50 1.02 1.10 1.02 0.96
(305) (279) (111) (172) (189) (176) (168)
12 13.63 38.19 44.38 40.68 37.8
3A 0.50 1.25 0 1.16 1.07 0.93
(305) (346) (170) (197) (181) (168)
12 13.63 20 35.68 42.53 34.76 33.9
3B 0.50 1.26 1.19 0.97 0.98
(305) (346) (89) (159) (189) (155) (151)
12 16.25 31.31 39.45 31.87 31.9
4A 0.50 1.49 0 1.26 1.02 1.00
(305) (413) (139) (175) (142) (142)
12 16.25 22 28.26 36.83 28.33 27.6
5B1 0.50 1.50 1.30 1.00 0.97
(305) (413) (98) (126) (164) (126) (123)
12 16.25 23 27.76 32.00 24.75 27.8
5B2 0.50 1.50 1.15 0.89 1.12
(305) (413) (102) (123) (142) (110) (124)
16 9 39.10 39.49 35.50 34.3
6A 0.67 0.60 0 1.01 0.91 0.97
(406) (229) (174) (176) (158) (153)
16 9 28 38.64 45.85 36.30 28.7
6B 0.67 0.60 1.19 0.94 0.79
(406) (229) (125) (172) (204) (161) (128)
16 18.50 39.48 45.11 40.50 37.0
7A 0.67 1.25 0 1.14 1.03 0.91
(406) (470) (176) (201) (180) (165)
16 18.59 20 35.47 40.21 34.80 36.0
7B 0.67 1.25 1.13 0.98 1.03
(406) (472) (89) (158) (179) (155) (160)
19 10.75 39.08 45.52 40.90 41.4
8A 0.79 0.60 0 1.16 1.05 1.01
(483) (273) (174) (202) (182) (184)
19 10.75 28 40.04 45.62 40.50 36.3
8B 0.79 0.60 1.14 1.01 0.90
(483) (273) (125) (178) (203) (180) (161)
19 22.25 20 36.87 39.32 35.08 33.5
9B 0.79 1.25 1.07 0.95 0.95
(483) (565) (89) (164) (175) (156) (149)
Mean 1.15 1.00 0.97
Standard deviation 0.076 0.056 0.071

a = distance from reaction V to the center of the hanger reinforcement

dn = effective depth of nib reinforcement
Fy(test) = measured force in hanger reinforcement Ash (cross-section area of hanger reinforcement), at shear Vy
h = total depth of beam (24 in. [610 mm])
hn = total depth of the nib
Nn = outward horizontal force acting on the dapped end at nominal strength
Vn = nominal shear strength of dapped end
Vy = shear acting on dapped end at yield of the nib flexural reinforcement

38 February 2012 Concrete international

 Figure 5 shows how anchorage of to develop its yield strength, taking stirrups, grouped close together and
Tie AD probably occurs by strutting into account the depth of concrete located as close as possible to the end
action from the extension of the below the reinforcing bar. It must also face of the full-depth beam. This
reinforcement beyond Node D. The be positively anchored at Node A. minimizes the distance a from the
bar extension would be anchored by The hanger reinforcement should vertical reaction to the centerline of
struts between both the flexural preferably be in the form of closed the hanger reinforcement (refer to
reinforcement at the bottom of the
beam and to the flexural compression
zone at the top of the beam. The
vertical components of the diagonal
strut forces are taken up by the shear
stirrups, which were continued to the
end of the full depth part of the
beams. Splitting of the beam along the
axis of the development length would
also be resisted by the tensile strength
of the concreteno such splitting was
observed in any of the tests.
Point D in Fig. 3 corresponds
approximately to Node D in Fig. 4.
The stress in Tie AD was monitored
at Point D by strain gauges and was
found to reach the yield strength of
the bar at nominal strength of the
dapped end. It can be seen in Table 1
that the nominal strength of the
dapped ends was closely (but
conservatively) predicted using the
assumption that the hanger
reinforcement force at nominal
strength is equal to the vertical
reaction acting on the dapped end.

A Simplified STM Model

for the Dapped End
I propose that an appropriate STM
truss model would be similar to that
shown in Fig. 4, with the omission of
Tie DF. It is assumed that at Node D,
an external tensile restraint acts on
Tie AD and a compressive reaction
acts on Strut CD. Node D is the point
at which Tie AD is crossed by a line from
the bottom corner of the full depth
beam inclined at 45 degrees to the
horizontal (Fig. 6). The external tensile
Restraint P1 is provided by the
development length extension of Tie AD.
It is also assumed that the inclined
compressive Force P2 is part of the overall
truss action in the full depth beam.
It should be noted that the bar
along Tie AD must be extended
beyond Point D by a length sufficient

Concrete international February 2012 39

Fig. 3). In turn, this minimizes the force in the nib flexural
reinforcement in Tie AD (Fig. 6) due to the steeper
inclination of Strut AB. The reduction in force in AD and
consequent reduction in bar size means that the stresses in
the concrete beyond D, due to the development of force in
AD, will be reduced.
The hanger reinforcement must be looped around the
reinforcement comprising Tie CF (Fig. 4), and the bars in
Tie CF must also be positively anchored at Node C. In the
case of a reinforced concrete beam, Tie CF will be an
extension of the main flexural reinforcement of the beam.
In the case of a prestressed concrete beam, Tie CF must
extend a sufficient distance into the beam to enable it to
transfer to the prestressing strand a force equal to its yield
strength.9 This is to ensure the integrity of the truss action
of the web reinforcement resisting shear in the full depth
portion of the beam. It is assumed that the required regular
web reinforcement will be carried to the end of the full
depth part of the beam.
In addition to the primary reinforcement corresponding
to the tie members of the STM truss model, it is necessary
to provide horizontal reinforcement in the nib to stabilize
Strut AB. In the test specimens reported in References 5
and 7, this reinforcement was proportioned in the same way
that similar reinforcement in a corbel is designed, according
to Section 11.8 of ACI 318-11.8 This reinforcement is
extended into the full-depth part of the beam a distance
sufficient to develop its yield strength. In those test specimens
in which a/dn exceeded 1.0 (refer to Table 1), the dapped-end
nib was designed for shear according to the deep beam
provisions of Reference 10.
Conclusions
Although used in design examples in ACI SP-2083 and
ACI SP-273,4 the STM truss model shown in Fig. 2 is not
consistent with the observed behavior of beams with
dapped ends. Because it overestimates the force to be
carried by the hanger reinforcement, its use will require
the provision of more hanger reinforcement than is
really necessary.
The STM truss model originally proposed by FIP6
correctly estimates the required amount of hanger
reinforcement, but requires additional reinforcement to
carry the force in Tie DF (Fig. 4)the amount being about
the same as that required for the hanger reinforcement.
This is actually correct only if some form of positive
anchorage is provided at Node D for the nib reinforcement
in Tie AD. If the Tie AD reinforcement is anchored by
extending it past Node Da length sufficient to develop
its yield strengththen Tie DF is not necessary. In
conclusion, the simplified STM truss model shown in
Fig. 6 is consistent with observed behavior of dapped
ends and will lead to the minimum required amount
of reinforcement.
40 February 2012 Concrete international
Acknowledgment
The author wishes to thank J. Breen for his helpful comments on
an earlier draft of this paper.
References
1. Schlaich, J.; Schfer, K.; and Jennewein, M., Toward a Consistent
Design of Structural Concrete, PCI Journal, V. 32, No. 3, May-June
1987, pp. 74-150.
2. Cook, W.D., and Mitchell, D., Studies of Disturbed Regions
near Discontinuities in Reinforced Concrete Members, ACI Structural
Journal, V. 85, No. 2, Mar.-Apr.1988, pp. 206-216.
3. Sanders, D.H., Example 2: Dapped-End T-beam Supported by
an Inverted T-beam, Examples for the Design of Structural Concrete with
Strut-and-Tie Models, SP-208, K.-H. Reineck, ed., American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2002, pp. 91-103.
4. Mitchell, D.; Cook, W.D.; and Peng, T., Example 14: Importance
of Reinforcement Detailing, Further Examples for the Design of
Structural Concrete with Strut-and-Tie Models, SP-273, K.-H. Reineck and
L.C. Novak, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2010, pp. 237-252.
5. Mattock, A.H., Behavior and Design of Dapped End Members,
Proceedings, Seminar on Precast Concrete Construction in Seismic Zones,
V. 1, Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 29-31, 1986, pp. 81-100.
6. FIP Recommendations, Practical Design of Structural Concrete, FIP
Commission 3 Practical Design, Sept. 1996, SETO, London, England,
Sept. 1999 (distributed by fib, Lausanne, Switzerland).
7. Mattock, A.H., and Chan, T.C., Design and Behavior of Dapped
End Beams, PCI Journal, V. 24, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1979, pp. 28-45.
8. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
9. Mattock, A.H., and Abdie, J.L., Transfer of Force between
Reinforcing Bars and Pretensioned Strand, PCI Journal, V. 33, No. 3,
May-June 1988, pp. 90-106.
10. Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 426, Suggested Revisions to Shear
Provisions for Building Codes (ACI 426.1R-77), American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1979, 82 pp.
Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
ACI Honorary Member Alan H.
Mattock is Professor Emeritus of
Civil Engineering at the University of
Washington, Seattle, WA. He received
his BS, MS, and PhD from the University
of London, England. He was a member
of ACI Committee 318, Structural
Concrete Building Code, and ACI 318
Subcommittees on Shear and Torsion
(318-E) and Precast and Prestressed Concrete (318-G) for
20 years. He received the Wason Medal for Most Meritorious
Paper in 1967 and the Alfred E. Lindau Award in 1970.
Design Rules for Steel-
Concrete Composite
Columns: 1910 to 1963
by Richard W. Furlong
T
his is the first of two articles discussing the
evolution of composite column design require-
ments in building code documents published by
ACI and the American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC) (Table 1). In this article, the design rules from
1910 to 1963 are covered. The second article will discuss
the design rules that have since been published.
The First ACI Building Code
ACIs first building regulations developed for use in
U.S. building codes as adopted by the Institute was drafted
by the Committee on Laws and Ordinances (later named
the Committee on Building Laws and Insurance) of ACIs
predecessor, the National Association of Cement Users.
The committees Standard Building Regulations
for the Use of Reinforced Concrete was adopted by the
association in 1910.1
Member design was based on linear elastic materials,
with the steel-concrete modular ratio n set at 15. The
ratio of least diameter to height was to be taken as 1/15,
but the same clause stated, Greater ratios shall be
deduced using satisfactory column formulae. A 5%
reduction of live load was permitted for each supported
floor beneath the roof, but the total live load reduction
could not exceed 50%. The compressive strength of
concrete was determined using 8 x 16 in. (200 x 400 mm)
cylinders, and a minimum strength of 2000 psi (14 MPa)
was required. Concrete columns reinforced with hoops
and longitudinal steel comprising at least 1% of the
section area could be designed for a stress of 650 psi
(4.5 MPa) on the concrete inside the hoops and a steel
stress of 6750 psi (46.5 MPa). Under the heading of
Working Stresses for concrete, the Code stated,
Compression on columns reinforced with structural
steel units which thoroughly encase the concrete core,
540 psi (3.7 MPa), and 8100 psi (56 MPa) on the
structural steel. Concrete-filled tubes or pipe would fit
this condition, but the writers probably envisioned laced
channel or laced angle columns encasing a concrete core, as
that was a common practice at the time. Unconfined
concrete outside hoops or laced steel was allowed no
strength at all. Explicitly for fireproofing, a minimum of
2 in. (50 mm) of concrete was required over the main
reinforcement in columns.
In reinforced concrete columns, bending stresses due to
eccentric loads were to be provided for by increasing the
section until the maximum stress did not exceed the
specified maximum compressive stress. The code language
also implied, however, that steel-encased concrete could be
designed for a compressive force only.
The 1920 ACI Building Code
A decade after ACIs first code was adopted, the ACI
Standard Building Regulations for Use of Reinforced
Concrete were endorsed.2 The previous codes basic
endorsement of elastic analysis and compatibility remained
in place, and the same schedule of live load reductions for
columns was provided.
Concrete strength notation fc was introduced. This
could be based on tests of 8 x 16 in. (200 x 400 mm) or
6 x 12 in. (150 x 300 mm) cylinders. A more sophisticated
modular ratio was defined as a step function: n was
15 for fc from 1200 to 2200 psi (8.3 to 15 MPa), 12 for fc
from 2200 to 3300 psi (15 to 23 MPa), and 10 for fc
exceeding 3300 psi (23 MPa) (Fig. 1). Allowable stress
on concrete in direct compression was limited to 0.25fc
but, combined with flexure, extreme fiber stress could be
taken as 0.375fc. If a concrete-bearing area were at least
twice as large as the loaded area, bearing stress could
be taken as 0.50fc. Steel that was entirely encased in
Concrete international February 2012 41
Table 1:
Evolution of steel-concrete composite column design standards

Document type Design type Year Design principles applied to composite columns
Included confinement by structural steel encasing a concrete core.
1910 Ratio of least diameter to height limited to 1/15.
Modular ratio of 15.
Included cast iron cores surrounded by concrete confined by spiral.
1920 Limits placed on slenderness of steel and cast iron components.
ACI building code Modular ratio set as a function of concrete strength.
Combination column introduced using structural steel shape as sole longitudinal
1928
reinforcement and wire as confinement.
Allowable Columns could be assumed to have fixed ends.
stress 1936 Analysis per elastic theory and composite transformed section.
Combination column modified to use wire mesh as confinement.
1941
1947 Design rules remain unchanged from those in 1936 Code.
1951

Rectangular stress block theory allowed.

1956 Ultimate strength design introduced in an appendix, but procedures did not apply
to composite concrete columns.

Strength design required minimum eccentricities of 10% and 5% for tied and spirally
ACI 318 1963
reinforced columns, respectively.
Composite column defined as reinforced with structural steel shapes, pipe, or
tubingwith or without longitudinal bars.
1971
Yield strength limited to 50,000 psi for structural steel.
Allowable stress design method becomes alternate design method.
Calculation of maximum axial load strength simplified by limiting tied and spiral
1983 column axial strengths, respectively, to 80% and 85% of section strength with zero
Ultimate eccentricity.
LRFD Manual strength 1986 Structural steel component to comprise at least 4% of section area.
ACI 318 1989 Composite column rules same as those in ACI 318-83.
1995 Composite column rules remain unchanged from 1986 edition.
LRFD Manual Load combinations from ASCE 7 adopted.
2001
Rules for composite columns remain unchanged from 1995 edition.
ACI 318 Load combinations aligned with ASCE 7, and strength reduction factors modified.
2005 Compared with previous LRFD or ACI 318 rules, smaller areas of longitudinal steel
LRFD and WSD
and steel core allowed.

concrete and designed to carry the entire column load P
was restricted to an allowable stress fs related to the slender-
ness of the steel alone and given as
fs = 18,000 70L/r 16,000 psi
( fs = 124 0.4L/r 110 MPa) (1)
where L was the unsupported length and r was the least
radius of gyration of the steel element.
The concrete encasement had to be at least 3 in. (75 mm)
thick and reinforced with wire mesh or hoop weighing at
least 0.2 lb/ft2 (40 g/m2) of surface area of the shell.
With this minimal reinforcement, the encasement
concrete could be assigned no loadonly the steel
was assigned any load. When details of the structural
steel were such as to fully enclose a concrete core, or
where a spiral of not less than 1% of the core area
and a pitch of not more than 3 in. (75 mm) was
provided, the core concrete could be loaded to not more
than 0.25fc in addition to the load on the steel (no
compression load was allowed on the concrete outside
the spiral). Composite columns comprising cast iron

42 February 2012 Concrete international

cores surrounded by concrete that was enclosed within
a spiral of not less than 0.5% of the iron core area and
with a pitch of 3 in. (75 mm) or less could be allowed
a stress of 12,000 60L/r but not more than 10,000 psi
(83 0.4 L/r but not more than 70 MPa). The diameter
of the cast iron core could not exceed one-half the
diameter of the spiral around the encased concrete.
The 1928 ACI Building Code
The 1928 Code was the first to acknowledge that
concrete inside of lateral tie encasement could be
considered as a load-bearing structural material,
although it did not allow concrete outside of spirals
to be considered load bearing.3 The important role
of the water-cement ratio (w/c) was emphasized.
Requirements were provided for making, curing, and
capping ends of 6 x 12 in. (150 x 300 mm) long test
cylinders to establish the value of fc, although
approximate proportions among water, cement, and
aggregates were recommended to give fc values from
1500 to 3000 psi (10 to 20 MPa). The modular ratio was
defined as 30,000/fc with fc in psi (200/fc with fc in In this type of column, termed a combination column,
MPa) (Fig. 1). The allowable extreme fiber compressive
stress for concrete in flexure was limited to 0.40fc, but
was permitted to be 0.45fc at beam-column joints.
Concrete-bearing strength could be taken as 0.25fc. The
upper limit for the compressive strength of structural
steel in columns given in Eq. (1) was reduced from
16,000 to 15,000 psi (110 to 100 MPa), and the
compressive strength of cast iron was limited to 9000 psi
(60 MPa).
A composite column was defined as a column in which
a steel or cast iron section was completely encased in
concrete that contained both spiral and longitudinal
reinforcement. If a structural steel or cast iron column were
thoroughly encased in a concrete core reinforced with
longitudinal steel bars comprising 2 to 4% of the gross
column area confined by spiral reinforcement, a compressive
stress of 0.25fc was allowed on the concrete within the
outside circumference of the spiral. (Only the concrete
inside the circumference of spirals was to be considered
load bearing for bar-reinforced spiral concrete columns.)
The compressive strength fa of steel shapes encased in
concrete was defined per
fa = 18,000 / [1 + L2/(18,000r 2)] 15,000 psi (2)
( fa = 124 / [1 + L2/(18,000r 2)] 100 MPa)
If a cast iron section was to support construction or
other loads prior to encasement, the cast iron stress could
not exceed 12,000 60L/r, psi (83 0.4L/r, MPa). Unit
stresses on longitudinal reinforcing bars could not
exceed 0.25nfc. The diameter of cast iron core could not
exceed half the diameter of the spiral hooping, and the
Fig. 1: Evolution of the modular ratio as defined in the ACI building
codes (1 psi = 0.0069 MPa)
area of cast iron was limited to 12% of the area enclosed
by the spiral.
A new special designation allowed construction of
composite columns without longitudinal reinforcement.
structural shapes were required to be wrapped with a
minimum No. 8 gauge (4.06 mm diameter) wire mesh
(4 in. [100 mm] spacing) and encased in concrete. A 2 in.
(50 mm) minimum cover was required, and fc was required
to be at least 2000 psi (14 MPa). Although the structural
steel shape was required to be designed to support all dead
load, the total capacity Pcomb of the combination column
was given by
Pcomb = (1 + 0.01Ac /As)fa As (3)
in which Ac is the area within the outer circumference of
the wire mesh, As is the area of the structural shape, and fa
was found using Eq. (2). In effect, this formulation permits
the net concrete force to be up to 1% of the force on the
structural steel. Because fa was limited to 15,000 psi
(100 MPa), however, this means the concrete stress (within
the outer circumference of the wire mesh) was limited to
only 150 psi (1 MPa).
The 1936 ACI Building Code
Based largely on the results of an extensive concrete
column research program4 sponsored by a Joint Committee
organized by the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE) and sponsored by ASCE, ACI, Federal Bureau of
Standards, Federal Highway Administration, and American
Railroad Engineering Association, the column provisions in
the 1936 ACI Building Code contained an allowable stress
formulation using strength principles.5
All reinforced concrete framed structures were to be
considered monolithic in nature, and the code allowed
designers to assume columns as fixed at their ends. The
Concrete international February 2012 43
modular ratio remained 30,000/fc with fc in psi (200/fc in
MPa). Axial stiffness could be based on either the gross
area or the total transformed area, particularly for
combination columns and for composite columns.
Columns had a minimum dimension of 10 in. (250 mm)
and a gross area not less than 120 in.2 (75,000 mm2).
The unsupported length of columns was defined as
the distance between the top of the footing or floor slab
and the bottom of a slab or beam (if any) at the top of
the column. A column could be considered short if the
unsupported length L were not more than 10 times
the least dimension of the column section. Spirally
reinforced columns could be built as square columns
but the permissible load, gross area, and required
percentage of reinforcement was made to satisfy
requirements for a circular column with 1.5 in. (38 mm)
cover over the spiral.
Permissible service load P on a short composite column
having a concrete core completely enclosed within steel
tube or structural shapes was specified as
P = 0.22Ac fc + fs As + fr Ar (4)
for which Ac is the net area of concrete (the gross area Ag less
the cross-sectional areas for the longitudinal reinforcement
and the structural steel encasementrespectively, Ar and
As), and fs and fr are respectively the permissible service load
stresses in the longitudinal reinforcement and the structural
steel encasement.
The variable Ar was limited to 0.20Ag, and the structural
steel encasement had to be filled with concrete. Any
concrete encasement outside structural steel was required
to have spiral reinforcement that was at least 3 in.
(75 mm) clear of a circular metal core or 2 in. (50 mm)
clear of the corners of an embedded H section. Further-
more, the compressive strength of any spirally reinforced
concrete section outside a structural steel core was
restricted to 0.35fcAg.
Rules for combination columns changed from those in
the 1928 Code. In place of No. 8 gauge wire, confinement
reinforcement was specified as welded-wire mesh
having wires of No. 10 W&M gauge (3.43 mm diameter)
with 4 and 8 in. (100 and 200 mm) pitches relative
to the column axis and circumference, respectively.
A 1 in. (25 mm) cover was required outside the mesh, and
the mesh required a lap splice of at least 40 wire diameters.
The upper limit for the permissible stress in the steel core
(refer to Eq. (2)) was increased to 16,000 psi (110 MPa).
While the permissible stress in the concrete remained
effectively 1% of the permissible stress in the steel core, the
force was based on the gross concrete area. Finally, if the
ratio of L to the least section dimension h exceeded 10, the
long column permissible service load P was to be the basic design consideration in concrete structures. In
used, where
44 February 2012 Concrete international
P = P(1.3 0.03L/h) (5)
Columns subjected to both axial load and bending were
to be analyzed according to elastic theory applied to the
composite transformed section. While empirical expressions
for reducing the permissible service load on concrete in bar
reinforced concrete columns were published (for use in lieu
of an elastic analysis of stress), none were provided for
composite columns.
The ACI Building Codes: 1941, 1947,
and 1951
After the 1936 Code was issued, sprayed-on
asbestos-cement fireproofing materials virtually
eliminated the use of concrete as insulation for
structural steel columns. Concrete-filled steel tube
columns also were rarely used, as they were labor
intensive and required coordination between steel
fabricators and concrete contractorscomponents of
fiercely competitive trade groups in American industry.
Consequently, there was little motivation to improve
design standards for composite columns. For two
decades, ACI composite column design rules remained
unchanged from those in the 1936 Code.6-8
The structural steel industry continued to ignore
concrete for columns, having taken the position that
concrete for columns should be addressed only by the
concrete industry. Following the adoption of provisions
for the design of composite beams by the American
Association of State Highway Officials in 19569 and
the publication of a textbook on composite beams,10
however, AISC did recognize composite structural
concrete slab-steel beam configurations in its 1961 and
1963 specifications.11,12
Strength Design Appended to
ACI 318-56
Structural engineers had long been aware that allowable
stress limits under service load on indeterminate ductile
frameworks did not recognize the reserve strength remaining
if a stress-based design limit were exceeded. Moreover,
observations and tests of continuous steel beams and
monolithic reinforced concrete beams indicated that such
beams resisted loads greater than forces derived on the basis
of elastic analysis with limit stresses. It was found that safe
and more efficient structures could be realized if designs
were based on safety derived from an analysis of collapse.
Collapse of indeterminate steel structures simply involved
analysis of strength in flexure when enough plastic hinges
formed to permit instability.13
Several decades of debate and research had made
strong arguments for using strength instead of stress as
particular, it was known that reinforced concrete and
composite steel-concrete strength ACI 318-63 from the 1936 through 1956 Codes.
limits could be calculated far In ACI 318-63, Working Stress Although USD rules did not
more readily and accurately than Design (WSD) and Ultimate Strength explicitly include composite
could stress values for concrete Design (USD) were given parallel columns, they did influence later
structural components.14 status.16 Design rules for composite codes and are summarized herein.
Even so, allowable stress design and combination columns, however, USD required analysis of indetermi-
still made up the main body of the were present only in the WSD sections nate structures based on the assumption
ACI 318-56 Code,15 which was and remained essentially unchanged of elastic behavior, but the rules
somewhat hastily issued to correct
unsafe allowable beam shear
stress values in the 1951 Code.
Rules for column design remained
unchanged from earlier 1941
through 1951 Codes, but a major
shift in design philosophy was
introduced in ACI 318-56. That
edition of ACI 318 authorized design
based on strength at collapse (then
known as Ultimate Strength Design)
in an appendix. The strength of
sections at collapse had to be greater
than service load forces augmented
by load factors for section capacity
that reflected risk of overload and
consequences from collapse.
No strength reduction factors were
included in the 1956 Code, but dead,
live, wind (earthquake), and intrinsic
loads (volume change due to creep,
shrinkage, and temperature change)
were assigned various load factors. For
example, in the basic load case, dead
load was factored by 1.2 and live
load was factored by 2.4. Monolithic
structures were to be analyzed by the
theory of elastic frames as if all
components of the structure
remained elastic until the effects of
ultimate (factored) loads could be
reached at all critical sections.
The 1956 ACI Code provided
equations based on rectangular stress
block theory for calculating values
of section strength due to bending,
axial force on short columns, and
bending plus axial load on regular
rectangular sections and circular
column sections. However, no
mention of composite sections was
made, and no special equations
were given for composite columns.
Consequently, only bar-reinforced
concrete columns could be designed
by the Ultimate Strength procedures.

Concrete international February 2012 45

specifically allowed modification or redistribution of
joint moments by as much as 10%. However, to ensure
strength prior to collapse, modified joint moments had to
be in equilibrium throughout the length of a member. The
calculated ultimate strength of sections required that
collapse be assumed when any compression strain reached
0.003. The compression stiffness modulus for concrete Ec
was defined in units of psi as
Ec = w1.533 fc, where w is the density of concrete in lb/ft3, (6)
(in units of MPa, Ec = w1.5(0.043) fc, where w is the density
of concrete in kg/m3)
and the stiffness modulus Es for steel was specified as Es =
29,000,000 psi (200 GPa). Figure 1 shows the resulting n for
normalweight concrete.
Concrete between the extreme compression fiber and
a neutral axis of bending was to have a stress-strain
distribution in reasonable agreement with results of
comprehensive tests. Any steel reinforcement was assumed
to possess elastic stress-strain characteristics until yielding
of the steel and plastic stress fy for all strains greater than
the yield strain. A description of an acceptable concrete
stress-strain diagram was specified (and remains in use
today) as:
At ultimate strength, a concrete stress intensity of
0.85fc shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an
equivalent compression zone bounded by the edges of the
cross section and a straight line located parallel to the
neutral axis at a distance a = k1c from the fiber of
maximum compression strain. The distance c from the
fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis is measured
perpendicular to that axis. The fraction k1 shall be taken as
0.85 for strengths fc up to 4000 psi (28 MPa) and shall be
reduced continuously at a rate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi
(7 MPa) of strength in excess of 4000 psi (28 MPa).
The compatibility of strains at ultimate strength was the
basis for deriving formulas applicable to bar-reinforced
concrete sections and given in the code. No formulae were
provided for composite or combination sections. Capacity
reduction factors were introduced in the 1963 Code.
The fundamental relationship, ( Calculated Strength) >
Factored Load Combination, had to be satisfied throughout
a structure. Calculated strength values had to be reduced by
factors of 0.90 for flexure, 0.85 for shear and 0.75 for spiral
columns, and 0.70 for tied columns. Load combinations
were simplified from those in the Appendix to ACI 318-56,
and the load factors were modified. For example, in the
basic load case, dead load was factored by 1.5 and live load
was factored by 1.8.
ACI 318-63 also specified that columns be designed for
an axial load eccentricity of at least 10% of tied column
section thickness or 5% of spirally reinforced column
thickness in the plane of bending. To determine maximum
46 February 2012 Concrete international
axial load capacity, graphs of thrust Pu (axial force)
capacity and moment Mu capacity, called section interaction
diagrams, were used to indicate the amount of axial
strength Pu at the intersection of the interaction diagram
and the eccentricity line for Mu/Pu = 0.10. That requirement
made the calculation of maximum axial load capacity
rather complex.
Any influence of column slenderness on strength could
be ignored if the ratio of length-to-section stiffness L/r
were less than 60, with the radius of gyration r taken as
30% of the length of a rectangular section in the plane of
bending or 25% of the diameter of a round section. For
laterally restrained columns and values of L/r between
60 and 100, axial load capacity Pu had to be reduced by a
factor R = 1.32 0.006L/r if a point of contraflexure
existed between ends, or R = 1.07 0.008L/r if the column
were in single curvature. If columns resisted wind or
earthquake loads, an effective length L > L had to be
used as if the column ends were not laterally restrained,
and the reduction factor became R = 1.18 0.009 L/r. If
the ratio L/r or L/r exceeded 100, a rational analysis of
deformation was required with the elastic modulus Ec for
concrete taken as no more than Ec.
Although admirable toughness and ductility of
concrete-filled steel tube columns had been reported
by the Japanese after some earthquakes in the 1920s,
rarely had composite columns been specified for use in
North America since the early 1930s. Subsequent
research investigations17,18 however, revealed that strength
calculations made as specified by ACI 318-63 were more
than adequate for strength and safety of filled tube
composite sections.
References
1. ACI Committee on Building Regulations for the Use of Reinforced
Concrete, Standard Building Regulations for the Use of Reinforced
Concrete, ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 6, No. 2, Feb. 1910, pp. 349-361.
2. ACI Committee on Standard Building Regulations for the Use
of Reinforced Concrete, Standard Building Regulations for the Use of
Reinforced Concrete, ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 16, No. 2, Feb. 1920,
pp. 283-302.
3. ACI Committee E-1, Tentative Building Regulations for Reinforced
Concrete (ACI E-1A28T), ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 24, No. 3, Mar.
1928, pp. 791-828.
4. ACI Committee 105, Reinforced Concrete Column Investigation,
ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 29, No. 2, Feb. 1933, pp. 275-284.
5. ACI Committee 501, Building Regulations for Reinforced
Concrete (ACI 501-36T), ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 32, No. 3, Mar.
1936, pp. 407-444.
6. ACI Committee 318,Proposed Building Regulations for Reinforced
Concrete, ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 37, No. 11, Nov. 1940, pp. 77-140.
7. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete (ACI 318-47), ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 44, No. 9, Sept.
1947, pp. 1-64.
 8. ACI Committee 318, ACI Standard Building Code Requirements Farmington Hills, MI, 1963, 144 pp.
for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-51), ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 47, 17. Furlong, R.W., Design of Steel Encased Concrete Beam-
No. 4, Apr. 1951, pp. 589-652. Columns, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 94, No. ST1, Jan.
9. AASHO, Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, American 1968, pp. 267-281.
Association of Highway Officials, Washington, DC, 1957. 18. Knowles, R.B., and Park, R., Strength of Concrete-Filled Steel
10. Viest, I.M.; Fountain, R.S.; and Singleton, R.C., Composite Tubular Columns, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 95,
Construction in Steel and Concrete for Bridges and Buildings, McGraw- No. ST12, Dec. 1969, pp. 2565-2585.
Hill, New York, 1958, 176 pp.
11. AISC, Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection Selected for reader interest by the editors.
of Structural Steel for Buildings, American Institute of Steel
Construction, Chicago, IL, 1961.
12. AISC, Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection
of Structural Steel for Buildings, American Institute of Steel Richard W. Furlong, FACI, is Professor
Construction, Chicago, IL, 1963. Emeritus, Department of Civil,
13. Beedle, L.S., Plastic Design of Steel Frames, John Wiley & Sons, Architectural and Environmental
Inc., New York, 1958, 406 pp. Engineering, the University of Texas
14. Whitney, C.S., Plastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Design, at Austin. He is a member of ACI
Transactions ASCE, 107, 1942, pp. 251-326. Committees 335, Composite and
15. ACI Committee 318, Standard Building Code Requirements Hybrid Structures; E702, Designing
for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-56), American Concrete Institute, Concrete Structures; and Joint
Farmington Hills, MI, 1956, 73 pp. ACI-ASCE Committee 441, Reinforced
16. ACI Committee 318, Standard Building Code Requirements Concrete Columns.
for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-63), American Concrete Institute,

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Concrete international February 2012 47

Detailing Corner
Reinforcing Bar Details
for Mat Foundations
M
at foundations are commonly used to support
heavy loads from multiple columns. Mats may
bear on competent soil, on soil with a low bearing
capacity, or be supported on piles or drilled shaft foundations
(caissons). Depending on the total load applied to the mat
and underlying foundation system, the thickness of mat
foundations can vary from 1 ft (0.3 m) to more than 20 ft (7 m).
The reinforcing system in the mat can be quite substantial,
with heavy reinforcing bar mats in the bottom, top, or both
locations within the mat depth. Improper detailing of the
reinforcement can result in constructibility issues impacting
other trades, the schedule, and costs. This Detailing Corner
describes practices that can be used to simplify the design,
detailing, and placement of mat reinforcement.
DETAILING CORNER
Joint ACI-CRSI Committee 315-B,
Details of Concrete Reinforcement-
Constructibility, has developed forums
dealing with constructibility issues for
reinforced concrete. To assist the Com-
mittee with disseminating this informa-
tion, staff at the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
(CRSI) are presenting these topics in a regular series of
articles. If you have a detailing question you would like
to see covered in a future article, please send an e-mail
to Neal Anderson, CRSIs Vice President of Engineer-
ing, at nanderson@crsi.org with the subject line
Detailing Corner.
48 february 2012 Concrete international
Setting the Reinforcement
Minimum requirements
The mat depth is normally set by shear strength require-
ments. The amount of reinforcement As for the top and
bottom reinforcing layers is set by meeting ACI 318 Code1
requirements for flexural strength, minimum flexural
reinforcement (Sections 10.5.1 through 10.5.4), and
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement (Sections 7.12.2.1
through 7.12.2.3). Generally, As will be governed by flexural
considerations, either through analysis or satisfying the
minimum requirements. However, as the thickness of the
mat increases, the minimum amount of shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement will increaseit could control
for very thick mats.
Once this reinforcement quantity is calculated, a suitable
bar size and spacing can be selected. Depending on the
layout configuration, the reinforcing bars can be placed in
two layers (one mat) or four layers (two mats) at both the
top and bottom. Per Code Section 7.12.2.2, the bar spacing
is limited to five times the slab thickness or 18 in. (450 mm).
Code Section 15.10.4 also sets the maximum spacing of mat
reinforcement at 18 in.
Bars that are placed in the interior layers should follow
the same spacing patterns as the main, outer reinforcement
so that all bars in different layers are aligned (Fig. 1). This
provides clear passage for concrete placement, which helps
to reduce voids. Its considered good practice to select the
size of the bars in the interior layers equal to or smaller
than the outer layer reinforcing bars. Some designers prefer
to specify bars in the interior layers with diameters different
than the bars in the outer layer of reinforcement so they
can be more easily identified and checked in the field. By a
note or a section on the design drawing, the engineer
should specify those bars that will be placed in the outer
layer and the ones in the inner layer.
Its recommended that a clear spacing of at least 3 in.
(75 mm) (more for deeper mats) be provided between the
bars to facilitate concrete placement, as shown in Fig. 1. For
Detailing Corner
deep foundation mats requiring
worker access inside the cage, its also
good practice to provide openings in
the top reinforcement. This can be
accomplished by bundling the bars and
providing additional steel around the
resulting opening, as shown in Fig. 2.
As noted in ACI 336.2R,2 Section
6.14: It is essential that the engineer
prepare thorough drawings documenting
all phases of the reinforcement
placement.... Specification of placement
sequence is very important.
Additional bars
Additional flexural reinforcement
may be required at heavily loaded or
closely spaced columns or where
substructure support conditions
Fig. 1: Typical configuration of reinforcement in a deep mat foundation
Fig. 2: Openings in the top mat of reinforcement allow access to lower levels
change. Any additional top and/or
bottom reinforcement can be in the
same layer as the outer, main reinforce-
ment or within the interior layers.
Additional bars should be spaced as
a multiple or submultiple of the
spacing for the main reinforcement.
For example, if the mat foundation is
6 ft (2 m) thick and No. 9 (No. 29) bars
have been provided at 15 in. (375 mm)
on center for the main reinforcement
in each direction for both top and
bottom reinforcement, any additional
bars required in any area can be
provided at a spacing of 5, 7.5, 15, or
30 in. (125, 190, 375, or 750 mm).
Other Considerations
Some additional points to consider:
Concrete international february 2012
When the column spacing is not
laid out on a regular, symmetric
grid, consider locating the bars on
an orthogonal grid rather than
skewing them with the actual
column locations. Additional
reinforcement can then be placed
wherever its required.
Its common practice not to use
shear reinforcement in a mat. This
ensures that the depth and stiffness is
maximized and flexural reinforce-
ment is minimized (ACI 336.2R,
Section 6.1.2, Item 2). However,
when shear reinforcement is
required, its recommended that the
selected vertical bars are larger than
the main reinforcement and are
placed at larger spacingeasing
identification and inspection.
Its preferable to extend column
and wall dowels all the way down to
the bottom mat of reinforcement.
The dowels should incorporate a
90-degree hook at the bottom end,
so the tail of the hook can be used
for support and elevation control.
This also allows the dowels to be
tied to both the top and bottom
mats of reinforcement for stability,
as the two tie points will properly
secure the dowel bars from
displacing (Fig. 3).
If lap splices in the foundation mat
reinforcement are to be staggered,
they need to be carefully detailed
on the design drawings. Otherwise,
the staggered splices for different
layers of reinforcing bars may
become quite confusing to place and
subsequently inspect. If its possible
to avoid staggering splices, this
should be the preferred placement
for ease of constructibility.
The common mill stock length of
straight reinforcing bars is 60 ft
(18.3 m). However, a local fabricator
may have limitations (such as
storage space, crane capacity, and
bend table size), requiring stocked
straight lengths less than 60 ft. It is
thus advisable to verify with the
49
Detailing Corner

local fabricator the maximum

available stock length. Because a
mat foundation requires long runs
of straight bars, its recommended
that the maximum straight bar
length be used as much as possible.
This minimizes the quantity of
potential lap splices. If an actual bar
length shorter than the typical
stock length is needed to complete
the reinforcing bar run, this short
bar should be located at either end
of the mat foundation. Alternately,
stock length bars could be provided
throughout the mat, with the lap
lengths increased along the run.
Although the lap lengths will be
greater than Code minimums,
material waste and fabrication costs
could be reduced because a long
bar will not have to be sheared to a
shorter length. It will also aid in
constructibility, as a separate bar
length bundle will not have to be
inventoried at the construction site.
Standees for supporting the top
layers of reinforcement should be
sturdy and stable enough to
support the weight of the top steel,
workers, and equipment. For further Fig. 3: Column dowels should be hooked and extended to the bottom mat of
guidance of using standees for reinforcement to provide support
supporting heavy reinforcement,
see the Detailing Corner article
Using Standees.3 In addition,
diagonal bracing bars may be
required to ensure stability of the
entire reinforcing bar assembly.
Mat foundations will typically
incorporate elevator or sump pits.
If the mat depth can accommodate
the pit, an additional mat of
reinforcing steel can be added to
serve as the top steel in the mat
section below the pit (Fig. 4). The
top reinforcement in the mat
foundation (full-depth) will be
interrupted, however; so the
engineer will have to analyze the
opening region to determine if hooks
are required on the terminated bars
or additional framing bars are
required adjacent to the opening. Fig. 4: A schematic of an elevator pit. In a deep mat, a thickened slab may not be required

50 february 2012 Concrete international

Detailing Corner

(a)

(b)

Fig. 5: Details for a thickened mat below a trench drain: (a) design detail; and
(b) reinforcing bar placing detail

Fig. 6: Designers should consider using U-bars (hairpins) in place of hooked bars for
each bar layer at the edge of a mat foundation

Concrete international february 2012 51

Detailing Corner

Ifthetheelevator
mat depth cannot accommodate References 3. CRSI, Detailing Corner: Using
or sump pit, the mat 1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Standees, Concrete International, V. 32, No. 8,
will have to be locally thickened to Requirements for Structural Concrete Aug. 2010, pp. 52-54.
provide the necessary flexural (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American
capacity. A typical reinforcing scheme Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, Thanks to Dick Birley of Condor Rebar
for this condition is shown in Fig. 5. 2011, 503 pp. Consultants and member of Joint ACI-CRSI
If the horizontal bars must be 2. ACI Committee 336, Suggested Committee 315, Details of Concrete Rein-
anchored at the mat edges, it may Analysis and Design Procedures for forcement, and Neal Anderson of CRSI for
be necessary to tilt hooks so that Combined Footings and Mats (ACI 336.2R-88) providing the information in this article.
hook extensions fit within the (Reapproved 2002), American Concrete
geometric depth of the footing Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2002, 27 pp. Selected for reader interest by the editors.
(this may require additional
horizontal bars in the depth of the
footing to hold the hooks at the
proper angle). As an alternative,
U-bent bars could be lapped with
straight bars in the top and bottom
layers (a hairpin detailrefer to
Fig. 6). Depending on the specific
reinforcement layout and spacing,
hairpins may be more constructible
than individual hooks.
Its common practice to place sheets
of welded wire reinforcement
(WWR) between the two layers of
reinforcing steel within the top
mat. The WWR will allow laborers
to walk on the mat before and
during concrete placement (when (a)
the top bars will be buried in the
concrete), preventing them from
falling through the mat. The WWR
is sacrificial and is not usually
considered in the structural design
computations. Examples are shown
in Fig. 7 on foundations for recently
constructed buildings in Chicago.

Summary
Experience has shown that simple
measures can have a big impact on
the efficiency and cost of constructing
mat foundations. Varying bar sizes
according to the mat region or the
direction of the bars, providing
details for openings in the top
reinforcement needed for access to
the layers below, using a consistent
(b)
bar spacing, and planning for
anchorage at edges of pits and the Fig. 7: WWR placed between the top reinforcing bar layers allows the workers to safely
mat itself can reduce requests for walk on the mat before and during concrete placement: (a) Trump Tower, Chicago, IL;
information and/or errors. and (b) Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL (photos courtesy of Jack Gibbons, CRSI)

52 february 2012 Concrete international

Products &
Practice
PR 35 Rotating Laser
Hiltis PR 35 Rotating Laser streamlines alignment,
checking verticals and squaring and transferring heights,
saving manpower and time. It features two-way wireless
communication with the included PRA 35 Remote
Control/Laser receiver and includes digital offset
measurement, automatic alignment and monitoring, and
digital display of slope information. The PR 35 also
features an internal damping system, glass fiber-reinforced
polymer housing, and four rubber handles to make sure it
can perform under tough job-site conditions.
Hilti
www.hilti.com

ConmicShield Passes 9-Year Test

Lafayette Utility Systems (LUS) in Lafayette, LA, manages most of the utilities in its region. For many years, LUS was
fighting the growth of Thiobacillus bacteria, which excrete sulfuric acid and were taking a toll on the more than 560 miles
(900 km) of concrete collection pipe in their system. Consequently, their manholes required constant maintenance. Always
on the lookout for new technologies, in October 2001, LUS used the Permacast system by AP/M Permaform to apply a
ConmicShield-enhanced cementitious liner to a manhole with a long history of corrosion. ConmicShield is an antimicrobial
concrete additive that bonds molecularly to cement particles. More than 9 years later, in December 2010, representatives
from AP/M Permaform and LUS convened at the manhole to assess the long-term effectiveness of ConmicShield. The
inspection revealed a sound manhole with no significant deterioration. LUS will continue testing, but is likely to use
ConmicShield in future rehabilitation and new construction.
ConShield Technologies, Inc.
www.conshield.com

Endurablend Systems
Tensar International unveiled their Endurablend
Systems, a family of advanced polymer cement slurry
surfacing products that provide a flexible, durable
barrier over asphalt and concrete pavements to extend
service life. Endurablend Preserve is applied cold, but
is flowable so it can penetrate cracks, voids, and
surface irregularities. It offers abrasion resistance to
traffic, protects the substrate from fuel exposure, and
is resistant to freezing and thawing and to deicing
salts. Endurablend Deckset seals, protects, and
extends the life of bridge deck asphalt and concrete
pavement surfaces by adding surface durability. It
adds minimal weight to the structure and has low
permeability. Endurablend Crackfill has a high
compressive strength and offers an alternative to
traditional crack sealing by expanding as it cures to
ensure minimal shrinkage and evaporation.
Tensar International
www.tensarcorp.com
CMEXpert II
Tramex has released the latest
version of their popular CMEXpert
digital concrete moisture meter, the
CMEXpert II. The new device still uses
Tramexs instant nondestructive
moisture content test technology, but
also has upgraded features and a
time-adjustable backlit display. The
CMEXpert II is available in a range of
kits that can include an infrared surface
thermometer, relative humidity (RH)
probe, and sleeves for in-place RH slab
testing to conform to ASTM F2170. A humidity box may
also be used with these for surface RH testing.
Tramex, Ltd.
www.tramexltd.com

Concrete international february 2012 53

Products & Practice

SureLock Color System

The Ameripolish SureLock Color System for
polished concrete is engineered to bond color into
the slab and protect it, yielding true colors that last
longer than conventional dyes. Chemically reactive
SureLock Dye bonds to concrete to lock in color;
SureLock Densifier, a deep-bonding lithium silicate,
bonds to both dye and concrete; and SureLock Stain
Protector features strong resistance to staining and
etching agents. All three products contain UV
stabilizers. The compatible SureLock Rejuvenating
Cleanser extends the service life of the Stain Protec-
tor application as it cleans.
American Decorative Concrete Supply
www.adcsc.com

DIAM-A-TACH
General Equipment Company offers the new SG24-2300
series as an extension of its DIAM-A-TACH line of diamond
segment grinding systems. Designed for a multitude of surface
grinding applications, the new attachments feature the largest
rectangular diamond segments in their class. The SB24-2300
attachments are easily installed on low-speed surface grinders.
The 30- to 40-grit diamond segments feature Omnitrix
single-matrix formulation, which gives them a wider variety of
applications, including green concrete, epoxies, thin-film-type
floor coverings, and fully cured concrete. They can also be
operated wet or dry.
General Equipment Company
www.generalequip.com

Mine Mate
In response to customers requesting a machine to
apply shotcrete in underground coal mine applications,
Blastcrete developed the Mine Mate, a machine
designed to mix and pump concrete material for
underground mine sealing and stabilization, grouting,
and other shotcrete applications. The machine uses
the wet-mix shotcrete process, which minimizes dust
emissions and improves visibility, making it much
safer to use, especially underground. Including
Blastcretes X-10 ultra-high-pressure swing tube
pump and featuring a low-profile configuration, the
Mine Mate is designed for operations within a 4 ft
(1.2 m) ceiling.
Blastcrete Equipment Company
www.blastcrete.com

54 february 2012 Concrete international

 Information on the items reported in Products & Practice is
furnished by the product manufacturers, suppliers, or developers
who are responsible for the accuracy of the information. Also, the
descriptions of these items do not represent endorsement by this
magazine, by the American Concrete Institute, or any of its staff.
They are published here simply as a service to our readers.
Products & Practice

Web Notes
ACPA Joint Noise Estimator
The American Concrete Pavement Association released its concrete pavement joint noise estimator, available as an
iPhone or iPad app. This tool was developed to allow designers to estimate the impact of various joint geometries and
conditions on the overall tire-pavement noise level. It works by first entering data about the joint spacing, width, and
depth, and then entering an appropriate vehicle speed and average noise-level data associated with one of five preformatted
texturing methods or a standard noise input in decibels. The tool will then show three outputs: an increase in tire-pavement
noise level due to joint configuration, a total tire-pavement noise level including the affected joint, and the total
tire-pavement noise as predicted 50 ft (15 m) away. It is an ideal tool for those considering pavement restoration strategies
or otherwise want to assess pavement noise attributable to jointing factors. The app is available through the iTunes Store
or at apps.acpa.org.

Book Notes
Geomaterials Under The Microscope
by Jeremy P. Ingham
Geomaterials Under The Microscope is the first comprehensive guide to the petrography
of geomaterials, making the petrographers specialized knowledge available to
practitioners, educators, and students worldwide. The book provides color photo-
micrographs of geomaterials and explanations of their petrographic properties and
how to interpret them. An introductory chapter gives an overview of geomaterials
practice and a review of petrographic techniques. Each subsequent chapter covers a
different group of construction materials and includes an explanation of their
history, manufacture, and use in construction. The text draws upon diverse
published references to provide a unique summary of the properties and classification
of construction materials. This book is ideal for those interested in modern and historic construction materials.
Manson Publishing, Web site: www.mansonpublishing.com
price: $84.95; 192 pp.; ISBN: 9781840761320

Products&Service
Literature&Videos
New ASTM Bleed Stability Standard
A new ASTM International standard, adopted from an ACI test method, will be used to help ensure the safety of
construction projects. ASTM C1741, Standard Test Method for Bleed Stability of Cementitious Post-Tensioning Tendon
Grout, is under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee C09.41, Hydraulic Cement Grouts, part of ASTM International
Committee C09, Concrete and Concrete Aggregates. ASTM C1741 shares its title with and is based on ACI 423.9M-10.
Bleeding of post-tensioning grout creates pockets of reduced corrosion protection, which could lead to failure in post-
tensioning tendons; being able to predict bleeding in the grout before injecting into the tendon maximizes grout
performance for bleeding resistance, leading to safer and more reliable construction practices. ASTM standards can be
purchased from their Web site.
ASTM International
www.astm.org

Concrete international february 2012 55

Product
Showcase
Reinforcement
Cortec MCI
Cortecs Migratory Corrosion
Inhibitor (MCI) products can be used
to safeguard the integrity of exposed
reinforcing bar, ensuring that inter-
rupted projects are not structurally or
economically compromised because of
partially completed work. Without
protection, corrosion can accelerate
and compromise structural integrity.
MCI products from Cortec are
available in many forms, including
waterborne preservatives, plastic film,
emitters, and water-based rust converters.
They prevent flash rusting and provide
protection to exposed reinforcing bar
for up to 5 years.
Cortec
www.cortecmci.com
Kodi Klip
The Kodi Klip system provides a
secure way of tying reinforcing bar.
The systems four-point grip creates
stable, consistent connections ideal
for cast-in-place, precast, and tilt-up
applications. At the same time, it
reduces cuts and wrist fatigue from
wire tying, burns and flash injuries
from welding, and back injuries
from bending. Using the light-
weight application tool, these Klips
can be attached rapidly with
minimal effort.
Kodi Klip
www.kodiklip.com
56 February 2012 Concrete international
IntegraSpec ICF
The IntegraSpec ICF wall system
allows reinforcing steel to be cradled
in the form. The system combines
traditional insulated concrete forms
with independent web spacers
(available in sizes from 4 to 12 in.
[100 to 300 mm]) that ease the
placing of vertical and horizontal
reinforcing bars. They also allow the
creation of various concrete core
thicknesses, especially when com-
bined with IntegraSpec H-clips that
serve to gang the webs together.
IntegraSpec ICF
www.integraspec.com
Sleeve-Lock Grout Sleeve
Dayton Superiors Sleeve-Lock
Grout Sleeve is a one-piece mechanical
coupler designed to butt-splice
reinforcing steel. It accommodates
bar sizes No. 4 to 18 (13 to 57 mm)
and features positioning fins that keep
inserted reinforcing bar centered,
while an integrated post acts as a stop
when inserting bars. Stacking feet
stabilize the sleeve, assist in wire tying,
and act as a platform for reinforcing
bar chairs. Sleeve-Lock Grout Sleeve
works with precast or tilt-up applica-
tions.
Dayton Superior
www.daytonsuperior.com
AMSYSCO Inc.
AMSYSCO Inc. supplied their
unbonded post-tensioning tendons for
the tennis courts at Francis Howell
High School, St. Charles, MO. Over
14 miles (23 km) of post-tensioning
tendons were used as reinforcement
for 16 courts. Within a 2-month
window, the concrete contractor
was able to make four placements
of 25,000 ft2 (2300 m2) each. The
American Sports Builders Association
recommends post-tensioned concrete
for concrete courts, as it eliminates
the need for expansion joints and
minimizes cracking.
AMSYSCO Inc.
www.amsyscoinc.com
Fortius
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer
laminates are factory pultruded
plates consisting of unidirectional
stretched carbon fibers in an epoxy
resin matrix. They are used for the
post-strengthening of structures to
increase the load-bearing capacity
and stiffness of structural components.
Carbon fiber pultruded plates can
be applied to concrete beams,
columns, slabs, and walls for
permanent structural reinforcement.
Fortius
www.fortius.be
Product Showcase
Ferro-Green
FORTA Ferro-Green is a
blend of recycled polypropylene
and copolymer macrofibers
designed specifically for pervious
concrete applications. This blend
offers several benefits to pervious
concrete, including improved
modulus of rupture, surface
durability, and infiltration rate. It
adds toughness to pervious concrete
cross sections without reducing
pavement porosity.
FORTA Corporation
www.forta-ferro.com
DryFix Seismic Connector
In response to recent seismic events
in the U.S. and worldwide, Helifix has
advanced its patented DryFix Seismic
Connector System to reconnect
and stabilize damaged masonry or
strengthen and upgrade undamaged
masonry. The system combines
HeliBars, DryFit remedial ties, and
special seismic connectors to improve
structural strength and integrity and
enhance resistance to earthquake
tremors. The system is embedded
within existing masonry and is fully
concealed once installed.
Helifix, Inc.
www.helifix.com
Lenton Lock
Lenton Lock in-place reinforcing bar splices feature a patented gripping technology that helps
provide overall structural integrity in tension, compression, and stress reversal applications. Designed
for many uses, including columns, bridge members, and pilings, these splices can be installed with a
standard or impact wrench and the completed connection performs similar to a continuous reinforcing bar.
STRUX BT50
STRUX BT50 synthetic macrofiber
reinforcement is a patented engineered
design that provides post-crack control
performance with a broad range of
applications. Concrete reinforced
with STRUX BT50 achieves residual
strength values of over 145 psi for
every 4.5 lb/yd3 (1 MPa for every
2.7 kg/m3) dosage of fiber. It was
designed to be used as secondary
reinforcement in slab-on-ground
flooring, precast tunnel segments and
other precast applications, pavements
and soil stabilization, shotcrete, and
blast resistance.
Grace Concrete Products
www.graceconstruction.com
Galvashield N
Galvashield N embedded
galvanic anode units are used in
new concrete construction to
protect reinforcing steel from
corrosion. While the anode unit is
active, a small, direct current
provides steel polarization sufficient
to mitigate initial corrosion and keep
chlorides away from reinforcing
steel. Galvashield N is ideal for
structures that will be in extreme
exposure conditions or with long
service-life requirements.
Vector Corrosion Technologies
www.vector-corrosion.com
Concrete international February 2012
HRC 555 Headed Bars
HRC 555 Series Headed bars have
shorter development lengths than
standard hoods or straight bars and
therefore meet Section 12.6 of
ACI 318-08. With the point of
maximum stress near the end of
the bar, the HRC 555 series will
provide optimum behavior for
developing bars in the D-regions of
members. Head thickness is less
than the diameter of the bar, which
allows it to be placed where it is
most effective.
Headed Reinforcement Corp.
www.hrc-usa.com
MacGrid EG
Maccaferri now offers the MacGrid
EG series of biaxial geogrids. These
geogrids are made from a single layer
of polypropylene that is resistant to
installation damage, long-term and
UV degradation, and chemicals found
in most soils. They are designed to
distribute applied loads over a greater
area, reducing vertical pressure on
the subgrade, which reinforces and
stabilizes the base course materials and
reduces the thickness of the required
granular structure layer.
Maccaferri
www.maccaferri-usa.com
ERICO
www.erico.com
57
Calls for
Papers
Reinforced Concrete
Columns with High-
Strength Concrete and
Steel Reinforcement
Meeting: Technical session on
Reinforced Concrete Columns with
High-Strength Concrete and Steel
Reinforcement at the ACI Fall 2012
Convention, October 21-25, 2012, in
Toronto, ON, Canada. ACI-ASCE
Committee 441, Reinforced Concrete
Columns, is the sponsor of this session.
Solicited: Practicing engineers
increasingly favor the use of high-
strength concrete and reinforcement
in their design. This is especially true
for high-rise building projects, where
the usable space can be increased
when column size is significantly
reduced in lower floors. However, the
use of very high-strength materials is
currently limited by ACI and in many
parts of the world, specifically in
high-seismic regions. The main
objective of this session and special
publication is to present results from
recent research studies and examples
of practical applications and use of
high-strength concrete and steel
reinforcement in recent projects.
Requirements: Each speaker will
deliver a 20- to 30-minute presentation
during the session. A special publication
is planned, so speakers willing to
author papers will be given priority.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by
March 6, 2012; final papers are due by
September 19, 2012.
Send to: Halil Sezen, Ohio State
University, telephone: (614) 292-1338,
e-mail: sezen.1@osu.edu.
Cement and Concrete
Technology in Africa
Meeting: International Conference
on Advances in Cement and Concrete
Technology in Africa (ACCTA 2013),
January 28-30, 2013, Johannesburg,
South Africa.
Solicited: Conference themes will
58 february 2012 Concrete international
include, but are not limited to, state-of-
the-art of concrete technology in
developing countries, characterization
of cementitious materials, innovative
use of concrete and high-performance
concrete, natural materials and innovative
technologies for construction, durability
and structural evaluation of concrete
structures, and concrete technology for
sustainability and energy efficiency.
More information on conference
topics can be found at www.spin.bam.
de/en/accta_2013/index.htm.
Requirements: Interested presenters
are invited to send a 300-word abstract
by e-mail.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by
March 15, 2012.
Send to: Lubica Korac, Secretary,
e-mail: info-spin@bam.de.
Building Information
Modeling
Meeting: Technical session on
Advancements in the Use of Building
Information Modeling (BIM) Systems
at the ACI Fall 2012 Convention,
October 21-25, 2012, in Toronto, ON,
Canada.
Solicited: Four to six 30-minute
presentations focused on how BIM is
being incorporated into project design
and construction. The presentations
should address the challenges of
implementing this new technology
into the project delivery process; the
key benefits that BIM has to offer in
design, construction, and maintenance
activities; and examples of how this
new technology has been successfully
implemented into real-life projects.
Requirements: 1) Presentation
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), title,
affiliation, and contact information;
and 3) abstract of 500 words maximum.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by
March 30, 2012.
Send to: Neb Erakovic, Principal,
Halcrow Yolles, e-mail: neb.erakovic@
halcrowyolles.com.
Emerging Concrete
Technologies
Meeting: Technical session on
Emerging Concrete Technologies at
the ACI Fall 2012 Convention,
October 21-25, 2012, in Toronto, ON,
Canada.
Solicited: Six to ten 30-minute
presentations on new and emerging
technologies and materials that are
being implemented in the concrete
construction industry. These presen-
tations might include subjects such
as portland limestone cement,
advances in concrete durability and
service-life prediction, new admixtures/
additives or innovative approaches to
concrete mixture design with the
potential to increase sustainability of
concrete, and practical applications of
nanotechnology related to concrete
construction or repair.
Requirements: 1) Presentation
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), title,
affiliation, and contact information;
and 3) abstract of 500 words maximum.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by
March 30, 2012.
Send to: Hannah Schell, Head,
Concrete Section, Materials Engineering
and Research Office, Ministry of
Transportation of Ontario, e-mail:
Hannah.Schell@ontario.ca.
Engineering a Concrete
Future
Meeting: International Federation
for Structural Concrete (fib) Symposium,
April 22-24, 2013, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Solicited: The symposium theme
is Engineering a Concrete Future:
Technology, Modeling, and Construction.
Topics will include advanced and
innovative cementitious materials and
concrete, constitutive modeling of
cementitious and composite materials,
design concepts and structural
modeling, punching and shear,
challenges in bridge engineering,
concrete structures under seismic and
 Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines
We recommend that notices of calls for papers be submitted to Concrete International at least 9 months
(or sooner) prior to the prospective sessions. This timetable generally allows publishing of the notification
in three issues of the magazine. Please send meeting information, papers/presentations being solicited,
abstract requirements, and deadline, along with full contact information to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing

Calls for Papers

Editor, Concrete International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094; fax: (248) 848-3150;
e-mail: Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.

extreme loads, pioneering structures
and construction methods, and
structural aspects of tunnel construction
and design.
Requirements: Submit abstracts of
up to 200 words via one of the links at
www.fib2013tel-aviv.co.il, either at
Important Dates or Call for Papers.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by
April 2, 2012.
Contact: Conference secretariat,
e-mail: fib2013@ortra.com.
Assessment and Upgrading
of Infrastructure
Meeting: International Association
for Bridge and Structural Engineering
Spring Conference, Assessment,
Upgrading, and Refurbishment of
Infrastructures, May 6-8, 2013,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Solicited: Conference themes
include load-carrying capacity and
remaining service life of bridges, tunnels,
and maritime structures; assessment of
structural condition; modernization and
refurbishment, including change of use,
transformation or conservation, and
structures of historic and architectural
value; and materials and products.
Requirements: Submit abstracts
online at www.iabse2013rotterdam.nl/
abstracts.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by
April 15, 2012.
Contact: IABSE Spring Conference
2013, Kruisplein 40, 3012CC
Rotterdam, the Netherlands; telephone:
+(31) 6-53403276.
Analysis and Design
Issues in Liquid-
Containing Structures
Meeting: Technical session on
Analysis and Design Issues in Liquid-
Containing Structures at the ACI Fall
2012 Convention, October 21-25, 2012,
in Toronto, ON, Canada; sponsored by
ACI Committee 350, Environmental
Engineering Concrete Structures.
Solicited: Papers on the latest
analytical procedures, experimental
findings, and construction practice
issues related to liquid-containing
structures are invited. Topics will
include crack and leakage control
criteria under hydrostatic and
seismic loading, simplified and
efficient design procedures, design
code-related issues, and liquid-
structure interaction effects.
Requirements: 1) Presentation
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), title,
affiliation, and contact information;
and 3) abstract of 500 words maximum.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by
May 30, 2012.
Send to: Reza Kianoush, Ryerson
University, e-mail: kianoush@ryerson.ca.
International Conference
on Concrete Sustainability
Meeting: International Conference
on Concrete Sustainability (ICCS13),
May 27-29, 2013, Tokyo, Japan; organized
by the Japan Concrete Institute and
cosponsored by fib, ACI, and RILEM.
Solicited: The main conference
topics include environmental impact
reduction technologies; sustainability
aspects in durability; environmental
design, evaluation, and systems; social
and economic aspects of concrete
construction; and case studies of
sustainable concrete materials and
structures.
Requirements: Abstracts of 300 to
400 words are invited. More information
on submittal of abstracts can be found
at www.jci-iccs13.jp.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by
May 31, 2012; full papers are due by
September 12, 2012.
Send to: iccs13@ics-inc.co.jp.
Notable Concrete in
Toronto and Vicinity
Document: Compendium of
notable concrete in Toronto and
vicinity for publication at the ACI Fall
2012 Convention in Toronto, ON,
Canada, October 21-25, 2012; compiled
by ACI Committee 124, Concrete
Aesthetics, and cosponsored by the
ACI Ontario Chapter. Document will
also be available as an electronic file
on the ACI Web site.
Solicited: Image and brief description
of notable concretecast-in-place,
precast, post-tensioned, masonry, or
tilt-upin all types of uses: buildings,
monuments, pavement, silos, bridges,
crypts, furniture, retaining walls, tanks,
sculpture, culverts, plazas, and what-
ever else has caught your attention.
Significance may be historical, aesthetic,
functional, structural, construction-
related, unusual use or application, or
simply personal affection.
Requirements: 1) Name and
location of submission; 2) image
(photograph, drawing, or sketch) that
is not copyrighted; 3) brief description
that establishes significance and lists
credits; and 4) submitters name, title,
organization, and contact information.
Location information should be
sufficient to enable discovery by reader.
Submit all information in electronic
format: image as JPEG or TIFF file at
least 1 MB (but no more than 4 MB);
text in e-mail or as MS Word document
(100 words maximum).
Deadline: Submissions are due by
July 1, 2012.
Send to: Michael J. Paul, Duffield
Associates, 211 North 13th Street,
Suite 704, Philadelphia, PA, 19107;
telephone: (215) 545-7295; e-mail:
mpaul@duffnet.com.
Advertise in CI
For more information, contact
Jeff Rhodes, Sales Manager
Network Media Partners
(410) 584-8487
E-mail: concrete@
networkmediapartners.com

Concrete international february 2012 59

Meetings
2012 March 29-31
5-6 Structures Congress 2012,
10th International Conference Chicago, IL
February on Multi-Purpose High-Rise content.asce.org/conferences/
2-4 Towers and Tall Buildings, Abu structures2012
APFIS 2012: Third Asia Pacific Dhabi, UAE
Conference on FRP Structures, www.ifhs2012.com April
Sapporo, Japan 11-13
www.eng.hokudai.ac.jp/maintenance/ 6-8 International Conference on
APFIS2012 2012 CUEE Conference, Tokyo, Microdurability of Cementitious
Japan Composites, Amsterdam, the
8-11 www.cuee.titech.ac.jp/Conference_ Netherlands
NAHB International Builders 2012/index.htm microdurability.tudelft.nl/
Show, Orlando, FL Introduction.php
www.buildersshow.com 7-9
International Symposium on 18-20
9 Ultra-High-Performance Concrete ICRI 2012 Spring Convention,
16th Annual TERRA Pavement and Nanotechnology for High- Quebec, QC, Canada
Conference, St. Paul, MN Performance Construction Materials, www.icri.org
www.terraroadalliance.org/events/ Kassel, Germany
pavementconf/2012/index.html www.hipermat.de May
7-9
IABSE Conference, Cairo, Egypt
20-24 8-10
www.iabse-cairo2012.com
Concrete Decor Show and The 2nd International Conference
Green Matters Conference, San on Rehabilitation and Maintenance
7-10
Antonio, TX in Civil Engineering, Surakarta,
2012 International Concrete
www.concretedecorshow.com Indonesia
Sustainability Conference, Seattle, WA
sipil.uns.ac.id/icrmce02/index_qa.php
www.concretetechnologyforum.
22-23 org/seattle
The UK Concrete Show, 11-15
Coventry, England, UK NACE Corrosion Conference 8-9
www.concreteshow.co.uk/ 2012, Salt Lake City, UT Chemspec USA, Philadelphia, PA
events.nace.org/conferences/c2012 www.chemspecevents.com/usa

See the events calendar at www.concreteinternational.com for more listings 13-17

IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry
Technical Conference, San Antonio, TX
www.ieeepcaconference.org
Upcoming ACI Conventions
20-22
2012 March 18-22, Hyatt Regency, Dallas, TX. 4th International Symposium on
2012 October 21-25, Sheraton Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. Nanotechnology in Construction,
2013 April 14-17, Hilton & Convention Center, Minneapolis, MN. Agios Nikolaos, Greece
2013 October 20-24, Hyatt & Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, AZ. NICOM4.civil.duth.gr

For additional information, contact: 20-25

Event Services, ACI, P.O. Box 9094 International Conference on
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094 Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in
Telephone: (248) 848-3795 E-mail: conventions@concrete.org Concrete (ICAAR), Austin, TX
www.icaar2012.org

60 February 2012 Concrete international

Industry
Focus
Blastrac Teams With Fishman
Blastrac has welcomed Fishman Flooring Solutions
to their team. Fishman, based in Baltimore, MD, with
locations across the eastern U.S., has been providing
products and solutions to commercial flooring contractors
since 1919 and is now an authorized outlet for Blastrac
shotblasters, grinders, and dust collectors. Blastrac is a
global leader in surface preparation with expertise in
manufacturing and developing technologies.
AEM Receives Summit Award
The Association of Equipment Manufacturers
(AEM) received a Summit Award from the American
Society of Association Executives (ASAE) for the AEM
Construction Challenge, a student-focused workforce
initiative promoting greater awareness of construction
industry careers and industry contributions to an improved
standard of living. AEM was one of six organizations to win
this award, part of ASAEs The Power of A program, in The
Power to Create a Competitive Workforce category. AEM
initiated the Construction Challenge as a response to the
shortage of qualified workers in the construction industry.
The competition partners with Destination Imagination, an
organization that fosters creative problem-solving in
students, to create a program that engages youth in a fun
learning experience and exposes them to careers in the
construction industry. Nearly 70% of participants said they
are now considering a career in construction.
30 Years for Dexter + Chaney
Dexter + Chaney, developer of Spectrum Construction
Software, recently marked its 30th anniversary. Partners
Mark Dexter and John Chaney started the company in 1981
to find a way to streamline accounting projects using the
then-emerging technology of electronic spreadsheets. The
result was Spectrum, now in its 14th version, which features
28 modules that provide solutions to fit the needs of
contractors all across the construction industry. Dexter +
Chaney now employs more than 80 people at its campus
near Seattle, WA.
Thornton Tomasetti Tackles Next
Tall Challenge
International engineering firm Thornton Tomasetti
was selected as a structural engineer for Kingdom Tower in
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, which will be the worlds tallest
building at over 3300 ft (1000 m). Thornton Tomasetti was
selected to work with design architect Adrian Smith +
Gordon Gill Architecture on the project. Thornton
Tomasetti has a history of engineering three of the worlds
top 10 tallest buildings, including Petronas Towers in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, at 1483 ft (452 m); Taipei 101 in Taipei,
Taiwan, at 1670 ft (509 m); and Shanghai Tower in
Shanghai, China (currently under construction, but
expected to be 2073 ft [632 m]). Kingdom Tower will be a
mixed-use building featuring a hotel, offices, apartments,
condominiums, and an observation deck. Construction was
expected to begin in December 2011.
First Plants Certified Under New
NRMCA Program
The National Ready Mixed Concrete Association
(NRMCA) certified the first four plants in its Sustainable
Concrete Plant Certification Program. NRMCA member
Titan America has three certified plants in Clear Brook,
Suffolk, and Richmond, VA, at the Silver and Bronze levels,
and Unibeton has one certified plant in Abu Dhabi, UAE,
at the Silver level. NRMCA launched the program in early
2011 to help concrete producers demonstrate excellence in
sustainable manufacturing. To become certified, plant
personnel use a document titled Sustainable Concrete Plant
Guidelines, which rates a plants level of sustainability
within a variety of categories and uses a point system to
assign it a level (Bronze, Silver, Gold, or Platinum). This
certification is valid for 2 years.
Grace Expands in India
Grace Construction Products has started manufacturing
from a new facility near Delhi, India. The site will
manufacture cement additives and admixtures sold to
cement and concrete manufacturers in Northern India,
allowing Grace to enhance service and delivery times to
customers there. The facility is another addition to Graces
emerging market investments, joining similar operations in
China, Colombia, Panama, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam since
2010. Grace first expanded to India in 1994, and now has
three plants, six offices, and one laboratory in the country.
Upcoming
Themes
MarchDecorative & Architectural Concrete
AprilRepair & Renovation
MayConcrete in Extreme Environments
For advertising details, contact Jeff Rhodes Phone
(410) 584-8487 e-mail: concrete@networkmediapartners.com
Concrete international february 2012 61
Whats
New
Advances in FRC Durability and Field
ApplicationsSP-280CD
This CD-ROM contains 10 papers
that were presented at sessions
sponsored by ACI Committee 544 at
the ACI Spring 2011 Convention in
Tampa, FL. The topics of the papers
cover durability aspects of fiber-
reinforced concrete, ranging from
permeability, shrinkage cracking,
long-term behavior in chloride environment and resistance
to chloride penetration. Also covered are applications of
fiber-reinforced concrete for coupling beams for high-rise
core-wall structures, beams for bridges, panels, and suspended
foundation slabs.
Order Code: SP280CD.CI
Format: CD-ROM
Price: $66.50 (ACI members $40.00)
The Leading Edge of Pervious
ConcreteSP-282CD
This CD-ROM contains seven papers
that were presented at sessions
sponsored by ACI Committee 522
at the ACI Fall 2009 Convention in
New Orleans, LA. The aim of this
CD-ROM is to present some of the
latest research findings on pervious
concrete and to provide state-of-the-art
examples on the use of pervious concrete. The six papers
in this CD-ROM present the latest research results from
both experimental and numerical studies on various aspects
of pervious concrete.
Order Code: SP282CD.CI
Format: CD-ROM
Price: $61.50 (ACI members $37.00)

Behavior of Concrete Structures

Subjected to Blast and Impact
LoadingsSP-281CD

Whats
This CD-ROM contains 15 papers
that were presented at sessions

Coming
sponsored by ACI Committees 447 Winter 2012
and 370 at the ACI Fall 2010
Convention in Pittsburgh, PA.
Engineers report on how they are
approaching the challenging task of
predicting the response of structures
subjected to blast and impact loading. Both experimental Guide to a Simplified Design for Rein-
and analytical efforts are representedoften in tandem. forced Concrete Buildings
The analytical approaches taken include single-degree-of- ACI 314R-11
freedom modeling, highly nonlinear transient dynamic
finite element simulations, and coupled Lagrangian-Eulerian Guide for Design of Slab-Column
simulations. The papers included on the CD-ROM cover Connections in Monolithic Concrete
the design and evaluation of new and existing structures, as StructuresACI 352.1R-11
well as techniques for strengthening existing structures.
Guide for Precast Concrete Wall
Order Code: SP281CD.CI PanelsACI 533R-11
Format: CD-ROM
Price: $78.50 (ACI members $48.00)

62 february 2012 Concrete international

 American Society
of Concrete Contractors
Position Statement #38
Topping Slabs over
Prestressed Members
P
restressed floor and roof members usually exhibit
camber (upward deflection caused by eccentric
prestress force). If a cast-in-place concrete topping is
required, the concrete contractor will normally be required
to hold finished floor elevation(s) (Fig. 1(a)), so the topping
thickness will vary. Depending on the bearing elevations,
member depth, and camber, the topping thickness at the
midspan location could be less than considered for strength
and fire resistance or the topping dead load could exceed
design assumptions.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1: Possible topping conditions resulting from camber of a
prestressed floor member: (a) topping held to constant finished
floor elevation; and (b) topping held to uniform thickness
This position statement from the American Society
of Concrete Contractors is presented for reader interest
by the editors. The opinions expressed are not necessarily
those of the American Concrete Institute. Reader comment
is invited.
Figure 1(b) shows a topping of uniform thickness. In this
case, the finished surface follows the cambered curvature of
the prestressed members. If this option is specified, the
architectural details must show how final camber affects
partitions, doorways, stairs, and roof flashings.
As stated in the PCI Tolerance Manual (MNL 135-00),
The dimensional effects of design camber, especially of
long-span members, should be evaluated as part of the
design process. Thus, ASCC concrete contractors
expect the engineer to have considered the structural
consequences and the architect to have considered the
detailing consequences of choosing either a uniform
or nonuniform topping thickness on cambered
prestressed members.
ASCC concrete contractors recommend that the
estimated camber at time of erection, calculated per
the PCI Design Handbook or the PCI Manual for the
Design of Hollow Core Slabs, be included in the
Structural Notes. If the contract documents dont
specify construction in accordance with either Fig. 1(a)
or (b), ASCC concrete contractors will bid the project
based on a stipulated uniform thickness topping.
Modifications requested after the bid award will result
in a change order.
ASCC concrete contractors will meet the specification
requirements for cast-in-place topping slabs over prestressed
members; however, the engineer and architect must
consider the consequences of camber in the design process.
If you have any questions, contact your ASCC concrete
contractor or the ASCC Technical Hotline at (800) 331-0668.
American Society of Concrete Contractors
2025 S. Brentwood Blvd., Suite 105
St. Louis, MO 63144
Telephone: (314) 962-0210; Fax: (314) 968-4367
Web site: www.ascconline.org; E-mail: ascc@ascconline.org
Concrete international February 2012 63
Public
Discussion
No ACI draft standards are currently open for public discussion.
To see a summary of all ACI draft standards in process or recently completed,
please visit the ACI Web site at www.discussion.concrete.org.

Public Discussion and Closure of Specification for Latex-Modified Concrete

Overlays (ACI 548.4)
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved the draft standard subject to satisfactory committee response
to TAC comments in March 2010. The committee responded adequately to TACs comments and all balloting rules were
adhered to. On August 17, 2010, the Standards Board granted approval to release the draft standard for public discussion
and to process it as an ACI standard. Public discussion was announced on October 1, 2010, and closed on November 17,
2010. The committee responded to the public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and approved it on July 13, 2011. The
Standards Board approved publication of the ACI standard on December 13, 2011.
The public discussion and the committees response to the discussion are available on ACIs Web site, www.concrete.org
(click on Technical on the menu bar, and then on Upcoming Standards).

Public Discussion and Closure of Code Requirements for Design and Construction
of Concrete Structures for the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases
(ACI 376-10) and Commentary
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved the draft standard subject to satisfactory committee response
to TAC comments in March 2009. The committee responded adequately to TACs comments and all balloting rules were
adhered to. On February 17, 2010, the Standards Board granted approval to release the draft standard for public discussion
and to process it as an ACI standard. Public discussion was announced on March 1, 2010, and closed on March 17, 2010.
The committee responded to the public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and approved it on October 26, 2011. The
Standards Board approved publication of the ACI standard on November 28, 2011.
The public discussion and the committees response to the discussion are available on ACIs Web site, www.concrete.org
(click on Technical on the menu bar, and then on Upcoming Standards).

ALWAYS OPEN!
Youll never have to wait for
ACIs Online Bookstore to
open. Our collection of over
400 standards, technical
reports, special publications,
and industry favorites is
always openwaiting for you!

Additionally, you can download

many of ACIs publications
immediately!

ACIs Online Bookstore

its always open!
www.concrete.org

64 february 2012 Concrete international

Sinopsis en espaol
Modelos de bielas y tirantes para vigas de extremos
entallados
Mattock, Alan H., Concrete International, V. 34, No. 2,
febrero de 2012, pgs. 35-40
El mtodo de bielas y tirantes (strut-and-tie method, STM)
para el diseo de regiones de distorsin con elementos de
hormign reforzado es una estrategia muy til para el diseo
de regiones de distorsin. Sin embargo, se debe prestar
atencin durante el desarrollo del modelo de armadura del
STM. Los modelos que han sido propuestos para el diseo de
vigas de extremos entallados se revisan y comparan con datos
de prueba. Se propone un modelo simplificado de armadura del
STM para las vigas de extremos entallados. Cuando se utiliza
para el diseo, el modelo conlleva una cantidad ms pequea
de refuerzo que los dos modelos publicados anteriormente.
Resolucin del "sudor" en losas de hormign para suelos
industriales al aire libre
McKinney, Arthur W., Concrete International, V. 34, No. 2,
febrero de 2012, pgs. 26-29
Aunque la industria de hormign ha desarrollado mtodos
fiables para la construccin de losas de hormign que
soportarn suelos de materiales sensibles a la humedad, ha
habido un aumento estable de problemas de humedad del suelo
asociados con suelos industriales al aire libre. En dichos casos,
se desarrolla humedad en la superficie expuesta y genera una
condicin resbaladiza persistente. Se abordan las causas
subyacentes. Se sugieren como medidas correctivas o
preventivas limpiar la superficie del suelo y controlar el
sistema de ventilacin del edificio.
Detalles sobre barras de refuerzo para cimentacin
de estera
Personal de CRSI, Concrete International, V. 34, No. 2,
febrero de 2012, pgs. 48-52
El sistema de refuerzo de una cimentacin de estera puede ser
considerable, con esteras pesadas de barras de refuerzo en
ubicaciones superior, inferior o ambas dentro de la profundidad
del cimiento. Unos detalles de refuerzo incorrectos pueden
conllevar problemas de constructibilidad. Se hacen
recomendaciones para tamaos relativos de barras, posiciones
de barras y detalles, incluyendo los detalles de barras en fosos,
los bordes de los cimientos y las espigas de columnas.
Evolucin de las normas de diseo para columnas de
compuesto acero-hormign: 1910 a 1963
Furlong, Richard W., Concrete International, V. 34, No. 2,
febrero de 2012, pgs. 41-47
Se estudia la evolucin de los requisitos de diseo de
columnas de compuesto en documentos del cdigo de
construccin publicados por la ACI y el Instituto Americano
de Construccin con Acero. En este, que es el primero de los
dos artculos sobre el tema, se incluyen las normas de diseo
en documentos del cdigo publicados entre 1910 y 1963. El
segundo artculo estudia las normas de diseo que se han
publicado desde entonces.
Avance de la tecnologa de superposicin de capas en
cubiertas de puentes
McLean, Ed, Concrete International, V. 34, No. 2,
febrero de 2012, pgs. 31-34
La superposicin de capas de hormign se utiliza
comnmente para prolongar la vida til de los puentes. En
una operacin tpica de superposicin, la superficie de
desgaste de hormign se retira, se reparan las
deslaminaciones y escamaciones y se instala una nueva
superficie de desgaste. Este artculo describe aplicaciones
tempranas de un nuevo cemento que se puede utilizar para la
produccin de cubiertas con superposicin. El cemento,
llamado Rapid Set Low-P, permite la produccin de
superficies de desgaste que pueden soportar cargas de trfico
tan solo unas horas despus de su colocacin. Mezclando el
cemento de rpido fraguado con un polmero redispersable,
un inhibidor de corrosin y un agente humectante, el
cemento proporciona mezclas de hormign con las
ventajosas caractersticas de un hormign modificado con
ltex de alta resistencia temprana, pero elimina la necesidad
de tanques de almacenamiento de ltex separados y
disminuye significativamente los costes de produccin.
Aseguramiento del aislamiento elctrico en los
ferrocarrils elevados
Gremel, Doug, Concrete International, V. 34, No. 2,
febrero de 2012, pgs. 22-25
Las estructuras concretas para una nueva extensin del
Trnsito de Miami-Dade (MDT) Metrorail incorporar fibra
de vidrio reforzado con polmero (PRFV) armaduras para
mejorar el aislamiento elctrico de los rieles. Aspectos del
diseo y la construccin asociada con el uso de barras de
PRFV se discuten.
Concrete international february 2012 65
 The Edge Needed to Succeed
In todays market, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over
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Ask any of ACIs nearly 20,000 worldwide members and they will tell you how
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SALE OF ADMIXTURE PRODUCTION
If you are producing more than 100,000 yd3 of
concrete per year, then you should be making your own
admixtures. You would be impressed by what it will do
for your bottom line profit. I have been in the admixture
business for over 55 years and have approved proven
formulations that meet ASTM-C-494, and have been in
use in millions of meters of concrete around the world.
No admixture company will sell you their formulations,
BUT I will since I am getting out of the business and
willing to pass this confidential information, and raw
material suppliers, on to others.
If you are interested please feel free to contact me at
email: component1729@aol.com.
This offer is available worldwide, not limited to U.S.
Hudson Valley Region
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PETROGRAPHER
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68 february 2012 Concrete international


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Computers & Structures, Inc.................................................. Back Cover
CTS Cement Mfg. Corp....................................................................... 27
Headwaters Resources......................................................................... 34
Hughes Brothers................................................................................... 37
ITW-Redhead....................................................................................... 13
Mala GeoScience USA, Inc................................................................... 23
Northeast Solite Corporation............................................................... 51
NRI........................................................................................................ 9
Oztec Industries, Inc............................................................................. 45
Pile Dynamics Inc................................................................................. 29
Simpson Strong-Tie................................................................................ 1
StructurePoint............................................................. Inside Front Cover
Xypex Corporation.............................................................................. 39

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Concrete
Q&A
Accelerated Concrete
Strength Testing
Q.
Can accelerated testing of concrete strength be
specified in contract documents?
A.
Although accelerated testing of concrete strength
is not explicitly mentioned in ACI 318-11,1
ACI 301-102 provides that it can be an alternative
to standard 28-day strength testing. The Optional Requirements
Checklist in ACI 301 provides the following instructions to
the specifier:
Re ACI 301 Section 1.6.2.2.g: If accelerated testing of
concrete is specified or permitted, specify the procedure
from ASTM C684 that is to be followed. Specify when
standard-cured compressive test specimens are to be tested
if other than 28 days.
Re Section 1.6.3.2.f: If accelerated testing of concrete is
specified or permitted to complement standard strength
testing, specify the procedure from ASTM C684 that is to be
followed. Specify when standard-cured test specimens are to
be tested if other than at 28 days. Specify if companion
specimens are to be cast.
Re Section 1.6.6.1.b: If another basis for acceptance of
concrete strength is required for accelerated strength
testing, specify the basis for acceptance.
ACI 301, Section 1.6.2.2.g, instructs the contractor to
submit correlation data on the standard-cured 28-day
compressive strength when accelerated strength testing is
specified or permitted. Section 1.6.6.1.b instructs on the
acceptance of accelerated strength test results:
No strength test result falls below fc by more than
500 psi when fc is 5000 psi or less, or by more than 0.10fc
when fc is more than 5000 psi. These criteria also apply to
accelerated strength testing unless another basis for accep-
tance is specified in Contract Documents.
Since the 1970s, accelerated strength testing procedures
have been used successfully on many projects. ASTM
C684-74, Standard Test Method for Making, Accelerated
Curing, and Testing of Concrete Compression Test Speci-
mens, provided three procedures. Procedure AWarm
Water Method was tested and adopted by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers for control and prediction of strength at
later ages in their civil works projects.3
The other procedures have been used internationally.
Procedure BBoiling Water Method was used as a quality
control tool to evaluate concrete on the Churchill Falls Project,
Labrador, Canada, and during construction of the Tunnel
Emisor Central in Mexico City, Mexico.4 Procedure CAutog-
enous Method became a quality control tool for the construc-
tion of the CN Communication Tower, Toronto, ON, Canada,
and the La Angostura Hydro-Electric Project on the Gyjalva
River, state of Chipas, Mexico.4 The current version of the
standard, ASTM C684-99 (Reapproved 2003), lists a fourth
method: Procedure DHigh-Temperature and Pressure.
ACI 214.1R-81 (Reapproved 1986)6 is currently inactive
(Committee 214 is working to update the document), but it
provides guidance for the interpretation of results of ASTM
C684 testing. The document states: The most important use of
accelerated test data is for quality control to permit rapid
adjustment of batching and mixing. To estimate the 28-day
strength from the accelerated strength test data, an equation
must be established for the specific concrete mix using the same
materials. This correlation is presently necessary because of the
traditional use of the 28-day strength for design procedures.
However, in the future, as acceptance criteria change, it may be
possible to work directly with accelerated strength tests.
The Ontario Provincial Standards for Roads and Public
Works provides a correlation for all mixtures. Section
1350.07.04.02, Early Compressive Strength Determination of
Mix Design of the Ontario Provincial Standard Specification,5
tabulates the minimum 28-day compressive strength and
corresponding 2-day strength determined using the autog-
enous curing test procedure (refer to Table 1).
In 1996, Adam Neville advocated direct use of accelerated
strength testing in quality control and assurance: I am
convinced that the accelerated-curing test is superior as a
quality test as well as a compliance test.7 He also pointed out
that the 28-day strength of standard-cured test specimens is
no more representative of the strength of concrete in the
structure than is the strength of the specimens subjected to the
accelerated-curing test. Commenting further on the standard
28-day cylinder test for concrete strength, he stated, A mul-
tiple of seven was chosen so as to avoid testing on Sundays,
and the multiplier of four was chosen because the coarse-
grained cement with a high content of dicalcium silicate,
which was produced three-quarters of a century ago, gained
strength only slowly.
Concrete international February 2012 71
 Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents and have been answered by
ACI staff or by a member or members of ACI technical committees. The answers do not represent
the official position of an ACI committee. Only a published committee document represents the
formal consensus of the committee and the Institute.

We invite comment on any of the questions and answers published in this column. Write to the

Concrete Q&A Editor, Concrete International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; contact
us by fax at (248) 848-3701; or e-mail Rex.Donahey@concrete.org.

Table 1: References
Two-day accelerated compressive strength5 1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Minimum 28-day Corresponding 2-day Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute,
compressive strength, accelerated compressive Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
MPa (psi) strength, MPa (psi) 2. ACI Committee 301, Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI
20 (2900) 8.4 (1220) 301-10), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 77 pp.
3. Lamond, J.F., Quality Assurance Using Accelerated Strength
25 (3630) 12.9 (1870)
Testing, Concrete International, V. 5, No. 3, Mar. 1983, pp. 47-51.
30 (4350) 17.4 (2520)
4. Malhotra, V.M.,Accelerated Strength Testing: Is it a Solution to a Con-
35 (5080) 21.9 (3180) tractors Dilemma? Concrete International, V. 3, No. 11, Nov. 1981, pp. 17-21.
40 (5800) 26.4 (3830) 5. OPSS.MUNI 1350, Materials Specification for ConcreteMaterials
and Production, Ontario Provincial Standard Specification, Ontario Provin-
So, yesaccelerated strength testing can be used to cial Standards for Roads and Public Works, ON, Canada, Nov. 2008.
determine concrete strength at later ages. Although data from 6. ACI Committee 214, Use of Accelerated Strength Testing
28-day strength tests are still needed so that test values can be (ACI 214.1R-81) (Reapproved 1986), American Concrete Institute,
correlated to design values per ACI 318, accelerated tests could Farmington Hills, MI, 1981, 4 pp.
provide early warning of possible problems with placed 7. Neville, A., Suggestions of Research Areas Likely to Improve
concrete and allow timely adjustments of concrete mixtures. Concrete, Concrete International, V. 18, No. 5, May 1996, pp. 44-49.

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72 February 2012 Concrete international

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