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Abstract In this work we develop a geometrically non- However, several works have soon followed drawing
linear version of the method of incompatible modes, attention to a lack of robustness of the enhanced strain
suitable for quasi-incompressible nite deformation method in the large strain problems. Namely, the analysis
hyperelasticity. The proposed method is featuring the presented in Wriggers and Reese (1996) identied the
principal axis representation of the theory, facilitating the appearance of a non-physical zero eigenvalue at a certain
choice of the strain energy function (in terms of the stage of the compression of a single quadrilateral element
principal stretches) and simplifying the stress computa- in a homogeneous state of strain. Several authors (Criseld
tion. The choice of the spatial Cauchy-Green strain mea- et al. 1995; De Souza et al. 1995, among others) have also
sure, leading to a very sparse structure of the strain- reported similar performances. Although the standard
displacement operators, and the operator split solution of displacement model does not present this deciency it is
equilibrium equations, leading to reduced secondary well known that the presence of incompressibility of the
storage requirements, further increase the computational material (e.g. rubber), leads to the so-called locking phe-
efciency. A set of numerical examples is used to illustrate nomenon with such a discretization. A couple of possi-
a robust performance of the constructed plane strain ele- bilities to eliminate hourglass instability effect in
ment with a single incompatible mode in quasi-incom- compression have been presented by Korelc and Wriggers
pressible deformation patterns. (1996) or Wriggers and Korelec (1996) and Glaser and
Armero (1997).
1 In this paper, we present a geometrically nonlinear
Introduction version of the original method of incompatible modes,
The method of incompatible modes was initially proposed geared towards quasi-incompressible large deformation
as an interesting possibility to enhance the performance of problems. The low-order (4-node) nite element inter-
low-order (typically 4-node) element in bending domi- polations are still used for constructing the basis of the
nated deformation patterns (e.g., see Wilson et al. 1973) in element, but the main difference from our previous work
linear elasticity. Keeping such a motivation in mind, the on geometrically nonlinear method of incompatible modes
original method of incompatible modes has been extended (see Ibrahimbegovic and Frey 1993) is in the choice of
to other choices of interpolations (e.g., 9-node element, see incompatible modes. Namely, it is demonstrated by the
Ibrahimbegovic and Wilson 1991) and fully nonlinear results to follow that the incompatible modes which are
problems (e.g., see Ibrahimbegovic and Frey 1993). the most appropriate for bending are less so for quasi-
It was soon noted that the incompatible mode method incompressible deformation patterns and that the latter
also performs quite well and can be used as a successful requires somewhat different choice of the incompatible
alternative to mixed methods (e.g., see Atluri and Reissner modes.
1989) in linear analysis of quasi-incompressible elastic The outline of the paper is as follows. In the next
materials, either in its original version (see Ibrahimbego- section, we briey recall the fundamental ingredients of
vic and Wilson 1991) or in its modied version, currently the nite deformation elasticity in principal axes. In Sects.
referred to as enhanced strain method (e.g., see Simo and 3, 4 and 5 we discuss the numerical implementation
Rifai 1990). The extension of the enhanced strain method details. Section 6 includes some illustrative numerical
to fully nonlinear analysis (e.g., Simo and Armero 1992) simulations that assess the performance of this element
was also shown to inherit a superior performance (with in compression. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in
respect to the standard isoparametric interpolations) in Sect. 7.
quasi-incompressible large deformation patterns.
2
Received 14 December 1998 Formulation of finite deformation elasticity
Among different possibilities to formulate the nite de-
F. Gharzeddine (&), A. Ibrahimbegovic formation elasticity theory, we choose the one employing
Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, the spatial strain measure, i.e. the strain measure dened
Dept. GSM, Lab. G2MS, CNRS UPRES A 6066,
BP 529, 60206 Compiegne, France in the current conguration. More precisely, our choice
is the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor, b, which repre-
This work was supported by MENERT and CNRS (LG2mS). This sents the corresponding transformation of the metric
support is gratefully acknowledged. tensor in the initial conguration, G
b FG1 FT 1 3
Variational basis of the incompatible mode method
In (1) above, F is the deformation gradient. We assume In this work, we apply the method of incompatible modes
hyperelastic material, which implies the existence of a to the nite strain quasi-incompressible elasticity, fol-
strain energy function w. Invariance requirements im- lowing in the footsteps of the previous works on the
pose that the strain energy function be dened in terms of subject (e.g., see Simo and Armero 1992 or Ibrahimb-
invariants of the tensor b, or in a more convenient form egovic and Frey 1993). To that end, the key assumption to
which is obtained by using the principal stretches ki , i.e. be used is the one on the multiplicative decomposition of
w wki 2 the deformation gradient in which one abandons the
standard deformation gradient, F, in favor of an enhanced
The principal stretches are the solution to the following ~
gradient, F,
420 eigenvalue problem
~
b k 2 g1 m 0
i i 3 F I aF 10
where g is the metric tensor in the current conguration. In (10) above, I is a unit, two-point tensor, a is the spatial
Standard thermodynamics considerations directly lead displacement gradient, so that I a represents a spatial
to the constitutive equation for energy-conjugate stress deformation gradient superposed on the compatible de-
tensor given in terms of the Kirchhoff stress, s. Namely, formation gradient F. The graphical interpretation of the
in context of purely mechanical theory the latter can be multiplicative decomposition is given in Fig. 1.
dened as The spatial deformation gradient a can formally be
constructed by making use of the material gradient A, i.e.
ow
D : s d Lv g 4 a AF1 11
og
where d is the rate-of-deformation tensor and Lv g is the Hence, in the subsequent consideration we use A as one of
Lie derivative of g. Considering that Lv g 2d, from (4) the state variables.
above we get The weak form of the balance equations can now be
rewritten as
ow Z
s2 5 1
og Gu; A; w : s : ru~ wT g gru~ wdB Gext 0
B 2
Isotropy implies that the Kirchhoff stress tensor s shares
12
the same eigenvectors mi found in the eigenvalue problem
in (3), so that we can write where the spatial gradient of the virtual displacement eld
X w is recomputed with the enhanced deformation gradient
s si g1 mi 0 ) s si g1 mi
g1 mi ; 6 F~ as
i
~1
ru~ w rwF 13
where si are the principal values of the Kirchhoff stress.
One can readily compute an explicit form of the con- However, in contrast with the standard displacement-
stitutive equation in the principal axis representation. To based interpolation case, we get an additional equation
that end, we rst compute the directional derivative of the associated with the variation of the incompatible mode
eigenvalue problem statement in (3) to get (e.g., see parameters f, which can be written as
Ibrahimbegovic 1994) Z
1
Gu; A; f : s : ru~ fT g gru~ fdB 0 14
oki ki 1 B 2
g mi
g1 mi 7
og 2 where ru~ f is the spatial form of the variation of the
Next, by using the chain rule and the last result, we can enhanced displacement gradient given as
rewrite (5) in the principal axis representation as ~1
ru~ f rfF 15
X ow 1
s ki g mi
g1 mi 8
i
oki
Comparing the last result with the one in (6), we conclude
that
ow
si ki 9
oki
Therefore, the principal axis methodology leads to a very
efcient computational framework, since the tensor cal-
culus can be reduced to manipulation of scalars, i.e. the Fig. 1. Multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient
corresponding principal values. into compatible and an enhanced deformation gradient
4 Xnen
~
Discrete approximation of the incompatible mode method ru
wj Be wa
ru~ Na 22
The crucial simplication introduced in this section is the a1
choice of Euclidean coordinates, which leads to a simple X
n im
u~
coordinate representation of the metric tensor in terms of r fjBe ^b
fb
ru~ M 23
the unit matrix, i.e. b1
g 7! I 16
where wa and fb are, respectively, the virtual displace-
Moreover, in the Euclidean framework the total displace- ments and virtual enhanced gradient interpolation
ment vector, d, is well dened, and so that the position parameters, and
vectors in the current conguration can be constructed as ru~ M
^b F
~T rM ^b 24 421
uxd 17
The symmetric part of the last two expressions can be
where x is the corresponding position vector in the written in a matrix notation as
reference conguration.
In each element, Be , the displacement vector is inter- X
nen
~
u
polated in the standard isoparametric manner (e.g., see symr w 7! jBe Ba d; Awa 25
Hughes 1987) as a1
X
nen and
djBe Na xda 18
a1
X
nim
symru~ f 7! cjBe Gb d; Afb 26
where da are the nodal displacements and Na x are the b1
element shape functions for a particular choice of element
with nen nodes. The deformation gradient can then be where B and G can be written, respectively, as
constructed as 2 3
eT1 eT1 ru~ Na
X
nen 6 eT2 eT2 ru~ Na 7
F : rujBe xa da
rNa ; 6 7
6 T T u ~
e3 e3 r Na 7
a1
19 Ba d; A 6
6 eT eT ru~ Na eT eT ru~ Na 7
7 27
oNa oNa oNa 6 1 2 ~ 2 1 7
T
r Na ; ; 4 eT eT ru Na eT eT ru~ Na 5
2 3 3 2
ox1 ox2 ox3 eT3 eT1 ru~ Na eT1 eT3 ru~ Na
where `
' denotes the tensor product.
As already noted by Ibrahimbegovic and Frey (1993), and
the enhanced displacement gradient can formally be con- 2 3
eT1 eT1 ru~ M^ b
structed as the gradient of an incompatible displacement 6 ^ b 7
6 eT2 eT2 ru~ M 7
eld, so that we can write 6 T T u ~ ^ 7
6 e3 e3 r Mb 7
X
nim ^ b oM
^ b oM
^b Gb d; A 6 T T u~ ^ T T u ~ ^ 7 28
^ b; T^b oM e
6 1 2 e r M b e e
2 1 r M b 7
A ab
rM r M ; ; 4 eT eT ru~ M ^ b 5
^ b eT3 eT2 ru~ M
b1
ox1 ox2 ox3 2 3
eT3 eT1 ru~ M^ b eT1 eT3 ru~ M
^ b
20
with ei as the unit base vectors which constitute the unit
where M b x are incompatible mode shape functions3 matrix I e1 ; e2 ; e3 . It is apparent from (27) and (28)
and nim is the chosen number of incompatible modes. above that the main advantage of choosing the spatial
As noted by Ibrahimbegovic and Frey (1993), the in- strain measures is resulting sparse structure of the strain-
compatible mode shape functions must be modied to displacement operators B and G, which is essentially the
make them orthogonal in the energy norm to any con- same as the one from the linear theory.
stant stress eld, and thus to ensure the patch test With this matrix notation in hand, the weak form of the
satisfaction. This can be carried out according to (see governing equations in (12) can be restated as
Ibrahimbegovic and Wilson 1991) ( Z )
Z nel X
nen
^ b Mb 1e
M Mb dB 21 Gd; A; w : A wTa BTa d; Asd; A dB f a
e1
B Be a1 Be
" #
Using the isoparametric interpolations for the virtual nel X
nen
displacement eld and the variation of the enhanced dis- : A wTa ra f a 0 29
e1
placement gradient, results with a1
where 40
Z it
By denition of incompatible mode approximation A
He1;ab GTa d; ADGb d; A dB 32 follows that all element-based residuals vanish, i.e.
e
B
and f 0;
Gdi ; A; 8 e 2 1; nel 41
Z X
3
Hence, (36) can be used to compute the increments in
He2;ab sab I3 dB; sab ^ a eTj ru~ M
sij eTi ru~ M ^ b
incompatible mode parameters in terms of incremental
Be i;j1 displacement.
33 X
nen
6.2
Homogeneous compression test
We investigate here the example discussed previously
by Wriggers and Reese (1996). The right half of a rectan-
gular block is discretized by using 10 10 elements.
Symmetry boundary conditions are imposed along the