ai)=KGFijXfUGai.dt aij'KaijXfua..
dt
i==1,2 j=1,2 polynomials havinig eighth-degree
denominator and sixth-degree numer-
Oij3=Kij Xf Udttu
i= 1 ' 2 j= 1,' 2 ator
e=error function vector
These signals are used to position servo- XI x, = controlled variables
driven potentiometers which are used to XI, X2 = variables xi and x2 after passing
synthesize B and T. through high-pass filter
P= Laplace transform vector of perturbing
Psignals sinusoids of frequency
PI, P2=perturbing sinusoids of frequency
wO, and tW2
Appendix 11. List of Sym6ols 1 W2= frequency of perturbations
Bil, B22 = elements of controller transfer
X=plant output vector function matrix
X0=system input vector Hil H a2
F = plant input vector _s . 11 P . H21,, H2222 elements of plant transfer func-
B = controller transfer function matrix tion matrix
H =plant transfer function matrix S = Laplacian variable
D = diagonal matrix required to make y =filter parameter
tracking matrix T realizable Ka.= tracking-loop-gain constants
CT =trackinitialv
T =tracking matrix
matrix
Co =initial value matrix K, 1) = tracking-loop-gain constants
ai,bj=ln aamtr
bi3=plant
tIJ, parameters unknown func-
nnw uc
C = optimized open-loop transfer function
matrix tion of time
M = niatrix whose elements are ratio of
polynomials having sixth-degree de-
tijtracking
= parameters of tracking matrix,
a bs2, respectively
nomination and fourth-degree numer- clj, d1; =parameters of optimized matrix C
hiip hI2 elements of inverse planit
~~~~~=elements plant matrix
ator ator 7 = matri
N =matrix whose elements are ratio of h,,, hh,, H-1
ow to oe ect vvercurrent se ay
Characteristics
aracteristics
D. V. FAWCETT
SENIOR MEMBER IEEE
Summary: One table herein lists induction manufacturers' relays which have similar
overcurrent relays, available from the var-
ioUs manufacturers, along with equivalent time characterist ics. The paper con-
time versus current characteristics. An- cludes with a guide for selecting time char-
other table gives relay types and current acteristics which generally provide good
ranges suitable for phase and ground pro- co-ordination and protection for each
tection of 12 of the most commonly en- type of system element. Among the
countered industrial plant distribution and t
motor circuits. Recommendations result types of system elements included are:
from detailed considerations of a hypo- transformer primary and secondary
thetical industrial power system. Use of breaker protections, a feeder serving two
these tables can be instrumental in good or more transformers having individual
relay co-ordination and protection in the primary fuses. Both phase- and ground-
majority of applications when time does not
relay applications are included, with
distinctions made between solidly
IO AID THE READER in making grounded and resistance grounded sys-
I the optimum selection of overcurrent tems.
relay time characteristic for each specific Optimum performance from the ap-
application, this paper intends to pro- plication of overcurrent relays can be ob-
vide sufficient background knowledge and tained. The basic requirement is for the
"food for thought." The time character- power system to have a properly designed
istics generally available are normally single line diagram. Choice of current
referred to as definite minimum, inverse, transformer ratios and relay ampere
very inverse, extremely inverse, short ranges is important. Relays must have
time, and long time. A hypothetical in- suitable time delay and instantaneous
dustrial plant power system is considered overcurrent elements to give protection
as an example, and various relay selec- and selectivity of tripping, consistent with
tions for it are discussed. A table is in- requirements of the electric load being
cluded listing type designations of various served.
94 Fawcett-Overcu>rrent Relay Characteristics
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hi1', h12' =elenments of HI-', (H, 1 is an
hnlj, h22' approximation to H---')
Uaij, Udj = low-pass-filter outputs
Uj=constants
n1ll, m,2 = elements of M
M 2
n1, =elements of N
ni,, n12
nil,
i
Al11, Al9, absolute value of iv1l and M21 for
sll, l2 s=jw
i', l,= absolute value Of V12n anI1d n for
A12,i,=Nu 2 S
a
"Vll N12 = value of nii, n12, n2, n22 for s = 0
1 =angles of complex number of 0
n21 =a d
angle, =c s wl numbers of in,,
r offorcomplex
n n =~~~~~~~~~~~~~=angleS
0229' 0 andMin for s =jCO
Reference
1. TRANSFER FUNCTIONs TRACKING AND ADAP-
TIVE CONTROL SYSTEpMS, C. N. Weygandt, N. N.
Puri. Transactions, Professional Group on Auto-
matic Control, Institute of Radio Engineers,
n
New York, N. Y., VAC-8 N-2, May 1961.
Quite variety of time delay over-
a
current relay characteristics are available
from the electrical manufacturers: def-
inite time, inverse, extremely inverse, etc.
In most instances, any one of two or
more relay characteristics will result
in some degree oflocation. a specific
success forFrequently,
power system
however, there is only one relay character-
istic that really does the job well.
Background material which should be
valuable in making the optimum selection
of relay characteristic for specific applica-
tions include the discussion on choice of
relays for a hypothetical plant electric
power system, and the listing of available
relay typesandcharacteristics,alongwith
a general selection guide.
The relays referred to in this paper
happen to be of Westinghouse manu-
facture because these are the ones with
which the author is most familiar. Other
manufacturers have similar relays. The
intent herein is simply to illustrate prin-
ciples of selecting relay chlaracteristics,
using a hypothetical plant as an example.
Relays for Hypothetical Industrial
Plant
DESCRIPTION OF POWER SYSTEM
A single-line diagram of thle hypo-
thetical plant is shown in Fig. 1. Both
4,000-volt and 5,50-volt motors are
operated, and the transformers, which step
down to575 volts are supplied from a4.16-
kv plant-distribution system which, in
MAY 196.3
turn, is supplied through two transformers NORMAL
LINE
STAND
LiNE
BY
from two utilitv lines. Items normally
shown on single-line diagrams and here I 1 A
5 MVA
omitted for purposes of clarity are: IOMVA
breaker drawout facilities, breaker ratings I
and type of operation, some cable and bus- SIG 0 r 5IG
duct ratings, quantity and ratio of CT's )L.
(current transformers), metering, some I z
PT's (potential transformers) and fuses, F7 Y W
utility line relays and transformer pro- NC - NO---
- NO
tection and some overcurrent relays, and 27 l KV
relay types and quantities. Also several 50/51 L][
of the principal items of power circuits and ( 50/SIN 50N/S 51N
equipment are not shown.
The low-voltage system is 575- volts. / 49/50/51/51N //
This voltage is used to some extent in l r J, 750 KVA 87 750 KVA
steam-electric generating station auxiliary 55 /.X 360
55 / X

systems in the
United States, and in much of Canada.
Most of the United States, however, and
northeastern
|/2MILE
LINE 6LE
part of the
HP

3600 _I2fi9
many areas in Western Canada use 460 1) 0 I PS5G
volts. 5
' D
Fig. I is intended to represent a plant R SOS 3 IC 500 MCM
which was initially relatively small and | 7750
l
was served from a single utility line and KYA 9 9 M CENTER OLX
a 5-mva (megavolt-ampere) transformer. ' E C
XVhen expanded, a second utility line and )
a 10-mva transformer were added along T
with a dual-bus 4.16-kv distribution sys-
tem and 3,600-hp (horsepower) motor. OTHER 75 HP
The first utility line is reserved for stand- LOADS MAX
by use.
Further plant expansion would prob- Fig. 1. Single-line diagram of hypothetical plant
ably result in replacing the 5-mva trans-
former with a larger one and in hav-
in,gth the utilitv- operate off both lines the large compressors. Letter designa- mitted according to the motor operating
simultaneouslvr. Both 4.16-kv bus tie tions in Fig. 1 represent protective relays. instructions. In the meantime, relay 49
breakers breakers be operated
could could operated normallv
nType designations, settings, and other will have heated up somewhat during the
closed-if the utility permitted and the associated data for these relays are listed inrush condition and will not reset for a
ofaulthcapacityewouldnot6bexee.
fault capacity would not exceed te
of the 4.16-ky breakers. If oneatie
the rating in Table I. while.
degree ofTherefore,
protectionrelay rating
49 provides
for repetitive some
starting
breaker would be operated normally PROTECTION OF 3,600-HP MOTOR conditions.
open, however, then
openhowever, then for continuity of
for continuity
service reasons, it should have automatic- A double-element phase thermal over- The prime function of relay 49, of
closing easontrol intheaeven
.t operate current relay-device 49/50-is included course, is to perform in accordance with
fclossng oftronelie operrtesondn ien-
to in relay protection in Fig. 1 to obtain over- motor heating for motor-overload condi-
lossupponelyntra comrer.onding
coming
in-
load and phase short-circuit protection. tions, tripping when needed to pro-
Theigsppl
arrangementfof thisplantA single long-time induction over- tect the motor against damaging tem-
purposelv chosent thiustrlatensoe
purposely i chosen ttoo illustrate some oof current locked
against
relav-device 51-protects peratures. In many processes, it is most
rotor or sustained starting important that relay 49 does not trip
t
co-mordinatfionrequirepents. Discussont inrush current conditions, associated with unnecessarily soon for overload conditions.
c-ofhislatont arrangement offersin-
thisplantar gemt shouldapets
an unsuccessful starting acceleration. Ground-fault protection can be ob-
sgtitsoeof broald o- The pickup current for this relay is set tained, using a residually connected short-
overcurrent co-ordination. While thisI about 250%7
motor rating so that the time induction overcurrent relav-device
hvpovhericurren co-ordinat.
ant Wlem thsn relatively fast operating time of the relay 51N. The theoretical pickup of the relay
resemble those most frequentlv encoun- will not result in unnecessary motor trip- would be for 60 primary amperes using
tered, it represents a typical it rersntping for overload conditions.
tered,modern the 0.5-ampere tap with 600-5 CT's. The
The operating time of relay 51 is then relatively high-relav burden, however, re-
determined to be just slow enough to quires about 10 secondary volts to produce
permit a successful acceleration under the 0).5 relay ampere. Each of the three
Paper 61-1047, recommended bytheAJEE Indus- codtospeitbe
trial and Commercial Power Systems Committee seeetirs codtospeitb. CTshnrques04-m rexiig
and approved by the AWEE Technical Operations The relay then trips to provide protection current. The actual primary pickup is,
Department for presentation at the AIEE Fall
General Meeting, Detroit, Mich., October 15-20, to the motor rotor and stator and to pre- therefore, 0.62 by 600/5 = 74.5 amperes.
1961. Manuscript submitted July 7, 1961l; made vent unnecessary heating. If the relay W'ith 2,000O-ampere maximum ground-
available for printing August 24, 1962.
D. . FWCET i wih Cnadan estnghuse trips during an unsuccessful start, the fault current available, the 51 N relay can
Company, Hamilton, Ont., Canada. motor can be restarted as soon as per- detect a ground fault in the motor wind-
M\AY 1963 Fawcett Overcurrent Relay Characteristics 95

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 Table 1. Protective Devices and Their Settings

Protection
Apparatus
Primary
Device Letter Available Name- Primary Pickup
Designation Device Adjustments, CT plate, Pickup/ Nameplate,
in Fig. 1 Type Amperes Device Settings Ratio Type Amperes Amperes Amperes

Phase Devices
D DB-25 400-Ampere Coil 400-Ampere and 20-Second Long Delay (LD) Cable 380 400 1.05
2,000-Ampere and 6-cycle Short Delay (SD)
E DB-50 1,000-Ampere Coil 1,000-Ampere 12-Second LD, 5,000-Ampere
14-Cycle SD
F DB-50 1,000-Ampere Coil 1,600-Ampere 20-Second LD, 7,500-Ampere
30-Cycle SD Transformer 720 1,600 2.22
G CO-9 4-12, 20-80-IT
(Instantaneous
Trip) 6-Ampere 2.5-Time Dial (TD), 40-IT 400-5 Transformer 104 480 4.62
J CO-9 4-12-Ampere 12-Ampere, 2-TD 1,000-5 Cable
R Co-II 4-12, 40-160 5-Ampere, 11-TD, 56-IT 150-5 Transformer 104 150 1.45
T CO-i 4-12, 40-160 5-Ampere, 4-TD, 105-IT 400-5 Line
U CO-6 0.5-2.5 0.5-Ampere, 0.5-TD 600-5 Motor 444
V BL-1 2.5-5, 6-50 3.7-Ampere, 30-Ampere 600-5 Motor 444 532 1.20
V CO-5 4-12, 20-80 10-Ampere, 2-TD, 30-Ampere 600-5 Motor 444 1,200 2.70
W CO-i 4-12 4-Ampere, 9-TD 2,000-5
X CO-ii 4-12 4-Ampere, 11-TD 2,000-5 Transformer 690 1,600 2.32
Y CO-i1 4-12 4-Ampere, 6-TD 2,000-5
Z CO-9 4-12 7-Ampere, 6-TD 2,000-5 Transformer 1,380 2,800 2.03
Ground Devices
G CO-9 0.5-2.5-Ampere 1 0-Ampere, 1 0-TD 400-5 80
J CO-9 0.5-2.5-Ampere 0.5-Ampere, 4-TD 1,000-5 100
P SC-1 0.5-2-Ampere 0.5-Ampere Type BYZ CT 100-5 17
R CO-9 0.5-2.5 0.5-Ampere, 1.0-TD 150-5
T CO-9 0. 5-2.5 0. 5-Ampere 400-5
V CO-2 0.5-2.5 0. 5-Ampere, 0.5-TD 600-5 74.5
W, X, Y, Z, Q*

* It is not believed necessary to consider these ground relays since their application is simple use of the same principles as for phase relays.

ing between the line terminals and about high-speed differential-type relays are here. Extremely inverse relays such as
74.5/2,000 by 100 = 3.7% from the wind- available. R in Table I usually give the best in-
ing neutral. Time versus current curves for the dividual transformer primary protection
Use of a zero-sequence window-type relay settings listed in Table I are shown when standard 575-volt secondary switch-
CT permits lower ground-fault pickup in Fig. 2 for the 3,600-hp motor relays gear is involved. It is usually necessary
currents to be obtained. Relay P, for V 49, 50, 51, 51iN, and U 87. to permit the overcurrent characteristic of
example, picks up at about 17 primary Other forms of motor protection such these relays to cut through the knee of
amperes, although its theoretical pickup as current unbalance, negative-sequence the secondary breaker trip unit charac-
would be 10 amperes. current, undervoltage, and phase-reversal teristic band. This is acceptable pro-
Conventional differential protection of protection are not discussed here. viding relays R do not intersect the knee
motors makes use of induction overcurrent of the largest 575-volt feeder breaker
relays with restraint windings to obtain PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS trip unit band D. See Fig. 2.
a percentage differential current charac- Phase overcurrent relays G protect The second point to note is that the
teristic. This characteristic is desirable three 750-kva transformers. The settings source total XIR ratio is low-less than 3,
for transformers and generators to insure for these relays are conventional and were in this case-when a long 3-conductor
against false tripping for high-magnitude discussed in a paper presented at cable is involved. Therefore, there will
and duration fault currents supplied to the AIEE Fall General Meeting, Chicago, not be much asymmetry in the trans-
external faults. Squirrel-cage induction Ill., October 11-16, 1959, under the title, former contribution to a secondary fault.
motors, however, will not contribute more "Overcurrent Protection for Industrial The instantaneous trip in relay R, in this
than about 700% of their rating in sym- Power Systems. case, can be set only 23% above the maxi-
metrical current to an external fault. Relays R provide individual protection mum symmetrical contribution to a sec-
This contribution decreases from its for a 750-kva transformer. The over- ondary fault. This means that 12% is to
initial magnitude to zero in about 6 cycles current characteristics for phase relays match the maximum asymmetry factor
or less. R, transformer secondary breaker direct for X/R=3, and 10% is for the conven-
Bearing this in mind, it will be seen overcurrent trip units E, and the largest tional additional relay setting tolerance.
that plain induction overcurrent relays 575-volt feeder breaker trip units D are Relays G are very inverse. This charac-
can serve as differential protection- shown in Fig. 2. The pickup of relays R teristic is desirable, in general, for use
device 87-of this motor. The relays is at 145%o of transformer rating. This on a feeder serving two or more trans-
chosen- U in Table I-are faster than relatively low pickup is desirable since formers. The higher relay pickup re-
the same manufacturer's equivalent per- this transformer is supplied by a 3- quired permits use of the very inverse
centage restraint differential relays up to conductor cable, 1/2 mile long, and the instead of the extremely inverse character-
high-current values where their operating maximum fault capacity is only about 50 istic. This is apparent in Fig. 2 since the
time becomes the same, about 0.13 second mva on the transformer primary ter- transformers protected by relays C and R
or 8 cycles. The two types havre the same minals. have the same ratings and secondary
burden. As an alternative, of course, There are two important points to note switchgear tripping characteristics.
96 Fawcett-Overcurrent Relay Characteristics MAY 1963

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PROTECTION OF FEEDERS Fi g. 2. Overcurrent co- 1000 5r _
10 _ 50r
I
100*
1. . ** 500 1000 5000
ordination
. .

III tII
Feeders using cable usually do not o00 1111 II

have appreciable impedance for voltages 400

above 575 volts. Instantaneous over- 1I 1
current elements, therefore, can seldom 200
be used on their source end. Relays J
illustrate this. Long cables can have so I -SI I

appreciable impedance. For 115-mva 60

fault capacity at relays T, the correspond-
ing fault capacity at relays R is about 20
47 mva. For 250 mva at relays T, there
would be about 55 mva at relays R. 1_
Accordingly, instantaneous elements X 81 1 IL
are used in relays T with a primary pickup 'i
of 8,400 amperes, which is 61 mva. For a
fault at relays R end of line, the total
_
Z
)1
1 X I
X

source X/R ratio is less than 1 and so no z

asymmetry has to be allowed for in select-IL I x

ing the pickup of the instantaneous ele- 6 1 x

ment in relays T. 4
An extremely inverse characteristic
for relays T is given in Fig. 2 to illustrate E
one potential limitation of this character-
istic. Relays T must co-ordinate with .08
relays R at the pickup current of the 51
instantaneous elements in R. A co-
ordination interval of 0.45 second isshown.
This is quite satisfactory. At higher fault
currents, the operating time of' relavsv
T .01
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
500lOO50lO lOOO 5000
becomes so fast that they do not co- MULTIPLY BY 10 TO OBTAIN CURRENT IN AMPERES AT 4.16 KV
ordinate with the instantaneous elements
in relays R.
For example the operating time of re-
lays T is only 0.2 second at fault current T. The extremely inverse characteristic relays Z because of their relatively high
just below the pickup of the instantaneous in phase relays Y is required to override pickup. If the 10-mva transformer were
elements in T. Minimum time difference the 3,600-hp motor inrush and still sup- larger and the remainder of the system
probably would not be less than 0.25 ply backup protection to this inrush unchanged, even less inverse character-
second. The best solution in this cir- condition. istics might be used-perhaps moderate
cumstance would be to use the verv Phase relays W have the same pickup inverse relays. The dashed line to the
inverse characteristic for relays T. as phase relays Y. Relays TV must be right of curve Z in Fig. 2 indicates the
set somewhat slower, however, in order slower time that would be obtained if re-
to co-ordinate with phase relays J. Fig. lavs Z were extremely inverse.
PROTECTION ON 4.16-Ky BUS INCOMING 2 shows that the curve for relavs W Phase relays X have 1,600-ampere
crosses the curve for relays J at low cur- primary pickup--232% of the 5-mva
The partial differential bus relays Y rents. This is considered acceptable in transformer rating. These relays are
must co-ordinate with relays U, V, G, and order to use the much lower 1,600- extremely inverse. The curve is shown
T. Fault currents supplied from the nor- ampere pickup of relays W. Relays J for the slowest setting possible. This is
mal line through both tie breakers to the pickup is 2,400 amperes, based on other not necessary, however. Phase relays X
4.16-kv bus on the right in Fig. 1 are not considerations noted by the author in the and W could have the same time, pro-
seen by relays Y. Relays Y will have 1959 paper mentioned previously. Also viding adequate co-ordination with relays
sufficient time delay to override motor note references 1 through la if added Y is obtained.
contribution currents that flow through data are desired.
them for this condition. The pickup of Phase relays Z on the normal line in- GROUND RELAYS
phase relays Y is chosen at 1,600 amperes, coming breaker have a 2,800-ampere Most considerations so far have been
which is about 65% of the starting inrush primary pickup, which is 203% of the made for phase relays only. Turning to
on the 3,600-hp motor. This relatively, 10-mva transformer rating. The time ground relays as shown in Table I, the
low pickup is chosen purposely to insure delay is sufficient to obtain the required WPiestinghouse type CO-9 very inverse
that relays VYwill provide backup protec- co-ordination with relays W, the co- relay is frequently used. It is relatively
tion to relay V 51 on the 3,600-hp motor. ordination time being 0.55 second at fast at high currents, and usually not too
However, relays V must not trip un- the 15,800-ampere symmetrical maximum slow at low currents. In some cases,
necessarily and so their time delay is current presently available from the 10- however, other relay characteristics are
chosen to be about 25 seconds at the mva transformer. Phase relays Z do not better suited. The extremely inverse
3,600-hp motor starting inrush current. have to co-ordinate with relays V since relay type CO-li has about the same
As seen in Fig. 2, phase relays V co-or- they trip the same incoming breaker. operating time at low currents as the
dinate as required with relays U, V, C, and Very inverse relays are satisfactory for CO-9 but becomes faster at high currents.
MAY 1963 Fawcett--Overcurrent Relay Characteristics 97

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 WESTINGHOUSE CO RELAYS Table 1i
UPPER CURVES ARE 11 TIME DIAL SETTING __________________________________________
LOWER CURVES ARE 1/2 TIME DIAL SETTING
Relay Type Designations for Various Characteristics
2 4 6 8 10 20 30 4050 Short Definite More Very Extreme Long
Soo I I ~~~~~Relay Manufacturer Time Time Inverse Inverse Inverse Inverse Time

400 ~~~~~~~~Westinghouse CO-2 CO-6 CO-7 CO-I CO 9 CO-II CO-5

I ~~~~~~General Electric IAC55 IAC5I I1AC53 1AC77 I1AC66
Federal Pacific and
200 ~~~~~~~~~English
Electric
Brown Boveri
CDGII CDGJ3 CDG14I CDGI2
Type A Type AK

CO 11- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Table
IIl
Co- 9 CO-5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Applicahle
Westinghouse Relays
20
Case
~~~~~~~~~~~~Equipment to Be Protected
Relays
hy Overcurrent
Type
Tap Range, Instantaneous
Amperes Range, Amperes

0
z 6
- ~~~~~~~~1
Individual Transformer with Low-Voltage
Switchgear
CO-Il Phase
CO-9 Ground
4 to 12
0. 5 to 2. 5
40 to 160
Note 1
0 CO- I.I --I ~~~~~~2~~~~~~~~~~~~~Breaker)
Transformer Primary (or Switchgear Incoming
Serving All or Major Portion of a
CO-9 Ground 0.5 to 2.5 Notes 1, 2
Phase Relays Depend npon Relative Size of
3
2 ~~~~~~~CO-6 Plaut Largest Plant Feeder Compared with Plant
a c a co-a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Supply
L'%.1 1 IIQ_
Co.
j7- 1 CO-9 co-9a Relatively Small Plant Feeders CO-7 Phase 4 to 12 Notes 2, 3
.8 'k I ~~~~~~~~b
Medium Plant Feeders CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 Notes 2, 3
.6 _CO-7 c ~~~~~~~~Relatively Large Plant Feeders CO-1l Phase 4 to 12 Notes 2, 3
-CO-6 ~~~~~~~~3
Feeder Serving Two or More Transformers CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 None
Which Have Individual Primary Fuses CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2.5 Note 4
Co-II 4 Feeder Serving Two or More Transformers CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 40 to 160
.2 ~~~~~~~~~~~Which
Do Not Have Individual Primary Pro- CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2.5 Note 1
CO-2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~tection
.1III 11%1%:'%~ z CO-7C06 5 Feeder to Single-Fused Medium-Voltage Motor CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 None
fill Is. IIIStarter
I~ CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2. 5 Note 5
.08 -4- ~~~~~~6
Feeder to Several Individually Fused Medium- Phase and Ground Relays Usually Selected
,06 ~~~~~~~c08 Voltage Motor Starters Same as Case 5. When Feeder Supplied
.04 Co- 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Several
Motors, All Relatively Small, It May
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Be
Possihle to Use CO-7 Phase Relays
7 Listed helow Individual Motor, Protected hy Several Alternatives Are Availahle Below
.02 ~~~~~~~Co-II Relays
a Two Relays for Overload and Short-Circuit CO-5 Phase 2 to 6 20 to 80
.0 I One Relay for Locked Rotor CO-S Phase 4 to 12 20 to 80 or
2. 4 6 810 20 30 4050 None
MULTIPLES OF TAP VALUE CURRENT b Thermal Overcurrent Relay for Overload BL-1 Phase 2. 5 to 5 6 to 50
and Short-Circuit
One RelaforLoced RotorCO-5 Phase 4 to 12 20 to 80 or
Fig. 3. Relay time versus current charac- OeRlyfrLce oo None
teristics cTwo or Three Relays for Overload Alarm, CO,11-5 Phase 2 to 6 4 to 16 and
Locked Rotor, and Short Circuit 20 to 80
d Overload Alarm, Backup Overload Trip- COM-5 Phase 2 to 6 4 to 16 and
ping, Locked Rotor, and Short Circuit 20 to 80
The CO-li also has a much lower burden. BL-1 Phase 2. 5to 5 6 to 50
The CO-6 and CO-7--definite minimum e Residual Ground Relay CO-2 Ground 0.5 to 2.5 Notes 6, 7
f Zero Sequence Window Type CT When SC or Instantaneous 0. 5 to 2
and moderate inverse relays, respec- Motor Does Not Have Arresters ITFI Ground Instantanleous 0. 25 to 1
tively--are quite fast at low currents and g Zero Sequence Window Type CT When
Motor Has Surge Arresters
CO-li Ground
0. 5 to 2.5 None
tend -to level out at hig,her currents. 8 Feeder Serving Relatively Large Motor, Con- CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2. 5 None
They are applicable to some incominig trolled from Its Own Breaker and Relays
a Motor Without Differential Relays CO-li Phase 4 to 12 None
supply circuits. The short-time CO-2 b Motor With Differential Relays CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 None
9 Transfrtner ScondaryBreakerPhase and Ground Relays Selected Same as
relay is a very fast relay, well suited to CarasoresScodryBeae
motor ground-fault protection. Its rela- 10 Individual Motor, Protected hy Phase Power Comments f and g of Case 7 Apply
Fuses on Grounded System
tively high burden must be considered 11 Feeder Serving Long-Line With Open Con- CO-1l Phase 4 to 12 40 to 160
in a few special applications, uising very 1212 doctors
Feeder Serving Long 3-Conductor Cable or
CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2. 5
See Comments for Any of Cases 1 Through 10
Note 1
poor CT's and high-burden equipment Closely Spaced 1-Conductor Cahles Which Are Otherwise Applicahle
in the CT secondary phases.

Available Relay Types and General Guide for Selecting ADVISORY NOTES
Characteristics Overcurrent Relays The following notes are referred to in
The above-noted characteristics of Many overcurrent relay applications Table III:
1. Use 10- to 40-ampere instantaneous
WetXTa+1r1iingosetp
Cneay r in- require spdcianl s-iitudy, but Tabkle TIT may rnefo oil gonexyses7o

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omnit the instantaneous element, or supply use CO-il relay rated 0.5 to 2.5 amperes. F. P. Brightman. Ibid., pt. 1l1-A (Power Appa-
the switchgear with it disconnected from ratus and Systems), vol. 73, Apr. 1954, pp.
the trip circuit. 8. The thermal capacity of all relays 397-406.
selected should be specifically checked, or 6. SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENTS,
3. Use 10- to 40-ampere instantaneous otherwise known to be adequate for the AIEE Committee Report. Ibid., vol. 67, 1948.
range on supply transformers with imped- maximum relay-current magilitudes and pp. 1433-35.
ance above 12%. Use 20- to 80-ampere durations which can occur on the specific 7. THE TIE BETWEEN A UTILITY AND AN INDUS-
range on supply transformers with 7% to system involved. TRIAL WcHEN TtBIbidU ptR I (A pplicaons an1d
12% Z. Use 40- to 160-ampere range if 9 Occasionally, standardization on rela- Industry), vol. 77, July 1958, pp. 136-43.
supply transformers have impedance below tively large ratios may be desired for feeder- 8. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN LOW-VOLTAGE
7. current transformers. If initial plant-fault SYSTEms, NEMA Committee Report. Ibid., vol.
76, Nov. 1955, pp. 276-86.
4. No instantaneous relays are required in capacity is also relatively low, the 4- to 12-
solidly grounded systems.so.InI resistance-
eitne ampere relay range may be somewhat high.
range TUREGENERAL PRINCIPLLES
LiMITs ARE BASIED INUPON RATINGTEMPERA-
THE, WHICH oF ELEC-
Onnteohrhn,te2 TRIC MACHINES AND APPARATUS. AIEE Standard
o6apr
grounded systems, comments in Note 1 the otherhand, the 2- to 6-ampere range
apply. may be restrictive for the future. Relays No. 1, Oct. 1952.
commonly used in Canada now have a 2.5- 10. INDUCTION MOTOR TEMPERATURE CHARAC-
5. No instantaneous relays are required to 10-ampere range, which provides con- TERISTICS, J. F. Heidbreder. AIEE Transactions,
in solidly grounded systems. In resistance- siderable flexibility for both initial and future pt. III (Power Apparatus and Systems), vol.
grounded systems, comments in Note 1 conditions. 77, Oct. 1958, pp. 800-04.
apply if motor starter does not have its own 11. GUIDE FOR LOADING OIL-IMMERSED DlIs-
ground relay. For solidly grounded system, TRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS. ASA
motor should have single-phasing protection References Standard C57.92, American Standards Association,
New York, N. Y., Jan. 1956.
unless an extremely fast-latching ground
1. ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR INDUS- REGULATING
12. DISTRIBUTION, POWER, AND OTHER THAN
relay is used. TRIAL PLANTS. AIEE Publication No. 952, Oct. TRANSFORMERS, AND REACTORS
6. Use 10- to 40-ampere instantaneous 1956. CURRENT-LIMITING REACTORS. ASA Standard
range for solidly grounded system. For r- re- 2. GROUNDING OF INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS. C57.12, July 1956.
sistange-forsolilgrounded systemuuse 4- to 16-
system,
sistance-grounded tor AIJEE Publication No. 953, Oct. 1956. 13. STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANS-
FORMERS. CSA Standard C8&, Canadian Standards
ampere or 10- to 40-ampere relavs, depend- 3. INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS HANDBOOK Association, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, Dec. 1947.
ing upon the CT ratio and maximum ground- (book), Donald Beeman. McGraw-Hill Book
fault
fault currentheCTratio
available. maximumgCompany, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1955.
current available. No. 70, NATIONALELE3CTRICAL
14. NATIONAL CODE PAMPHLET
FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION.
4. SELECTING A-C OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE ASA Standard C-I, American Standards Associa-
7. Check burden on CT's and their per- DEVICE SETTINGS FOR INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, F. P. tion, Sept. 1956.
fornmance regarding saturation on motor Brightman. AIEE Transactions, pt. 11 (Applica-
starting or reaccelerating inrush. If the tions and Industry), vol. 71, Sept. 1952, pp. 203-11. 15. CANADIAN ELECTRICAL CODE CSA Speci-
CO-2 relay burden is indicated as too high, 5. MORE ABOUT SETTING INDUSTRIAL RELAYS, Feb. 1958.

Discussion were well presenited in the author's 1959

tSCUSSIOfl voltage protective
with similar
gear and comparing it
apparatus on the high side of a
delta-Y transformer. A phase-to-phase
M. A. Bostwick (Portland General Electric fault in the low-voltage circuit appears in one
Company, Portland, Oreg.): Mr. Fawcett phase of the high-voltage circuit at a magni-
has presented an interesting description of tude equivalent to a 3-phase fault. Neglect
selecting relay trip-time characteristics of this can destroy selectivity.
which provide plant protection. The prin-
ciples apply equally to industrial, commer-
cial, and electric utility installations of T. Niessink (Commonwealth Associates,
radial distribution. Inc., Jackson, Mich.): The author has
I would like to add a few thoughts to presented a thought-provoking paper on
emphasize the need for using the technique the selection of overcurrent relay character-
he has described. istics.
Selective protection-the ability to detect Although specifically discussing overcur-
and isolate only faulty portions of a dis- rent relay protection in industrial plants,
tribution system-provides insurance many factors presented can be used for
against needless interruptions of service general application. The casual reader
when one portion of the system is in trouble. should be warned, however, that the type of
It can subtract many man and machine characteristics recommended should not be
hours from production costs if properly used for all overcurrent relay applications.
applied. The paper could have been entitled "How to
Checking the time-current characteristics Select Overcurrent Relay Characteristics
of all protective gear is important in the for Industrial Power Systems."
planning period to assure that the apparatus The selection of overcurrent relay charac-
selected will be compatible with other de- teristics requires a study of (1) the co-ordina-
vices. Particular care should be taken to tion with other protective devices which is
avoid unnecessary interruptions of service well illustrated in the paper; (2) the varia-
in plant areas of great importance. tion of short-circuit current during various
The added cost of doing this, while first operating conditions and with various types
planning a distribution system, is small com- of faults; (3) transient characteristics of the
pared to the production that can be need- load such as motor starting, cold-load pickup,
lessly lost when detailed work is neglected. etc.; (4) special considerations such as reset
Drawing a family of time-current curvTes, time when automatic reclosing is used and
similar to the set in Fig. 2, is highly recoin- such as current transformer ratio break-
mended to determine the suitability of the down caused by motor inrush currents;
proposed installation-1before equipment is and (5) limiting the number of types of
ordered. Then when installed, major pieces relay characteristics for simplicity and to
of apparatus should he tested to be sure that reduce inventory requirements in those
the desired settings are obtained, cases where spare relays are deemed neces-
An interesting detail should be remem- sary. The usual result involves comn-
bered when checking operation of low- promnises. Many of these compromises
MAY 1963 Fawcett-Overcurrent Relay Characteristics
conference paper.
The primary factors that apparently
dictate using the more inverse character-
istics are co-ordination with the 600-
volt breaker trip devices and the inrush
characteristics of motor loads. The more
inverse characteristics were undoubtedly
needed in the case cited. However, com-
promise of increased relay operating time
was necessary for reduced fault currents at a
given fault location.
If a case had been presented whicli in-
volved using a large number of smaller
motors whose fault current protection con-
sisted of instantaneous operating devices
only, the type of overcurrent relays would
probably have been less inverse. Another
case where less inverse relays are probably
more suitable is one in which there is con-
siderable variation in available fault cur-
rents due to, say, variations in possible local
generation.
The point that should he emiphasized is
that general guides for selecting over-
current relays should be regarded with
mnuch caution. Onlv when a plant's 1-line
diagrams and operating procedures become
standardized can the protective relaying be-
come uniform enough to cover most cases.
J. M. Showman (The Clevelanld Electric
Illuminating Company, Cleveland, Ohio):
The author hlas presented a clear and
straightforward discussion on selection of
relays and their settings for a hyTpothletical
industrial plant. Tables I through III will
prove useful to anyone concerned w-ith in-
dustrial relaying; a real need for such guides
has existed for some time.
The type of overcurrent relaying em-
99

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ployed by the electric utility at the source were sufficiently defective so that there were breaker trip-coil curve. It is shown, how-
of the supply line or lines to an industrial no time delays; and (3) the time-delay ever, that the CO-4 relay, which is a step-
consumer can have a significant influence on mechanisms were defective to the point that time overcurrent relay, applied on the
the choice of overcurrent relays for the con- extremely long times were required for the L-32 breaker, fits into the scheme very well.
sumer's main incoming circuit breaker. devices to trip. This relay can be applied as shown without
This is true, whether this circuit breaker is on The most successful and economical way crossing the curves on either side of it.
the primary or secondary side of the main of correcting these breaker difficulties is to The step-time overcurrent relay is a
transformer, or used to tie the supply line substitute regular overcurrent relays, such rather highly specialized one, having a very
to a bus of the same voltage. as the Westinghouse CO's or the General slow inverse-time element section, which is
As an example: Many of our supply cir- Electric IA C's, for use with a sintered plant followed by an instantaneous element sec-
cuits to industrial users are equipped at the nickel-cadmium battery, using a d-c trip tion, labeled section 1 on Fig. 4, and which,
source with definite minimum time over- coil in the breaker to do the tripping. This in turn, is followed by a time delay, and
current relays. Extremely inverse or very would, seemingly, be expensive. If, how- then, a second instantaneous elemenit
inverse overcurrent relays would not be a ever, a plant requires co-ordination to labeled section 2. The lengths of time de-
good choice for the consumer's incoming maintain maximum continuity of service, lay of section 1, following the inverse time-
circuit breakers on these circuits because of the misoperation of a series trip device can element section, is adjustable, as is the hori-
the difficulty in obtaining complete co- result in an unnecessarily extensive shut- zontal length of line between sections 1 and
ordination with the source relays. The down, costing many times more than the sections 2. It can be seen that this relay
time-current curve of the extremely inverse suggested type of installation. becomes quite flexible and will lend itself
relay will cut across the elbow of the Some engineers employ current-limiting rather admirably to a problem of co-
curve of the definite minimum time fuses in conjunction with a load-break de- ordinating between a CO inverse relay and
relay unless the current setting on the ex- vice. This scheme is advantageous in that an air-frame breaker, depending on a self-
tremely inverse relay is much smaller than the current-limiting fuses isolate trouble contained trip coil. This is a co-ordination
that on the definite minimum time relay. with practically no disturbance to the rest problem that often is somewhat difficult,
This indicates a loss of co-ordination for of the power system. These should be used and this relay goes a long way towards elim-
quite a wide range of fault currents. The when possible. inating this particular difficulty.
loss of co-ordination is particularly un- From a maintenance standpoint, elim-
desirable on circuits that supply more than inating the series trip does away with the
one consumer. For this reason, definite need for maintenance testing, which is time-
minimum time relays or the moderately consuming, difficult to schedule, and requires H. N. Hickock (General Electric Company,
inverse relays, such as the CO-7 or IA C-51, costly equipment. Houston, Tex.): Most process expansions
are generally used for incoming relays on If series trip breakers are used, they must today inevitably seem to be made either on a
installations having circuits with definite be tested with equipment adequate for rush or rush-rush basis. The power dis-
minimum time relays at the source. supplying high currents of undistorted wave- tribution system planning, which goes
The influence that the utility company's form. We have been able to locate only one along with it, most frequently must be
relaying may have on the choice of relays at source of commercially available equipment accomplished in the same manner. Because
a consumer's installation points up the which will adequately do the job. of this, power system engineers today can
desirability of a free exchange of pertinent In conclusion, I might add that another seldom afford the luxury of time in the plan-
information between the consumer's and partial solution to the test problem is to ning stage to be able completely to co-
the utility company's engineers. add current transformers to the switchgear, ordinate all protective devices in a power
the secondaries of which are connected to system. Ideally, before orders for equip-
5-ampere coils in place of the normal series ment were placed and their details as to
T. L. Bourbonnais (E. I. du Pont de trip coils of the breakers. This scheme protective relays, fuses, and circuit-breaker
Nemours and Company, Inc., Wilmington, simplifies testing by requiring high voltage trips, as well as proper cable sizes, were
Del.): Mr. Fawcett has written an un- low current, instead of high current low finalized, the power systems engineers should
usually good paper for those just beginning voltage, from the test set. This simplifies select and plot out the time-current co-
to do co-ordination work because he de- testing in some respects. ordination curves of all protective devices in
velops co-ordination for a hypothetical the system involved in selectively clearing
industrial system representing the most faults. With this, he could be sure that
difficult type to be encountered. A. C. Friel (The Dow Chemical Company, when they are installed and properly set
In Fig. 2 of his paper, the characteristics Midland, Mich.): Mr. Fawcett has given according to his previously determined set-
of two series trip low-voltage breakers are some of the factors involved in applying a tings, all components will be co-ordinated.
shown as D and E. Unless these character- rather broad range of inverse time-delayed Lack of time, however, causes most en-
istics are to be nothing more than an exercise relays and others. I use the word "some" gineers simply to make a guess as to what
on paper, field testing must be done to in what I believe to be an advised manner. they might feel would be the characteristics,
determine that the breaker characteristics I wish to indicate that certainly not all current range, and limits of co-ordination of
of each specific breaker will fall within the factors that obtain in the application of such overcurrent relays. Since the trend of
limits of these characteristic curves. The relays have been covered because the field is having little time available for planning
series trip devices of all manufacturers con- too extensive for one paper; hence, it was seems "here to stay," the best "out" for the
stitute one of the major maintenance prob- reasonable for Mr. Fawcett to limit the engineer seems to be his ability to make his
lems in the electrical industry. These de- scope of his discussion. guesses of overcurrent-relay ordering in-
vices must be tested in order to insure their While a rather broad range of time-inverse formation as educated as possible. Mr.
conformation with published curves. They relays were presented, one which was not Fawcett's paper serves to this end, and
must be acceptance tested at time of in- included might be of some interest to this provides a well-needed guide. His cross
stallation and periodically tested thereafter. group. The particular relay I have in mind section of possible applications of over-
Frequency of test is determined by experi- is a type CO-4, which fits in very admirably current relays, both ground and phase, pro-
ence. There have been breakers which re- when trying to co-ordinate a breaker which vides good rule-of-thumb data by which the
quire testing every 6 months; all of them lies, as in Fig. 1, between an L-1300, pro- power system planner can make a decision
probably require testing once a year. tected by a CO-8 relay, and No. 19 boiler as to a specific relay model.
My experience with approximately 500 breaker, shown as a 1,600-ampere air-frame It should be emphasized, as the author
breakers that have been installed for periods breaker, protected by a self-contained trip notes, that the information provided as to
of from 2 to 10Oyears is: Approximately half coil. The breaker being protected by the types of overcurrent relays and tap ranges
of the 500 have major difficulties which CO-4 relay is the L-32 breaker. for each application listed is to serve as a
affect co-ordination severely and a quarter Inspection of the area between the general guide only. Though it may fit 90%
part of the remainder do not fall within the curves for the L-1300 breaker, protected by of the time, there are many cases which could
manufacturer's specification. Major diffi- the CO-8 relay, and No. 19 boiler breaker turn out to be booby traps in co-ordination
culties were: (1) the trip mechanisms of the indicates that most any of the normal in- if based on a general guide only. Such cases
trip devices were so bound up with corrosion, verse-relay curves would not fit into this could come up for such reasons as lack of
dirt, etc., that the breakers failed to trip area without crossing either the L-1300 proper tbought or available information on
entirely; (2) the time-delay mechanisms breaker relay curve or the No. 19 boiler the characteristics and setting of incoming
100 Fawcett-'Overcurrent Relay Characteristics MAY 1963

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 10SWiA0460V CURRENT IN AMPERES x 50
COG
bL1300 800 ! |11 11| | x1 | ~ PRIMAR
5 7 IQ 30 5070100 300 500 1000
6X FLI
5000

I, luS2300v
03C04 200 X ta1 l i 2 - f - --
L32
2400^,W 5.5%X 80
so t =$
1600~~~~~~~~~~~1

4I0 X 460V600~~~~~~~~~~~0i

is lUS1600 AMPe 0/

60w0
MAIN SETTINS X

SD *ec06
CYCLES
**2300V. L32 SETTINGS.,0 Ii -

IIT
TIMER i SECOND
26. AMPS 5 7. 10 30 5070 100 300 500 1000
2300V CURRENT IN AMPERES x 10
5000

Fig. 4. Step-time overcurrent relay

source relays, such as might be provided by which are based solely on a general guide. R. F. Karlicek (Westinghouse Electric
the power company. Relay manufacturers frequently write Corporation, Chicago, 1ll.): The author is
Many times, industrial power system papers covering one particular overcurrent to be commended for his well-written paper.
engineers realize when they sit down with relay model or characteristic of a relay or The subject of relaying, as related to system
power company relay engineers that they application. Seldom does a power systems and apparatus protection, is complex and
cannot possibly co-ordinate their relays engineer have paraded before him the com- tempered by individual preference. In
with power company relays, using the models plete range of overcurrent relay models general, there are a number of different re-
they have selected, although already in- which a given manufacturer may have to lays which can be employed in a specific
stalled. There are times, too, when a new offer. The variety of these models is much application. The final selection depends on
addition to the power system distribution like different tools in a carpenter's box which the degree of protection desired, the cost of
switchgear must be made to co-ordinate with are available to a carpenter. The power relaying relative to the investment it is to
an existing plant switchgear relay, either systems engineer has available many models protect, and on system characteristics. In
above or below it in the system. Or, when as tools which can be used to accomplish this regard, system grounding practices have
plotting out co-ordination curves, there co-ordination in a specific location. Fig. an important bearing on relaying. I would
may come to light certain improper selections 3 of the paper shows the wide family of over- like to restrict my comments to system
of relays or protective devices, chosen at current models which are offered by one re- grounding of industrial power systems and
the time of an earlier expansion, lay manufacturer, the Westinghouse Coin- its influence on protective relaying.
Assuming that the tap range on a given puny. An examination of this figure will There has been a definite trend during
relay may be correct, it is well to emphasize help the engineer to keep in mind a bench the past few years toward resistance
the importance of the characteristic of a mark as to time range and characteristics of grounding of station service and industrial
relay being compatible with that of the all available models, power systems. In the majority of these
relays which are before and after it. This This paper presents a good survey Of systems, the single-line-to-ground fault cur-
calls for detailed knowledge of the differ- what tools are available to the power system rent is limited by a grounding resistor to a
ence in characteristics between inverse, very planner, and gies a god guide to their value in the order of the maximum load cur-
inverse, and extremely inverse types of P l o grent, which may range from several hundred
curves on various models and to relative proper selection. Power system engineers amperes to 1,000 or 2,000 amperes. More
time ranges of definite-time, short-time, and would do well to file it away against the day recently, several applications of high-resist-
long-time models of the relay. An en- in which they are faced with providing de- ance grounding have come to our attention,
gineer needs to be alert to conditions that tailed overcurrent relay ordering informa- where the ground-fault current was limited
might cause him to override those selections tion on their next expansion. to a relatively low value, in the order of 100
MAY 1963 Fawcett-Overcurrent Relay Characteristics 101

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amperes. Limiting ground-fault currents
to low values has the advantage of reducing
damage and iron burning; however, the pro-
tective relaying for detection of these low-
fault currents requires special consideration.
Two ground overcurrent relay schemes
are in common use today: (1) the neutral-
relay scheme and (2) the zero-sequence CT
relay scheme. In the neutral-relay scheme,
the possibility of false neutral transient cur-
rents imposes limitations on both the sensi-
tivity and speed of the scheme. Thus, the
neutral-relay scheme is applicable where the
system ground-fault current is sufficiently
large to ensure positive and reliable relay
performance. The zero-sequence CT relay
scheme does not have the preceding limita-
tions and, hence in general, it can be set more
sensitive and faster; however, its applica-
tion is restricted to cable circuits since all
phase leads must pass through the window
of the CT.
In recent years, it has been possible to
realize the advantages of high-resistance
grounding (low ground-fault current and
reduced damage or burning) by using the
sensitive zero-sequence CT relay scheme.
Moreover, with limited ground-fault cur-
rents, the need for differential relays on
large motors beconmes questionable. For ex-
ainple, in the typical system illustrated by
the author, if the grounding resistors had
been selected to limit the ground-fault cur-
rent to 100 amperes, a zero-sequence CT
relay scheme would provide more sensitive
and faster protection for the 3,600-hp motor
than the differential relays. Also, another
advantage of the high-resistance grounded
system and the zero-sequence CT relay
scheme is that ground faults on motor cir-
cuits, fed from high-voltage motor starters,
or fused contactors, can be detected and the
contactor safely tripped by the relay, thus
preventing the blowing of a fuse and elim-
inating the danger of single phasing.
F. P. Brightman (General Electric Company,
Schenectady, N.Y.): Mr. Fawcett's dis-
cussion of various overcurrent relay time-
current characteristics and the merits of
the different characteristics should prove
helpful to anyone concerned with their ap-
plication.
In most cases, several tvpes of over-
current relays can be used successfully, but
the requirements may be such that only one
type of relay characteristic seems suit-
able. The principal objective of this dis-
cussion is to show that a little alteration Of line-to-ground faults. Under this condition,
requirements will often make possible the the current in the transformer-primary CT's
use of other relays that can be set to provide corresponds to 58%o of the secondary
better over-all system protection.
In the hypothetical case discussed and
illustrated with relay time-current curves in
Fig. 2, the extremely inverse-time relays
are the only ones that could be used satis-
factorilv at R under the assumed conditions
of: <cuit breaker's curve D was cut off in Fig. 5
1. A 400-ampere feeder which is rather
large in proportion to the capacity of the
750-kva (753 amperes at 575 volts) sub-
station.
2. The desire for maximum sensitivity on
the transformer primary relay.
Circumstances may dictate such a big
feeder, in which case the relay engineer has
to make the best of the situation. How-
ever, the system planner should bear in
102
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mind that large feeders create co-ordination Now, let's consider the possibilities and
problems. benefits of using CO-7 relays at other points
The next question is: How sensitive on the system. It appears that the timne-
should the setting of a transformer primary current characteristics and setting of relay Z
relay be for over-all optimum performiance? in the incoming line fromn the 10-mvna trans-
It is quite common practice to strive for max- former are determined by those of relay W,
imum sensitivity, as was done in this case. and it, in turn, is controlled by relay J.
However, when this is done, is there not Curve J-1 in Fig. 5 shows a CO-7 with
considerable chance of losing more than is the same current setting and operating timne
gained? at maximum current as shown for the CO-9
The purpose of the transformer primary in the paper's Fig. 2. This setting causes
relay is (1) to minimize low-voltage system the relay's time-current curve to cross the
damage and general system disturbance by total clearing-time curve of the fuse at
backing up the low-voltage circuit breakers, approximately 0.65 second; hence, it is
and (2) to minimize damage and system theoretically wrong. From a practical
disturbance in case of a transformer failure. standpoint, however, it seems to be a justi-
Since transformer failures are rare, can we fiable compromise on the grounds that:
not say that the principal function of the
primary relay is to back up the low voltage 1. It permits great improvement in the
circuit breakers? performance of relays Wand Z.
Granting that the latter is correct, which 2. The chance of false operation is very
transformer-primary relay setting affords small.
the best over-all protection?
In support of the second statemnent, false
1. A low-current setting and the relatively operation is unlikely, first, because most
slow timne setting that would be needed to faults in the motor circuit will involve
permrt co-ordviating the relay's time- ground, and the ground relay, 50G, operates
current curve with that of the feeder circuit instantaneously at only 17-ampere primary
breaker. current, and second, because an exclusive
2. Somewhat less sensitivity, and very phase-to-phase fault can reasonably be
much faster operation on relatively high expected to involve sufficient current to
short-circuit currents at 575 volts. enable the fuse to melt a-nd clear the
fault well ahead of 0.65 second.
To meet condition 1, it is necessary to Curve W-1 indicates that a CO-7 cannot
use an extremely inverse relay, CO-11, on be substituted for the CO-11 in Fig. 2 with
its maximum time-dial setting, as shown by the same degree of sensitivity and still
curve R in the author's Fig. 2. It will work have an acceptable operating time, because
and afford substantial protection. How- of the 3,600-hp motor's starting current de-
ever, it seems to me that the moderate in- mand of 2,500 amperes for 10 seconds, repre-
verse, CO-7 relay, set at 360-ampere pri- sented by the dot. A CO-7 relay can be
mary current with one time dial would give used, however, if a higher current setting is
better protection. Such a relay and setting acceptable. Such a decrease in sensitivity
represented by curve R-1 in Fig. 5 of this seems justified as explained below.
discussion would operate in only 0.52 second The current settings for relays Y and W
on an 8,000-ampere fault at 575 volts, com- in Fig. 2 were determined by the require-
pared with 2.0 seconds for relay R, CO-1i. ment that these relays be set so that they
Such a difference in time would mean much could serve as backup to relay V if necessary.
less damage. Elimination of that requirement would make
To be sure, the CO-7 relay could not pick it possible to use the CO-7 relay instead of
up until the fault current reached 2,620 the CO-11 and obtain much faster operationi
amperes on the 575-volt system, whereas as illustrated by the difference between
the CO-11 setting corresponds to 1,083 curves W and }X-2 in Fig. 5. Such elim-
amperes at 575 volts. However, that does ination seems justified on the grounds that
not seem a serious problem when the maxi- there is likely to be an operator in attend-
mum available 3-phase symmetrical current ance when a 3,600-hp motor is started, and
at 575 volts is 10,900 amperes. There also he would have ample time to trip the circuit
seems to be sufficient margin to insure opera- breaker manually in the event that the
tion of the CO-7 primary relay on secondary motor stalled and relay V failed to trip it.
Granting the acceptability of this com-
promise in the current setting of relay W, a
CO-7 can be used as shown by curve W-2,
ground-fault current. The 360-ampere Fig. 5. This, in turn, permits using a CO-7
primary setting may seem high in terms of at Z on the biggest of the incoming lines.
transformer full-load current of 104 amperes, The current setting and the operating time
but this ratio is permissible when there is a at maximum current would be the same as
transformer secondary circuit breaker. for the CO-9. See curves Z and Z-1, Fig. 5.
Incidentally, the "tail" of the feeder cir- A comparison of the W and Z curves re-
veals the great improvement in system pro-
so that it showed only the current that came tection made possible by using the CO-7
from the 4,160-volt system with which the relay with its flatter time-current curve.
latter's relays have to co-ordinate. In Fig. The maximum gain is at lower but still
2, motor feedbDack to a 575-volt fault was very substantial current magnitudes. For
apparently included, which accounts for its example, curve Z shows that the CO-9 takes
extending over relay R's instantaneous about 12.5 seconds to operate for a 5,000-
unit curve, ampere fault, and 25 seconds at 4,000 am-
Curve R-2 showed improvement in the peres, compared with 3.8 and 6 seconds,
performance of the transformer-primary re- respectively, for the CO-7 relay. To be sure,
lay that would be possible if the largest 575- these current values are far less than the
volt feeder had been rated 250 instead of maximum fault current on the system but,
400 amperes. nevertheless, a short circuit of 4,000 am-
Fawcett-Overcurrent Relay Gharacteristics MAY 1963
peres at 4,160 volts can do a lot of damiage Fig. 5. Alternative relay TcIc
100
0
in 25 seconds. curves
Generally speaking, I believe that better
performance usually can be obtained on in- u

a
dustrial power systems from relays with
CO-7 characteristics instead of the CO-9 re-20
lays, if the user is willing to compromise a L

little on sensitivity for the sake of speed. -C

This is particularly true when there are 6
multiple sources of power and several neu- 4
tral grounds per system, on which the fault II
current varies widely depending on how 20CA9T
many sources or grounding points are in R W-2, CO-7,6A, 3TD
use. Under such conditions, the CO-7 ,5
relay with its flatter time-current curve will 6-c7,A
usually be the best choice. ix\
The more inverse relays, such as the
u
c 11 J
CO-8, CO-9, and CO-1l, are a good choice
for utility system protection. On such sys-
2IILi IA N
C-,7
tems, it is desirable to have a relay that is 1.3T
quite slow on low miultiples of pickup a-nd
fast at high multiples. This combination x N

permits setting the relay for high sensitivity04

and high operating speed on short
without risking false operation on the inrush
circuits,02 O ,2A
T
current when a dead feeder with miscel-
laneous load is re-energized. UUt
The short-time CO-2 relay is a good
choice for end-of-the-line ground relays, MKY R
as on the 3,'600-hp motor. They do not SC x2U <
have sufficie-nt time range to permit several 0.02 GROUND FAULT
in series, however. 0.01
Long-time overcurrent relays can be used -l 1 DC 0 0 0 8 8 0 00 0
for overload protection of motors as large as CJI
3,600 hp, as indicated in the paper. How- X 10 FOR AMPERES AT 4160-V
ever, the more usual practice, in the United I
I
States at least, is to use relays responsive t O 0 000 a
rlt C0
to motor temperature, as indicated by em-
bedded resistanice temperature detectors. AMP AT 575-V
The parallel listing of various manu-
facturers' relays with generally similar qualified protection engineers withi miany Mr. Karlicek has discussed ground relay-
characteristics in Table II is very helpful. years of diversified experience. ing and system resistance grounding. The
I suggest expanding the list to include the Mr. Bostwick, Mr. Niessink, and Mr. basic objective of limiting ground-fault
important generator overcurrent relays for Showman have emnphasized several consid- current is to minimize damage in the stator
external fault protection. These relays are erations of fundamental importance. As iron when a motor ground occurs. The re-
"teducated" to tell the difference between noted, many factors must be weighed when pair time and cost are substantially reduced
severe overload and fault currents. The selecting overcurrent relays. This paper, if restacking the stator iron is unniecessary.
three that I happen to be familiar with are primarily, intended to stress selection of Therefore, ground overcurrent protection
the voltage-restrained IJCV and COR, and time versus current characteristics, since should be fast find have low pickup in termis
the voltage-controlled CO V. little seems to have been written concerning of system amperes in the CT primary.
The IJC V relay's current pickup at this important aspect of relay selection; also The lower the system ground-fault current,
zero restraint is reduced to 25%/' of that at to present material that would be ap- the less the iron damage-if the relay can
100%/ restraint. Therefore, if the relay plicable to utility power plant auxiliary sys- detect the ground-fault current. The'ITH
is set at 200%0 of generator rating with tems, commercial building power systems, relay and type-B YZ zero-sequence CT-
full-voltage restraint, it will pick up at and industrial systems. case 7f in Table III of the paper-provide a
50%y of generator rating when the voltage Mr. Bourbonnais has reported his experi- pickup of 8 system amperes or CT prim-ary
goes to zero, or nearly so, during a 3-phase ences with breaker series trip devices and amperes.
fault. Usual practice in industrial plants is suggested alternative protection schemes. I have investigated the winding arrange-
to co-ordinate this relay with others on the Many 600-volt breakers provide a funiction ments of 20 Canadian-designed motors.
basis of its zero-restraint curves. It will equally as important as that of 2,400- to These range from 300 hp to 15,000 hp; 550
then co-ordinate for less severe faults. 13,800-volt breakers. Logically, the same volts to 13,800 volts; 2 poles to 22 poles.
The COR relay operates in the sai-e protection should then be considered f or all The total turns in series for any path fromi a
general manner as the IJC V, but the pickup breakers. The additional cost of using line terminal to the winding neutral varied
values, with and without restraint, are dif- induction overcurrent relays, current trans- between 36 and 84 for 11 out of 13 motors
ferent. In the COV, a voltage unit controls formers, shunt trips, and battery with having 2, 4, or 6 poles. In the other two,
operation of a conventional overcurrent ele- 600-volt switchgear could probably be the series turns per path were 120 and 140.
ment. When a fault occurs, the voltage justified in many important installations. For three motors, having 22 or 24 poles, the
unit drops out at a predetermined setting We have built 600-volt switchgear in this series turns per path were 50, 135, and 264.
and allows the overcurrent unit to operate. manner in Canada. If a turn close to the motor neuttral
The pickup setting of the current unit does Mr. Friel has clearly indicated the app-lica- becomes short-circuited, overheats, and

Authorized licensd use limted to: IE Xplore. Downlade on May 13,20 at 1:52 UTC from IE Xplore. Restricon aply.
 Table IV Assume the 3-phase bolted secondary fault
is 16 pu. Multiplying the foregoing pu
(KA) 2t values by 16 pu gives
KA Curve W KA Curve W-2
Curve WCure W-2 460-voltsystem
460-volt system 0. X 16 = 1 .76
0.1X1= 1.67 pu
pu
2,400 2.42 X 50=288 Infinite 575-volt system 0.23X16=3.67 pu
Am- To ensure adequate current through the
peres primary relays, it would seem desirable to
4 KA 42 X 11=176 42 X 2.8= 45 limit their maximum pickup in pu of trans-
15 KA 152 XO.95=214 152 XO.95=214 former rating to
34.5 KA 34.52X 0.5=590 34.52X 0.7=830
460-volt system 1.5 pu
575-volt system 3. 1 pu
Table V
-_________________ The relay characteristic 1V-2 is proposed
Device Number of Users by Mr. Brightman as a result of eliminating
the requirement that relay W provide back-
Time-Delay Overcurrent Relay 26 up to relay V for the inrush current of the
Thermal Overcurrent Relay 19 3,600-hp motor. I have a concrete example
Winding Temperature Device 6 within my own experience to compare with
Mr. Brightman's optimistic outlook: "...
detect this fault, the maximum system there is likely to be an operator in attendance
ground-fault current available mustbe8by when a 3,600-hp motor is started, and he
100g= 800 amperes. I suggest that aninves- would have ample time to trip the circuit
tigation be made before designing a system breaker manually in the event that the
with ground-fault current limited to less motor stalled and relay V failed to trip it."
than, say, 1,000 amperes. About 18 months ago, I supervised startup of
Mr. Brightman has provided a detailed two 4,000-hp centrifugal compressor motors.
discussion for which I am exceedingly grate- These motors start at reduced voltage and
ful. He has suggested relay characteristic take 35 seconds to bring their unloaded
R-1 as an alternative to my R for the pri- compressors up to speed. One day I
mary phase protection of a 750-kva trans- witnessed what was, by then, a routine start-
former. This transformer is located where up. On this occasion, the suction valve
the available system fault current is only opened partially due to a malfunction in the
50 mva. Mr. Bourbonnais has perceived, as valve hydraulic control. The motor could
evidenced by his opening paragraph, that not fully accelerate and was tripped by in-
this hypothetical plant system is intended to complete sequence protection after 45
involve some special considerations so as to seconds. The operator did nothing in the
provide "food for thought." Due to the interval between 35 and 45 seconds.
relatively low available fault capacity, I If all protection had failed, I am convinced
purposely chose R to have a pickup of 145% the motor would have sustained damage due
of transformer rating. Had the fault capac- to overheating before the operator re-
ity been higher, I would have considered a sponded. A more fundamental comment,
somewhat higher setting. However I do not of course, is to point out that the switchgear
agree with Mr. Brightman's R-1 choice of is usually remote from large motors so that
347% of transformer rating because: manual tripping is not possible. And re-
mote push-button tripping is useless if the
1. Transformer faults can and do occur. motor, breaker, or control malfunctions so
Many of these faults start as short-circuited that it will not trip electrically. I firmly
turns. The corresponding system fault cur- believe that complete backup tripping and
rent will be relatively low, and the only switching protection is most desirable to
hope of detecting the fault by overcurrent protect large important motors during their
relays is to have them set low. On larger starting of high-inertia loads.
transformers, differential and/or gas pres- An interestng comparison of the (KA )2t
sure relays are justified. These will detect values is made in Table IV for relay curves
short-circuited turns. W and 1V-2, where
2. Many faults that have occurred in low- KA = system kiloamperes
voltage switchgear and motor control have . .
been analyzed to be of relatively low current t=relay time in seconds
magnitude. I have become suspicious that To account for breaker clearing time,
the primary protection may often be set too 0.10 second has been added to the relay
high to truly provide any worthwhile degree times for the 15-KA (system kiloamperes)
of backup protection. and 34.5-KA fault levels in Table IV. The
Reference 1 provides interesting con- (KA)it values are a measure of the energy
clusions as to the minimum value of arcing- input to the fault. Relay curves plotted
fault currents for low-voltage systems. on log-log paper can be highly deceptive at
For phase-to-ground arcing faults, the mini- first glance. Note the conclusions revealed
mum fault current in per unit (pu) of 3 by the tabulation in IV.
phase bolted value is given as 1. For fault currents from 15,000 amperes
460-volt system 0.19 pu to the maximum of 34,500 amperes, the
575-volt system 0.40 pu energy input to the fault is greater with
the C0-7 characteristic W-2 than with the
The primary relays on a deIta-Y trans- CO-11 characteristic TV. For the 34,500-
former see only 58% of the current for a ampere condition, the damage will be a
secondary phase-to-ground fault. To the maximum. This damage perhaps would be
primary relays, the above pu values would 40%0 greater by using W-2 instead of TV.
appear as
2. In the smaller range of fault currents
460-volt system 0. 58X0. 19 =0. 11 pa from 2,400 amperes to 15,000 amperes, re-
575-volt system 0. 58X0 .40 =0.23 pu lay TV-2 permits less energy input than WV.
104 Fawcett-Overcurrent Relay Characteristics
Authorized licensd use limted to: IE Xplore. Downlade on May 13,20 at 1:52 UTC from IE Xplore. Restricon aply.
However, the system elements must be
designed for maximum conditions at 34,500
amperes. There is little real value in de-
creasing the energy at 4,000 amperes from
7i-6 to 45 if it will be permitted to increase
from 590 to 830 at maximum conditions,
and also be permitted to increase for all
currents above 15,000 amperes.
Energy input to cables, transformers, etc.,
while they carry short-circuit current, varies
as the square of the current. This gives
rise to heating curves with a slope of -2
when plotted on log-log paper. Extremely
inverse relay characteristics have a negative
slope with magnitude less than 2 at currents
in excess of 3 mnultiples. When an ex-
tremely inverse relay is set to give adequate-
fault energy input limitations at maximum-
fault current, it will give adequate limitation
at lower fault currents.
I do not agree with Mr. Brightman's gen-
eral belief "that better performance usually
can be obtained on industrial power systems
from relays with CO-7 characteristics in-
stead of CO-9 relavs." Of course the ideal
method of selecting relays is to evaluate
the merits of all types for each specific
installation. Each time the relay engineer
does this, he will discover new factors that
should be considered. Eventually, he will
be aware that there is much more to pro-
tection engineering than using the "same
old" relay characteristics, settings, and con-
siderations on everything.
I am perplexed by Mr. Brightman's com-
ment, "Long-time overcurrent relays can be
used for overload protection of motors as
large as 3,600 hp ... However, the more
usual practice, in the United States at least,
is to use relays responsive to motor tempera-
ture." The CO-5 long-time relay is not
used in my paper for overload protection
but for starting and stalling protection. I
have indicated thermal overcurrent relays
for overload protection. However, I am
convinced from many contacts which I have
with United States practice that long-time
overcurrent relays are used more frequently
for overload protection of large motors than
are temperature relays. Temperature re-
lays are generally provided in addition.
Frequently, they are used for alarm only;
not to trip. See reference 2 of this closure;
Table V (extracted from reference 2) gives
a breakdown of users of various methods of
overload trip protection.
A paper presented by G. H. St. Onge at
the AIEE Electrical Conference of the
Petroleum Industry in Dallas, Tex., in
September 1958 described 29 motors rated
froml,500hpto9,000hp. Eachmotorhad
three long-time overcurrent relays or two
thermal overcurrent and one long-time over-
current relay. All of the large motors had
winding temperature detectors to alarm.
When all factors of protective relaying
are considered, I am sure that Mr. Bright-
man and I have few real disagreements.
After all, much of what I have learned
through the years has come from my very
pleasant associations with Mr. Brightman.
RFRNE
RFRNE
1 RIoFUTPOETO O O-OTG
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSNATR IOF-OTHGE
PROBLEM, R. H. KRaufmann, J. C. Page. AIEE
Tranzsactions, Pt. III (Power Apparatus and
Systems), vol. 79, June 1960, pp. 160-65.
2. SURvEY OF INDUCTION MOTOR PROT13CTION,
AIEE Committee Report. Ibid., pp. 188-91.
MAY 1963