‘CONTRIBUTIONS TO GLOBAL, HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
‘AHOSTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MODERN WORLD
RHABOLOGY AND THE CAPETALAST WORLD SYSTEM A Say om
‘CULTURE CHANGE AND TIE NEW TECHNOLOGY A Arcuelg of
Between Artifacts
and Texts
Historical Archaeology
in Global Perspective
Anders Andrén
‘Translated by
‘Alan Crozier
PLENUM PRESS + NEW YORK AND LONDON. omnes
pereptive on quueton of ric vasa ext. Th entendiilinary
[eapective means that I Lick p withthe eve terior i
‘rhacology i the ls tds when te plead slag!
Fineione o the aucipioes have bon sireoed (os Badarmnaye,
2D Kale i Oy Ser
‘an, 162 18, Tiger, 184,189) This etal pereeciesinid
fin eavious prs ofthe are, doen any when pass
tive en sed ght onthe "methanol prbme shard ye
‘Natasa archaloges
Historical Archaeologies
in Europe
‘THE EUROPEAN TRADITIONS
‘The historia arcoelogies in Europe ae like a metal of diteret,
arly evrapping trades. The ferent pa nei of earel
‘rchauangy, provinal Raman arcaclgy,Bysenine eel
‘olival cchaaegy,portneioelarcaeaogy and indus at
‘hes. Inston, historia! archaeology ea ke fund In one
‘mane ares anise prehstri rcacloy Inthe ater
‘ae ts a questin of protbistral pride sth she pe Roman
len Ag in Central an Western Europe andthe yest Renae eo hy
‘Northern and astern Burp. Tales opt, he sets cover
“historia prs in Europe, but they Sonat represent tom
archsenlagia tain. Te vison ints spel Hans coch wih
‘ison dative crater enrny deo the fot th def
tiv “rchaelgcal” profesional tk plas at wally dierent
‘Despite the bons division, there ar never ceran shared
‘eataro All the woes ve a indunous Rarapese sags Ty
sftes ave along “prehistory bate te fal proce, ct
"Baer remains es the Mitre pra in Baap hve ber eu.
in ine he Renan, and thay al aner fundamental quotes
‘Fomtonl end Europe ots
is this content Ihave chose to gu up only the two Earopenn
srtclogial adions tat T know bt, nny, sel ore
Sy td tnd achaole. Many of he chrateiate tars Io
thse two dscns canbe found th the eter sje av well Per
Instance the debate bout tfc and et nln ces ed
‘cieal archaeology i Wey sim to errespnding Sacarone in
the oer dain (eg Aleman, 168, Chasm, 1865; Culm
‘er, 1994; Haron, 1902 Hl, 198; Ratna, 1960, So 800.
Da” oan
"The Pastas Utopin: Classical Archaeology
(Of he hte arasiges in Bure, ls archagy
ings af mst erty, by vit ef ts ong rehire
‘ery profeninalisstin Tn cnc ocala ae.
Slog stands far "eamplary which «god elton othe bck
‘ound and emergence the sar, The very nso he abet
‘ae cea atauty wes sed toroid settle mnt moral
‘delat peson, Tis que rs Utopia nthe paras a genera
‘Western concer wh ia expat why hese represeted
ven in counteos without nl antgtyof hie over och
Scandinavia, Cental Barope, te United State, an Austen
was tla Greece ae tly tha all resi aie to
aya imporant atenlt rl im enejantion with he eet of
‘he motor ato states. The rl eho i parla cet
In conaatin wish moder Oras A Keowidge sf aiquy brome 8
‘tay fore ent Brepen pers to ain lune nthe incre.
I Otioman Bp, tnd tas timuanesoly a igueast devin
‘ere fr Grek ileal deine the trae of modern Crest
‘he molelearl Balkans Agostino, 291 Ketan 0 Morn,
see,
"Te exemplary character flac erceaagy can ala explain
nh te renares oy ers rma onc Rm nee
‘ey iermeper 1968). The at end arciate of Se Roman proves
tre nt viewed ar exapary The rfc were ot ext foie
‘et museums andthe Roman ees were mini seid am the
erepetive ofl story Whe prvincal Roman acheslegy we
Frefsinalned—long fer daniel archaslogy he inert wa
‘hei frued oo history and military history Prova eran 2
‘hanlgy thus Became way fo tady Raman palin crewing
‘store! dear aseitons nth te perlietplss of he peat
‘oropain power Hinge. 100; Lftig 190, Peter, 3887
"Te interest insatigiy never soll vanished ideal
‘Farope To Caaligian Rennisance Sat are ard 800 was
‘riod when classi tate mer elected and tide in dtl od
Scot artat were stv reused Bronfl and Sense 165)
‘An example ofthe sgetane of inset areat n the equa
‘Hato of Toot the Gra, which Chaves te Groth nel
from Ravenna to Alvi Chapala afer he was crowned emport i
ome.‘ removal of the seat lke tb corention, shoe how
Chase the Great ebratl svn anal tutto and
‘sigue his wn pla rl Several saris” cab
iret Aree in Bare .
ithe the eta ofr arte a 160 (Andere
5d Forno, 088 Snap, 1890)
Thedrect oii fmodirl aehasagy, however ast be ach
inde romante pero of he nineteenth century hat as en
thei Ags were tally reayoraie to serve tan example, jst
lascleiguity had doe, Buope tus eqred two exer
‘joke, aniqy and tho Mil Age pray “ui pore
‘hin thes pce were the GA cetary neta fhe Peet
‘Tetum: At crampen hove the Gro ptdsfntned i fer
‘it ways The romans ple the snp on language the ebd-
Spm end the specie whch cam thus be son a the nalletul
“ckground te natonatism in Burope afer the Nepaeole Ware The
‘qt for the ile Apr has bv questo atonal en,
Try hte para aay adn ing A
‘crtaneand stadt monuments and hassel sy sireed the
{rents of teow conten, An uniting examples Deer
‘Thre fesmanegus archetre fm “Tne Great Ae ofthe Va
{Bar eral cnidrable tenting, wheran the Goes eae
‘Geyman-orinaio Late Mile Ages were ot onslaered nesting
(Weber, ogo
“ike aie tae, medical sacs were comly anes
st ects and pisogy Medial art and craft Bete gvious
‘ele inthe newly fund cord muscu a on art For 8
‘Sonsum mun lke Carnian Jorgensen Thomson (178-1809) swan
Sutra that hie famous “Gude 6) hoa ia ead shape
Shot the idle Ago and medivs artifacts, In Germany 9 sel
‘Sansom was even oaihe or maceral work arin 1682, Ger
‘Banach NeGarnesnnum ie Nareniarg (ling 10018)
‘With the Middle Ages as a asthe made, stercing ale,
uh as no Othe and ner Remananges, ware created lke the ne”
{sie ofthe prvoa ew generation, Some pal hough that
‘bo neo other reed the Mile Age, whieh Waa sen a 8
Christin golden ag, characterized by Christin faith and morlty
(iing 1002: Tan ove restr entnt than eolariiam,the
‘eel eyes were aed on inc pargensonnsnctbny we
‘reson ofan age when Sheen of estos Rais breakeagh
isl calgary ”
(Tosimin and Goodel, 195). Then pare we required detailed
‘Suis of the architecture and masony ofthe tern toameat
‘One scampi che anh Thus Rican 776-16 dion
te Hnglsh Gate into Norman, Easly Raglahy, Desraed, ed
‘Porpegislar tle in 1. Ar Wark el GaGL.2 has pled
ut Riskmas alata Was based ob What we tay wld ll
‘chaclogin principle, namely, poland seateraphy
At the sme time that now bingy ere bing etd in oo
‘othe and eter hart ripen, many fe rnieal ose were
Ising vested. A wave of eatraton wept over Baro, ber se
omplte tows, tof the mar cathedral and many salle
‘hurchos wore merle stored (igure 8) n Brisin sone over
‘000 churches were restaredin the prod 840-1973 (Kiring 19829,
{ie the new baligs erated a the ine, thereto aimed fit
‘ory ote wbchsncnt tat te enor remiaat ve et
{hermonument wat highlighted and tat Intersting and cage
‘wee rmotd tthe ame tine themanumarts wer en sipped ot
{hr mmotiat ureandags he ce proponent of myn ior
‘iy baler thatthe nif rseration thal be to recreate te
igial architects Stentinn,vater than what was atuly tal
‘With this enlist attade the boondary bene estore eer
‘pt, an nw een there eae ly ad rg
“The pin of restoration may be cumareddirety with the
contemporary Pll pintpls fr rien eisane of ert Jat,
‘the puch ext ope to snarls orga oe ae
more ores serps af apn, tbe setaren al eae
‘ruc imagined oii nthe base of more rom wel preserved
iregmenta of balding Lo tv concerton oe the gy four
‘onamenty whi oud een be sscnted with ha inet pers
ise i hore iin reviraton rl co eo
cnpare wih ha satel of conerperaty Neegrphy
‘Staelin wan concerned with pola hat, shaped ly reat
eas and grat” en
‘Soveal ening achtece af the time worked wth th etre
‘ons ad ow eetins, end sme of tem ele hare
‘ee in ister surveys ofsmedival art ond echtcure. The pac
‘Sea plea ef te ile Age thar rested Ia ase male
Knowledge of medietal manamant Example ae Be Easel
Viet loDoc Us14-170), who pied 0 vlome work on tee
tal French avchtcare, apd Cal Georg Branis W792-1669), who
‘wrote several works on Swish medical acecture The bond beors. i Oy. ai Coe
Seeee oe eee
Seba ae nerrenioes ety cee
yaa tet ror Harn EO “
tree tha dios and medieval sti and pig i pari
‘lary clear in Bruni, who was bth cause pole a
Drccng art (Grande 1914 RAring 190887)
“A asl erchasogy, ha retoal of medal rts wae
strain in th econ hal of tbe nncoent onary. Felder
‘res aly eared Yo collecng rfc nad comping neta of
i
tril Arh ape =
surviving dings and ring. In Germany, estematic publication of
‘Ml historcal-enpecalymedieral~smmumentsbagan i the 150,
Sndin Denman, prob b-parh reper prehistoric and mel
‘val monuments began i 187 Johantven 082) Hwa lef ths
Plaecfeysematied diva sade tat he ft afte octal
‘professional moder wchocolgy ean Geta Tha cone
‘he work cf Hans Hildcbrand (862-1039) whe cimed that seb
leis tie of the dle Ages had an itis vl oe Fugue
[Dy pany baeuse they ou fad tthe rinarpretatin of meen
‘ex itsebrand 180)
‘The smiaritos between ancient and irl sie ar thos
ikng. but sedival archaeology was neverthalans ot pote
Snail the same wa nthe aseceth cnt Teles hate
‘irene in development between canal arches ad edie
‘srcauogy hat fo do with cesta Tolan to the racer
‘rvpetve. Ancient cies ha disppesed, ond ancnt mame
‘rein rine Anse art an arcittare rere rete ot diel
{eve exevatin war rogired fer ay deta say. Medieval
‘Barope on the other hand. wen prstred shove ground uch
traterentnt Maryse sllhadsdsinetiy metic characte The
‘et important marments were preserved antl fneoaing Ma
‘ralar¢and cal were acsnble mca and clase With
‘tht perspective of medieval materi csr, the, tere Wes
ed for professional, etenvting medn]arhuclogy
‘The frst swing inthe view af the Middle Age ad ts monuments
canbe Gtecad around 1900, With the rekon of macro
‘rtandarehitectry the tstaea mods nants were reece
‘Sdtheistoratng len attr iguiensc Ai She nes he
ie af etortivn changed with he recount th etre baling
Ise ofthe sonamens ietding te mtngssureundng thes
‘Blrng 1992304 netead of beng ast xarpon, he mone
‘mentsogaa tote viewed ators acaments whicneoul ee
ling eomplos history With the eit of puapectve, may courte
‘gna the puliention of hse monastic
istry Serra ote sealars ws ombrscd te conan ne
tf retaration, such a Gearge Deki (1860-1800) Certany td
Sigurd Garman (578-196 Sweden, ss ic te inate fee the
ste of nonsmentsKirng, 1882304; Unnerbick, 19)
‘When the modoval menus lat thi int eden day fe
ton, as aestbetiemoel there wasinstend a icrenund interes athe
‘unin and manning the mooumets hain oe pars Sine argu
1000therefr an importa redien in arhtasturainory hasbeenfocaed othe sty fhe enngraphy of maieval arcitetrethat
‘stosy, the meanings ofthe bulings. The meaning church ache
‘arn partir ben edad trough cmp of esa
‘ets alot archtcture, the medal binge emer nd oe
etary and insriponsnoncated withthe tuldingy (nbs,
[902s Sine elena architecture particle han sree
soto, thin aon his ha pits fect sbve al wih the
‘chaeolgy of mederlchrces
‘Syatematisarshaslgel nestigntins fairl reals ls
‘ngs ard the tun ofthe cnt Tis work war aftr scopes
{o'pesrved and known esvronenta that the erawains oe
‘ermedvatthed er nonfunetosing at such ar Pine af harden,
"Booster, and care, nd two that ed Ssapesred or bs
oved. The exaratins ula ten eh oeapss oe moments
sodbracermala the pat vile aod serio be public Anderson,
snd Wiener, 189; Clarke 1880) I thas cane wore eheclgy
tresconducdin enting ovan noch ae Land In presen ay Suede,
‘is pial that the exevatinssnceracd places witha pongo
Inthe interwar ear, adiova arhaslogyunderwe
‘roth, epcally ar areal of oxnrens ends y pai it
‘backround inhstary anarchists Toe work wosintnsed pia,
ly ae complement to the study of sleet It was eomored
‘portant ree th cet history and apr efinddaltot
(sin, 188 orto shed Ligh on the balding try ef nda
‘momament (Kackenbor, 19822) os lee fala epecs of tae
Middle Ages were ale stade, sch as cry urban crate Bian
194) aid he agrarian sean ann 864,
Although medieval arhaelgy ested an racial civ in the
19908 and 1900, twat not unl ear the Sad Worl Wer tte
et wn professonalind und besa tn eedemte dcp th
18te and 100 archaelogil excavations relly ge ur ey a
surviving waiovalweitingy That was when scerengercecsog)
‘snd thearteural dorama of mane wee inti oa
complet traigepieanaly of ting te Figure 2) (Aner
$00 and Wienbrg, 199; Radwel 8.
‘Although the profesinaltation of medieval archaclogy tok
lac lng afer he ial Agu eames mbsf ken inert te
‘abe hares certain nana fetus with tic engin ote
‘steretin the Mile Agu, Thefoat has hen enon esunets aed
ties Chat can be anrcted wih tho medina sates en tet ec
tee Aa astative example the tach! of Flick medio
inert Arcana in aoe "
rchuology In Plan, which wat newly crested in bot oll and
[esraphic tam ate the Sond Wor Wa, peet schnell
‘Stenton was deraad n the 960s and 186 the ergence fhe
Pala sate This war wae prea er on epee
‘lla feland, commemorated 60-3066 (Lace 080
“The recustration avd rbuling of Trepeann er the
Sucond World Werizten aint oat ts dec fcr fore owes
the rubjct (eg. Febring 99111) Te geste oracle
‘ceavatios see the 180 many medial Eupeon oes ave
‘hdaubtedly atled metievel archasogy snd iu charater, Move
‘indamental Tacos ald be soap, howe in thtaged prec:
‘vere both archaedogy andhistory Archaclogy was olangeriowed
‘tn excavating branch af rt istry, ba rater ae exten of
bist, wheres hitry wae ineeasngyconsroed wth sal ed
‘oon itr Mesival archaea he theres ben hey
Atened by histor (Aur 1990) and very few dios rence
‘woth tho tana source mace ofr bar, suche chr
Tura, wooden eulptres, manuscript ilatation, and ata of
‘2 sver enamel a ory In eter word, medieval achaeslgy
‘ols a mach mee linited pert of mera etre than doe,
{las rcbasegy.Onw ofthe few meee achooegts wh as
‘nda tronder perspective nd pronarved sla tte say of he
‘enggraphy of architectures Erk Cathie (67, 1868) whe bas de
oted sera works to medieral aehitctre sid mira Panto,
Where ae seed the importance of the meniags carey Hy
‘eerie, dus untipating a par taday' elect
“Tethers lat ak with istry men tht earn mel
‘ral achaelgy strana teat bund and hensaed strain
{2th vallundertancing ofthe Mile Ager the dot of he
four etaes of sretyin msdn concerning toe santyee the
town the hares, and te ele Ane, 14) nai here
sil stuie arcs, sacha pts, bt hee cee st
Alla fendamental forthe cartier a eset sete divin of
‘terials in daniel erehaolgy. Thsthematisn ia highly abou
{nthe iteroal wrkng groups bunds Elis edievsrharlgy
$e Deered Medieval Vilage Hecarch Gro (1959), the Un He
search Commits (190), the Mosied Sites oenrh Group 97, te
‘GhrehesCmmitiee 0872) and the Meier Pte Research Group
{G57 into, 868880 A comparable internal spon ith
‘separate working groupe and anfrencny, sun aonb dete
‘reach, German, abd Seandinavian teil ardacelagy It loo” caper
founds handbodk of mia erehasiog fom anamber fnasees
(eg Bars, 16; Care, 1964, Febring 196 Lagat, 188)
"the lerpetatve perpesve in deal trsatlogy ha pot
‘ca Weep On the basso geoeral ea completa,
rca) as bes sno pimeny ata meted fr euplomentng
‘Satemporay writen sours. This perp ha at tha te
‘rca ntrestin the Mie ge bn ery diferent chrono
{al eantor of rip n Boop. In Welrs nd Seater Eoope te
‘Saiy hor mostly cancercd the Barly ide Age, snc tare ae
‘ope writan avres fom later pods (ate Prana 980, To
[Norio and aatern Europ onthe oor han, where re ar Gar
fewer tent the whole peri bar bon tied with ore ea inte
Es
‘heen of complementary hae ala mean tha many mediva
schaelgeal investigations have hd the hace of Sta ste
{E'rnin toa piven hist syntbesn boreal apes of he
iil Agee ha arene wallow rm tena have boentaiod Ay |
Important are, enim canal arcaslog has toe rstdement pt
aly intone, but ale art seoment oe gure 82 Alhoegh
‘hur and cst hae en td nina monument ey
Inte fon bon incrpatd inthe propecia fattest arc
57 tn the same wey for example, dir on prodtin sd ei
‘rl everyday fe hve boon snd achaclgealy, to empeneate
Toe dearth o woe source deaing wit thes sat ree
‘i Wiener, 185, Plorhauer Seka, 190)
Inthe ins oon years, boner there bas beens renewsl inthe
joc in that the terrae speatv of the wren sores
hasbeen queatoned. ‘The recaps nace a Sn
inv and Brian, party doe to spas fon anthoplogaly
{ngred irory, sods the Annaler sol sod "che new etre
istry an pry du tothe acre nara ef the btn pre= |
"iste archaeology and anthroplogy ino modivalarchoclg The
hanged carater ef the disapine has ben expres ow pally
fitreat waye. Ono rection has bent write more independent
‘harasses about je medial prosons (Figures
‘firming Atl and Grant, 188, the villages (Chapelt snd Fosse,
1585), the towne tandrasn, 150. Ande, 108), trade lied
1982) craft Chtopheron, 1880 bon predic Francovih 88),
‘in dalton (fekeners, 882) the cores Meri 18 We
‘er, marsunry prions Red, 1977). thin ene the
"tval bs ber stresed by mane ofan emphasis onthe rl of
ins aig autre Hataadare our cans
efesa!teelw t nw sian oe tn Ss
arcaenlogyinsonection wih impetant probs that haeleng ben
‘ioe ty horas ve
Te another, more adil approat, the very ido of areca os
4 complement to hisoy his teen qiessarad, David Austin (000)
‘ryt that it sot suet prvide chase perspective eo
‘stra robles or hm its precy te use nk wis itary
sd hater ass that bs hampered the develop of ato™ Onan
dieval archcnlogy andthe pti of sade of materi cali,
He cals insted fr new qacruon ating sce th tein sh
"Badznton ofthe sued, Anexampesaew yeafnoe the say
‘gender which fr ober Gihrt 043) mane tet artic
lnttet bene mareequiaentaesore aerial Tsuda
St npn fom context archanly mi ts orpbatia oo
‘meaning and ave floret iapeton har apes
‘nine wn way ick up once agin wi he sma bt wach
flder debate stout the konograpy of reiectare (ne Gh,
‘won -
‘Asa stage nthe grades! renewal of modal archaeon the
las 8 years te crater ote sabjee and th itn betwen
‘tel so ne have bon deuasediatensialy, Hever, eae of
thenational fragmentation ofthe ule, te debate as Ben vied
Int dferent ange avens nd has ths bees ended meres
Indopendeny In for exarpe, Brita, Panty Gerang Puan,
shi Scandinavia. To Venpiaend properties however re sk
{ny paral Archasiogy hae been perenne nal hoses as
{role wate or the sey areas that ave rary oy ee
‘enone writes ares ouch acho, enemy, tll
Ans and overday leg, Cath, 984 Dhond, Wik Sank
197 Harr tan ther branche of aehelgs, teal arcs
logit sneered the Fron Anais laren sng mar ef test
te melee! peel Sevral scar ave pointed approvingly to
Fern Bravia “ong waver” a auatie sects arcaueapcal
Stolp hide, 184, Hodges, 1068 Kiasheberg, 102, Ostersery
1078), Yet there has ls oo ea tae enantio orca
(gy on enone and scl questions. Walaa Sesdenepno (188)
tlhe that the arharleal emphasis othe guns f her
‘nv onan understingic af the evden vive of te wan
Sources He args inrtaed tht tntera eature cases Ginenson,
Imlifean that rchacnogy therfore canta wel ly ena ok
pull sce
he qstion ofthe roa f texte in arcesogicl work has ba
prcaledin very ferent ways An carer eon tse he ge
Netorl tecground knw, For Miche de Board 999) tae
artigo forarehaoleg ls questions emsatd into
(ne reaction othe stance aso ec writen source geet
‘his perspective hae bon paral a inte terpef ne