Analog Communication

Multiplexing:
FDM and TDM

Ashutosh Rastogi
Quality Education for all
 Outline
Introduction
Multiplexing
Different type of Multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
Time division multiplexing (TDM)

Advantages/disadvantages
PAM/TDM System
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 Introduction
Under the simplest conditions, a medium can
carry only one signal at any moment in time.
For multiple signals to share one medium, the
medium must somehow be divided, giving
each signal a portion of the total bandwidth.

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 Introduction
Transmission services are very expensive
Leased lines, packet switched networks
Multiplexing and compression techniques
saves the business money.
As the data capacity of lines increases, it will
become more cost effective for the company.
Most data services require modest data rate
support.
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 Introduction
The current techniques that can accomplish
this include:
frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
time division multiplexing (TDM)

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 Multiplexing
Multiplexor (MUX)
De-multiplexor (DEMUX)
Sometimes just called a MUX

Simple block diagram of Mux-Demux pair

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 Different type of Multiplexers
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
Time division multiplexing (TDM)

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 FDM

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 Frequency division multiplexing
(FDM)
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
Frequency spectrum is divided among
multiple logical channels.
Each user can have access to its own
assigned frequencies or logical channels at
all the time the individual user is active.

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 Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

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 Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
Sends the signal in several distinct frequency ranges.
Used in cable TV to carry multiple video channel on a
single cable
Each signal is modulated on the different carrier
frequency and the carrier frequencies are separated
by guard-bands.
It is important to state that the Bandwidth of the
transmission medium must exceeds the required
bandwidth of all the signals.

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 Frequency Division Multiplexing
Analog signaling is used to transmits the signals.
Broadcast radio and television, cable television, and
the AMPS cellular phone systems use frequency
division multiplexing.
This technique is the oldest multiplexing technique.
Since it involves analog signaling, it is more
susceptible to noise.

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 FDM System-Transmitter

Transmitter

Spectrum of composite
baseband modulating
signal

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 FDM System-Transmitter
In FDM we assign non-overlapping frequency ranges to
each user or signal on a medium so that all signals are
transmitted at the same time, each using different
frequencies.
Multiple message signals (m1(t),m2(t).mn(t)) from
multiple sources are modulated over different subcarrier
Frequencies (f1,f2fn) and send them to an adder.
Now this composite signal (Adder output) is further
modulated over carrier frequency fc and the transmitted
over the channel.

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 Another View of understanding
FDM transmitter (MUX) process

FDM System-Transmitter
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 FDM System-Receiver

Receiver

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 FDM System-Receiver
In FDM receiver we first get the FDM transmitted
signal which was centered around fc and then pass
this composite signal with suitable band-pass filters.
These band-pass filters have the same central
frequencies as the subcarriers of FDM transmitter.
Now these s1,s2.sn are passed through respective
demodulators to get the actual message signals
(m1(t),m2(t).mn(t)).

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 Another View of understanding
FDM receiver (De-MUX) process

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 Disadvantages of FDM
The problem with the FDM is that it cannot utilize the full
capacity of the system.
We need to ensure that the adjacent band do not
overlap each other otherwise signal in one band may
affect (interfere) the signal in other band.
Although system has the capacity then also in some cases
the channel can not pass the actual signal.(discuss)
Note:
FDM is usually used to carry analog signals but modulated
digital signal can also be carried by them.

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 TDM

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 Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)
In time division multiplexing the time is divided into
multiple smaller units called slots and each user is
given a slot to transmit it signal.
Each user have the entire bandwidth of the channel
for a short duration of time.
T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common examples
of time division multiplexing.

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 Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)

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 Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)
Used for digital signals or analog signals carrying
digital data.
Data rate of the transmission medium exceeds the
required data rate of all the signals.
Clock synchronization is one of the major issue in
TDM systems as a small mismatch in the timing may
ruin the utility of overall system.

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 Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)
An important feature of sampling process is a
conservation of time.
In principle, the communication link is used only at the
sampling time instances.
Hence, it may be feasible to put other messages
samples between adjacent samples of this message
on a time-shared basis.
This forms the time-division multiplex (TDM) system.

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 PAM/TDM System

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 PAM/TDM System
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is the time
interleaving of samples from several sources so that
the information from these sources can be transmitted
serially over a single communication channel.
Simultaneous transmission of several signals on a time-
sharing basis.
The input message signals from multiple
sources(1,2..N) are first passed through the LPF to
reduce the aliasing effect.

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 PAM/TDM System

PAM/TDM Transmitter-Receiver System

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 PAM/TDM System
The commutator actually serves the two
purposes:
It takes a narrow sample of each of the N input
messages at a rate fs slightly higher than 2B,
where B is the cutoff frequency of the anti-aliasing
filter
Interleaves these N samples inside the sampling
interval Ts.

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 PAM/TDM System
The price we pay for TDM is that N samples be
squeezed in a time slot of duration Ts.
Synchronization is essential for a satisfactory
operation of the TDM system.
One possible procedure to synchronize the transmitter
and receiver clocks is to set aside a code element or
pulse at the end of a frame, and to transmit this pulse
every other frame only.

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 PAM/TDM System
At the receiver the De-Commutation action is
performed and the signal is passed from the LPF in
order to get the message signal back from the
samples.
The example given on the next slide gives the signal
samples of 4 signal sources.

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 PAM/TDM System

Illustration of 4 channel PAM/TDM System

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 References
Taub H.,Schilling D.L.,Saha G. Taubs Principle of
Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill, Third edition
http://opencourses.emu.edu.tr/file.php/11/Lecture_
Notes/Chapter3_Lect8.ppt
Forouzan B. A, Data Communications and
Networking, McGraw-Hill, Fourth Edition

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