You are on page 1of 22

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299


http://www.elsevier.com/locate/aim

Four identities related to third order mock theta


functions in Ramanujan’s lost notebook
Hamza Yesilyurt
Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, 1409 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Received 10 February 2003; accepted 17 December 2003

Communicated by Michael Hopkins

Abstract

We prove, for the first time, a series of four related identities from Ramanujan’s lost
notebook. The identities are connected with third order mock theta functions.
r 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

In his last letter to Hardy, Ramanujan introduced mock theta functions


[9, pp. 127–131]. Included in this letter were the four third order mock theta
functions:

X
N
qn
2

feðqÞ ¼ ; ð1:1Þ
n¼0 ð1 þ qÞ2 ð1 þ q2 Þ2 ?ð1 þ qn Þ2

X
N
qn
2

e ðqÞ ¼
f ; ð1:2Þ
n¼0
ð1 þ q Þð1 þ q4 Þ?ð1 þ q2n Þ
2

X
N
qn
2

e ðqÞ ¼
c ; ð1:3Þ
n¼1
ð1  qÞð1  q3 Þ?ð1  q2n1 Þ

E-mail address: yesilyur@math.uiuc.edu.

0001-8708/$ - see front matter r 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.aim.2003.12.007
ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 279

X
N
qn
2

e
wðqÞ ¼ : ð1:4Þ
n¼0
ð1  q þ q2 Þð1  q2 þ q4 Þ?ð1  qn þ q2n Þ

They satisfy the equations


X
N
e ðqÞ  feðqÞ ¼ feðqÞ þ 4c
2f e ðqÞ ¼ ðq; qÞ1 2
ð1Þn qn ; ð1:5Þ
N
n¼N
( )2
X
N
wðqÞ  feðqÞ ¼ 3ðq; qÞ1
4e N
n 3n2
ð1Þ q ; ð1:6Þ
n¼N

where we used the standard notation


ða; qÞn ¼ ðaÞn :¼ ð1  aÞð1  aqÞyð1  aqn1 Þ;

Y
N
ða; qÞN ¼ ð1  aqn Þ; jqjo1:
n¼0

Watson [10] proved (1.5) and (1.6). Andrews [1] also gave certain generalizations of
(1.5) and (1.6). Third order mock theta functions are related to the rank of a
partition defined by Dyson [5] as the largest part minus the number of parts. Let us
define Nðm; nÞ as the number of partitions of n with rank m: The generating function
for Nðm; nÞ is given by
XN XN XN
qn
2

Nðm; nÞqn tm ¼ ; jqjo1; jqjojtjoj1=qj: ð1:7Þ


m¼N n¼0 n¼0
ðtqÞn ðt1 qÞn

The third order mock theta functions defined by (1.1) through (1.4) can be expressed
in terms of this generating function. Third order mock theta functions and their
applications to the rank are detailed by Fine [7]. A comprehensive literature survey
on mock theta functions is given by Andrews [2].
We prove, for the first time, a series of four related identities from Ramanujan’s
lost notebook. These identities are defined and their connections to (1.5) and (1.6)
are given in Section 3. Proofs of these identities are provided in Sections 4–7. In
addition, we will show in Section 8 that one of the identities can be used to prove the
following identity:

ðqÞ2N XN
nq
nðnþ1Þ=2
¼ ð1Þ : ð1:8Þ
ðtÞN ðt1 qÞN n¼N 1  tqn

Identity (1.8) was proved by Evans [6, Eq. (3.1)] following a different approach.
Equality (1.8) is also given in a different form by Ramanujan on p. 59 of the lost
notebook [9]. Partition theory implications of the product
ðqÞN
ðtqÞN ðt1 qÞN

are discussed in [8].


ARTICLE IN PRESS
280 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

2. Definitions and preliminary results

We first recall Ramanujan’s definitions for a general theta function and some of its
important special cases. Set
X
p
f ða; bÞ :¼ anðnþ1Þ=2 bnðn1Þ=2 ; jabjo1: ð2:1Þ
n¼N

Basic properties satisfied by f ða; bÞ include [4, p. 34, Entry 18]

f ða; bÞ ¼ f ðb; aÞ; ð2:2Þ

f ð1; aÞ ¼ 2f ða; a3 Þ; ð2:3Þ

f ð1; aÞ ¼ 0 ð2:4Þ

and if n is an integer,

f ða; bÞ ¼ anðnþ1Þ=2 bnðn1Þ=2 f ðaðabÞn ; bðabÞn Þ: ð2:5Þ

If n ¼ 1; (2.5) becomes

f ða; bÞ ¼ af ða1 ; a2 bÞ: ð2:6Þ

Two other formulas satisfied by f ða; bÞ are [4, p. 46, Entry 30]

f ða; bÞ þ f ða; bÞ ¼ 2f ða3 b; ab3 Þ; ð2:7Þ

f ða; bÞ  f ða; bÞ ¼ 2af ðba1 ; ab1 a4 b4 Þ: ð2:8Þ

The function f ða; bÞ satisfies the well-known Jacobi triple product identity [4, p. 35,
Entry 19]

f ða; bÞ ¼ ða; abÞN ðb; abÞN ðab; abÞN : ð2:9Þ

Some important special cases of (2.1) and (2.9) are


X
N
2
jðqÞ :¼ f ðq; qÞ ¼ qn ¼ ðq; q2 Þ2N ðq2 ; q2 ÞN ; ð2:10Þ
n¼N

X
N
cðqÞ :¼ f ðq; q3 Þ ¼ qnðnþ1Þ=2 ¼ ðq; qÞ2N ðq; qÞN ; ð2:11Þ
n¼0
ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 281

X
N
f ðqÞ :¼ f ðq; q2 Þ ¼ ð1Þn qnð3n1Þ=2 ¼ ðq; qÞN : ð2:12Þ
n¼N

By using (2.10) and (2.11), and elementary product manipulations, we find that
ðq; qÞ ðq2 ; q2 ÞN
cðqÞ ¼ 2 4 N ¼ ; ð2:13Þ
ðq ; q ÞN ðq; q2 ÞN

ðq; qÞN
jðqÞ ¼ : ð2:14Þ
ðq; qÞN

Also, after Ramanujan define


wðqÞ :¼ ðq; q2 ÞN : ð2:15Þ

Other basic properties of the functions j; c; f and w are [4, p. 39, Entry 24]
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
f ðqÞ cðqÞ wðqÞ jðqÞ
¼ ¼ ¼ ; ð2:16Þ
f ðqÞ cðqÞ wðqÞ jðqÞ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
f ðqÞ 3 jðqÞ jðqÞ f ðq2 Þ
wðqÞ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ; ð2:17Þ
f ðq2 Þ cðqÞ f ðqÞ cðqÞ

f 3 ðq2 Þ ¼ jðqÞc2 ðqÞ: ð2:18Þ

Combining (2.17) and (2.18), we obtain


f 3 ðqÞ ¼ cðqÞj2 ðqÞ: ð2:19Þ

We will frequently use Euler’s identity


ðq; qÞN ¼ ðq; q2 Þ1
N: ð2:20Þ

For any real number a; let


X
N
qn
2

fa ðqÞ :¼ ; ð2:21Þ
n¼0
ð1 þ aq þ q2 Þ?ð1 þ aqn þ q2n Þ

where jqjo1: For jqjo1; jqjojtjojqj1 ; let


XN
qn
2

Gðt; qÞ :¼ : ð2:22Þ
n¼0
ðtqÞn ðt1 qÞn

We need Euler’s famous generating function for partitions,


Gð1; qÞ ¼ ðq; qÞ1
N: ð2:23Þ

For a proof of (2.23) see [7, p. 13, eq. (12.311)]. We need variations of two
representations for Gðt; qÞ due to Fine [7].
ARTICLE IN PRESS
282 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

Lemma 2.1. For jtjo1;

X
N
tn
Gðt; qÞ ¼ ð1  tÞ ð2:24Þ
n¼0
ðt1 qÞn

XN
ðtqÞn
¼ 1  t1 þ t1 : ð2:25Þ
n¼0
ðt1 qÞn

Proof. Following Fine [7, pp. 1, Eq. (1.1)], we define

XN
ðaqÞn n
F ða; b; tÞ :¼ t :
n¼0
ðbqÞn

In this notation, Lemma 2.1 can be written as

Gðt; qÞ ¼ ð1  tÞF ð0; t1 ; tÞ ð2:26Þ

¼ 1  t1 þ t1 F ð0; t1 ; tqÞ: ð2:27Þ

Eq. (2.26) is Eq. (12.3) on p. 13 of [7] with b replaced by t1 ; and (2.27) readily
follows from Eq. (2.4) on p. 2 of [7].

Observe that (2.25) is valid in the region jqjojtjojqj1 : Also as noted by Fine [7,
p. 51, Eq. (25.6)], Gðt; qÞ satisfies a third order q-difference equation. We sketch a
proof here since it is stated without a proof in [7].

Lemma 2.2. For jqjo1 and jqjojtjoj1=qj; Gðt; qÞ satisfies the q-difference equation

1 qt3
Gðtq; qÞ þ Gðt; qÞ ¼ 1  qt2 : ð2:28Þ
1  tq 1t

Proof. Let

XN
ðtqÞn
Mðt; qÞ :¼ ; ð2:29Þ
n¼0
ðt1 qÞn

so that by (2.25),

Gðt; qÞ ¼ 1  t1 þ t1 Mðt; qÞ: ð2:30Þ


ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 283

Using definition (2.29) and algebraic manipulation, we obtain


XN
ðtqÞn X
N
ðtqÞn ð1  t1 qnþ1 Þ
Mðt; qÞ ¼ ¼
n¼0
ðt1 qÞn n¼0 ðt1 qÞnþ1
X
N
ðtqÞn XN
ðtq2 Þn
1
¼  t q
n¼0
ðt1 qÞnþ1 n¼0
ðt1 qÞnþ1
X
N
ðtqÞn XN
ðtq2 Þn
1 1
¼  t qð1  t Þ
n¼0
ðt1 qÞnþ1 n¼0
ðt1 Þnþ2
1 X
N
ðtqÞnþ1 1 1 XN
ðtq2 Þnþ2
1
¼  t qð1  t Þ
tq n¼0 ðt1 qÞnþ1 ðtq2 Þ2 n¼0
ðt1 Þnþ2

1 1  t1 tq2
¼ ðMðt; qÞ  1Þ  3 3 Mðtq; qÞ  1  : ð2:31Þ
tq t q 1  t1

Now, Lemma 2.2 follows from (2.31) together with (2.30) after rearrangement.

For convenience, define

1
V ðt; qÞ :¼ Gðt; qÞ: ð2:32Þ
1t
Lemma 2.2 then takes the following form:

V ðtq; qÞ þ qt3 V ðt; qÞ ¼ 1  qt2 : ð2:33Þ

Observe that

V ðt1 ; qÞ ¼ tV ðt; qÞ: ð2:34Þ

The basic property (2.34) will be used many times in the sequel without comment.
The partial fraction decomposition of V ðt; qÞ is given by [8, Eq. (7.10)]

t X N
q3nðnþ1Þ=2
V ðt; qÞ ¼ 1 þ ð1Þn : ð2:35Þ
ðqÞN n¼N 1  tqn

We will need the following lemma due to Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer [3].

Lemma 2.3. Let q; 0oqo1; be fixed. Suppose that WðzÞ is an analytic function of z;
except for possibly a finite number of poles, in every region, 0oz1 pjzjpz2 :
If

WðzqÞ ¼ Azk WðzÞ

for some integer k (positive, zero, or negative) and some constant A; then either WðzÞ
has k more poles than zeros in the region jqjojzjp1; or WðzÞ vanishes identically.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
284 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

3. Four identities of Ramanujan

We now offer the four identities from Ramanujan’s lost notebook that we plan to
prove.

Entry 3.1 (Ramanujan [9, p. 2, no. 3]). Suppose that a and b are real with a2 þ b2 ¼
4: Then, if fa ðqÞ is defined by (2.21),

baþ2 bþaþ2 b
fa ðqÞ þ fa ðqÞ  fb ðqÞ
4 4 2
4 4
ðq ; q ÞN YN n
1  bq þ q 2n
¼ : ð3:1Þ
ðq; q2 ÞN n¼1 1 þ ða2 b2  2Þq4n þ q8n

If we take a ¼ 0 and b ¼ 2; then, by using (2.14) and elementary product


manipulations, we see that (3.1) reduces to (1.5) in the notation of (2.10) as follows:

e ðqÞ  feðqÞ ¼ ðqÞ1 jðqÞ:


2f N

Entry 3.2 (Ramanujan [9, p. 2, no. 4]). If a and b are real with a2 þ ab þ b2 ¼ 3; then

ða þ 1Þfa ðqÞ þ ðb þ 1Þfb ðqÞ  ða þ b  1Þfaþb ðqÞ

ðq3 ; q3 Þ2N Y
N
1
¼3 : ð3:2Þ
ðq; qÞN n¼1 1 þ abða þ bÞq3n þ q6n

In (3.2), take a ¼ b ¼ 1 and use (2.14); then one obtains (1.6) in the notation of
(2.10) as

wðqÞ  feðqÞ ¼ 3ðqÞ1


4e 2 3
N j ðq Þ:

We changed the notation that Ramanujan used in the left-hand side of the next entry
to avoid confusion. Also note that the series on the right side below is fpffiffi3 ðqÞ in the
notation of (2.21).

Entry 3.3 (Ramanujan [9, p. 17, no. 5]). With fa ðqÞ defined by (2.21),
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
1þ 3 3þ 3
f1 ðqÞ þ f1 ðqÞ
2 6
XN
qn
2

¼ p ffiffi
ffi pffiffiffi
n¼0 ð1 þ 3q þ q2 Þ?ð1 þ 3qn þ q2n Þ
2 ðq4 ; q4 Þ Y N
1
þ pffiffifficðqÞ 6 6 N pffiffiffi : ð3:3Þ
3 ðq ; q ÞN n¼1 1 þ 3qn þ q2n
ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 285

e ðqÞ defined by (1.2),


Entry 3.4 (Ramanujan [9, p. 17, no. 6]). With f

1 e ðiqÞ þ 1ð1 þ epi=4 Þf


e ðiqÞ
ð1 þ epi=4 Þf
2 2
XN
qn
2

¼ pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
2
n¼0 ð1 þ 2q þ q Þ?ð1 þ 2qn þ q2n Þ
1 YN
1
þ pffiffifficðqÞðq2 ; q4 ÞN pffiffiffi : ð3:4Þ
2 n¼1 1 þ 2qn þ q2n

Note that the series on the right side above is fp2ffiffi ðqÞ in the notation of (2.21).

4. Proof of Entry 3.1

Let a ¼ 2 cosðyÞ; b ¼ 2 sinðyÞ; and t ¼ eiy : Then, it is easy to verify that

fa ðqÞ ¼ Gðt; qÞ; fa ðqÞ ¼ Gðt; qÞ; fb ðqÞ ¼ Gðit; qÞ ð4:1Þ

and

baþ2 1i bþaþ2 1þi


¼ ð1  itÞð1  tÞ; ¼ ð1  itÞð1 þ tÞ;
4 4t 4 4t
b i
¼ ð1  t2 Þ; a2 b2  2 ¼ 2cosð4yÞ ¼ ðt4 þ t4 Þ: ð4:2Þ
2 2t

Using (4.1) and (4.2), we can rewrite (3.1) as

ði  1Þ ð1 þ iÞ
ð1  itÞð1  tÞGðt; qÞ þ ð1 þ tÞð1  itÞGðt; qÞ
4t 4t
i
 ð1  t2 ÞGðit; qÞ
2t
ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðitqÞN ðit1 qÞN
¼ : ð4:3Þ
ðq; q2 ÞN ðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN ðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN

Multiplying both sides of (4.3) by 1 þ it; we obtain



ði  1Þð1  t4 Þ 1 i i1
Gðt; qÞ  Gðt; qÞ þ Gðit; qÞ
4t 1þt 1t 1  it
ð1 þ itÞðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðitqÞN ðit1 qÞN
¼ : ð4:4Þ
ðq; q2 ÞN ðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN ðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN
ARTICLE IN PRESS
286 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

Using definition (2.32) and dividing both sides of (4.4) by ði  1Þð1  t4 Þ=ð4tÞ; we see
that (3.1) is equivalent to the identity

V ðt; qÞ  iV ðt; qÞ þ ði  1ÞV ðit; qÞ

ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ð1 þ itÞðitqÞN ðit1 qÞN


¼ 2ð1 þ iÞt
ðq; q2 ÞN ð1  t4 Þðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN ðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN
ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðitÞN ðit1 qÞN
¼ 2ð1 þ iÞt
ðq; q2 ÞN ðt4 ; q4 ÞN ðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N f ðit; it1 qÞ
¼ 2ð1 þ iÞt ; ð4:5Þ
ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN f ðt4 ; t4 q4 Þ

where in the last step we used the Jacobi triple product identity (2.9). We will verify
that (4.5) is valid for jqjojtjojq1 j for any fixed jqjo1: Let

Lðt; qÞ :¼ V ðt; qÞ  iV ðt; qÞ þ ði  1ÞV ðit; qÞ;

ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N f ðit; it1 qÞ


Rðt; qÞ :¼ 2ð1 þ iÞt :
ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN f ðt4 ; t4 q4 Þ

The proof of Entry 3.1 will be complete once we show that Rðt; qÞ  Lðt; qÞ  0: This
will be achieved by showing that Rðt; qÞ  Lðt; qÞ satisfies a q-difference equation of
the sort stated in Lemma 2.3 and has no poles, thereby, forcing it to vanish
identically.
Note that if we define kðzÞ :¼ f ðcz; c1 z1 qÞ; then by (2.6) we have

kðzqÞ f ðczq; c1 z1 Þ c1 z1 f ðcz; c1 z1 qÞ


¼ ¼ ¼ ðczÞ1 : ð4:6Þ
kðzÞ f ðcz; c1 z1 qÞ f ðcz; c1 z1 qÞ

Following the same reasoning of (4.6), we obtain

f ðitq; it1 Þ
Rðtq; qÞ tq f ðit; it1 qÞ ðitÞ1
¼ ¼ q ¼ iqt3 :
Rðt; qÞ t f ðt4 q4 ; t4 Þ ðt4 Þ1
f ðt4 ; t4 q4 Þ

Let us verify now that Lðt; qÞ also satisfies the same q-difference equation. To that
end,

Lðtq; qÞ  iqt3 Lðt; qÞ

¼ V ðtq; qÞ  iV ðtq; qÞ þ ði  1ÞV ðitq; qÞ

 iqt3 fV ðt; qÞ  iV ðt; qÞ þ ði  1ÞV ðit; qÞg


ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 287

¼ fV ðtq; qÞ  qt3 V ðt; qÞg  ifV ðtq; qÞ þ qt3 V ðt; qÞg

þ ði  1ÞfV ðitq; qÞ  iqt3 V ðit; qÞg

¼ 1  ðqÞt2  ið1  ðqÞðtÞ2 Þ þ ði  1Þð1  qðitÞ2 Þ

¼ 1 þ qt2  ið1 þ qt2 Þ þ ði  1Þð1 þ qt2 Þ ¼ 0;

where we employed (2.33). Now Lemma 2.3 implies that Rðt; qÞ  V ðt; qÞ either has
at least 3 poles in the region jqjojzjp1; or vanishes identically. But Rðt; qÞ  V ðt; qÞ
has at most 3 poles, namely at t ¼ 1; 1; and i in that region, and they are all
removable as we shall demonstrate. It suffices to show that t ¼ 1 is a removable
singularity. Thus,
limð1  tÞLðtÞ ¼ limð1  tÞ fV ðt; qÞ  iV ðt; qÞ þ ði  1ÞV ðit; qÞg
t-1 t-1


1 i i1
¼ limð1  tÞ Gðt; qÞ  Gðt; qÞ þ Gðit; qÞ
t-1 1þt 1t 1  it
¼  i lim Gðt; qÞ ¼ iðq; qÞ1
N; ð4:7Þ
t-1

by (2.23).
Next, by two applications of (2.9) and (2.20),

limð1  tÞRðtÞ
t-1
( )
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N f ðit; it1 qÞ
¼ lim ð1  tÞ 2ð1 þ iÞt
t-1 ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN f ðt4 ; t4 q4 Þ
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N f ðit; it1 qÞ
¼ 2ð1 þ iÞ lim ð1  tÞt
t-1 ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN ðt4 ; q4 ÞN ðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN
ðq4 ; q4 ÞN f ðit; it1 qÞ
¼ 2ð1 þ iÞ lim ð1  tÞt
t-1 ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN ð1  t4 Þðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN ðt4 q4 ; q4 ÞN
ð1 þ iÞðq4 ; q4 ÞN f ði; iqÞ ð1 þ iÞf ði; iqÞ
¼ ¼
2ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN 2ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN
ð1 þ iÞði; qÞN ðiq; qÞN ðq; qÞN ð1 þ iÞð1 þ iÞðiq; qÞN ðiq; qÞN
¼ ¼
2ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN 2ðq; q2 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN
ðq2 ; q2 ÞN i
¼ i 2 4 4
¼
ðq; q ÞN ðq ; q ÞN ðq; q ÞN ðq ; q4 ÞN ðq2 ; q4 ÞN
2 4

i i
¼ ¼ : ð4:8Þ
ðq; q4 ÞN ðq3 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðq2 ; q4 ÞN ðq; qÞN

Hence, by (4.7) and (4.8), Lðt; qÞ  Rðt; qÞ has a removable singularity at t ¼ 1: By


our earlier remarks, this completes the proof of Entry 3.1.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
288 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

5. Proof of Entry 3.2

Our proof of Entry 3.2 is similar to our proof of Entry 3.1. Since 3 ¼
a2 þ ab þ b2 ¼ ða  bÞ2 þ 3ab ¼ ða þ bÞ2  ab; we must have jabjo4: Assume with-
out lost of generality that jajojbj; and let a ¼ 2 cosðyÞ: Solving a2 þ ab þ b2 ¼ 3 for
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
b gives b ¼ cosðyÞ8 3 sinðyÞ: We will take b ¼ cosðyÞ þ 3 sinðyÞ ¼ 2 sinðy 
p=6Þ; since replacing y by y gives the other value for b:
Let t ¼ eiy and r ¼ e2pi=3 : Using this parametrization we obtain

a ¼ t þ t1 ; b ¼ r1 t þ rt1 ; and a þ b ¼ rt  r1 t1 ;

which, in turn, implies that

fa ðqÞ ¼ GðtÞ; fb ðqÞ ¼ Gðr1 tÞ; and faþb ðqÞ ¼ GðrtÞ:

One can easily verify that

1  t3 rð1  t3 Þ r1 ð1  t3 Þ
aþ1¼ ; bþ1¼ ; and a þ b  1 ¼  :
tð1  tÞ tð1  r1 tÞ tð1  rtÞ

Now, the left side of (3.2) which we recall below, becomes

ða þ 1Þfa ðqÞ þ ðb þ 1Þfb ðqÞ  ða þ b  1Þfaþb ðqÞ

1  t3 rð1  t3 Þ 1 r1 ð1  t3 Þ
¼ GðtÞ þ Gðr tÞ þ GðrtÞ
tð1  tÞ tð1  r1 tÞ tð1  rtÞ
1  t3
¼ ðV ðtÞ þ rV ðr1 tÞ þ r1 V ðrtÞÞ:
t

While the right-hand side of (3.2), after observing that

abða þ bÞ ¼ 2 cosð3yÞ ¼ ðt3 þ t3 Þ;

reduces to

3ðq3 ; q3 Þ2N
:
ðq; qÞN ðt3 q3 ; q3 ÞN ðt3 q3 ; q3 ÞN

Thus, Entry 3.2 is equivalent, by (2.9), to the identity

3tðq3 ; q3 Þ3N
V ðtÞ þ rV ðr1 tÞ þ r1 V ðrtÞ ¼ : ð5:1Þ
f ðqÞf ðt3 ; t3 q3 Þ
ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 289

Let NðtÞ and DðtÞ denote the right and left sides of (5.1), respectively. We will verify that
NðtÞ  DðtÞ satisfies the q-difference equation NðtqÞ  DðtqÞ ¼ qt3 ðNðtÞ  DðtÞÞ
without any poles in jqjojtjp1: Then using Lemma 2.3, we conclude that NðtÞ 
DðtÞ  0:
We employ (4.6) with c ¼ 1; and t and q replaced by t3 and q3 ; respectively, to
deduce that

NðtqÞ tq 1
¼ ¼ qt3 :
NðtÞ t ðt3 Þ1

Next,

DðtqÞ þ qt3 DðtÞ

¼ V ðtqÞ þ rV ðr1 tqÞ þ r1 V ðrtqÞ þ qt3 fV ðtÞ þ rV ðr1 tÞ þ r1 V ðrtÞg

¼ V ðtqÞ þ qt3 V ðtÞ þ rfV ðr1 tqÞ þ qt3 V ðr1 tÞg þ r1 fV ðrtqÞ þ qt3 V ðrtÞg

¼ 1  qt2 þ rð1  qðr1 tÞ2 Þ þ r1 ð1  qðrtÞ2 Þ

¼ 1 þ r þ r1  qt2 ð1 þ r1 þ rÞ ¼ 0;

where we used (2.33). Lemma 2.3 now implies that either NðtÞ  DðtÞ vanishes or has
three more poles than zeros in jqjojtjp1: But NðtÞ  DðtÞ has at most three poles,
namely at t ¼ 1; r; r1 ; and they are all removable as we demonstrate. It suffices to
show that t ¼ 1 is removable.
By (2.23),

limð1  tÞDðtÞ ¼ limð1  tÞfV ðtÞ þ rV ðr1 tÞ þ r1 V ðrtÞg


t-1 t-1


1 1 1 1 1
¼ limð1  tÞ GðtÞ þ r Gðr tÞ þ r GðrtÞ
t-1 1t 1  r1 t 1  rt
1
¼ lim GðtÞ ¼ :
t-1 f ðqÞ

By the Jacobi triple product identity (2.9),

3tðq3 ; q3 Þ3N
lim ð1  tÞNðtÞ ¼ lim ð1  tÞ
t-1 t-1 f ðqÞf ðt3 ; t3 q3 Þ
3tðq3 ; q3 Þ2N 1
¼ lim ð1  tÞ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
¼ :
t-1 f ðqÞð1  t Þðt q ; q ÞN ðt q ; q ÞN f ðqÞ
ARTICLE IN PRESS
290 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

We have shown that NðtÞ  DðtÞ has a removable singularity at t ¼ 1: By our


earlier remarks this completes the proof of Entry 3.2.

6. Proof of Entry 3.3


pffiffiffi
If a ¼ 1; b ¼ 3 in Entry 3.1, then

pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi


31þ2 3þ1þ2 3 pffiffi
f1 ðqÞ þ f1 ðqÞ  f ðqÞ
4 4 2 3
p ffiffi

ðq4 ; q4 ÞN YN
1  3qn þ q2n
¼ :
ðq; q ÞN n¼1 1 þ q4n þ q8n
2

pffiffiffi
Multiplying both sides by 2= 3; we find that

pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
3þ 3 1þ 3
f1 ðqÞ þ f1 ðqÞ
6 2
pffiffiffi
p ffiffi 2 ðq4 ; q4 ÞN Y N
1  3qn þ q2n
¼ f 3 ðqÞ þ pffiffiffi :
3 ðq; q2 ÞN n¼1 1 þ q4n þ q8n

We need to show then that

pffiffiffi
2 ðq4 ; q4 ÞN Y
N
1 2 ðq4 ; q4 ÞN YN
1  3qn þ q2n
pffiffifficðqÞ 6 6 pffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi :
3 ðq ; q ÞN n¼1 1 þ 3qn þ q2n 3 ðq; q2 ÞN n¼1 1 þ q4n þ q8n
ð6:1Þ

Recall that c is defined by (2.11). Now,

pffiffiffi n pffiffiffi
ðq6 ; q6 ÞN Y
N
ð1  3q þ q2n Þð1 þ 3qn þ q2n Þ
ðq; q2 ÞN n¼1 1 þ q4n þ q8n
ðq6 ; q6 ÞN Y
N
1  q2n þ q4n
¼
ðq; q ÞN n¼1 1 þ q4n þ q8n
2

ðq6 ; q6 ÞN Y
N
1
¼
ðq; q ÞN n¼1 1 þ q2n þ q4n
2

ðq6 ; q6 ÞN ðq2 ; q2 ÞN ðq2 ; q2 ÞN


¼ ¼ ¼ cðqÞ;
ðq; q ÞN ðq ; q ÞN ðq; q2 ÞN
2 6 6
ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 291

where in the last step (2.13) is used. Equality (6.1) now follows, and so the proof of
Entry 3.3 is complete.

7. Proof of Entry 3.4

e ðqÞ ¼ Gði; qÞ; and


Let a ¼ eip=4 : Clearly, using the notation of (2.22), we have f
fp2ffiffi ðqÞ ¼ Gða; qÞ: We can then restate Entry 3.4 as

1þa 1 þ a1 1 cðqÞðq2 ; q4 ÞN


Gði; iqÞ þ Gði; iqÞ  Gða; qÞ ¼ pffiffiffi :
2 2 2 ðaqÞN ða1 qÞN

Dividing both sides by ð1 þ aÞ=2 and employing (2.9), we arrive at

2 pffiffifficðqÞf ðqÞðq2 ; q4 Þ
Gði; iqÞ þ a1 Gði; iqÞ  Gða; qÞ ¼ 2 N
:
1þa f ða; a1 qÞ
ð7:1Þ

If we replace q by iq; (7.1) becomes

pffiffifficðiqÞf ðiqÞðq2 ; q4 Þ
Gði; qÞ þ a1 Gði; qÞ  2V ða; iqÞ ¼ 2 N
: ð7:2Þ
f ða; aqÞ

The following identities will be needed for the remainder of the proof:

f ða; a1 qÞf ða; a1 qÞ ¼ ð1  iÞðq4 ; q4 ÞN f 2 ðqÞ; ð7:3Þ

f ða; aqÞf ða; aqÞ ¼ ð1  iÞðq4 ; q4 ÞN f 2 ðiqÞ; ð7:4Þ

f ða; a1 qÞ ¼ cðiqÞ þ acðiqÞ; ð7:5Þ

f ða; a1 qÞ ¼ cðiqÞ  acðiqÞ; ð7:6Þ

f ða; aqÞ ¼ cðqÞ þ acðqÞ; ð7:7Þ

f ða; aqÞ ¼ cðqÞ  acðqÞ: ð7:8Þ

We now offer proofs for all six identities.


ARTICLE IN PRESS
292 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

To prove (7.3) we employ (2.9) to find that

f ða; a1 qÞf ða; a1 qÞ ¼ ðaÞN ða1 qÞN f ðqÞðaÞN ða1 qÞN f ðqÞ

¼ ði; q2 ÞN ðiq2 ; q2 ÞN f 2 ðqÞ

¼ ð1  iÞðq4 ; q4 ÞN f 2 ðqÞ:

Clearly, (7.4) is obtained by replacing q by iq in (7.3). Recall that cðqÞ ¼ f ðq; q3 Þ:


From (2.7) and (2.8),

f ða; a1 qÞ þ f ða; a1 qÞ

¼ 2f ða2 q; a2 q3 Þ ¼ 2f ðiq; iq3 Þ ¼ 2cðiqÞ; ð7:9Þ

f ða; a1 qÞ  f ða; a1 qÞ

¼ 2af ða2 q; a2 q3 Þ ¼ 2af ðiq; iq3 Þ ¼ 2acðiqÞ ð7:10Þ

Equalities (7.9) and (7.10) readily imply (7.5) and (7.6). And finally we obtain (7.7)
and (7.8) by replacing q by iq in (7.5) and (7.6), respectively.
We now return to (7.2) and use (7.4), (7.8), and (2.13) with q replaced by iq to
deduce that

Gði; qÞ þ a1 Gði; qÞ  2V ða; iqÞ

pffiffifficðiqÞf ðiqÞðq2 ; q4 Þ
N
¼ 2
f ða; aqÞ
pffiffifficðiqÞf ðiqÞðq2 ; q4 Þ f ða; aqÞ
N
¼ 2
f ða; aqÞf ða; aqÞ
pffiffifficðiqÞf ðiqÞðq2 ; q4 Þ ðcðqÞ  acðqÞÞ
N
¼ 2
ð1  iÞðq4 ; q4 ÞN f 2 ðiqÞ
cðiqÞðq2 ; q4 ÞN ðcðqÞ  acðqÞÞ
¼a
ðq4 ; q4 ÞN f ðiqÞ
ðq2 ; q4 ÞN ðcðqÞ  acðqÞÞ
¼a
ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðq2 ; q4 ÞN
ðq2 ; q4 ÞN ðcðqÞ  acðqÞÞ
¼a
ðq2 ; q2 ÞN
¼ aðq2 ; q4 Þ2N ðcðqÞ  acðqÞÞ: ð7:11Þ

It suffices now to prove (7.11).


ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 293

Let

Kðt; qÞ :¼ aV ðit; iqÞ  aV ðit; iqÞ þ iV ðt; iqÞ þ iV ðt; iqÞ

þ ð1  iÞV ðat; qÞ  ð1 þ iÞV ðat; qÞ: ð7:12Þ

The identity,

f 3 ðq4 Þf ða1 t; at1 qÞ


Kðt; qÞ ¼  4a1 t
f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞf ðt4 ; t4 q4 Þ
cðq2 Þf 2 ðqÞf ða1 t; at1 qÞ
 2ð1 þ iÞt ; ð7:13Þ
f ðt; t1 qÞf ðit; it1 qÞf ðit2 ; it2 q2 Þ

together with Entry 3.1 will be used to verify (7.11). We will not prove (7.13), because
its proof is very similar to that of (5.1). The q-difference equation satisfied by Kðt; qÞ
is Kðtq; qÞ ¼ aqt3 Kðt; qÞ: It then suffices, by Lemma 2.3, to verify that the residues
at four of the six singularities match those of the two representations (7.12) and
(7.13) of Kðt; qÞ: It is easily verified that t ¼ a is a zero for the two representations
(7.12) and (7.13) of Kðt; qÞ: Therefore, one only needs to check the residues at any
three of the six singularities. If we knew the two other zeros whose existence is
guaranteed by Lemma 2.3, we then would be able to reduce the right-hand side of
(7.13) to a single product, but we are unable to determine these two zeros.
Let us define, by using (4.5),

Eðt; qÞ :¼ V ðt; qÞ  iV ðt; qÞ þ ði  1ÞV ðit; qÞ ð7:14Þ

ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N f ðit; it1 qÞ


¼ 2ð1 þ iÞt : ð7:15Þ
ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; qÞN f ðt4 ; t4 q4 Þ

We will verify by using (7.12) and (7.14) that

Gði; qÞ þ a1 Gði; qÞ  2V ða; iqÞ

1 1 1
¼ ðEða; iqÞ þ Eða; iqÞÞ þ iKða; qÞ þ aKða; qÞ: ð7:16Þ
að1  iÞ 2 2

Equalities (7.13) and (7.15) will then be used to verify that (7.16) reduces to the right-
hand side of (7.11), which will complete the proof of Entry 3.4.
Using (7.14), we have

Eðt; qÞ þ Eðt; qÞ ¼ ð1  iÞfV ðt; qÞ þ V ðt; qÞ  V ðit; qÞ  V ðit; qÞg:
ARTICLE IN PRESS
294 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

Setting t ¼ a; we find that

Eða; qÞ þ Eða; qÞ

¼ ð1  iÞfV ða; qÞ þ V ða; qÞ  V ðia; qÞ  V ðia; qÞg

¼ ð1  iÞfV ða; qÞ þ V ða; qÞ  V ða1 ; qÞ  V ða1 ; qÞg

¼ ð1  iÞfV ða; qÞ þ V ða; qÞ  aV ða; qÞ þ aV ða; qÞg:

Replacing q by iq and dividing by að1  iÞ; we obtain

1
ðEða; iqÞ þ Eða; iqÞÞ
að1  iÞ
¼ a1 V ða; iqÞ þ a1 V ða; iqÞ  V ða; iqÞ þ V ða; iqÞ: ð7:17Þ

By (7.12),

Kða; qÞ ¼ aV ðia; iqÞ  aV ðia; iqÞ þ iV ða; iqÞ þ iV ða; iqÞ

þ ð1  iÞV ði; qÞ  ð1 þ iÞV ði; qÞ

¼ aV ða1 ; iqÞ  aV ða1 ; iqÞ þ iV ða; iqÞ þ iV ða; iqÞ

þ ð1  iÞV ði; qÞ  ð1 þ iÞV ði; qÞ

¼ iV ða; iqÞ þ iV ða; iqÞ þ iV ða; iqÞ þ iV ða; iqÞ

 ið1  iÞV ði; qÞ  ð1 þ iÞV ði; qÞ

¼ 2iV ða; iqÞ þ 2iV ða; iqÞ  2iGði; qÞ: ð7:18Þ

Combining (7.17) and (7.18), we find that

1 1 1
ðEða; iqÞ þ Eða; iqÞÞ þ iKða; qÞ þ aKða; qÞ
að1  iÞ 2 2
¼ a1 V ða; iqÞ þ a1 V ða; iqÞ  V ða; iqÞ þ V ða; iqÞ

 V ða; iqÞ  V ða; iqÞ þ Gði; qÞ

 a1 V ða; iqÞ  a1 V ða; iqÞ þ a1 Gði; qÞ

¼ Gði; qÞ þ a1 Gði; qÞ  2V ða; iqÞ:

This proves our first claim that (7.16) holds.


ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 295

Using (7.13), (2.3), (2.6), and (2.19) with q replaced by q4 ; we find that

f 3 ðq4 Þf ð1; qÞ
Kða; qÞ ¼  4
f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞf ð1; q4 Þ
cðq2 Þf 2 ðqÞf ð1; qÞ
 2að1 þ iÞ
f ða; a1 qÞf ðia; ia1 qÞf ð1; q2 Þ
f 3 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ cðq2 Þf 2 ðqÞcðqÞ
¼ 4 1
 2að1 þ iÞ
4
f ðiqÞf ða; a qÞcðq Þ f ða; a1 qÞf ða1 ; aqÞcðq2 Þ
f 3 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ cðq2 Þf 2 ðqÞcðqÞ
¼ 4 1
þ 2ð1  iÞ 2
4
f ðiqÞf ða; a qÞcðq Þ f ða; a1 qÞcðq2 Þ
j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ cðq2 Þf 2 ðqÞcðqÞf ða; a1 qÞ
¼ 4 þ 2ð1  iÞ :
f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞ f 2 ða; a1 qÞcðq2 Þf ða; a1 qÞ

Using (7.3) and (7.6) above, we deduce that

j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ
Kða; qÞ ¼  4
f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞ
cðq2 Þf 2 ðqÞcðqÞðcðiqÞ  acðiqÞÞ
þ 2ð1  iÞ
f ða; a1 qÞcðq2 Þð1  iÞðq4 ; q4 ÞN f 2 ðqÞ
j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ cðq2 ÞcðqÞcðiqÞ
¼ 4 þ 2
f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞ f ða; a1 qÞcðq2 Þðq4 ; q4 ÞN
cðq2 ÞcðqÞcðiqÞ
 2a
f ða; a1 qÞcðq2 Þðq4 ; q4 ÞN
j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ cðq2 ÞcðqÞf 2 ðq2 Þ
¼ 4 1
þ2
f ðiqÞf ða; a qÞ f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞcðq2 Þðq4 ; q4 ÞN
cðq2 ÞcðqÞf 2 ðq2 Þ
 2a ; ð7:19Þ
f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞcðq2 Þðq4 ; q4 ÞN

where we used (2.17) in the form f ðqÞcðqÞ ¼ f 2 ðq2 Þ with q replaced by iq and iq;
respectively. But by (2.16),

cðq2 Þf 2 ðq2 Þ f ðq2 Þcðq2 Þf ðq2 Þ ðq2 ; q2 ÞN ðq2 ; q2 ÞN


2 4 4
¼ ¼
cðq Þðq ; q ÞN cðq2 Þðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN
ðq2 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðq2 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q8 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N
¼ ¼
ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 ÞN
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N
¼ ¼ j2 ðq4 Þ; ð7:20Þ
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N

where we used Euler’s identity (2.20), and (2.14). Using (7.20) in (7.19), (2.17) in the
form f ðqÞcðqÞ ¼ f 2 ðq2 Þ with q replaced by iq and iq; respectively, (7.5), and
ARTICLE IN PRESS
296 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

(2.14), we deduce that

j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ


Kða; qÞ ¼  4 þ 2  2a
f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞ f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞ f ðiqÞf ða; a1 qÞ

j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ 1 1
¼ 2 þa
f ða; a1 qÞ f ðiqÞ f ðiqÞ
j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ
¼ 2 ðcðiqÞ þ acðiqÞÞ
f ða; a1 qÞf 2 ðq2 Þ
j2 ðq4 ÞcðqÞ ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ
¼ 2 ¼ 2
f 2 ðq2 Þ ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N ðq2 ; q2 Þ2N
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ cðqÞ
¼ 2 ¼ 2
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N ðq2 ; q4 Þ2N ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N ðq2 ; q2 Þ2N
¼ 2ðq2 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ; ð7:21Þ

where in the last step we used (2.20). Thus, by (7.21),


1 1
iKða; qÞ þ aKða; qÞ ¼ iðq2 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ  aðq2 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ: ð7:22Þ
2 2
Let us evaluate now Eða; qÞ: By (2.3), (2.6), and (7.15),

ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N f ðia; ia1 qÞ


Eða; qÞ ¼  2ð1 þ iÞa
ðq; qÞN ðq; q2 ÞN f ð1; q4 Þ
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N f ða1 ; aqÞ
¼  2ð1 þ iÞa
ðq; qÞN ðq; q2 ÞN f ð1; q4 Þ
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N f ða; a1 qÞ
¼ ð1 þ iÞ : ð7:23Þ
ðq; qÞN ðq; q2 ÞN cðq4 Þ

Employ (2.11) and (2.20) to deduce that

ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N


¼
ðq; qÞN ðq; q2 ÞN cðq4 Þ ðq2 ; q2 ÞN ðq; q2 ÞN ðq; q2 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N ðq4 ; q4 ÞN
ðq4 ; q4 ÞN ðq2 ; q2 ÞN ðq2 ; q2 Þ2N
¼ ¼
ðq2 ; q2 ÞN ðq2 ; q4 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N ðq2 ; q2 ÞN ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N
ðq2 ; q2 Þ2N ðq2 ; q4 Þ2N ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N
¼ ¼ ¼ ðq2 ; q4 Þ2N :
ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N ðq4 ; q4 Þ2N
ð7:24Þ

Using (7.24) in (7.23), we obtain

Eða; qÞ ¼ ð1 þ iÞðq2 ; q4 Þ2N f ða; a1 qÞ: ð7:25Þ


ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 297

Similarly, we obtain

Eða; qÞ ¼ ð1 þ iÞðq2 ; q4 Þ2N f ða; a1 qÞ: ð7:26Þ

Combining (7.25) and (7.26), we arrive at

1
fEða; qÞ þ Eða; qÞg
að1  iÞ
1þi
¼ ðq2 ; q4 Þ2N ð f ða; a1 qÞ þ f ða; a1 qÞÞ ¼ 2aðq2 ; q4 Þ2N cðiqÞ;
að1  iÞ
ð7:27Þ

by (7.9). Finally, replacing q by iq in (7.27), we deduce that

1
fEða; iqÞ þ Eða; iqÞg ¼ 2aðq2 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ: ð7:28Þ
að1  iÞ

Adding (7.22) and (7.28) together, we find that (7.16) reduces to the right-hand side
of (7.11), i.e.,

1 1 1
iKða; qÞ þ aKða; qÞ þ fEða; iqÞ þ Eða; iqÞg
2 2 að1  iÞ
¼ iðq2 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ  aðq2 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ þ 2aðq2 ; q4 Þ2N cðqÞ

¼ aðq2 ; q4 Þ2N ðcðqÞ  acðqÞÞ:

This completes the verification of (7.11), since we have already verified (7.16). Hence,
the proof of Entry 3.4 is complete.

8. Proof of 1.8

Let us recall Eqs. (2.35) and (5.1), which is the equivalent form of Entry 3.2. Thus,

3tðq3 ; q3 Þ3N
V ðtÞ þ rV ðr1 tÞ þ r1 V ðrtÞ ¼ ; ð8:1Þ
ðqÞN f ðt3 ; t3 q3 Þ

t X N
q3nðnþ1Þ=2
V ðtÞ ¼ 1 þ ð1Þn ; ð8:2Þ
ðqÞN n¼N 1  tqn
ARTICLE IN PRESS
298 H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299

where r ¼ e2pi=3 : Using (8.2) in (8.1), we obtain

3tðq3 ; q3 Þ3N
ðqÞN f ðt3 ; t3 q3 Þ
t X N
q3nðnþ1Þ=2
¼1þ ð1Þn
ðqÞN n¼N 1  tqn
rt X N
q3nðnþ1Þ=2
þrþ ð1Þn
ðqÞN n¼N 1  r1 tqn
r1 t XN
q3nðnþ1Þ=2
þ r1 þ ð1Þn
ðqÞN n¼N 1  rtqn


t X N
n 3nðnþ1Þ=2 1 r r1
¼ ð1Þ q þ þ
ðqÞN n¼N 1  tqn 1  r1 tqn 1  rtqn
3t X N
q3nðnþ1Þ=2
¼ ð1Þn :
ðqÞN n¼N 1  t3 q3n

Then, we have

ðq3 ; q3 Þ3N X
N
q3nðnþ1Þ=2
3 3 3
¼ ð1Þn : ð8:3Þ
f ðt ; t q Þ n¼N 1  t3 q3n

Now, (1.8) follows if one replaces q3 by q and t3 by t; respectively, and employs (2.9)
in (8.3).

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my adviser Professor Bruce C. Berndt for his guidance and
assistance at all stages of this work.

References

[1] G.E. Andrews, On basic hypergeometric series, mock theta functions, and partitions. I, Quart.
J. Math. Oxford Ser. 17 (2) (1966) 64–80.
[2] G.E. Andrews, Mock theta functions, Theta functions—Bowdoin 1987, Part 2, Proceedings of
Symposia in Pure Mathematics Vol. 49, Brunswick, ME, 1987, pp. 283–298.
[3] A.O.L. Atkin, P. Swinnerton-Dyer, Some properties of partitions, Proc. London. Math. Soc. 4 (4)
(1954) 84–106.
[4] B.C. Berndt, Ramanujan’s Notebooks, Part III, Springer, New York, 1991.
[5] F.J. Dyson, Some guesses in the theory of partitions, Vol. 8, Eureka, Cambridge, 1944,
pp. 10–15.
[6] R.J. Evans, Generalized Lambert series, in: B.C. Berndt, H.G. Diamond, A.J. Hildebrand (Eds.),
Analytic Number Theory Allerton Park, IL, 1995), Vol. 1, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1996, pp. 357–370.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
H. Yesilyurt / Advances in Mathematics 190 (2005) 278–299 299

[7] N.J. Fine, Basic Hypergeometric Series and Applications, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs,
Vol. 27, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1988.
[8] F.G. Garvan, New combinatorial interpretations of Ramanujan’s partition congruences mod 5,7 and
11, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 305 (1988) 47–77.
[9] S. Ramanujan, The Lost Notebook and Other Unpublished Papers, Narosa, New Delhi, 1988.
[10] G.N. Watson, The final problem: an account of the mock theta functions, J. London Math. Soc.
11 (1936) 55–80.

You might also like