You are on page 1of 11

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

On

SUPERCAPACITORS AND BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT


FOR HYBRID VEHICLE APPLICATIONS USING FULL BRIDGE
CONVERTERS

Submitted

in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for


the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

R.NAGASAI (12C81A0254)

Under the esteemed guidance of

M.NAGALAKSHMI.
Assistant. Professor, Dept. of EEE.

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING


SREEKAVITHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, T.S)
(Accredited by NBA)
Karepally-507 122, Khammam (Dist), T.S.
E-mail: skec2001@gmail.com
2015-2016

i
Ph: 08745 246008, 09
08745 246017.

ESTD 2001
SPURTHI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETYS
SREEKAVITHAENGINEERINGCOLLEGE
(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI AND AFFLIATED TO JNTU, HYDERABAD)

(Accr0edited by NBA)
KAREPALLY, KHAMMAM 507 122.

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL&ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING


BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled SUPERCAPACITORS AND


BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT FOR HYBRID VEHICLE APPLICATIONS USING
FULL BRIDGE CONVERTERS is being submitted by R.NAGASAI(12C81A0254), in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad for the academic year 2015- 16.

Ms.M.NAGALAKSHMI Mr.L.KISHORE M.Tech,(Ph.D.),


Asst.Professor, Internal guide, Asso.Professor
Dept. of EEE. Head of the Department,
Dept. of EEE.

Submitted for Viva Voce Examination held on.

External Examiner.

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to thank all who have rendered their full support to my project
work.
We render my thanks to Mr. P.USHAKIRAN KUMAR M.Tech, Chairman Sree Kavitha
Engineering College, for his encouragement.
We grateful to Mr. S.CHALAMA REDDY M.Sc,M.Ed Correspondent Sree Kavitha
Engineering College, for facilitating all the required amenities.
We express my sincere gratitude to Dr. A.NAGAMALLESHWARA RAO M.Tech Ph.D

Principal Sree kavitha Engineering College, for providing excellent academic environment in the
college.
We express my sincere gratitude to Dr. N.RAMA RAO M.Sc,Ph.D. Vice Principal Sree
kavitha Engineering College, for providing excellent academic environment in the college.
We express my special thanks to Sri Prof. P.BALA GANGADHAR RAO, Dean of the
college for his valuable advice in this work.
We thank and express my gratitude to Mr. L.KISHORE M.Tech,(Ph.D.), Head of the
department for providing with both time and amenities to make this project a success with in
schedule.
We offer my sincere thanks to the internal guide Ms.M.NAGALAKSHMI Asst.Professor
for his valuable suggestions and support
We offer my sincere thanks to our Faculty members and Lab in-charges that have helped me
a lot.
We extend my thanks to all the people, who have helped me a lot directly or indirectly in the
completion of this project.

R.NAGASAI (12C81A0254)

iii
Ph: 08745 246008,09
ESTD 2001 08745 246017.

SPURTHI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETYS

SREEKAVITHAENGINEERINGCOLLEGE
(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI AND AFFLIATED TO JNTU, HYDERABAD)

(Accredited by NBA)
KAREPALLY, KHAMMAM 507 122.

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL&ELECRONICS ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

I am here by declare that the results embodied in this dissertation entitled


SUPERCAPACITORS AND BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT FOR HYBRID
VEHICLE APPLICATIONS USING FULL BRIDGE CONVERTERS is record of work
done by me in the department of ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.

The reported are based on the project work done entirely by me and not copied from
any other source. The results embodied in this dissertation have not been submitted to any
other University for the award of any degree or diploma.

DATE:
PLACE:

R.NAGASAI (12C81A0254)

iv
ABSTRACT

In the last few years the pollution problems and the increase of the cost of fossil energy
(oil, gas) have become planetary problems. The car manufacturers started to react to the urban
pollution problems in nineties by commercializing the electric vehicle. But the battery weight and
cost problems were not solved. The batteries must provide energy and peaks power during the
transient states. These conditions are severe for the batteries. To decrease these severe conditions, the
super capacitors and batteries associate with a good power management present a promising solution.
Hybridization using batteries and super capacitors for transport applications is needed when energy
and power management are requested during the transient sates and steady states. The multi full
bridge converters will be investigated because of the high power.
This paper presents super capacitors and battery association methodology for ECCE Hybrid
vehicle. ECCE is an experimental Hybrid Vehicle developed at L2ES Laboratory in collaboration
with the Research Center in Electrical Engineering and Electronics in Belfort (CREEBEL) and other
French partners. This test bench has currently lead-acid batteries with a rated voltage of 540 V, two
motors each one coupled with one alternator. The alternators are feeding a DC-bus by rectifiers. The
main objective of this paper is to study the management of the energy provides by two super
capacitor packs. Super capacitors are storage devices which enable to supply the peaks of power to
hybrid vehicle during the transient states. Each super capacitors module is made of 108 cells with a
maximum voltage of 270V. The multi full bridge converter topology is studied to define the best
topology for the embarked power management. This method achieved a good power management
strategy by using the multi full bridge converter topologies.

SOFTWARE USED : MATLAB.

v
INDEX

LIST OF CONTENT PAGE NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Iii
DECLARATION Iv
ABSTRACT V
INDEX Vi
LIST OF FIGURES (ix-x)
LIST OF ABRIVATIONS Xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION (1)

CHAPTER 2: SUPER CAPACITOR (2-16)


2.1 Super Capacitor Constuction 2
2.2 Equivalent circuit 6
2.3 How to measure the capacitance 7
2.3.1 Charge method 7
2.3.2 Capacitance 8
2.3.3 ESR 9
2.3.4 Life expectancy 9
2.4 Applications for Supercapacitors 10
2.5 Importance of SCES And Future Scope 10
2.6 Electric Vechile 10
2.6.1 Vehicle types 11

2.6.2 Advantages of Electric Vechiles: 12

CHAPTER-3: FULL BRIDGE CONVERTER (17-44)


3.1 Half-Wave Rectifier 18
3.2 Full-Wave Rectifier 18
3.3 Peak Loss 21
3.3.1 Rectifier Output Smoothing 21
3.3.2 Voltage Doubling Rectifier 23

vi
3.4 Rectification Technology 26

3.4.1 Electromechanical 30

3.4.2 Synchronous rectifier 31

3.5 Power Management 35


3.5.1 Power Management System helps to 36
3.6 DC/DC Converters Topology And Modeling 38
3.6.1 Multi full bridge converters modeling 38
3.7 Full bridge converter simulation results for Np = 2 41
3.7.1 Design and Experimental results 42
3.7.2 Experimental setup at reduced scale 44

CHAPTER-4: CONTROL TECHNIQUE (46-55)


4.1 Pulse Width modulator 46
4.2 Dither 51
4.3 Why the PWM frequency is important 52
4.4 Motor Speed Control (Power Control) 53
4.5 PWM Controller Features 54
4.6 How does this technology help 55

CHAPTER 5: MATLAB (58-48)


5.1 The Matlab System Consist Of Five Main Parts 58
5.2 Simulink 59
5.2.1 Introduction 59
5.2.2 Concept of signal and logic flow 60
5.2.3 Connecting blocks 61
5.3 Sources And Sinks 61
5.4 Continuous And Discreet System 62
5.5 Non-Linear Operators 63
5.6.1 Mathematical Operations 64
5.6.2 Signals & Data Transfer 65
5.6.3 Making Substation 65

vii
5.6.4 Setting Simulation Parameter 66

CHAPTER-6 RESULT 49

CHAPTER-7: FUTURE SCOPE 51

CHAPTER-8 : SIMULINK DIAGRAM 52

CHAPTER-9: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

viii
LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO


1 Converter topology for ECCE Hybrid Vehicle 1
2 Full wave rectifier without center tapped 5
3 Full wave rectifier with center tapped 5
4 A three-phase bridge rectifier. 5

phase AC input, half & full wave rectified DC output


5 6
waveforms

6 Rc filter rectifier. 7
7 Buck Converter 12
8 Voltage and current changes 13
9 Block diagram 15
10 Boost converter schematic 15
The two configurations of a boost converter, depending on
11 16
the state of the switch S
Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter
12 17
operating in continuous mode
Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter
operating in discontinuous mode Waveforms of current and
13 19
voltage in a boost converter operating in discontinuous
mode
14 Block diagram of pwm 22
15 Space Vector Diagram 29
16 Transfer Characteristics 30
17 Voltage Vector Rescaling 30
18 phase Space Vector PWM 32
19 Simulink library browser 43
20 Connectung blocks 44
21 Sources and sinks 45
22 continous and descrete systems 45
23 simulink blocks 46
24 Simulink math blocks 47

ix
25 signals and systems 47

x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

TITLE EXPANSION
PFC Power factor correction
SMPS switching-mode power supply
PV photovoltaic
AC Convert alternating current
DC direct current
HEV hybrid electric vehicles
CCFL cold cathode fluorescent tubes
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
MPP maximum power point
MPPT maximum power point tracking
ADC analog-to-digital converter
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
IC Integrated circuit
MPM Multiple -pulse modulation
SVPWM Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
DPFC Dynamic power factor correction
API Application Program Interface

xi

You might also like