Effects of

Heat Transfer
Applications in Calorimetry
Review of Specific Heat
and Equilibrium
3 Effects of Heat Transfer
Sensible Effect
Latent Effect
Thermal Expansion
Sensible Effect
- is heat that we can sense
A thermometer can be used to measure
this form of heat.
Specific Heat - is equivalent to the heat
capacity of a unit mass of a substance or
the heat needed to raise the temperature
of one gram (g) of a substance one
degree Celsius.
Review of Specific Heat
An aluminum cup contains 225 g of water
and a 40-g copper stirrer, all at 27C. A
400-g sample of silver at an initial
temperature of 87C is placed in the
water. The stirrer is used to stir the mixture
until it reaches its final equilibrium
temperature of 32C. Calculate the mass
of the aluminum cup.
 cal/gCO cal/g/CO
Substance Substance

Water (0 oC to 1.000 Aluminum 0.215

100 oC)

Methyl Alcohol 0.609 Marble 0.205

Ice (-10 oC to 0 0.500 Glass (typical) 0.200
oC)

Steam (100 oC) 0.480 Iron/Steel 0.118

Oil 0.478 Copper 0.093
Benzene 0.418 Silver 0.0564
Wood (typical) 0.400 Mercury 0.0330
Soil (typical) 0.250 Gold 0.0310
Air (50 oC) 0.250 Lead 0.0305
 Data:
225 g of water (c = 1 cal/gC0) at 270C
X mass of aluminum (c = 0.215 cal/gC0) at 270C
40 g of copper (c = 0.093 cal/gC0) at 270C
400 g of silver (c = 0.0564 cal/gC0) at 870C

Tf = final temperature at 320C

 225 g of water (c = 1 cal/gC0) at 270C
X mass of aluminum (c = 0.215 cal/gC0) at 270C
40 g of copper (c = 0.093 cal/gC0) at 270C
400 g of silver (c = 0.0564 cal/gC0) at 870C

Tf = final temperature at 320C

+ + + = 0

= 225 1 32 27 = 1125
= 0.215 32 27 = 1.075()
= 40 0.093 32 27 = 18.6
= 400 0.0564 32 87 = 1240.8

1125 + 1.075 + 18.6 1240.8 = 0

1.075 97.2 = 0
= 90.4
Latent Effect
Latent
Heat - is the
energy needed to
change the phase of
a substance.
This same energy is
released from the
substance when the
change of phase is
reversed.
 Change of
Matter exists in 5 states:
State
We will only consider 3
Solid
Liquid
Consider water:
Gas
fusion (at vaporization (takes
melting point) place at boiling point)

ice water steam

solidification condensation
at freezing point at boiling point
 sublimation

fusion vaporization

solidification condensation
ice liquid water steam

deposition
Latent Heat
Latent heat is the heat released or absorbed by a
body during a process that occurs without a
change in temperature.

Two of the more common forms of latent heat

encountered are
latent heat of fusion (melting or freezing)
and latent heat of vaporization (boiling or
condensing).
describes the direction of energy flow when changing
from one phase to the next

Q = mLf for latent Heat of fusion

Q = mLv for latent Heat of vaporization
 Phase Change Example
Heat
is added to 0.5 kg of water at 20 C. How
many joules of heat energy are required to
change the water to steam at 110 C?

Q = Heat
(follow the steps of phase change)
Heating to boiling point
Boiling
Heating of vapor
 Phase Change Example
Heat
is added to 0.5 kg of water at 20 C. How
many joules of heat energy are required to
change the water to steam at 110 C?

First Step
Heat has to be added to the water to raise its
temperature from 20 C to the boiling point 100 C.

Q m c T 500 g 1
cal
g C 0
100 o
C 20 o
C
Q 500 g 1
cal
g C 0

80C 40,000cal
o
 Phase Change Example
Heat has to be added to vaporize all of the water
that is at 100 C. cal
Q m Lv 500 g 540
g
Q 270,000 cal
Heat has to be added to raise the temperature
of all of the steam from 100 C to 110 C.
Q m c T 500 g 0.50
cal
g C o

110 o
C 100 o
C

Q 500 g 0.50
cal
g C o

10C o
2500cal

Total heat energy: 40,000 + 270,000 + 2500 = 312,500 cal

 Phase Change Example
Heatis added to 1 g of ice at -10 C. How
many calories of heat energy are required to
change the ice to steam at 120 C?

******Remember that latent heat only happens at

specifictemperatures (melting and boiling point)**************

Q = Heat transfer(steps)
Heating to melting point
Melting (fusion)
Heating to boiling point
Boiling (evaporation)
Heating of vapor


=
=

=

= = 1 0.5 0 10 = 5
0

= = 1 80 = 80

= = 1 1 100 0 = 100
0

= = 1 540 = 540

= = 1 0.5 120 100 = 10
0

= 5 + 80 + 100 + 540 + 10 = 735

 Ice water
Phase equilibrium

Multiple phases exist at

one temperature
Molecules leave and
enter phases at equal
rates
Ice / liquid water: 0 C
Liquid water / steam:
100 C
Experiment 8

An unknown mass of ice at 0 degrees

celsius is dropped in an aluminum
calroimeter containing a hot sample of
water.
 + + =0

+ + + =0
Heat used to warm water formed by the melted ice

+ + + =0

+ + + =0

+ + (1)( 0) + =0

( + + 1)( 0)
=