SECTION 5.

12 Beams with Axial Loads 363

Problem 5.12-10 A flying buttress transmits a load P
25 kN, acting

at an angle of 60 to the horizontal, to the top of a vertical buttress AB
Flying
(see figure). The vertical buttress has height h
5.0 m and rectangular buttress
cross section of thickness t
1.5 m and width b
1.0 m (perpendicular
to the plane of the figure). The stone used in the construction weighs


26 kN/m3. P
W
What is the required weight W of the pedestal and statue above the
60
vertical buttress (that is, above section A) to avoid any tensile stresses
A
in the vertical buttress? A

t
h 2 h
t t
B B

Solution 5.12-10 Flying buttress

FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL BUTTRESS CROSS SECTION
P A
bt
(1.0 m)(1.5 m)
1.5 m2
W
1 1
60 S
bt 2
(1.0 m)(1.5 m) 2
0.375 m3
6 6

AT THE BASE
h WB N
W  WB  P sin 60
t
W  195 kN  (25 kN) sin 60

W  216.651 kN
V M
(P cos 60)h
(25 kN)(cos 60)(5.0 m)
M
62.5 kN
m
N
TENSILE STRESS (EQUAL TO ZERO)
P
25 kN
h
5.0 m N M
st
 
t
1.5 m A S
b
width of buttress perpendicular to the figure W  216.651 kN 62.5 kN
m

 
0

b
1.0 m 1.5 m2 0.375 m3

26 kN/m3 or W  216.651 kN  250 kN
0
WB
weight of vertical buttress
W
33.3 kN

bth


195 kN

Problem 5.12-11 A plain concrete wall (i.e., a wall with no steel t

reinforcement) rests on a secure foundation and serves as a small
dam on a creek (see figure). The height of the wall is h
6.0 ft
and the thickness of the wall is t
1.0 ft.
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and
c, respectively, at the base of the wall when the water level reaches the h
top (d
h). Assume plain concrete has weight density
c
145 lb/ft3.
(b) Determine the maximum permissible depth dmax of the water if d
there is to be no tension in the concrete.

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364 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams

Solution 5.12-11 Concrete wall

d
F
d/3

V
W
M

h
height of wall (a) STRESSES AT THE BASE WHEN d
h

t
thickness of wall
h
6.0 ft
72 in. d
72 in.
b
width of wall (perpendicular to the figure)
t
1.0 ft
12 in.

c
weight density of concrete
145

w
weight density of water gc
145 lb
ft3
lb
in.3
d
depth of water 1728
W
weight of wall 62.4
gw
62.4 lb
ft3
lb
in.3
W
bht
c 1728
F
resultant force for the water pressure
Substitute numerical values into Eqs. (1) and (2):
t
6.042 psi  93.600 psi
87.6 psi
MAXIMUM WATER PRESSURE

w d
c
6.042 psi  93.600 psi
99.6 psi
1 1
F
(d)(gw d)(b)
bd 2gw
2 2 (b) MAXIMUM DEPTH FOR NO TENSION
d 1
M
F
bd 3gw Set t
0 in Eq. (1):
3 6
1 d 3gw gc
A
bt S
bt 2 hgc 
0 d 3
ht 2
6 t2 gw
145
STRESSES AT THE BASE OF THE WALL d 3
(72 in.)(12 in.) 2
24,092 in.3
62.4
(d
DEPTH OF WATER)
dmax
28.9 in.
3
W M d gw
st
 
hgc  2 Eq. (1)
A S t
W M d 3gw
sc
 
hgc  2 Eq. (2)
A S t

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 SECTION 5.12 Eccentric Axial Loads 365

Eccentric Axial Loads P P

Problem 5.12-12 A circular post and a rectangular post are each

compressed by loads that produce a resultant force P acting at the edge of
the cross section (see figure). The diameter of the circular post and the
depth of the rectangular post are the same.
(a) For what width b of the rectangular post will the maximum tensile
stresses be the same in both posts? b
(b) Under the conditions described in part (a), which post has the
larger compressive stress? d d

Solution 5.12-12 Two posts in compression

CIRCULAR POST EQUAL MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESSES

d 2 d 3 Pd 12P 2P 6 1
A
S
M

or
(Eq. 1)
4 32 2 d 2 bd d b
P M 4P 16P 12P
Tension: st
 
 2 
(a) Determine the width b of the rectangular post
A S d d 2 d 2 d
P M 4P 16P From Eq. (1): b

Compression: sc
 
 2  6
A S d d 2
20P (b) Compressive stresses

 2
d 20P
Circular post: sc

RECTANGULAR POST d 2
4P 4P
Rectangular post: sc


bd 2 Pd bd (d
6)d
A
bd S
M

6 2 24P
P M P 3P 2P

Tension: st
 
 
d 2
A S bd bd bd
Rectangular post has the larger compressive
P M P 3P 4P stress.
Compression: sc
 
 

A S bd bd bd

Problem 5.12-13 Two cables, each carrying a tensile force b

P
1200 lb, are bolted to a block of steel (see figure). The P P
block has thickness t
1 in. and width b
3 in. t
(a) If the diameter d of the cable is 0.25 in., what are the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and c, respectively,
in the block?
(b) If the diameter of the cable is increased (without changing
the force P), what happens to the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses?

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366 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams

Solution 5.12-13 Steel block loaded by cables

d
P
e Steel
t block t
2

P
1200 lb d
0.25 in. MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS (AT BOTTOM OF

t d BLOCK)
t
1.0 in. e

0.625 in.
2 2 t
y

0.5 in.
b
width of block 2

3.0 in. P Pey
sc

A I
CROSS SECTION OF BLOCK 1200 lb (1200 lb)(0.625 in.)(0.5 in.)


1 3 3 in.2 0.25 in.4
A
bt
3.0 in.2 I
bt
0.25 in.4
12
400 psi  1500 psi
1100 psi

(a) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (AT TOP OF BLOCK) (b) IF d IS INCREASED, the eccentricity e increases
and both stresses increase in magnitude.
t
y

0.5 in.
2
P Pey
st

A I
1200 lb (1200 lb)(0.625 in.)(0.5 in.)


3 in.2 0.25 in.4

400 psi  1500 psi
1900 psi

b
Problem 5.12-14 A bar AB supports a load P acting at the centroid
2
of the end cross section (see figure). In the middle region of the bar
the cross-sectional area is reduced by removing one-half of the bar. b
A b
(a) If the end cross sections of the bar are square with sides of
length b, what are the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t
b
and c, respectively, at cross section mn within the reduced region? b
(a)
(b) If the end cross sections are circular with diameter b, what 2
are the maximum stresses t and c? m n b

2

P
b

(b)

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 SECTION 5.12 Eccentric Axial Loads 367

Solution 5.12-14 Bar with reduced cross section

(a) SQUARE BAR FOR TENSION:
Cross section mn is a rectangle. 4r 2b
ct


0.2122 b
b b2 1 b 3 b4 3 3
A
(b)
I
(b)

2 2 12 2 96
b b FOR COMPRESSION:
M
P c

4 4
b 2b
cc
r  ct

0.2878 b
STRESSES 2 3

P Mc 2P 6P 8P
st

2 2
2 STRESSES
A I b b b
P Mc 2P 6P 4P P Mct P (0.2122 Pb)(0.2122 b)
sc

2  2
 2 st

2
A I b b b A I 0.3927 b 0.006860 b 4
P P P

2.546 2  6.564 2
9.11 2
(b) CIRCULAR BAR b b b
Cross section mn is a semicircle P Mcc P (0.2122 Pb)(0.2878 b)
sc


A I 0.3927b 2 0.006860 b 4
1 b2 b2
A


0.3927 b2 P P P
2 4 8
2.546 2  8.903 2
6.36 2
From Appendix D, Case 10: b b b

b 4
I
0.1098
0.006860 b 4
2
2b
M
P
0.2122 Pb
3

P = 12 k y
Problem 5.12-15 A short column constructed of a W 10  30
wide-flange shape is subjected to a resultant compressive load
P
12 k having its line of action at the midpoint of one flange z
(see figure).
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses C
t and c, respectively, in the column.
(b) Locate the neutral axis under this loading condition.

W 10  30

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368 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams

Solution 5.12-15 Column of wide-flange shape

y (a) MAXIMUM STRESSES

P = 12 k P Pe(h
2)
st
 
1357 psi  1840 psi
A I
e
480 psi
z h = 10.47 in. P Pe(h
2)
O sc
 
1357 psi  1840 psi
A I
N.A.
3200 psi

(b) NEUTRAL AXIS (SEE FIGURE)

W 10  30 A
8.84 in.2
I
170 in.4 tf
0.510 in. I
y0

3.86 in.
Ae
h tf
e

4.98 in.
2 2

P = 60 kN
Problem 5.12-16 A short column of wide-flange shape is
subjected to a compressive load that produces a resultant force y
P
60 kN acting at the midpoint of one flange (see figure).
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive P
stresses t and c , respectively, in the column. 8 mm
(b) Locate the neutral axis under this loading condition. z 200
C mm
12 mm
160
mm

Solution 5.12-16 Column of wide-flange shape

y
(a) MAXIMUM STRESSES
tf
P P Pe(h
2)
st
 
tw A I
e
60 kN (60 kN)(94 mm)(100 mm)
z
 2
O h 5248 mm 37.611  106 mm4

11.43 MPa  15.00 MPa
N.A.

3.57 MPa
b c
11.43 MPa  15.00 MPa

26.4 MPa
b
160 mm tw
8 mm
h
200 mm tf
12 mm (b) NEUTRAL AXIS (SEE FIGURE)
h tf
P
60 kN e

94 mm I 37.611  106 mm4
2 2 y0


A
2btf  (h  2tf) tw
5248 mm2 Ae (5248 mm2 )(94 mm)

76.2 mm
1 3 1
I
bh  (b  t w )(h  2t f ) 3
12 12

37.611  106 mm4

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 SECTION 5.12 Eccentric Axial Loads 369

Problem 5.12-17 A tension member constructed of an L 4  4  34 inch 2

angle section (see Appendix E) is subjected to a tensile load P
15 kips that
acts through the point where the midlines of the legs intersect (see figure). 3 3
Determine the maximum tensile stress t in the angle section. L44
4

C
1 1
P 

2 3

Solution 5.12-17 Angle section in tension

c 2

C
1 1
c
P
B e
3
c1
2

Bending occurs about axis 3-3. MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS

Maximum tensile stress occurs at corner B.
3
L44 P Mc1
4 st

A I3
A
5.44 in.2 t
thickness of legs
15 k (18.99 k-in.)(1.796 in.)
c
1.27 in.
0.75 in.
2
5.44 in 3.293 in.4
e
eccentricity of load P

2.76 ksi  10.36 ksi
t

c  2
13.1 ksi
2

(1.27  0.375) 2

1.266 in.
P
15 k (tensile load)
c1
distance from centroid C to corner B of angle

c2
(1.27 in.) 2
1.796 in.

I3
Ar 2min (see Table E-4)

rmin
0.778 in.
I3
(5.44 in.2)(0.778 in.)2
3.293 in.4
M
Pe
(15 k)(1.266 in.)
18.94 k-in.

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370 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams

Problem 5.12-18 A short length of a C 811.5 channel is subjected

to an axial compressive force P that has its line of action through the
midpoint of the web of the channel (see figure). y
(a) Determine the equation of the neutral axis under this loading C 8 11.5
condition. P

(b) If the allowable stresses in tension and compression are z C
10,000 psi and 8,000 psi, respectively, find the maximum permissible
load Pmax.

Solution 5.12-18 Channel in compression

y
0.220 in.
P
c1 
z C 2.260 in.
c2

C 8  11.5 MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON COMPRESSIVE STRESS

A
3.38 in.2 h
2.260 in. tw
0.220 in. allow
8000 psi (P
pounds)
Iz
1.32 in.4 c1
0.571 in. c2
1.689 in.
P Pe c1
sc
 
ECCENTRICITY OF THE LOAD A I
P P(0.461 in.)(0.571 in.)
tw
 
e
c1 
0.571  0.110
0.461 in. 3.38 in.2 1.32 in.4
2 P P
8000

0.4953 P
3.38 5.015
(a) LOCATION OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS P
16,200 lb
16.2 k
I 1.32 in.4
y0

 COMPRESSION GOVERNS. Pmax
16.2 k
Ae (3.38 in.2 )(0.461 in.)

0.847 in.

(b) MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON TENSILE STRESS

allow
10,000 psi (P
pounds)
P Pe c2
st
 
A I
P P(0.461 in.)(1.689 in.)

 2
3.38 in. 1.32 in.4
P P
10,000
 
0.2941 P
3.38 1.695
P
34,000 lb
34 k

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 SECTION 5.13 Stress Concentrations 371

Stress Concentrations

The problems for Section 5.13 are to be solved considering the

stress-concentration factors. M M
Problem 5.13-1 The beams shown in the figure are subjected h d
to bending moments M
2100 lb-in. Each beam has a rectangular
cross section with height h
1.5 in. and width b
0.375 in.
(perpendicular to the plane of the figure). (a)
(a) For the beam with a hole at midheight, determine the
maximum stresses for hole diameters d
0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 2R
1.00 in.
(b) For the beam with two identical notches (inside height M M
h1
1.25 in.), determine the maximum stresses for notch radii h h1
R
0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 in.

Probs. 5.13-1 through 5.13-4 (b)

Solution 5.13-1

M
2100 lb-in. h
1.5 in. b
0.375 in. (b) BEAM WITH NOTCHES
h 1.5 in.
(a) BEAM WITH A HOLE h1
1.25 in.

1.2
h1 1.25 in.
d 1 6Mh Eq. (5-58):
 Eq. (5-57): sC

h 2 b(h3  d 3 ) 6M
snom
2
21,500 psi
50,400 bh 1

(1)
3.375  d 3 max
Knom
R R K max
d 1 12Md
 Eq. (5-56): sB
(in.) h1 (Fig. 5-50) (psi)
h 2 b(h3  d 3 )
0.05 0.04 3.0 65,000
67,200 d

(2) 0.10 0.08 2.3 49,000
3.375  d 3 0.15 0.12 2.1 45,000
0.20 0.16 1.9 41,000
C B
d d Eq.(1) Eq.(2) max Note: The larger the notch radius, the smaller the
(in.) h (psi) (psi) (psi) stress.
0.25 0.1667 15,000 15,000
0.50 0.3333 15,500 15,500
0.75 0.5000 17,100 17,100 17,100
1.00 0.6667 28,300 28,300

Note: The larger the hole, the larger the stress.

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372 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams

Problem 5.13-2 The beams shown in the figure are subjected to bending
moments M
250 N  m. Each beam has a rectangular cross section with height
h
44 mm and width b
10 mm (perpendicular to the plane of the figure).
(a) For the beam with a hole at midheight, determine the maximum stresses
for hole diameters d
10, 16, 22, and 28 mm.
(b) For the beam with two identical notches (inside height h1
40 mm),
determine the maximum stresses for notch radii R
2, 4, 6, and 8 mm.

Solution 5.13-2
M
250 N
m h
44 mm b
10 mm (b) BEAM WITH NOTCHES
h 44 mm
(a) BEAM WITH A HOLE h1
40 mm

1.1
h1 40 mm
d 1 6Mh 6M
 Eq. (5-57): sC
Eq. (5-58): snom
2
93.8 MPa
h 2 b(h3  d 3 ) bh 1
max
Knom
6.6  106

MPa (1) R R K max
85,180  d 3
(mm) h1 (Fig. 5-50) (MPa)
d 1 12Md
 Eq. (5-56): sB
2 0.05 2.6 240
h 2 b(h3  d 3 )
4 0.10 2.1 200
300  10 3d 6 0.15 1.8 170

MPa (2)
85,180  d 3 8 0.20 1.7 160

Note: The larger the notch radius, the smaller the

C B
stress.
d d Eq.(1) Eq.(2) max
(mm) h (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
10 0.227 78 78
16 0.364 81 81
22 0.500 89 89 89
28 0.636 133 133

Note: The larger the hole, the larger the stress.

Problem 5.13-3 A rectangular beam with semicircular notches, as shown

in part (b) of the figure, has dimensions h
0.88 in. and h1
0.80 in. The
maximum allowable bending stress in the metal beam is max
60 ksi, and
the bending moment is M
600 lb-in.
Determine the minimum permissible width bmin of the beam.

Solution 5.13-3 Beam with semicircular notches

6M
h
0.88 in. h1
0.80 in. smax
Ksnom
K
max
60 ksi M
600 lb-in. bh21
1 6(600 lb-in.)
h
h1  2R R
(h  h1 )
0.04 in. 60 ksi
2.57 B R
2 b(0.80 in.) 2
R 0.04 in.


0.05 Solve for b:
h1 0.80 in. bmin  0.24 in.
From Fig. 5-50: K  2.57

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 SECTION 5.13 Stress Concentrations 373

Problem 5.13-4 A rectangular beam with semicircular notches,

as shown in part (b) of the figure, has dimensions h
120 mm and
h1
100 mm. The maximum allowable bending stress in the plastic
beam is max
6 MPa, and the bending moment is M
150 N  m.
Determine the minimum permissible width bmin of the beam.

Solution 5.13-4 Beam with semicircular notches

6M
h
120 mm h1
100 mm smax
Ksnom
K
max
6 MPa M
150 N
m bh21
1 6(150 N
m)
h
h1  2R R
(h  h1 )
10 mm 6 MPa
(2.20) B R

2 b(100 mm) 2
R 10 mm


0.10 Solve for b:
h1 100 mm bmin  33 mm
From Fig. 5-50: K  2.20

Problem 5.13-5 A rectangular beam with notches and a hole

(see figure) has dimensions h
5.5 in., h1
5 in., and width
b
1.6 in. The beam is subjected to a bending moment 2R
M
130 k-in., and the maximum allowable bending stress in M
the material (steel) is max
42,000 psi. M
(a) What is the smallest radius Rmin that should be used in h1 h d
the notches?
(b) What is the diameter dmax of the largest hole that should
be drilled at the midheight of the beam?

Solution 5.13-5 Beam with notches and a hole

h
5.5 in. h1
5 in. b
1.6 in. (b) LARGEST HOLE DIAMETER
M
130 k-in. max
42,000 psi d 1
Assume 7 and use Eq. (5-56).
h 2
(a) MINIMUM NOTCH RADIUS
12 Md
h 5.5 in. sB



1.1 b(h3  d 3 )
h1 5 in.
12(130 k-in.)d
6M 42,000 psi
or
snom
2
19,500 psi (1.6 in.) [ (5.5 in.) 3  d3 ]
bh1 d 3  23.21d  166.4
0
smax 42,000 psi
K


2.15 Solve numerically:
snom 19,500 psi
dmax
4.13 in.
h
From Fig. 5-50, with K
2.15 and
1.1, we get
h1
R
 0.090
h1

Rmin  0.090h1
0.45 in.

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