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EDGEWOOD ARSENAL
TECHNICAL REPORT
EATR 4431

ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY.

PART 1: OSTEOLOGY

by

Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr.

Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT, VC
Gary L. Leppart

September 1970

IC
DD C
CLEARINGHOUSE
produced by the 117
for fedoral Scientific & Technical
Information Springfield Va, 22151

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

EDGEWOOD ARSENAL
Research Laboratories
Biophysics Laboratory
Edgewood Armenal, Maryland 21010
CFSTI WHITE sEeCIOl
POe IUff SECTIOI 1j
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JUSTIFICATION .
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DaTftiSlIOR/AALAIMY cdMI
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OiST. AYAIL.

jDistribution Statement

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is
unlimited.

Disclaimer

The findings in this report are not to be construed a! an official Department of the
Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

Disposition

Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not returrm it to the originator.
 EDGEWOOD ARSENAL TECHNICAL REPORT

EATR 4431

ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I: OSTEOLOGY

by

Clarence E.. Hopkins, Sr.

Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT,;VC
Gary .L. Leppart

Biomedical Department

September i970

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited.

Project 1T0621 10A027

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

EDGEWOOD ARSENAL
Research Laboratories
Biophysics Laboratory
Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland 21010
 FOREWORD

The work described in this report was authorized under Project 1T0621 10A027,
Wound Ballistics (U). This work was started in September 1968 and completed in March 1970.

In conducting the research described in this report, the investigators adhered to the
"Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and Care," as promulgated by the Committee on the
Guide for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences-National Research
Council.

Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of William J. Kelly, John J.
Holter, Bernard Meyers, Joseph B. Scott, and Garnet E. Affleck, Jr., in performing the
photographic procedures.

2
 DIGEST

The purpose of this investigation was to establish a reference source for the anatomly
of the angora goat (Capra hircus). This report, the first in a series, presents the skeletal anatomy
of this animal.

3
 CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRO, ,TION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................... 7
iii. SKELETAL ANATOMY .............................. 8
SELECTED REFERENCES ................... ......... 55
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
DISTRIBUTION LIST ........ .......................... 61

Figure LIST OF FIGURES

I Articulated Skeleton, Lateral Aspect ............................. 8
2 Skull, Dorsal Aspect ...................................... 9
3 Skull, Dorsolateral Aspect ................................... 10
4 Skull, Left Lateral Aspect .................................. 11
5 Skull, Caudal Aspect ..................................... 12
6 Skull, Veptral Aspect ..................................... 13
7 Mandible, Dorsal Aspect ................................... 14
8 Right Mandible, Lateral Aspect ................................ 15
9 Right Mandible, Medial Aspect ................................ 16
10 Bones of the Middle Ear (11 X) ............................... 17
I1 Hyoid Bones ...... .................................... 18
12 Third Cervical, Axis, and Atlas Vertebrae, Dorsal Aspect ................ 19
13 Third Cervical, Axis, and Atlas Vertebrae, Ventral Aspect ............... 20
14 Axis Vertebra, Right Lateral Aspect ............................ 21
15 Axis Vertebra, Caudal Aspect ................................ 22
16 Third Cervical Vertebra, Right Lateral Aspect ...................... 23
17 Ribs and Sternum, Right Lateral Aspect .......................... 24
18 Second and Eighth Thoracic Vertebrae, Caudal and Left Lateral Aspects ...... .25
19 First Right Rib, Medial and Lateral Aspects ........................ 26
20 Sixth Right Rib, Medial and Lateral Aspects ........................ 27
21 Sternum, Dorsal Aspect ............................. 28
22 Sternum, Ventral Aspect ................................... 29
23 Right Scapula, Medial Aspect ................................. 30
24 Right Scapula, Lateral Aspect ................................ 31
25 Right Radius and Ulna, Cranial and Lateral Aspects .................. 32
26 Right Radius and Ulna, Medial and Caudal Aspects ................... 33
27 Right Humerus, Lateral and Cranial Aspects ........................ 34

5 Preceding page blank

 LIST OF FIGURES-Continued
Figure Page

28 Right Humerus, Medial and Caudal Aspects ......................... 35

29 Left Pectoral Foot, Cranial Aspect ............................. 36
30 Left Pectoral Foot, Caudal Aspect ............................. 37
31 Left Pect.ral Foot, Lateral Aspect ............................. 38
32 Left Pectoral Foot, Medial Aspect ............................. 39
33 Lumbar Vertebrae, Dorsal Aspect .............................. 40
34 Lumbar Vertebrae, Ventral Aspect ............................. 41
35 Sixth Lumbar Vertebra, Ventral and Cranial Aspects ................... 42
36 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Dorsal Aspect ........... 43
37 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Left Lateral Aspect ....... .44
38 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Ventral Aspect ......... .45
39 Left Femur, Cranial and Lateral Aspects .......................... 46
40 Left Femur, Caudal and Medial Aspects .......................... 47
41 Left Tibia, Cranial and Caudal Aspects ........................... 48
42 Left Tibia, Lateral and Medial Aspects ........................... 49
43 Left Pelvic Foot, Cranial Aspect ............................... 50
44 Left Pelvic Foot, Caudal Aspect ............................... 51
45 Left Pelvic Foot, Lateral Aspect ............................... 52
46 Left Pelvic Foot, Medial Aspect ............................... 53

6
 ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I: OSTEOLOGY

I. INTRODUCTION.

The angora goat (Capra hircus) has been the main experimental animal used by the
Biophysics Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, for many yea's. Knowledge of goat
anatomy is important during both the planning and experimental stages of projects. Because no
readily usable information on goat anatomy is available, this report has been written to provide
a reference source for this information. This report, the first in a series, presents the skeletal
anatomy of the angora goat. Part II: Serial Cross Sections, which is near completion, presents
serial 1-inch cross sections of the entire goat.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS.

The goats used in the Biophysics Laboratory are all castrated males, are generally over
3 years old, and weigh from 30 to 50 kg. The divisions and average number of the bones of the
goat are shown in the table. The intact skeleton (figure 1) was prepared in the fall of 1954 from
one goat that weighed approximately 50 kg. "he individual bones (figures 2 through 46) were
selected from over 2000 autopsies and are typical of the average angora goat.

Beginning in 1968, these bones (already prepared by the methods described in the
appendix) were photographed, drawn, and labeled. The first Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
(NAV)* was published in October 1968, too late to be used for planning this report. The
authors have reviewed all figures, however, and attempted to bring them into agreement with
the NAV. Future sections of this atlas will be in the correct Latin nomenclature in agreement
with the NAV.

Table. Skeletal Divisions and Average Number

of Bones
Division Number
Axial skeleton:
Vertebral columna 42
Skullb and hyoids 35
Ribs and sternum 27
Appendicular skeleton:
Pectoral limbs 26
Pelvic limbs 37
Total 167

aThe vertebral formula is C7 T3 1 L6 S4 CY10 to Cy12 .

Variation is common except in the cervical region
U12 to T14 , L5 to L6 ).
bThe permanent dental formula is 2(l " C P M
32. 4 0 3 3
*Noniina Anatomica Veternaria. Department of Anatomy, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, New
York, 1968.

7
II. SKELETAL ANATOMY.

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 SELECTED REFERENCES

1. May, Neil. The Anatomy of the Sheep. 2d Ed. University of Queensland Press,
Wilke Company, Australia. 1964.
2. Miller, M. E., Christenson, G. C., and Evans, H.E. Anatomy of the Dog. W. B.
Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1964.
3. Sisson, S., and Grossman, J. D. The Anatomy of the-Domestic Animals. 4th-Ed. W.
B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Penrisylvania. 1953.

5s Preceding page blank

 APPENDIX

PREPARATION OF OSTEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

By Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr.
This process is patterned after that used by Dr. M..L. Washburn, who introduced it to
this laboratory. Dr. Washburn organized the osteology section of the Biophysics Laboratory in
1954 to piovide autopsy support "'or projects involving the skeletal system.
The essential steps in this process are digestion of soft tissues with alkali and
bleaching.
I. MATERIALS AND METHODS.

A. Equipment.
1. Alarge steel tank. For a moderate amount of work with an animal the size of a
goat, a 50-gal steel drum is convenient.
2. Hot plate.
3. Wire baskets made with hardware cloth fine enough to prevent passage of small
bones.
4. Thermometer 0 ' to 100*C.
5. Adjustable thermoswitch 100' to 400F range, 20 amp at 11 5.volts.
6. Indi.cator light 110 volts.

7. Miscellaneous standard electrical connections.

B. Reagents.

1. Sodium hydroxide pellets.

2. Hydrogen peroxide.

C. Method.

1. Digestion.

Mount the tank so that the hot plate contacts the bottom but does not support
weight. Connect the thermoswitch in series with the hot plate and indicator light; and insert the
thermoswitch in the tank near the bottom. Lower the thermometer into the solution with a
wire.

57 Preceding page blank

 ,able A. Times-Required for-Digestion

I one Time

"- --- f . hrs

.apula 16
..e'us '1,6-20
,o-ur._ 16.20
J 18-24
al verlebr 24-30
e~ ~ ~ ~ ,-36
:i -i
'mnbar vartebr, 24-30
Iris 24-30
.arpih 36.40
oernu: 30-36
TiV' 24-30
3648

LPI,, ,,aa .....

, -Uc rpJ.
, .s (uncleaned)
3648
3638
48.72

Fill the tank with a l%,sodium hydroxide solution and cover. Plug the hot plate and
indicator light into the ther, oswitch and~adjust it to maintain the digesting solution at 45C as
indicated-by the thermo,,,cer.

Defleshall bones as much as possible with a knife or scalper blade. Then place them
in labeled wire baskets and immerse in ihe heated solution. Watch the bones closely, and every 2
to 3 hours remove- them from the solution, rinse with tap water and gently clean with a small
brush.
a. Time.

The time required varies, and bones-that are left in the solution too long will scale and
crack when dry. Table A gives the approximate times required but should be used only as a
guide. The time actually required for best results with any given specimen must be determined
by repeated observation.

b. Temperature.

The temperature of the alkali bath is quite important. A specimen that would require
treatment for several weeks in a cold 1% sodium hydroxide solution can be processed
completely in I or 2 days in a warmsolution-of the same-strength. Even a moderate elevation of
temperature (50 or 10*C) above room temperature causes marked acceleration of the process. A
very high temperature, however, is detrimental because the bones are softened before the soft
tissues have been digested sufficiently. For efficient work and successful-results, a temperature
between 450 and 48 0 C has proved to be very satisfactory.

Appendix 58
 c. Solution.
Other factors being equal, the time required for soft-tissue removal decreases- as the
concentration of the alkali is increased. A 1% solution of sodium hydroxide was found to be
satisfactory.

d. Quantity of Soft Tissue.

The bones should be cleaned fairly well of soft tissue before digestion if that is
possible without the risk of losing sm: 11bones, and they should be processed when fresh. In
general; the softer the tissue, the faster the processing. Specimens that have been removed from
the animal for a long time with dry hard tissues adhering to the bones or embalmed specimens
require-a longer period of processing than do fresh ones.

2. Bleaching.

olution of hydrogen peroxide serves admirably as a bleach for bones. It has no

noticeable de, orative effect-upon the bones and gives-them a nice snow-white appearance. A
solution of s.,,iuin hypochloride wastried as a-substitute for hydrogen peroxide because it is
much more economical, but the results were disappointing. The bones had a faint yellowish
tinge, and they flaked excessively.

A 28% or 30% solution of hydrogen peroxide also may be used for bleaching with
very good results, but a 3% solution conserves, material and gives equally good results. The.
procedure for bleaching is isfollows.

a. Transfer the-bones from the wire basket to a suitable container.

b. Cover the bones with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, and place a lid
on the-container. (The-identification number of the- b,.ie should be marked on the container.)

c. Allow the bones to bleach until white; 4-to 8 hours should be sufficient for
bleaching..
d. Remove the bones from the bleach, rinse them in water, and transfer them
to a~table.to-dry. Paper towels under the specimens aid drying.

3. Labeling.

Each individual bone should be labeled for identification as soon as it is bleached and
dried. An India-ink label is more durable than a pencil label.

Appendix 59
 UNCLASSIFIED
stcurity Clzzsl(l'tlo n
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R A D
reportto c ltacefed)
(Security classification of 1ito, body of aiierc and tndsxln4 nnotat on r ust be eot-,*d when the o~oeMan
. O ,;t,!--,'N, ACTIVITY (Corporate author) ... PO T SECURITY CLASSIIICATION

CO, Edgewood Arsenal UNCLASSIFIED

A'rTN: SMUEA-RB . 2b. GROUP
Edgcwood Arsenal, Maryland 21010 NA
4. REPORT TITLE

ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I OSTEOLOGY

4. DEtCRIPTIVE tPOTES (7)40 of repott ^-d inclusive dstui)

This work was started in September 1968 and completed in March 1970
S. AUTHORIS) (First name, middle Inttiae, last name)

Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr.; Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT, VC; and Gary L. Leppart

0. REPORT OATE Its. TOTAL. NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. or RFs

September 1970 67 4
55. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. fOe. ORIGIHATORG3 REPORT NUMUIERIS)

b. PROJECT NO. 1T062110A02 EATR 4431

c. 2b. OTHER REPORT NUll) (Any oter number# that may be aseiled
thlS te~f'ort)

"d.

10. DISTRISUTION STATEMENT

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is
unlimited.

Il. SU PP..EMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

13. ABSTRACT

'The purpose of this investigation was to establish a reference source for the
normal anatomy of the angora goat (Capra hircus). This report, the first in a
series, presents the skeletal anatomy of this animal.
14. KEYWA"DS
Angora goat
Capra hircus
Skeletal anatomy
Bone digestion
Osteology

POW UNCLASSIFIED
DD,..1473
-- RISPLACE. .. 1.. 1475. 1 JAN 4 WHIICH is
FOR ARMY USE.-OLKT0
67 Clesesfictaon
Urtty
.s'