10/19/2008

Fundamentals of Wireless
Communications
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
University of Tehran, Dept. of E&CE,
Fall 2008,
2008
Farshad Lahouti

Wireless Channel

Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,

University of Tehran,
Tehran School of E&CE
E&CE, Fall 2008

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 10/19/2008

A typical digital communication system

Information Source Channel Modulator

u v
source encoder
d encoder
d

Channel
(storage
Noise
medium)

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

u r
decoder decoder

A typical digital communication system

zWireless Channel
zModulation
zSource Coding: Data Compression,
removes redundancy
zChannel Coding: Adding structured
redundancy

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Wireless Channel

z Electromagnetic waves are used for

communication
z Waves characterized by their
{frequency or
{ wavelength

c = f
c = 3 108 m / s

Frequency Bands
Band Name Frequency Wavelength Application

Extremely Low 30 to 300 Hz 10,000 to 1,000 Powerline

Frequency (ELF)
F k
km Frequencies
F i

Voice Frequency 300 to 3,000 Hz 1,000 to 100 Km Telephone

(VF) Communication

Very Low 3 to 30 KHz 100 to 10 Km Marine

Frequency (VLF) Communications

Low Frequency 30 to 300 KHz 10 to 1 Km Marine

(LF) Communications
Comm nications

Medium 300 to 3,000 KHz 1,000 to 100 m AM Broadcasting

Frequency (MF)

High Frequency Long-distance

(HF) 3 to 30 MHz 100 to 10 m aircraft/ship
communications

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Frequency Bands
Band Name Frequency Wavelength Application
Very High 30 to
t 300 MHz
MH 10 tto 1 m FM Broadcasting
B d ti
Frequency (VHF)

Ultra High 300 to 3,000 MHz 100 to 10 cm Cellular

Frequency (UHF) Telephone

Super High Satellite

Frequency (SHF) 3 to 30 GHz 10 to 1 cm Communications,
microwave links
Extremelyy High
g 30 to 300 GHz 10 to 1 mm Wireless Local
Frequency (EHF) Loop

Infrared 300 GHz to 400 1 mm to 770 nm Consumer

THz electronics

Visible Light 400 THz to 900 770 nm to 330 nm Optical

THz Communications

Electromagnetic Waves

zSpectrum beyond visible light is not used

f communication
for i ti (UV
(UV, X
X-ray, Gamma
G
ray)
zTransmission of waves through buildings
{High Frequencies
{Low Frequencies
zRadio waves widely used for both indoor
and outdoor communications

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Electromagnetic Waves
z Ground Waves (VLF, LF, and MF bands) follow
the curvature of the Earth
Earth. Range: a few
hundred kilometers.
z Microwave Transmissions (SHF) travel in
straight lines.
{Long distance telephony
{Line-of-sight
{R
{Repeaters
t
z Infrared waves (EHF, millimeter waves)
{Inexpensive
{Short-range communication

Electromagnetic Waves

zVisible Light: Laser Communication

{Optical Links
zHigh Bandwidth
zNarrow beam: Focus Issue
zObstacles
zRain, Fog

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Spectrum Allocation

z National governments allocate spectrum

z International
I t ti l Telecommunications
T l i ti U
Union
i
coordinates the activities.
{ITU-R: World Admin. Radio Conference
{World-wide usable Products
{Waves do travel!
z Methods of National Frequency Allocation
{Comparative Bidding
{Lottery
{Auctioning

Radio Propagation
Building

Reflected Signal
Direct Signal
scattering
hb
Diffracted
Signal
h
z Reflection m
d
z Diffraction Transmitter Receiver
z Scattering
z Depends on the frequency of the wave and the size and type of the
object

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Path Loss

z Ratio of power of the transmitted signal to the

power of the signal received at the receiver
z Function of
{Distance
{Train, Environment
{Frequency
z Free Space Communication

2

{G_t and G_r: Antenna gain

Pr = Pt Gt Gr
4d
{d: distance

Path Loss

z Two-ray model
{One ray line-of-sight,
line of sight the other reflected
{G_t and G_r: antenna gain
{d: distance
{h_t and h_r: hights of the transmitter and receiver
{P_t: transmitted power
2

Pr
hh
= PG G t r
t t r

d
2

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Path Loss

z For isotropic antennas

{G_tt and G
{G G_r:
r: antenna gain
{d: distance
{Gamma: between 2 and 5
{P_t: transmitted power

1
P = PG G
d
r t t r

Fading

zFluctuation of the signal when received at

th transmitter
the t itt
zFast fading, small scale fading
zSlow fading, large scale fading
zCounter measures power fast
fading

{Diversity
{Di it
{Adaptive modulation
t
slow fading

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Interference

zCo-channel Interference
zAdj
zAdjacent
t Channel
Ch l Interference
I t f
zCounter Measures
{Guard bands
{Multiuser detection
{Directional antennas
{Dynamic channel allocation
zIntersymbol Interference
{Adaptive equalization, pilot vs. blind

Interference