in fact that it is impossible to disentangle the two. Moreover, as enmeshed in
particular spatio-temporal contexts, our being-in-the-world means we encounter,
experience, and understand things in specific, relational ways, within an
elaborate field of possibilities. These include, for example, everyday items which
are ‘ready-to-hand’ in contrast to objects of detached observation and
contemplation (ie., things which are ‘present-at-hand’; see Heidegger 1962:98-
99). His classic example is that of a hammer which is first and fundamentally
known to us through our embodied engagement with it, as well as our
understandings of its use and position within a web of other items such as lumber
and nails. When it is used as intended, the hammer ‘withdraws’ from any explicit
concern we might have with it. It is only when the hammer breaks that it
becomes something to ponder in its uselessness,
Heidegger's concern with our practical understandings of the world, which
implied that one could not tease apart the conscious and the corporeal in
everyday modes of engagement, was recognized by Merleau-Ponty as a facet of
post-Enlightenment thought in need of explication. To this end, in the
Phenomenology of Perception (1962 [1945}), Merleau-Ponty advanced the theory
of the corps-sujet or body subject’ as a unified whole defined by the primacy ofa
perceptual rather than ‘pure’ consciousness. The world is always already
understood as relational and meaningful because situations are experienced, first
and foremost, not as atomized and idealized events instilled with meaning by the
‘mind,’ but rather as immediate and suffusive encounters that provide modalities
for a bodily relationship with things that cannot be achieved by consciousness
alone. This point is taken up by Mary Weismantel in her discussion of
architectural features at Chavin de Huantar in Peru. Here, Weismantel’s focus on
the ‘body/artifact interface’ provides for a discussion of the kinaesthetic forms of
engagement that must take place in order to view stones such as the Obelisk Tello
and the Lanzén, processes which at times are frustrating, awkward, and
incomplete.
But what is this corporeal form through which our relationships with the
world become reified? Is it an inviolable and fixed container, as modern Western
conventions would have it, the surfaces of which may be subject to a variety of
cultural’ modifications (e.g., through dress, cosmetics, prostheses, ornamentation,
tattooing, etc.)? Following Strathern’s (1988) performative account of Melanesian
personhood and Csordas’ (1990) call for a ‘paradigm of embodiment,’ (see also
e.g. Butler 1993; Grosz 1994), many anthropologists and archaeologists have
explicitly eschewed such biological conceptions, and have instead embraced a
view of the body as a fabrication of the social relations that take effect among an
assortment of human and non-human ‘others.’ Chief among the tenets associated
with such a position is that the human body is a processual entity; it is
continually made and remade through the exchange of human and non-human
substances such as bodily fluids (e.g, Busby 1997; Weismantel 2004), foodstufts,
and medicines, as well as the incorporation of ornaments and the like. This theme
is explored in contributions by Losey et al., McNiven, Hofmann, and Harris.
Crucially, it is also within such a view that the physicality of the body, rather
than the ethereal properties of consciousness, can be regarded as the locus of
difference between humans and animals. Considerable efforts have been devoted
to advancing this topic within various strands of Amazonian (¢.g., Descola 2005;