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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
The trend on the global economy side by side with the growing human
consumption per capita, the market for all most all commodities will be broad
less. And with huge number of consumers, this could mean scarcity of supply
at some point.
such as wood. Rapid extraction of these resources will deplete the forest
which may cause supply shortage. This scenario can be even more
materials that can be use aside from wood. One of these materials is
bamboo.
Lack of reliable technical information lead this local material as foreign and
unviable.
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bamboo culms have been used mainly in housing and for other construction
ceilings and roofs for houses. Other uses of bamboo are many and varied. It
ware, matting, rayon and paper, and is used as food (bamboo shoots), fodder
and fuel wood. Relatively few species of bamboo are, however, currently used
on a commercial scale. Apart from traditional uses, bamboo has many new
more expensive materials. Bamboo's potential for checking soil erosion and
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This natural resource has played a major role in the livelihood of rural
bamboo has diverse and functional and qualified as a good measure against
land degradation and use for house hold utilities such as containers, fishing
poles, handicrafts, furnitures, etc. It has also been widely used in building
use of bamboo is still hindered by many problems, one of those are the
origin, unlike variety of timber, bamboo has a short service life of structural
will result cracks and degradation that can affect the usage, strength, utility
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one way to extend its life through processing and construction method that
Early Filipino used the method of leaching in salt water to deplete the
starch content of the bamboo and to reduce insect infection. The purpose of
the composition of the starch material in the bamboo. By having salt mix with
it, it becomes unpalatable to the hatched larvae, thus inhibiting their growth.
The salt water helps remove starch and also enhances permeability for future
intended to increase the life span service of the bamboo and their products.
However, questions arise on whether the treatments process will affect the
lacking. This has led to confusion regarding the effectiveness of the individual
treatments as well as uncertainty about the effect that the treatment methods
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and fresh water. The researcher foresight is an innovative way to improve the
indigenous and potential materials using the traditional and conventional way
of treating and preserving the bamboo for the benefit of the mankind.
Objective
The main objective of this research was to study the tensile strength of
use.
research;
a. Natural air-dried
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a. Natural air-dried
the air-dried bamboo, immersed in salt water and immersed in fresh water for
Assumption
absorption for all conditions are present and conform to the researchers
formulated specification.
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stronger and expected to be used for any structure whose strength allowed is
applicable.
while for the saltwater; the accepted pH value must within 7.5 to 8.4.
Hypothesis
This study will help also to lessen the problems on deforestation and
forest degradation since bamboo can be used as a substitute for timber. Less
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uses as alternative for timber and steel. Of all advantages of bamboo and the
additional information of this study, the government will boost to set a plan for
This research has a scientific relevance that can be used as a basis for
further study, gaining more insight into the different factors involved in
This study was carried out between November 2011 and March 2012
bamboo, immersed in salt water and fresh water. The subject of the study is
plantation located at Santiago Old, Nabua. This bamboo sized into a typical
Balatan, Camarines Sur were the salt water areas for the study and Bicol
River along Sto. Domingo, Nabua, Camarines were the place/location for
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bamboo, the parameters of saltwater and fresh water, and its possible
outcome.
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End Notes
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Chapter 2
This chapter presents literature and studies, both foreign and local,
which are related to the present study. The researchers gathered information
To give the researchers a wider prospect of the study, the review of the
related study and literature were conducted. From the reviewed materials, the
related and relevance that provide insights in the conduct of present study.
Bamboo
aptly called the "poor mans timber", is an alternative resource that helps deal
some of the problems affecting the majority of the countries. At the same
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deserts, and in many countries throughout the world, especially in Asia, Africa
no rays and other radial cell elements exist, and hardly any knots are present.
bamboo is a grass, its stem is called a culm). Different from trees, the width
of the culm is already determined during its sprouting, and does not increase
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protection against erosion due to its large root network, and has several other
Vos, 2010).
alternative building material for low cost housing units suitable for urban
Ethiopia. It is a multipurpose plant used for everything from food to fuel and
comes from its abundance throughout the country, and its proven physical
properties that equate it to other building material like timber, steel and
and vertical densification of housing units, addressing the lack of skilled labor,
(CCA) and borax-boric acid (BBA). These preservatives were applied to the
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process. The results indicated that there were overall reductions in strengths
of the bamboo. The strength reduction ranged from 5.0 to 10.7 % for ACQ,
4.4 to 10.3 % for BBA and 4.3 to 9.7 % for CCA treated bamboo. Reductions
applied, solution strengths used and their retention in the treated bamboo.
particularly in Asian countries but also in Africa and Latin America. Especially
where it was available as the main plant and was used as a substitute for
The study of Markos Alito (2005) was prepared to assist field personnel
low-cost houses. The information in this study has been compiled from
laboratory tests. As in the case of other timbers, the tensile strength along the
grain is two or more times the compressive strength. The low strength in
mainly due to the collapse of the cell walls and/or lateral bending of the cells
and fibers. The study also briefs the selection, preparation, placement of
test and pull-out test and found to be satisfactory. Cost comparison between
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overall cost.
Bamboo Sticks for Blinds and Incense Industry, etc), Industrial Use and
Products (Bamboo for Paper and Pulp, Bamboo Charcoal for Fuel, Bamboo
Based Gasified for Electricity, etc.), Food Products (Bamboo shoots), and
surprisingly recent. The first major work was completed by Janssen (1981) of
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structures and structural elements using Bamboo. This study suggested not
to use green, unseasoned Bamboo for general construction, nor to use un-
it was found that the concrete mix designs may be the same as that used with
steel, with a slump as low as workability will allow. It was recommended that
cost.
technique, age, density, and moisture content, position in the culm, nodes or
internodes and bio-degradation. Many studies had been carried out in order
are as good as other building materials like steel, concrete and timber
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It relies to a large extend on the quantity and quality of fibers. However, the
strength of bamboo varies with respect to species, age, moisture content and
position along the culm. An optimum strength occurs when bamboo attained
its maturity age of around 3-4 years. For this reason bamboo are harvested at
strength of the bamboo was found to increase with height. While at the same
time the bending strength showed a decrease value. The compressive and
the bending strength also increased from the inner part to the periphery of the
culm wall. Treating bamboo with preservative is intended to increase the life
span service of the bamboo and their products. However, questions arise on
whether the treatments process will affect the strength properties of the
bamboo.
bamboo is the mass of the material per unit volume (which is the density)
expressed usually in kg/m3. For most bamboos, the density is about 700-800
kg per cu. m.
Yu et.al., (2008) noted that the relative density of bamboo culm ranged
from 0.553 to 1.006 g per cm-3 and concluded that the tangential shrinkage
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ranged from 8.987 to 27.397 GPa and mean longitudinal tensile strength
significant effect on all of the selected properties. Height also had a significant
effect on all the studied properties except for tensile strength. They discussed
tensile strength of bamboo increase greatly from the inner layer outwards.
content of 36 - 41%, lignins (22 - 26%) and penthosans (16 - 21%. The most
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branchlet with an enlarged top portion beset with thorns. The base of the
branchlets. The spiny branches hold the plant firmly during strong winds,
preventing the culms (poles) from lodging. The culm is almost solid at the
base and thick-walled to the middle portion and can reach a diameter of 15
cm. The internodes range from 5 cm long at the base to about 35 cm at the
middle and top portions of the pole. A robust culm can reach 20 m long.
shoot production in Yunan, China, and is still considered as the best species
than wood, has a very short growth cycle, and can be harvested 4 years after
Leake et al. found that bamboo fiber has equivalent tensile strength of
650MPa with tensile strength of steel (500- 1000MPa) and much higher
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compressive strength increases with the height along the culm from which the
sample was taken (i.e.: compressive strength increases from the bottom to
the top of a culm). For shear stress, Janssen state that the cause of failure for
smaller spans, and the limiting in situ shear stress is much lower than a
typical shear test would indicate. In bending, dry bamboo behaves better;
strength decreases with the height from which the sample is taken from the
culm (i.e.: flexural strength decreases from the bottom to the top of a culm);
density and that shear strength and density are related (Derek Randal Mitch).
According to the study of Youngsi Jung, (2006), the tensile test done
with Solid bamboo, approximately 1/8 in (3.2 mm) in thickness, 6 in (152 mm)
in length and with or without node has a maximum stress of 30 ksi (208 Mpa)
which was broken near the grip without crack, and the minimum stress was
20 ksi (138 Mpa) which happened near a parallel crack on the culm and broke
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secondly at the grip. Generally, most of the specimens are broken between
For the Solid bamboos without node, 1/8 inches (3.2 mm) in thickness
and 12 inches (304 mm) in length, the test results shows a different behavior
in both stress and strain zone. The curve was shown generally to be linear;
the maximum modified tensile strength was 35 ksi (244 Mpa) with a strain
the grip. The minimum stress 6 ksi (39 Mpa) with strain approximately 0.0029
Moreover, the tensile test done with the Moso bamboo, with
tensile curve, the maximum stress was 33 ksi (229 Mpa) which was broken at
parallel cracks without parallel crack, and the minimum stress was 19 ksi (133
Mpa) which was broken at a parallel crack on the culm and also broken at the
grip. According to the result of the tests, the specimen with no nodes can be
broken at points of high stress 33 ksi (229 Mpa) and high strain value,
node failure, splitting failure, and failure at the vicinity of the aluminum tab
also the bond strength of bamboos was lower than that of steel reinforcing
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bar, approximately 8 Mpa (1160 psi). Also, the bond strength of bamboos was
lower when compared to that of the FRP reinforcing bar, approximately 2.5
shear. "Buloh Betong" (Dendrocalamus asper) aged 3 years old was used in
this study. Specimens were taken from intemode and node of bottom, middle
and top portion. All the specimens were tested at 12% of MC. Generally, the
fracture characteristics from three different tests shown variety of failure mode
on each test. The variety of strength properties was found between classified
failure modes on each test. Generally the failure mode occurred at top portion
compared to same or different failure mode from bottom, middle and node
part. A slight variation was observed in microscopic failure from all classified
failure mode of each test where the crushing occurred mostly at parenchyma
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Angustia, 263 in San Roque Madawon, 426 in Bustruc, 270 in San Esteban,
Synthesis
The different studies reviewed were similar with the present study in
determine the physical properties and strength of materials, also its possible
application. The difference of the present study from the reviewed studies lies
is the fact that the present study made use saltwater and fresh water for
materials. But the previous study concentrate on the base design solution of
skilled labor, cost of construction time and urban land respectively while the
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present study deals on the possible application and the use of treated
Furthermore, the study of Wahab et al., was similar with the present
study on the method used. Both investigate on the effect of treatment using
The research of Markos Alito (2005), was similar with the present study
in terms of materials and experimental method used, but not the same in
extent of the study; the aforementioned study focus on the study of the
reinforcement and the surrounding concrete and deals also with the
focal point of present study is on the physical properties and tensile strength
engineering field and deals also with comparative analysis between variation
study in the aspect of studying the tensile strength of bamboo. But differs in
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bambusa blumeana while the latter study make use specie of Moso or
The present study is similar to the previous study of Zakaria (2005) for
the reason that it also determine the physical characteristic of bamboo; find
statistical tools used; the present study work on ANOVA and t-test for the
among 3 different conditions, while the erstwhile study made use ANOVA and
bamboo.
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End Notes
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Chapter 3
This chapter presents the analysis of the methods together with the
research procedures, material quality test and statistical treatment of the data
of this study.
The study utilized the descriptive and experimental methods for the
development of the study. The descriptive method used in the selection of the
indigenous raw materials and adequate site for treatment. It will also describe
and interprets what the study is all about and the application of procedures,
code and processes used in the study. The experimental method was carried
out by the researchers to investigate the variation between the behavior of the
tensile strength.
method in which one or more variables are consciously manipulated and the
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application.
Materials
bamboo for both experimental and control groups. The bamboo material
which was tested is described below. See Plate 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 for
Plate 3.1
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Table 1
Sizes
Physical Characteristics
(cm)
Lower end 9.5
Culm Diameter
Upper end 4
Lower end 4
Wall Thickness
Upper end 1
Total Length 2140
Lower end 15
Internodes Length
Upper end 43
Plate 3.2
Bambusa blumeana culm lower end upper end
Plate 3.3
Bambusa blumeana culm internodes length
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Research Procedure
inspection of bamboo land areas in the locality. Among the species of bamboo
from plantation in the Rinconada area that was visited by the researchers,
bambusa blumeana has been identified as one of the most important and
extensively used specie in the bamboo industry and is the one widely
Municipality of Nabua, Camarines Sur (see Figure 3.1) was the based
Pararao seashore, Balatan, Camarines Sur were the sole place and suitable
site for saltwater treatment and Bicol River along Sto Domingo, Nabua,
Camarines Sur as site for fresh water treatment (see Figure 3.2). These two
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Figure 3.1
Bicol River
Pararao Seashore
Figure 3.2
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locations are the nearest, appropriate and accessible site to convey the study.
sample specimen during the conduct of the laboratory. Only the bamboo
(Brink and Rush). This will ensure that the plant is on the right stage for
using sharp knife was used to split the full bamboo culms into the required
splits. After the desired prefabricated sizes, samples were now being ready
for the performance of the required and necessary materials testing. The site
for immersing of bamboo is Pararao, Balatan Camarines Sur and Bicol River
along Sto. Domingo Section Nabua, Camarines Sur was made ready for
treatment. Various facilities for this purpose were made accordingly. Sample
of Salt Water and freshwater were obtained from the site for the determination
in accordance with the AASHTO T-248. For this research work test samples
were taken from the bamboo plantation in Santiago Old, Nabua, Camarines
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Sur, the researcher examine the bamboo culm for any defect before felling
(see Plate 3.4). Furthermore, the researchers consider that the bamboo
Plate 3.4
specimen and stored it for proper preservation of the quality it posses that
may affect the result of this study. Within a week after harvesting, the culm
sample was prefabricating into desired specimen sizes, and the following sets
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following were the tools used. Knife, rope, saw gloves, boots and vehicle. In
Department of Public Works and Highway (Region V), Legaspi City was
procedure under ISO for materials and guideline for the investigation of the
ISO 2004b.
oven dry mass. As the moisture content reduces, the strength of the element
was used. The moisture content of each split bamboo specimen was
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obtained from the individual test specimen was reported as the mean value of
b. Test for Dry Density. ISO 3131 test technique was used to
regular in shape with rectangular cross-section and right angle corners. The
used because these will not change irrespective of climate condition. The
weight of the specimen was measured. Based on the volume and the weight
The density was reported at the natural moisture content of the test
specimen. The mass was taken as the oven-dry mass and only the volume
was taken at the natural moisture content of the specimen. The density of
determination.
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like timber changes its dimension when it loses or gain moisture. The
be applied.
weight of bamboo due to water in the fibers of the material, but not including
tension parallel to the fibers on the specimens made from bamboo culm. The
also natural air-dry bamboo that was conducted to arrive for the ultimate
tensile strength. The test considers factors are moisture content, dry density,
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the bamboo specimens. Splits (split culms) are generally more desirable than
whole culms as test specimens. The test pieces were produced in appropriate
Plate 3.5
First the 6 meters bamboo culm was saw to the proper length with
dimension 1m as specified. Next, the culm were split lengthwise into 8 strips
using knife (first in halves, then in quarters and finally in eights). Following this
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The shape and size of the test specimen look like the one shown in
(Plate 3.6) below. The thickness of the piece varies throughout its length
Plate 3.6
Test Specimen
properties of bamboo especially its tensile strength. This step was a set of
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was made according to ISO 3130 standard. The researchers weighed the
30cm part that was taken from different location in sample bamboo culm.
After weighing, the samples were oven dry for 30 minutes at a temperature of
110 degree Celsius. The oven dry sample will be cooled and will be weighing
again. The obtained data will be applied to the equation for determination of
moisture content.
obtained from the individual test piece is to be reported as the mean value for
according to ISO 3131 standard. The researchers determined the oven dried
measuring its dimensions. Oven dry mass was used; this was determined by
drying the test specimen using oven for 30 minutes at a temperature of 110
degree Celsius. Calculation for dry density was determined by applying the
equation for dry density. Based on equation for dry density, the average dry
density is calculated.
Test Setup. In order to conduct the test for tensile and physical
set of specimen taken from the desired part of the culm were used. The
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researcher took each sample and kept for sun drying until the specimen loss
researcher took the initial shrinkage at the three points which included the two
sides of the ends and the midpoint of each specimen before immersing from
different set-up.
specimen was immersed for 1 day, 7 days and 14 days (see Plate 3.7). First
nine specimens immersed singly in the fresh water within 3m depth at the
Bicol River along Sto Domingo,Nabua Area. Another nine pieces of specimen
cured under sea water along Pararao Seashore, Balatan, Camarines Sur
within 3m depth, from the water level. At the end of each immersing period,
the researchers removed the immersed specimen and immediately placed for
sun drying until 85-90% of its moisture content was depleted. The absorption
and swelling of bamboo test specimen immersed in fresh water and salt water
measured for its final shrinkage before subjected for tensile strength test.
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Plate 3.7
Test Strength test. Tensile test of dried specimens (see Table 3.2)
were conducted in the Universal testing machine (UTM) with model no. 2589.
Works and Highway (DPWH), Region V. According to ISO 22127-1 the load
should be applied continuously throughout the test (see Plate 3.8). The set of
content.
tensile load was applied until rupture. For conveying testing data, an
electronic device with a model of YZ805T was used to read the data as
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Cross-
Specimen Remain Mc Specimen Size (mm)
Sectional
Code (%)
L W T Area (sq. mm)
N-A-1 10.97 1000 33.10 9.50 314.45
WATERSOAKED IN SALT WATERSOAKED IN FRESH NATURAL AIR- DRIED
testing.
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Plate 3.8
from Bicol river along Sto. Domingo, Nabua, Camarines Sur for the
determination of expected Ph level result for both saltwater and fresh water.
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Plate 3.9
Statistical Analysis
researchers went through the appropriate test statistics and set of statistical
variance). The researchers used the ANOVA to compare the mean of three
presented:
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SS t = X 2 ( X )2
-
N
Where:
Where:
( X tc )2 ( X )2
SS c = -
nT N
Where:
( X tr )2 ( X )2
SS r = -
nT N
Where:
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SS c .r = SS t - SS w - SS c - SS r
Where:
the central tendency of the bamboo without any treatment and treated in salt
Formula:
X =
x
N
Where:
X = Arithmetic mean
bamboo soaked on salt water soaked fresh water and natural air-dried.
Formula:
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2
s2
1 1
n1 +n22 [ + ]
n1 n 2
s1 2 + ( n2 1 )
( n11 )
X X 2
t= 1
Where:
2
X X
S n=
Where:
X = Arithmetic mean
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Endnotes
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Chapter 4
BLUMEANA BAMBOO
This chapter presents the results of the physical properties and tensile
tests performed with bambusa blumeana bamboo splits specimen for different
conditions. The purpose of tensile test was used to investigate the tensile
capacity of selected bamboo type compare when it is immersed under the salt
and absorption. The moisture content of bamboo varies vertically from the
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Moisure Content: Table 4.1 shows the result gathered from the
content of 100% and the third trial Table 4.1specimen C has 78.57% thus; the
mark as
Moisture
arithmetic mean Content
of moisture of Bambusa
content Blumeana
of the result Bamboo
obtained from the three trial
Specimen
Position Original Oven-dried Moisture
TRIALS
along the Weight (g) Weight (g) Content (%)
culm
A Bottom 130 g 60 g 116.67%
B Middle 120 g 60 g 100%
AVERAGE 98.41%
Dry Density. Due to the close relationship of dry density and
calculated dry density of 567. 215 kg/cu. m, specimen B has 627.392 kg/cu.
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density. Average dry density of solid bamboo was 609.394 kg/cu. m (see
Table 4.2). Accordingly, the obtained dry density varies within the accepted
Specimen
Position DISPLACEMENT (mm) DRY DENSITY
TRIALS
along the (kg/ cu.m)
L W T
culm
A Bottom 300 34.4 10.25 567.215
B Middle 300 32.2 9.9 627.392
C Top 300 34.1 10.8 633.576
609.394
AVERAGE
Table 4.3-4 shows the result obtained
Table 4.2 from the individual test specimen
that the twenty seven specimens as were seen in the work expressed to have
These stresses exceed the cohesion of the fibers leading to warping (Alito,
2005). Figure 4.1 exemplify the induction of water molecules into the cell wall
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6
Table 4.3 3.5
5.47 3.25
5 3
Swelling Deformation for Bambusa Blumeana Bamboo 2.52
2.55
Tangental Swelling %
2.5 2.45
Radial Swelling %
4
3.81 3.91 1.99
2 2.07
3
2.862.32
2.51 1.5
2
1
1 0.5
Immersed in Fresh water Immersed in Fresh water
0 0 Immersed in Salt water 0 0 Immersed in Salt water
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
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Figure 4.1
result in radial and tangential swelling, the test value that were obtained by
1.99%, 2.07% and 3.25% respectively, while it shows to have a radial swelling
result obtain, present a value of 2.45%, 2.52% and 2.55% of radial swelling
of water loss from the cell wall. It was observed that the arithmetic mean of
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While for shrinkage deformation before applying load for tensile test,
the arithmetic mean of radial and tangential shrinkage for all specimens is
Absorption. Table 4.5 shows the test results obtain from the individual
test piece under different condition. From the specimen immersed under fresh
water for 1 day, the calculated arithmetic mean of three trials was based on
the equation reported as 85.04 %, while for 7 days, the arithmetic mean of
Table 4.4
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8
Immersed in Fresh water
Immersed in Salt water
7 Natural Air-dry6.67
5
Radial Shrinkage (%)
4.36
4
3.78
3
3.25
2.78 2.62
2
1.31
1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Remaining Moisture Content (%)
4
Immersed in Fresh water 3.62
Immersed in Salt water
3.5
Natural Air-dry
3
Tangental Shrinkage (%)
2.5
1.5 1.27
1.1 1.06
1 0.72
1.04
0.5 0.7
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Remaining Moisture Content (%)
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Figure 4.2
Table 4.5
60
50
40
30
20
10
Absoption
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
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Figure 4.3
absorption for 1 day immersing period, the arithmetic mean of absorption for
specimen was reported as 83.9 %, then for 7 days immersing period, the
Test done in this study was in dry condition specimen parallel to the
grain and prepared using bamboo culms taken from Santiago old plantation
and the tensile test carried out with UTM machine with model no. 2589 and
2
has a constant rate of 1N per mm . Tensile tests were conducted on
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twenty seven specimens with known dimension and its main purpose was to
The general tensile test results were summarized in the Table 4.6 and
For this, the tensile strength of the specified species of bamboo was
under fresh water and saltwater for 1, 7 and 14 days, also for the set of
specimen under the condition of natural air dried. Each test piece was
All the set of specimen under different condition has moisture content
ranging from 10-15% before tensile test applied. In the experimental test
failure in most of the specimens occurred at the node. A few number of test
specimens failed by splitting into two parts and the followed by node failure as
A D
C E
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Node Failure
F-1-C 3 69 Node Failure
F-7-A 3 22 Node Failure
WATER
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dry specimen were much denser and those of immersed bamboo specimens
Also, the fibers which are straight elsewhere become chaotic in the
However, Figure 4.4 displays the ultimate tensile strength of natural air
dries bamboo. This graph shows that strength of bamboo samples were
Table 4.7
Specimen Tensile
Cross-sectional Area Failure Load
R-Mc (%) Strength
Code (sq.mm) (kN)
(MPa)
N-1 10.97 314.45 43.9 139.61
N-2 12.36 334.75 44.6 133.23
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From Table 4.7, it was highly observed that all specimens were not of
same area since bamboo is a natural material. The tests were conducted as
per the outline procedure, and showed that the calculated arithmetic mean
value of the tensile strength of a specimen parallel to the grain for natural air-
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150
145
143.79
140.84140.8
141.02 139.61
140
Ultmate Tensile Strength (MPa)
135
133.23
129.88
130
125 122.97
124.05
120
115
Natural Air-dry
110
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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Figure 4.4
On the other hand from Figure 4.5, the tensile strength of the specimen
under fresh water condition immersed for 1, 7 and 14 days have the following
data to be 120.44 MPa, 117.61 MPa and 102.8 MPa respectively, while
Table 4.8
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160
144.77 139.26
140
124.2
120 120.44
Ultmate Tensile Strength (MPa)
117.61
100
102.8
80
60
40
20
IMMERSED IN FRESH WATER
IMMERSED IN SALT WATER
0
10 20
133.15 MPa
13
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Figure 4.5
tensile strength of specimen
Comparisons immersed
of Tensile under
Strength forsaltwater condition
Salt water Immersedfor 1,and
7 and
Fresh water Immersed Bamboo Samples
14 days determined to have a strength value of 144.77 MPa, 139.26 MPa and
exhibited higher for immersed bamboo under saltwater with pH value of 8.13
compare to the cases under fresh water condition. Thus, it seems that the
water for 24 hrs. This indicated that the decrease in tensile strength is
under fresh water condition. Considering only the result obtained from the
fresh water and immersed in salt water condition, an average tensile strength
with standard deviation was obtained and shows to be 135.1315 MPa and
7.88, 113.62 MPa and 13.18, 136.07MPa and 13.30 respectively (see Table
4.8).
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influences the tensile strength of materials which are often associated with its
Standard
Geometric Properties Arithmetic Mean
Deviation
pH value
The result of the water chemistry testing is listed in Table 4.10. For pH
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value obtain using the laboratory of DOST Regional Office and SMEWW
4500B method, the results indicated that salt water taken from Brg. Pararao,
Balatan, Camarines Sur has a pH value equal to 8.13, while for the fresh
water sample taken from Bicol river, the sample illustrated to have a pH value
of 7.46.
Table 4.10
The results for the ANOVA test for equal means as discussed below and
summarized in Table 4.11. For the tensile strength, the results indicated that
the Fstat is greater than Fcrit.., thus the finding is significant and the null
hypothesis is rejected.
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3.40 at 0.05 level of significance with 2 and 24 degrees of freedom, the null
Table 4.11
4,287.23
MS B=
Between Column 4,287.23 3-1=2 2
2,143.615
2,143.615 F=
168.178
4,036.26
MS W = 12.75
Within Column 4,036.26 3(9-1)=24 24
168.178
TOTAL 8,323.49 27-1=26
Further generalization, since the F-test used could only say that difference
exists among the mean, it cannot pinpoint which pair really gives significant
difference exist among means of three groups. The comparison among the
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fresh water and immersed in salt water; also bamboo in natural air-dry and
immersed under salt water,by applying the t-test formula the mean and
Table 4.12 illustrates the summary report for the t-test of three pairs,
among the three pairs tested, pairs of bamboo between natural air-dry and
immersed under salt water shows a significant difference in meand, since the
coputed t value of -3.88 and 40.43 is greater than tabulat t value of 2.12 at the
0.05 level of significance. Pair of bamboo immersed in salt water and natural
air-dry which did not show a significant difference in means. Hence, the
Table 4.12
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average tensile strength result among samples under condition of Natural air-
dry bamboo is not significantly different from the average tensile strength
This is true only at the 0.05 level of significance with 16 as the degree of
freedom.
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Chapter 5
of the study. It is divided into three parts, the first part gives the summary of
the findings, the second part gives the conclusions of the study and the third
Summary
salt water and fresh water. Specifically, this study sought to answer the
following objectives:
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a. Natural air-dried
the air-dried bamboo, immersed in salt water and immersed in fresh water
test results were compared with tensile strength of natural air-dry specimen.
Findings
were noted:
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98.41% and has a dry density of 609.394 kg/cu. m. The radial shrinkage is
4.23 mm and the tangential shrinkages 1.86 mm. The radial swelling is 3.48
mm and the tangential swelling is 2.47 mm. And the absorption is 85.90%.
2. Tensile Strength of Bambusa Blumeana Bamboo
The ultimate strength of Bambusa blumeana bamboo in natural air-dry
condition is 135.13 MPa, for the immersed in fresh water condition is 113.62
MPa and for the immersed in salt water condition is 136.07 MPa. The fracture
significance.
Conclusion
The moisture content of the bamboo varies from bottom to the top
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than that of the tangential shrinkage. Dry density and absorption varies
moisture content. Immersed bamboo in salt water condition within 24hrs and
7 days has slightly better tensile strength that those bamboos immersed in
fresh water and naturally air-dried. The node of bamboo is weak in tension.
3. Ph value for salt water and fresh water conform to the accepted
level of alkalinity and acidity for both salt water and fresh water.
better than natural air-dry and immersed in fresh water. The presence of salt
water particles during immersion process affects the strength properties of the
bamboo.
Recommendation
masonry or low rise building prior to applicable spacing, but take into account
by the designers.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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A. Books
B. Unpublished Materials
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C. Internet
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
PERMIT TO CONDUCT RESEARCH
COLLEGE LIBRARIAN
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Dear Madam:
Greetings!
(SGD)TORALDE JASON A.
(SGD)MATRICIO ALEX C.
(SGD)LOMPERO DREXEN PAUL B.
Noted:
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APPENDIX B
LETTER TO THE ADVISER
I. Greetings!
II. The undersigned fourth year Civil Engineering students are in the
process of conducting research entitled TENSILE STRENGTH OF
CONVENTIONAL-TREATED BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements in ER421, Engineering
Research/Project Study.
III. In view thereof, the group has unanimously chosen you to be our
Technical Adviser. We believe that your immeasurable knowledge
and field and expertise will help us realize and fulfill the success of our
study.
(SGD)TORALDE JASON A.
(SGD)MATRICIO ALEX C.
(SGD)LOMPERO DREXEN PAUL B.
Noted:
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APPENDIX C
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
I. Greetings!
II. The undersigned fourth year Civil Engineering Students are in the
process of conducting research entitled TENSILE STRENGTH OF
CONVENTIONALTREATED BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO
in partial fulfillment of the requirements in ER421, Engineering
Research/Project Study.
III. In view thereof, the group has unanimously chosen you to be their
Thesis Editor. With your immeasurable knowledge and expertise
in the field, this study will be a success.
(SGD)TORALDE JASON A.
(SGD)MATRICIO ALEX C.
(SGD)LOMPERO DREXEN PAUL B.
Noted:
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APPENDIX D
LETTER TO THE CONSULTANT
I. Greetings!
II. The undersigned fourth year Civil Engineering Students are in the
process of conducting research entitled TENSILE STRENGTH OF
CONVENTIONALTREATED BAMBUSA BLUMEANA BAMBOO
in partial fulfillment of the requirements in ER421, Engineering
Research/Project Study.
III. In view thereof, the group has unanimously chosen you to be their
Consultant. With your immeasurable knowledge and expertise in
the field, this study will be a success.
(SGD)TORALDE JASON A.
(SGD)MATRICIO ALEX C.
(SGD)LOMPERO DREXEN PAUL B.
Noted:
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APPENDIX E
LETTER TO BORROW LABORATORY MATERIAL
Dear Madam:
Greetings!
In view of this, we would like to ask permission from you to let us use
the following testing materials in the fabrication of the material:
Weighing scale
Oven
Respectfully yours,
(SGD)TORALDE JASON A.
(SGD)MATRICIO ALEX C.
(SGD)LOMPERO DREXEN PAUL B.
Noted:
(SGD) ENGR. HENRY P. TURALDE (SGD) DR. LOYD BOTOR
Adviser Instructor, Engineering Research
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APPENDIX F
PERMIT TO CONDUCT LABORATORY TEST
March 2, 2012
Greetings!
In view thereof, we seek permission from tour good office to allow us conduct
the determination of physical properties and tensile strength in your
laboratory, as primary basis of our study.
(SGD)TORALDE JASON A.
(SGD)MATRICIO ALEX C.
(SGD)LOMPERO DREXEN PAUL B.
Noted:
(SGD)ENGR. HENRY P. TURALDE (SGD) DR. LOYD H. BOTOR
Adviser Instructor, Engineering Research
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APPENDIX G
PERMIT TO CONDUCT LABORATORY TEST
January 26, 2012
TOMAS B. BRIAS
Director IV
DOST, Region V
Rawis, Legaspi City
Dear Sir/Madam,
Greetings!
In view thereof, we seek permission from tour good office to allow us conduct
the determination of the exact pH value of saltwater and fresh water in your
laboratory, as primary basis of our study.
(SGD)TORALDE JASON A.
(SGD)MATRICIO ALEX C.
(SGD)LOMPERO DREXEN PAUL B.
Noted:
(SGD)ENGR. HENRY P. TURALDE
Adviser
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APPENDIX H
DETERMINATION FOR BAMBOO PHYSICAL PROPERTY AND TENSILE
STRENGTH
Purpose:
Standard Reference:
Equipment:
Test Procedure:
The test pieces shall be weighed to an accuracy of 0,01 g, and then dried in
an oven at a temperature of 110 2 C. After 30 minutes, the mass shall be
recorded. Great care shall be taken to prevent any change in moisture content
between removal from the oven and subsequent determinations of the mass.
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Analysis:
The moisture content MC of each test piece shall be calculated as the loss in
mass, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry mass, using the following formula:
mm o
M c( ) = { } x
mo
Where:
M c = moisture content in %
mmd
RM c ( ) = M c ( ){ } x 100
md
Where:
Purpose:
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This clause specifies a method for determining the mass by volume (density)
of bamboo for physical and mechanical tests. For accurate comparison between
reported values, the basic mass by volume is the most appropriate one, for the
determination of which oven-dry mass and green volume will be used because these
will not change, irrespective of weather conditions. If the mass by volume is to be
reported at the moisture content of the test sample, the mass is taken as the oven-
dry mass and only the volume is taken at the MC of the sample.
Standard Reference:
Equipment:
Test Procedure:
Measure the dimensions of the test pieces to the nearest 0,1 mm, and
calculate the volume, or determine the volume using caliper to an accuracy of 10
mm3. Dry the test pieces to constant mass, but do this gradually to minimize their
deformation and splitting. Carry out the weighing operations immediately after drying.
Determine the mass of the test pieces to an accuracy of 0,01 g.
Analysis:
m 6
D= x 10
Vs
Where:
D =density in Kg/cu. m
3
Vs = the dry volume of the test specimens in mm
C.) SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING DEFORMATION DETERMINATION
Standard Reference:
Analysis:
Where:
{ Decrease dimension}
SH d ( ) = x 100
Original dimension
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SH d = shrinkage in %
{ Increase dimension }
SW ( ) = x 100
Original dimension
SW d = swelling in %
Analysis:
Where:
m am o
Ab () = { } x 100
Ab = absorption in % mo
Standard Reference:
Analysis:
Where:
Pult
ult = { }
A
ult = the ultimate tensile strength in MPa
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APPENDIX I
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Specime Dry
Swelling (%) F-Shrinkage (%)
n Absorptio Density
Radia Radia n% (kg/cu.
Code Tangential Tangential m)
l l
F-1 1.99 2.32 0.72 1.31 85.04 583.94
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Note: The number from specimen code signifies the immersing period.
*S- Immersed in saltwater
*F- Immersed in Fresh water
Tested by:
Specimen Tensile
Cross-sectional Failure Load
R-Mc Strength
Code Area (sq.mm) (kN)
(MPa)
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Tested by:
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Tested by:
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APPENDIX N
Respondent
(X) (X)2 (Y) (Y)2 (Z) (Z)2
Number
N = 27
2
x 1216.19 X 164842.77
2
y 979.96 y 108827.21
2
z 1224.66 z 168057.79
t 3420.81 441727.77
( 3420.81 )2
SS T =( 164,842.76+108,828.12+ 168,057.83 ) =8,323.49
27
2 2 2 2
(1,216.19) (979.96) (1,224.66) ( 3420.81 )
SS B = + + =4,287.23
9 9 9 27
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SS W =SS T SS B=8,323.494,287.23=4,036.26
APPENDIX O
X X
2
N=9 ( 979.96 )2
SS 2=108,828.12 =2,125.72
9
1,216.19
x= =135.13
9 ( 1224.66 )2
SS 3=168,057.83 =1,414.26
979.96 9
y= =108.88
9
1224.66 df =N + N2
z= =136.07
9
df =9+92 df =16
( 1216.19 )2
SS 1=164,842.76 =496.3
9
@ x and y
135.13108.88
t1 = =40.43
(
496.3+ 2125.72 1 1
9+ 92
)( + )
9 9
@ y and z
108.88136.07
t2 = =3.88
(
2125.72+1414.26 1 1
9+ 92
)( + )
9 9
@ z and x
136.07135.13
t3 = =0.18
(
1414.26+ 496.3 1 1
9+92
)( + )
9 9
APPENDIX P
Researchers Specification
Physical Characteristic
Characteristic Limits
Moisture Content
Bamboo Diameter 8 cm -12 cm
The original moisture content
ISO 3130.
Dry Density
The density of bamboo must vary from 500 to 800 kg/cu. m. The
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