7 3 Material Balance

DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE.
NEW OPPORTUNITIES
FROM OLD FIELDS
Section 7.3: Material Balance
Estimates of OOIP & OGIP
Prepared and Presented by MHA Petroleum Consultants, Inc.

2003 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved
Oil Material Balance
Dynamic Method of Estimating

Original Hydrocarbons in Place
Provides comparison to volumetric analysis
Can identify isolated reservoir volumes
Can identify reservoir mechanisms and water
influx
Equations that link pressure to net withdrawals
Combined with dynamic processes provides
basis for reservoir predictions
Material Balance 7.3-2

Material Balance for an Oil Reservoir

Measure the original pressure in the reservoir
(P0)
Produce oil, gas and water (Np, Gp, Wp)
Measure a new pressure (P1)
Calculate the physical changes that took place
in the fluids and rock from P0 to P1
Calculate Orignal Oil-In-Place (OOIP)

What happens in the reservoir when an oil

reservoir is produced?
The pressure drops
Oil expands
Gas cap gas expands
Connate water expands
Water influxes from aquifer
Gas evolves out of the oil
Pore volume collapses
Sometimes: Water and Gas are injected

Material Balance for Oil Reservoirs
Fluid Expansion
Primary Gas Cap
Oil & Original

Reduced Pore
Initial Pore Solution Gas
Volume at P
Volume at Pi
Water Expansion
Aquifer Influx
Compaction
Pi P

Data Requirements for Material Balance
Fluid Property Data

Rock Compressibility
Production Data (oil, gas, water)
Pressure History (average pressure
versus time)

Oil Material Balance Equation
Preserve the Reservoir Volume in Original

Oil Zone
Initial Oil Volume = NBoi
After Some Production Has Occurred, This

Reservoir Volume Contains
Remaining Oil Volume = (N-Np)*Bo
Plus Additional Expansion Terms

Oil Material Balance Expansion Terms
Gas Cap Expansion = [(G-Gpc)*Bgc GBgci] +Ginj*Bginj
Released Solution Gas = [N*Rsi-(N-Np)*Rs-Gps]*Bgs
Rock and Water Expansion =

[(Cf+Sw*Cw)*(NBoi)*(Pi-P) / (1.0-Swi)]
Net Water Influx = We Wp*Bw + Winj*Bwinj

Oil Material Balance Equation
Combine for Overall Material Balance Eqn.

NBoi = (N-Np)*Bo +
[(G-Gpc)*Bgc G*Bgci + Ginj*Bginj] +
[N*Rsi (N Np)*Rs Gps]*Bgs +
[Cf,w*(N*Boi)*(Pi-P)] +
[We Wp*Bw + Winj*Bwinj]

Oil Material Balance - Applications
If No Water Influx and No Gas Cap

Solve for Original Oil-In-Place
Compare to Volumetric OOIP
If OOIP and OGIP Known

Solve for Water Influx
Combine with Water Contact Movement to
Estimate Recovery Efficiency
If Water Contact Movement Not Known, Can
Estimate Where Contact Should Be Using
Water Influx

Material Balance Undersaturated Oil Reservoir
Material Balance Re-written for

Above Bubble Point, no aquifer
co S o + cw S w + c f Bo Boi
ce = and co =
So Boi P
Bo Np
N= *
ce P Boi

Havlena-Odeh Material Balance
Linerize Material Balance Equation

Allows comparison of Voidage (production)
to the reservoir
Expansion terms that supported that
production
This is the approach used in MBAL software

Material Balance: Equation Terms
Total Underground Withdrawals = F

Oil Expansion
& Free Solution Gas } Eo
& Expansion of Gas Cap Eg
}
& Connate Water Expansion
Ef,w
& Pore Volume Compaction
& Water Influx We
F = N ( Eo + mEg + (1+m)Ef,w ) + We

Material Balance Equation
(
F = N Eo + mEg + (1 + m) Ef,w + We )
F = Np(Bo + (Rp - Rs ) Bg) + WpBw Reservoir voidage
E o = (B o - B oi ) + (R si R s ) B g Oil zone expansion factor
B oi Bg
Eg = (B g B gi ) = B oi 1 Gas cap expansion factor
B gi B gi
c w S wc + c f
E f, w = B oi p
Compaction factor
1 S wc
We = Analytic Solution Gross water influx
m = Gas HPV / Oil HPV

Drive Indicators
NE o fraction of voidage replaced

by oil zone expansion
F
mNFg fraction of voidage replaced
by gas cap expansion
F
N( 1 + m ) E f,w fraction of voidage replaced
by compaction
F
+ We fraction of voidage replaced
by water influx
F
100%
Production Characteristics of Solution Gas Drive Reservoir
reservoir Abandoned due to:

pressure - low pressure
- low oil rate
- high GOR
GOR uncontrolled
Pb Recovery
Efficiency:
producing 5 - 20% of
GOR STOIIP
Supplement with:
- GOR control
oil rate
- water injection
- gas injection
water rate
time

Solution Gas Drive - Graphical Method
F = N(Eo + Ef , w )
Upward curve
indicates water
Below bubble point, F influx
Ef,w << Eo slope = N
Note: Ignoring Ef,w above

bubble point can result in
over-estimation of N. Eo

Production Characteristics of Gas Cap Drive Reservoir
reservoir
Abandoned
pressure due to:
- low rate
- high GOR
producing
GOR
GOR controlled
Recovery
oil rate Efficiency:
20 - 40%
of STOIIP
water rate
time Supplement with:

- gas (re-) injection

Gas Cap Drive - Graphical Method
F = N(Eo + mEg )
m too small
F
slope = N
Note: With free gas present,

compaction contribution is
m too big
assumed to be minor.
Eo+mEg

Gas Cap Drive - Graphical Method
F = N (Eo + mEg )
F = NEo + NmEg F
Eo
slope = mN
F NmEg
= +N N
Eo Eo
Eg
Note: When both m and N
Eo
are poorly defined

Production Characteristics of Water Drive Reservoir
Pb Abandoned due
Pres to:
- low rate
Rp - high watercut
qoil Recovery efficiency:

35-75% of STOIIP
Supplement with:
qwater
- water (re-) injection
time

Water Drive - Graphical Method
F = N(Eo + mEg ) + We
F = We + N(Eo + mEg )
We too small
F
Eo + mEg We too big
F We
= +N
Eo + mEg Eo + mEg
N
Need tofind "correct"
aquifer model We
Eo + mEg
i.e. We = U pQ(t D ) Note: Points may move to top right
and then reverse

Gas Material Balance, Depletion Drive
Pi P
GpBg
GBgi GBg (G - Gp)Bg
Constant Pore Volume:
GBgi = (G - Gp)Bg

Depletion Drive - p / z plot
Conserving Reservoir Volume:

pi
(
GBgi = G Gp Bg) zi
p
z rnRTr
z
Vrc Pr zr TrPs
Bg = = =
Vsc z snRT s Pr Ts pa
Ps za
UR G
p p i Gp

= 1 Gp
z z i G


Gas Reservoir Material Balance
P/z vs Gp is not always a straight line.

Why?
Extra Energy Terms
Formation Compressibility
Water Influx
Reservoir Heterogeneity
Areal Compartments
Variable Layer Properties Without Vertical Crossflow
Low Permeability Insufficient Shut-in Times
Changing Drainage Volumes Well Interference

Material Balance w/ Compaction Drive
Pi P
GpBg
GBg
(G - Gp)Bg
GBgi
GBgi ce p
Reduced Pore Volume
GBgi = (G - Gp)Bg + GBgi ce p

Hydrocarbon Pore Volume Reduction
HPVR = PV (c f + S wc cw )p
Initial Hydrocarbo n Bearing Pore Volume = PV ( S g ) = GB gi
GB gi
PV =
Sg
ce
c f + S wc cw
HPVR = GB gi p
Sg

Gas Material Balance, Compaction
( )
GB gi = G Gp B g + GB gic e p
(
GB gi (1 c e p ) = G Gp B g )
1 c e p = c tf Total compressib ility factor
p pi Gp
c tf = 1

z zi G

Gas Material Balance, Compaction Effects
pi pi
zi zi
p
. c tf
z
p
z
G G
Gp Gp

Gas Material Balance, Water Drive Reservoirs
Gp S
= Ev 1 gr
G S gi

Water Breakthrough

Gas Material Balance , Water Drive RF
Equation for Gas Recovery Without Co-Production of Water
Requires Estimates of:

Volumetric Sweep Efficiency
Residual Gas Saturation
Gas Zone Pressure at Water Breakthrough (Aquifer model)
G pBT S gr (1 Ev ) PBT Zi
= 1 Ev +
G S gi Ev Pi Z BT
Where: Ev = Volumetric Sweep Efficiency

Sgi = Initial Gas Saturation
Sgr = Residual Gas Saturation
BT = Breakthrough Conditions
Gas Water Drive Reservoirs, Residual Gas
unconsolidated sand 15%
slightly consolidated sand 20%
consolidated sandstone 35% (25 - 50%)
limestone 50%
Actual values are a determined by a complex interaction
of rock properties (porosity, permeability, clay content)
and initial gas saturation


7 3 Material Balance

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DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE.

Prepared and Presented by MHA Petroleum Consultants, Inc.

Dynamic Method of Estimating

Material Balance 7.3-2

Material Balance for an Oil Reservoir

Material Balance 7.3-3

What happens in the reservoir when an oil

Material Balance 7.3-4

Primary Gas Cap

Oil & Original

Material Balance 7.3-5

Fluid Property Data

Material Balance 7.3-6

Preserve the Reservoir Volume in Original

Initial Oil Volume = NBoi

After Some Production Has Occurred, This

Remaining Oil Volume = (N-Np)*Bo

Plus Additional Expansion Terms

Material Balance 7.3-7

Gas Cap Expansion = [(G-Gpc)*Bgc GBgci] +Ginj*Bginj

Released Solution Gas = [N*Rsi-(N-Np)*Rs-Gps]*Bgs

Rock and Water Expansion =

Net Water Influx = We Wp*Bw + Winj*Bwinj

Material Balance 7.3-8

Combine for Overall Material Balance Eqn.

[(G-Gpc)*Bgc G*Bgci + Ginj*Bginj] +

[N*Rsi (N Np)*Rs Gps]*Bgs +

[We Wp*Bw + Winj*Bwinj]

Material Balance 7.3-9

If No Water Influx and No Gas Cap

If OOIP and OGIP Known

Material Balance 7.3-10

Material Balance Re-written for

Material Balance 7.3-11

Linerize Material Balance Equation

This is the approach used in MBAL software

Material Balance 7.3-12

Total Underground Withdrawals = F

& Expansion of Gas Cap Eg

Material Balance 7.3-13

E o = (B o - B oi ) + (R si R s ) B g Oil zone expansion factor

m = Gas HPV / Oil HPV

NE o fraction of voidage replaced

reservoir Abandoned due to:

Material Balance 7.3-16

Ef,w << Eo slope = N

Note: Ignoring Ef,w above

Material Balance 7.3-17

time Supplement with:

Material Balance 7.3-18

Note: With free gas present,

Material Balance 7.3-19

Material Balance 7.3-20

qoil Recovery efficiency:

Material Balance 7.3-21

Material Balance 7.3-22

GBgi GBg (G - Gp)Bg

Constant Pore Volume:

Material Balance 7.3-23

Conserving Reservoir Volume:

Material Balance 7.3-24

P/z vs Gp is not always a straight line.

Material Balance 7.3-25

Reduced Pore Volume

Gas Cap Expansion = [(G-Gpc)Bgc GBgci] +GinjBginj

Released Solution Gas = [NRsi-(N-Np)Rs-Gps]*Bgs

Net Water Influx = We WpBw + WinjBwinj

[(G-Gpc)Bgc GBgci + Ginj*Bginj] +

[NRsi (N Np)Rs Gps]*Bgs +

[We WpBw + WinjBwinj]