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Abstract :- Ground Granulated Blast furnace limestone. The iron ore is reduced to iron and the
Slag (GGBS) is a byproduct from the blast remaining materials from a slag that floats on top
furnaces used to produce iron. The use of GGBS of the iron. This slag is periodically tapped off as a
serves as a replacement to already depleting molten liquid and if it is to be utilized for the
conventional building materials and also as manufacture of GGBS it has to be rapidly
being a byproduct it serves as an Eco Friendly quenched in large volumes of water. The
way of applying the product without dumping it quenching optimizes the cementitious properties
along the dry land. The present technical report and produces granules similar to coarse sand. This
focuses on investigating the characteristics of granulated slag is then dried and ground to a fine
concrete with partial replacement of cement powder. It can also be referred to as GGBS or
with Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag Slag cement. The chemical composition of the
(GGBS) by replacing cement. The replacement GGBS was given in table 1.1.
level of GGBS in concrete is 0%, 5%, 20%, The primary problem is the original
35%, 50% by the total weight of cement. A total conventional materials are consumed and we are in
of 150 specimens has been cast and tested the search for alternate building materials which
according to the IS Code. All specimens were lands us here for the use of GGBS. Being a
moist cured for 7, 14 and 28 days for byproduct and waste using it effectively up to some
compressive strength, split tensile strength and extent serves as a step for a greener environment
flexural strength testing. The test results proved and at the same time keeping in mind that the
that the compressive strength, split tensile strength of the concrete doesnt degrade by the
strength and flexural strength of concrete usage GGBS.
mixtures increases as the amount of GGBS Concrete made with GGBS cement sets
increase. A numerical equation has also been more slowly than concrete made with ordinary
developed to predict the strength of concrete Portland cement, depending on the amount of
containing various percentages of GGBS at GGBS in the cementitious material, but also
different ages for M25 grade of concrete. After proceeds to gain strength over a longer period in
an optimal point, about 20 % of GGBS does not production conditions. This issue in lower heat of
improve the compressive strength and split hydration and lower temperature rise, and makes
tensile strength of the concrete. avoiding cold joints easier, but may also affect
Keywords: GGBS, Mechanical Properties, construction schedules where the quick mount is
Numerical Equation, Optimum level. required. The last phase of the GGBS was shown in
the figure 1.1.
I. INTRODUCTION So far in the literatures most of the work
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine has done in the M30, M40 grade of concrete and
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Concrete very few has covered in the M20 grade of concrete
plays a vital role in the development of using GGBS. Hence it is worth the experimenting
infrastructure such as industrial building, to replace the GGBS in M25 grade of concrete and
residential building, bridges and highways, etc. to find its optimum replacement level. The primary
leading to the utilization of a large quantity of aim of this probe is to examine the mechanical
concrete. On the other side, the cost of concrete is behavior of concrete in the presence of GGBS,
attributed to the cost of its components which is compared with conventional concrete. The
scarce and expensive, hence leading to usage of compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural
economically alternative materials in its yield. This strength of the concrete with GGBS were tested
requirement has drawn the attention of and analyzed in this study.
investigators to explore new replacements of
ingredients of concrete.
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag
(GGBS) is a byproduct from the blast furnaces
used to make iron. These operate at a temperature
of about 1500 degrees centigrade and are fed with a
carefully controlled mixture of iron ore, coke and Figure 1.1 GGBS
Workability 40
Slump value in mm
Compressive Strength in
0% GGBS
60 35
50 Various 5% GGBS
30
N/mm2
40 % of
GGBS 20% GGBS
30
25
20 35% GGBS
10 20
y = 0.3769x + 33.509 50% GGBS
0
0 20 40 60 15
GGBS Replacement% 7 days 14 days 28 days
7 Days
35
age (7 days & 14 days) of concrete increases upto strength
in N/mm2
3.3 Split Tensile Strength Figure 3.5. From this numerical equation the value
A total of 45 cylindrical specimens was of Split tensile strength for the known percentage
cast to find out the split tensile strength of the of GGBS can be predicted for M25 grade of
concrete and the average of three cylinders for each concrete. The numerical equation of split tensile
mix was tested. Split tensile strength of concrete strength at the age of,
specimens made with and without GGBS was 7 days is y = -0.0035x + 2.9153
determined at 7, 14, 28 days of curing. The test 14 days is y = -0.0038x + 3.1716
results for split tensile strength are presented in 28 days is y = -0.0034x + 3.7673
table 3.3 for M25 grade of concrete. Where,
x is the value of GGBS replacement level
Table 3.3 Split Tensile Strength for M25 grade in percentage
Concrete y is the value of compressive strength in
Split Tensile Strength N/mm . 2
Sl. % of
(N/mm2)
No. GGBS
7 days 14 days 28 days Numerical equation for split tensile
1 0 2.62 2.75 3.61 4.5 strength
N/mm2
5 50 2.38 3.13 3.49 3 14 Days
Strength
2.5
It is observed that the early age (7 days & 14 days)
split tensile strength values of GGBS concrete 2 28 Days
mixtures are nearly higher than the control 0 20 40 60 Strength
mixtures. As the curing period is prolonged, the GGBS Replacement %
strength values of the GGBS concrete mixtures (not
including 50%) increase more than the control Figure 3.5 Numerical Equations for Split Tensile
mixtures. After 28 days the GGBS concrete (at
Strength
20%) has the higher split tensile strength values
compared to the control mixtures with equivalent 3.4 Flexural Strength
binder content. A total of 45 beam specimens (100mm x
100mm x 500mm) were casted to find out the
flexural strength of the concrete and the average of
4.5
three prisms for each mix was tested. Flexural
Strength in N/mm2
0% GGBS
4 strength of concrete mixtures made with and
Split Tensile
GGBS study.
6
5% The workability of the concrete increases
5 GGBS with the increase in the GGBS content for
20% M25 grade concrete and the workability
4 GGBS reaches its maximum at 50% replacement
35% of GGBS.
3 GGBS The present study shows that the
2 50% replacement of GGBS in concrete can
7 days 14 days 28 days GGBS produce high strength than the
conventional concrete mix.
Figure 3.6 Flexural Strength of Concrete with The early age compressive strength and
varying GGBS content split tensile strength at 7 days and 14 days
has reached its maximum strength at 20%
From Figure 3.6, it is observed that at replacement of cement with GGBS for
about 35% replacement of cement with GGBS, M25 grade of concrete.
concrete attains its maximum flexural strength for The early age flexural strength at 7 days
M25 grade concrete, when the replacement exceeds and 14 days has reached its maximum
35%, the flexural strength is found to be decreasing strength at 35% replacement of cement
slightly. And at 35% replacement of GGBS, the with GGBS for M25 grade of concrete.
flexural strength is greater than the 50%
It is observed that the strength level
replacement of GGBS. increases at 20% replacement of GGBS
3.4.1 Numerical Equation for Flexural strength and falls at 35% replacement for
The numerical equation of flexural compressive strength and split tensile
strength of the concrete containing various strength.
percentages of GGBS has been derived from the The concrete has reached its maximum
Figure 3.7. From this numerical equation the value compressive strength at 20% replacement
of flexural strength for the known percentage of of GGBS which is 11.1% greater strength
GGBS can be predicted for M25 grade of concrete. than the nominal concrete strength.
The numerical equation of compressive strength at The concrete has reached its maximum
the age of split tensile strength at 20% replacement
7 days is y = -0.0101x + 8.722 of GGBS which is 31.1% greater strength
14 days is y = -0.0041x + 9.6674 than the nominal concrete strength.
28 days is y = -0.0943x + 10.118 The concrete has reached its maximum
Where, flexural strength at 35% replacement of
x is the value of GGBS replacement level GGBS which is 54.8% greater strength
in percentage than the nominal concrete strength.
y is the value of compressive strength in The numerical equations for compressive
N/mm2 strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength has been derived to predict the
Figure 3.7 Numerical Equation for Flexural strength values at different replacement
strength levels of GGBS for M25 grade for
concrete.
Numerical Equation for Flexural strength
7
From this study, it has been concluded that
the optimum percentage replacement of
Flexural Strength in
7 Days
6 GGBS in M25 grade concrete is 20%.
Strength
From the above experimental results, it is
N/mm2
5
14 Days proved that GGBS can be used as a
4
Strength replacement of cement without affecting
3 the strength of concrete.
28 Days
2 Strength
0 20 40 60
GGBS Repalcement %