REVIEW NOTES

Information Technology
University of Southern Mindanao LLE Review 2013

Course description

Computer applications to libraries, principles and technologies used in libraries and information centers to store
and retrieve information in print and other formats, basic knowledge of information handling and processing,
introduction to hardware, software and communication components of information technology and its impact on
the current practice of the profession.

Objectives

1. to know the principles and techniques of information handling through various methods and techniques of
organizing, storing, retrieving and disseminating information
2. to identify the various tools used in information processing
3. to gain a working knowledge of the various components of information technology such as the technical
aspects of computer hardware and software and their applications in library work.
4. to determine the vital linkage of telecommunications and computing technologies in accessing information
5. to identify new information technologies and their impact on library operations
6. to identify and use software applications in word processing, presentation and data processing.

Nature and need for information

Data - representations of fact; raw materials for information; collection of figures, facts and statistics related to an
object.
Information data that have been collected and processed into a meaningful form.
- a sequence of symbol that can be interpreted as a message (Wikipedia)
- conveys meaning and is useful to people.

Information science - interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification,
manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information

Information technology the use of computers and telecommunications to store, retrieve and transmit
information.

Libraries and Information Centers

A library is a collection of information, sources, resources, and services: it is organized for use and maintained by
a public body, an institution or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books

Information retrieval as a major advancement for libraries that exists not just as storehouses of books but also
places where the information they contain is organized and made accessible to users. It is concerned primarily with
all the activities related to organization of, and access to, information of all forms and formats.

Information retrieval system (IRS) is organized to enable users find relevant information from a stored and
organized collection of documents. It is designed to deal with unstructured data. Its major objective is to retrieve
the information- either the actual information or the documents containing the information.

Functions of an information retrieval system (Chowdhury, 2010)

To identify the information (sources) relevant to the areas of interest of the target users community
To analyze the contents of the sources
To represent the contents of analyzed sources in a way that matches the users queries
To analyze users queries and represent them in a form that will be suitable for matching the database
To match the search statement with the stored database
To retrieve relevant information
To make continuous changes in all aspects of the system

Liston and Schoene enumerated the desired features of an effective information retrieval system:
Enables prompt dissemination of information
Can filter information
Provides the right amount of information at the right time
Perform active switching of information
Receive information in the desired form
Enable browsing
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 Get information in an economical way
Contains current literature
Provide access to other information systems
Enable interpersonal communication
Offer personalized help

Kinds of Information Retrieval System

By category: in-house systems are those set up by a particular library or information center to serve mainly the
users within the organization while an online systems are those that have been designed to provide access to a
remote access to variety of users. These are mostly commercial services handled by vendors.

By content, purpose and function: four distinct types can be identified OPACs, online databases, digital
libraries and web-based information services and web search engines.

Computers an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can
accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use.
Computing milestones and machine evolution:

14th C. - Abacus - an instrument for performing calculations by sliding counters along rods or in grooves
(graphic: Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary http://www.m-w.com/mw/art/abacus.htm)

17th C. - Slide rule - a mechanical analog computer used primarily for multiplication and division, and
also for functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry.

1642 - Pascaline--a mechanical calculator built by Blaise Pascal, a 17th century mathematician, for whom
the Pascal computer programming language was named .

1673 Gottfried Leibniz built the first calculating machine, the Leibniz Calculator, that could multiply
and divide as well as add and subtract.

1801 - Jacquard loom - a loom programmed with punched cards invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard.

1842 Charles Babbage (The Father of Modern Computers) designed the Difference Engine and the
analytical engine; the first general purpose computer that could add, subtract, multiply and divide in
automatic sequence at a rate of 60 additions per second.

1816-1852 Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace daughter of poet George Gordon, Lord Byron. She was a
mentor to Babbage and translated his works adding her own extensive footnotes. She suggested the use of
punch cards to instruct Babbages engine to repeat certain operations. She is referred to as the worlds first
computer programmer.

1860-1929 Herman Hollerith devised a punch card tabulating machine for the 1890 Census. It was
the first time punched cards were used for information processing.

1920 Thomas J. Watson, Jr. took over the management of Holleriths company and changed its name to
International Business Machines (IBM). The punched card technology was used until the mid-50s.

1939 -1942 The first computer, the ABC or Atanassoff Berry Computer which was built at Iowa State by
Prof. John V. Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry. Represented several "firsts" in computing,
including a binary system of of arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, separation of
memory and computing functions, and more. Weighed 750 lbs. and had a memory storage of 3,000 bits
(0.4K). Recorded numbers by scorching marks into cards as it worked through a problem. Considered to
be the first electronic computing machine.

1940s - Colossus - a vacuum tube computing machine which broke Hitler's codes during WW II. It was
instrumental in helping Turing break the German's codes during WW II to turn the tide of the war. In the
summer of 1939, a small group of scholars became codebreakers, working at Bletchley Part in England.
This group of pioneering codebreakers helped shorten the war and changed the course of history.

1945 John von Neumann poses in front of the electronic computer built at the Institute for Advanced
Study. This computer and Neumann architecture served as the prototype for subsequent stored program
computers worldwide.

1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)- the world's first electronic, large
scale, general-purpose computer, built by Mauchly and Eckert, and activated at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1946. The ENIAC is a 30 ton machine that measured 50 x 30 feet. It contained 19,000
vacuum tubes, 6000 switches, and could add 5,000 numbers in a second, a remarkable accomplishment at
the time. A reprogrammable machine, the ENIAC performed initial calculations for the H-bomb. It was
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 also used to prepare artillery shell trajectory tables and perform other military and scientific calculations.
Since there was no software to reprogram the computer, people had to rewire it to get it to perform
different functions. The human programmers had to read wiring diagrams and know what each switch did.
J. Presper Eckert, Jr. and John W. Mauchly drew on Alansoff's work to create the ENIAC.

1951-1959 - Vacuum tube based technology. The first commercially available electronic digital computer,
the UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computers) is introduced by Remington Rand. Vacuum Tubes are
electronic devices, consisting of a glass or steel vacuum envelope and two or more electrodes between
which electrons can move freely.

1952 Dr. Grace Hopper considers the concept of reusable software in her paper, The Education of a
Computer. The paper describes how to program a computer with symbolic notation instead of a detailed
machine language. She is the driving force behind COBOL.

1953 Core memory, developed in the early 1950s, provide much larger storage capacity than vacuum
tube memory.

1953-1954 the IBM Model 650 is one of the first widely used computers. This computer is so successful
that IBM manufactures more than 1,000. IBM dominated the mainframe market for decades. It was
designed as an upgrade to existing punched-cards machine.

1958 The first Integrated Circuit invented by Jack Kilby of Texas, which lays the foundation for high-
speed computers and large capacity memory.

1959 development of COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) by a Committee headed by Dr.

Grace Murray Hopper. Its domain include business, finance, and administrative systems for companies
and governments.

IBM introduces two smaller, desk sized computers: the IBM 1401 for business and the IBM 1620 for
scientists.

1960-1968 Second Generation of computers that used transistor based technology. The transistor,
invented in 1948, by Dr. John Bardeen, Dr. Walter Brattain, and Dr. William Shockley. It almost
completely replaced the vacuum tube because of its reduced cost, weight, and power consumption and its
higher reliability.

1964 the number of computers has grown. Third generation of computers with the introduction of
controlled circuitry stored on chips. The IBM System/360 computer is the first family of compatible
machines that merged science and business line.

1968 Alan Stutgart at IBM demonstrated the first regular use of an 8-inch floppy disk.

1969 - The Internet, originally the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network), began as a
military computer network.

1969 the development of UNIX by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson,
Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. The Unix operating system was first
developed in assembly language, but by 1973 had been almost entirely recoded in C, greatly facilitating its
further development and porting to other hardware. Today's Unix system evolution is split into various
branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors, universities

1970- Fourth Generation Computers built w -ith chips that use LSI (large scale integration) that can
contain 15,000 circuits.

1975 Ethernet, the first local area network (LAN), is developed at Xerox PARC by Robert Metcalfe.

1976 CRAY 1 - The world's first electronic digital computer. A 75MHz, 64-bit machine with a peak
speed of 160 megaflops, (one million floating point operations per second) the world's fastest processor at
that time.

1976 - Apples/MACs - The Apple was designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple was the first to
have a "windows" type graphical interface and the computer mouse. Like modern computers, early Apples
had a peripheral keyboard and mouse, and had a floppy drive that held 3.5" disks. The Macintosh replaced
the Apple.

1978 to 1986 - large scale integration (LSI); Alto - early workstation with mouse; Apple designed by Steve
Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple was the first to have a "windows" type graphical interface and the
computer mouse. The PC and clone market begins to expand. This begins first mass market of desktop
computers.

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 1979 the first public online information services, CompuServe and the Source, are founded.

1980 IBM offers Microsoft Corporation co-founder Bill Gates, the opportunity to develop the operating
system for the IBM personal computer.

1984 Apple introduces the Macintosh computer, which incorporates a unique, easy-to-learn graphical
user interface.

1989 - Tim Berners-Lee invented the networked hypertext system called the World Wide Web. Nintendo
introduces the Game Boy, its first handheld game console.

1992 - Bill Gates' Microsoft Corp. released Windows 3.1, an operating system that made IBM and IBM-
compatible PCs more user-friendly by integrating a graphical user interface into the software. In replacing
the old Windows command-line system, however, Microsoft created a program similar to the Macintosh
operating system.

1991- World wide web Consortium releases standards that describe a framework for linking documents in
different computers.

1993 Companies introduced computers using the Pentium processor from Intel.

1994 Linus Torvalds created the Linux kernel, UNIX like operating system that he releases for free
across the Internet for further enhancement by other programmers.

1995 - large commercial Internet service providers (ISPs), such as MCI, Sprint , AOL and UUNET, began
offering service to large number of customers.

1996 Fifth generation computers characterized by very-large scale integrated (VLSI) semiconductor
circuits. Personal Digital Assistants (such as the Palm Pilot) became available to consumers. They can do
numeric calculations, play games and music and download information from the Internet.

1998 Google was founded and became the most used search engine capturing more than 60 percent of
the market over other search engines.

1999-2000 the Y2K problem or the millennium bug! Its historical significance is that it heightened
management awareness of how critical information technology is to the operation of any organization.

2001 Intel unveils its Pentium 4 chip with clock speeds starting at 1.4 GHz. Microsoft introduces Office
XP. Introduction of the Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia.

2002 onwards web technologies, Wireless, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Open Access, Learning
Commons, Web 2.0

Components of a Computer

Hardware physical equipment including input/output devices, system unit, storage devices, communications
devices

Input devices hardware components that allow users to enter data and instructions into a computer, i.e.
keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner and Web cam, touchscreen, OCR (Optical Character Recognition), Card
readers, Digital camera, Sensors, Audio or voice input, pen-based input.

Output devices hardware component that conveys information to one or more people, i.e. printer,
monitor and speakers

System unit a case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data,
i.e. motherboard containing the processor and memory.

Storage devices hold data, instructions and information for future use on a storage media, i.e. USB flash
drives, hard disks, optical discs, and memory cards.

Primary storage stores data and programs instructions temporarily during processing. It is often
referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory) which can access directly any randomly chosen location. It
is used for short-range storage of data or program instruction.

RAM (Random Access Memory) for short term storage of data or program instructions; it is
volatile and its contents are lost when the computers power supply is turned-off

ROM (Read only Memory) a type of non-volatile memory that is used to store permanent data
and instructions. It functions as storage for all or part of the program that is being executed; store the
operating system that manages the operation of the computer and holds the data that the program is using.

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 Secondary storage stores data and instructions when they are not used in processing; long term, non-
volatile storage of data outside the CPU and primary storage.

Measures of computer storage:

Byte - string of 8 bits
Kilobyte - 1,000 bytes
Megabyte - 1,000,000 bytes
Gigabyte - 1,000,000,000 bytes
Terabyte - 1,000,000,000,000 bytes

Communication devices hardware component that enables a computer to send (transmit) and receive
data, instruction, and information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices, i.e. modem These are both
the physical devices and software that links the various pieces of hardware and transfers data from one physical
location to another. It can also be communications that occur over cables, telephone lines, mobile phones.

Categories of computers and computer systems

Mainframe large computer that service many users simultaneously in support of enterprise-wide applications

Midrange middle-size computer that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of
managing networks of other computers.

Microcomputer- small computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit used in systems for
universities, factories or research laboratories.

Personal computer a small computer designed for use by an individual. It can perform all of its input,
processing, output, and storage activities by itself. Two types: desktop computers and notebook computers.
Desktop computers designed so that the system unit, input devices, and any other devices fit entirely on
or under a desk or table.
Notebook computer or laptop computer, is a portable, personal computer designed to fit on your lap. It
is thin and lightweight and yet as powerful as the average desktop computer.
Tablet PCs a special type of notebook computer that allows users to write or draw on the screen
using a digital pen, and issue instructions by tapping on the screen.

Mobile devices small hand-held computing device small enough to carry in a pocket, usually do not have disk
drives and programs and data are stored permanently on a special memory inside the system unit or on a small
storage media such as memory cards. This include Smart Phones.

Server computer any type of computer, from PC to supercomputer, that performs a variety of functions for its
client computers, including the storage of data and applications software.

Server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers usually maintained by an enterprise to
accomplish server needs far beyond the capability of one machine. Server farms often have backup servers, which
can take over the function of primary servers in the event of a primary server failure. Server farms are typically co-
located with the network switches and/or routers which enable communication between the different parts of the
cluster and the users of the cluster
Computer Software program consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose that
tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) an interface that allows a user to interact with software using text,
graphics, and visual images such as icons.

System software consists of programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its
devices. It serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computers hardware.

Operating system A set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware
devices. It provides a means for users to communicate with the computer and other software, e.g. Microsoft
Windows (XP, Vista), MAC OS (Apples operating system), UNIX, Linux (open source, free, runs in any platform,
alternative to UNIX)

Utility software allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks usually related to managing a
computer, its devices, or its programs, i.e. program to transfer digital photo to an optical disc, screensaver, spooling
programs, data recovery and back-ups, virus scan, device drivers, etc.

Application software consists of program designed to make users productive and/or assist them with
personal tasks, i.e. word processing, electronic spreadsheet, database management, presentation graphics,
integrated software packages, Personal information Management Software, E-mail software, web browsers, etc.
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Computers in libraries

Computers in libraries are most often used to gain access to the library's book database, a more modern version of
previous library cards. This interface usually allows searching the database for a genre of books, and the ability to
check whether a book is available in the building. Some libraries allow internet access from their computers for
online research and other related functions.
Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_are_computers_used_in_libraries#ixzz1tRJtZAQO

Advantages of Using Computers

1. Speed data, instructions and information travel at incredibly top speed; billions or trillions of operations
are done in a single second.

2. Reliability the components in modern computers are dependable and reliable because they rarely break
or fail.

3. Consistency given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same results
consistently. (GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out)

4. Storage a computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory, process it and then store it again
for future use.

5. Communications most computers today can communicate with other computers. It is capable of sharing
any of the four information processing cycle operations input, process, output, and storage with another
computer or a user.

Disadvantages of using Computers

1. Health issues improper use often lead to injuries or disorders of the hands, elbows, eyes, neck and back.

2. Privacy issues personal information stored in a computer when not protected or secured are often
violated and results to identity theft.

3. Public safety vulnerability to online threats to security

Computers and Information Systems

Information System - combination of information technology and people's activities that support operations,
management and decision making. A set of people, procedures, and resources that collects, transforms and
disseminates information in an organization. It is an organized combination of hardware, software,
data/information, people and communication networks.
Computer-Based Information System is an organized integration of hardware and software technologies and
human elements designed to produce timely, integrated, accurate and useful information for decision making
purposes.

The application of computers have revolutionized multitude aspects of human life and the impact of computers
over the business and organization is more than realized. Following are some reasons why computer based
information systems are felt necessary.

Volume of Data: As your organization keeps growing you will find manual processing and management wont able
to handle everything efficiently. As the volume of data increase, there are increased risks of errors. Thus a
computer based information system is desired.

Timely Actions: If you implement computer based systems you will have convenient access of information to
analyze and take actions in right time to place you always ahead

Competition: With computer based information system you gain better competitiveness and your timely action will
ensure to achieve goals.

Overcome the complexity of Organization: As the complexity of organization increases, it requires more
innovative processing to manage and improve. Computer based Information systems are very useful to manage the
complexities of your organization.

Distributed Organization: Computer based information systems helps to reduce the physical distance; and makes
distributed organization possible. Information systems will enable you to manage the organization as if it was
within same complex.

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Better Analyze: Data collected and maintained can be viewed in different ways. It can be processed in different
ways and analyzed that would be almost impossible without computer based information systems.

Information is processed data which is used to trigger action to run an organization in different ways. Following
are the types of information in any organization

Strategic Information: Information required for long range planning and directing the course of business.
This is distilled information. Information about new areas/branches to business, diversification of items are some
examples.

Tactical Information: Information needed to take short range decisions or to run the business efficiently.
Information about fast/slow selling items, vender index, sales trends etc are examples of tactical information.
Tactical Information is used to increase the profitability.

Operational Information: Information needed to carry out the day-to-day operations of organization.

Statutory Information: Information required by law to be submitted to government. Tax information,

account of excise duty
Source: http://icttrends.com/information-systems-types.html

Library automation refers to the use of computers to automate the typical procedures of libraries such as
cataloging and circulation.

- Computerization of one or more library functions and involving library databases

Role of Librarians/Information Specialists- deliver information systems services

Integrated Library Systems (ILS) also known as a library management system (LMS) is an enterprise resource
planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed.
An ILS usually comprises a relational database, software to interact with that database, and two graphical user
interfaces (one for patrons, one for staff). Most of these integrated library systems have separate software functions
into discrete programs called modules, each of them integrated with a unified interface. Examples of modules
might include:
acquisitions (ordering, receiving, and invoicing materials)

cataloging (classifying and indexing materials)

circulation (lending materials to patrons and receiving them back)

serials (tracking magazine and newspaper holdings)

the OPAC (public interface for users)

Multimedia technologies

- The integration of two or more types of media, such as text, graphics, sound, voice, or animation into a
computer-based application.
- Technologies used in e-books and newspapers, electronic classroom presentation, video conferencing,
imaging, graphics design tools, and video and voice mail.

File Processing vs. Database Management

File processing - is the act of creating, storing, managing and reading files containing data on your computer;
allows for the creation of a new file, for example, a written document, a picture or a poster; allows you to open
files that you have already created and stored on your computer, in order to read through them.

Database Management allows the creation and maintenance of a collection of digital data in the computer (a
database). Database management software is commonly used in large scale businesses and organizations, where the
database administrators are granted a large degree of control over the creation and management of data within a
database.

Database Technology
- Emerged in the late 60s as a result of various events and circumstances including the exponential rise in
the demand among users for more information to be provided by the computer.
- Data : a set of given facts; information in a form that can be processed by a computer.
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 - Database: the integrated data resource for a computer-based information system; a collection of
interrelated data stored so that it may be accessed by users with simple user friendly dialogues.
- Record: a collection of related information; a unit of information stored in a database; this is usually what
a user wants to find while searching a database
- Database file: a collection of database records
- Field: the smallest logical unit of data; examples include authors name field, book title field, imprint
field, etc. etc.
- A database is designed to avoid duplication of data as well as to permit retrieval of information to satisfy
user information needs.

Major properties of a Database (Claybrook, 1983)

- It is integrated with provisions for different applications
- It eliminates or reduces data duplication
- It enhances data independence by permitting application programs to be insensitive to changes in the
database
- It permits shared access
- It provides facilities for centralized control of accessing and security control functions

Kinds of databases (Chowdhury, 2010)

Bibliographic databases include citations or bibliographic references, and sometimes abstracts of

literature
Catalog databases include catalogs of a library or a group of libraries in a network
Referral databases offer references to information such as the name and address and specialization of
persons, institutions, information systems, etc.

Some databases can be grouped according to their contents: Numeric, Full-text, text-numeric, multi-media

Database Technology

- The history of the database systems can be divided into five (5) generations, which follow the five decades
of computing
- First Generation (1950s) major task of a computer system was to process data under the control of a
program, which then meant calculating and counting, and so on. Each program was provided with the data-
set it operated upon, or it read its data from some secondary memory into the main memory, i.e. punched
cards or magnetic tapes which allows for sequential processing.
- Second generation (early 60s) when using computers in the online and batch mode became possible.
The development of the magnetic disks as memory led to the introduction of more sophisticated file
systems, which rendered multiple access possible. Machines were based on transistor technology. The
computational time of computers was reduced to microseconds from milliseconds.
- Third generation (1970s) characterized by the introduction of a distinction between logical and physical
information, which happened mainly due to increasing need to manage large collection of data. Data
models were used for the first time to describe physical structures from a logical point of view. The use of
integrated circuits. The use of an OS (operating system) that allowed computers to run multiple programs
together with a central program that monitored & coordinated the memory of the computer.
- Fourth generation (1980s) rise of Database Management Systems (DBMs) which can store data free of
redundancy under centralized control and make a clear distinction between a physical and a logical data
model. They use a device called Microprocessor. They are smaller in size. They are cheaper and faster.
They are very easy to handle. Examples: IBM 4300, ICL 2900.
- Fifth generation (1990s)- object-oriented database systems, multimedia systems and knowledge-based
systems

Issues in information technology

Information age (Computer Age or Digital Age) the idea that the current age will be characterized by the
ability of individuals to transfer information freely, and to have instant access to information that would have been
difficult or impossible to find previously.

Information Society a society where the creation, distribution, diffusion, use, integration and manipulation of
information is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity.

New roles for information professionals

- May be found in corporate information centres, in research departments, in government offices
anywhere there are people who rely on information to do their work.
- Help organizations address the challenges of dealing with huge amount of information available from
various sources and in various formats. It takes people to separate reliable information from unreliable
information.
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Netiquette - (short for "network etiquette" or "Internet etiquette") is a set of social conventions that facilitate
interaction over networks, ranging from Usenet and mailing lists to blogs and forums.
- using simple electronic signatures
- avoiding multi-posting, cross-posting, off-topic posting, hijacking a discussion thread, and other
techniques used to minimize the effort required to read a post or a thread
- Common rules for e-mail and USENET such as avoiding flamewares and spam are constant across most
mediums and communities
- avoid typing in ALL CAPS or grossly enlarging script for emphasis, which is considered to be the
equivalent of shouting or yelling

Internet Safety and security controls (or online safety) is the security of people and their information when
using the Internet. Numerous groups, Internet sites and governments have expressed concerns over the safety of
children using the Internet.

The main issues with Internet safety include:

Avoiding 'net nasties' including: phishing malware and viruses.

Avoiding online scams and confidence tricks, Internet fraud and computer crime.

Avoiding unwelcome sites, particularly pornography and other sites that may be unsuitable for children.

Avoiding unsuitable and undesirable message exchanging on networking sites, perhaps with people who
could be dangerous to unsuspecting children. There are over 3000 cases a year of people who have been
cyberbullied, stalked and worse by strangers online, or have had their internet networking site pages
hacked into.

Emerging trends in IT

- The rise of Cloud Computing

- SAAS- Software As A Service(On demand Software)
- Advancement in mobile applications and user interface
- Wireless & consumer electronics semiconductor
- Advancement in the field of IT automation & data management
- Advances in the fields of Analytics (Data Analytics, Predictive Analytics,
- Context aware computingConcept of using information about the end user
- Storage class memoryAdvancement of flash memory in different industries (Consumer Electronics,
Entertainment Technology, IT systems industries

REFERENCES:

Claybrook, B. G. File Management Techniques. New York : John Wiley, 1983.

Liston, D.M. and Schoene, M. L. , A Systems Approach to the Design of Information Systems. IN King, D.W. (ed.) Key Papers in the Design
and Evaluation of Information Systems, New York : Knowledge Industry, 1978.

Long, L. and Long, N. Computers : Information Technology in Perspective. 12 th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall,
2005.

Shelly, G. B. and Vermaat, M. E. Discovering Computers 2010 : Living in a Digital World. Boston, MA. : Cengage Learning, 2011