Nsdc0report 1849

Skill Mapping in Two Districts:
Gurdaspur (Punjab) and

Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh)
A Study based on a Sample and a Census of

Vocational Training Providers
INSTITUTE OF APPLIED MANPOWER REASERCH

Planning Commission, Government of India
December 2011
1
Project Team
Research Work
Dr. Rashmi Agrawal

Dr. I. C. Awasthi
Dr. Sanchita Bhattacharya
Shri Marshal Birua
Ms. Ankita Gandhi
Dr. G. P. Joshi
Shri. D. Indra Kumar
Dr. Bimal Kishore Sahoo
Shri. Arun Kumar
Mrs. Aditi Roy
Shri Radhey Shyam Sharma
Dr. Partha Saha
Dr. P. K. Saxena
Shri. S.K. Sharma
Shri. S.K. Yadav
Technical Analysis
Vandana Shukla
Shagun Bhardwaj
Deepayan Nandi
2
Introduction
The present study was undertaken on behest of NSDC which focuses upon the following
issues:
The current economic activities going on in the districts including farm and non-farm
activities
The types of industries available in the districts and their status of technology
adaptation
Various resources available in the districts which could be exploited for expansion of
economic activities which could generate employment
Assessment of unutilized or partly utilized resources
The present status of workforce and their levels of education and skills
The shortage of skills and future demands in the light of the changing labour market
The status of educational and training facilities available in the district and quality of
education and training
Status of forward and backward linkages in order to generate employment as well as

optimally utilized human resources
The aspirations and employability of youth
3
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Description (PART A) Page No.
Chapter 1 : Objectives and Methodology 16
Genesis of the Study

Objectives
Structure of the Report
Major Findings
Methodology
Research Tools
Sampling
Chapter 2: Gurdaspur Survey 26
Demographic and Social Status of the District
Chapter 3: Major Economic Activities 32
Main Activities in Gurdaspur - Farm and Non- Farm Activities

Industry/Establishment and Size of Employment
Use of Technology and Modernisation Plan
Chapter 4: Status of Vocational Training Providers 38
Educational Facilities in the District

Training Facilities
Institutional Capacities
Status of Education and Training
Quality of Education and Training
Chapter 5: Skill Gaps and Skill Demands 48
Preference to Skilled Personnel

Estimated Existing Skill Gaps
Estimated Future Skill Needs
Traditional skills and Needs for Upgradation
Rationale for Emerging Skill Needs
Scope for Establishing Industries
4
57
Chapter 6: Other Issues
Aspirations of Youth
Resources and Utilisation
Problems of Industries
Women Employment
Attention Needed
Chapter 7: Suggestions 61
Suggestions and Intervention
Description (PART B) Page No.
Chapter 1: About the District 79
About the District

Brief Historical Background
Blocks in the District
Blocks in Brief
Land Utilization
Cropping Pattern
Demographic Characteristics
Health
Road Connectivity
Chapter 2: Assessment of Skill Demand in Singrauli District 108
Assessment of Skill Demand in Singrauli District

Location and Ownership of Establishments
Technological Change and Modernization
Additional Requirement of Skilled Manpower
Chapter 3: Assessment of Supply Demand in Singrauli District 120
Assessment of Supply of Skilled Personnels in Singrauli District

Distribution of Vocational Provider Institutions by type of
Affiliation
Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions according
to their status of Recognition
Distribution of Vocational Training Institutions according to their
level of Courses and Broad Disciplines
Distribution of Vocational Provider Institutions according to Status
(Formal/Informal)
5
Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions by Type of
Premises
Staff Strength in Vocational Provider Institutions
Enrolment, Pass-outs and Dropouts in Vocational Training
Provider Institutions
Students Placement
Financial Position of Vocational Training Provider Institutions
Infrastructure Facilities in Vocational Training Provider Institutions
Demand for New Courses
Chapter 4: Assessment of Skill Gaps in Singrauli District 125
Assessment of Skill Gaps in Singrauli District
Chapter 5: Traditional Skills in Singrauli District 125
Traditional Skills in Singrauli District
Supplement
Skill Development Initiatives in Madhya Pradesh (Government of

Madhya Pradesh Document)
Table No. Title of the Table
1.1 Block-wise VTPs List in Gurdaspur District

1.2 Block-wise Sample Coverage of VTPs in Gurdaspur District
1.3 Block and Major Economic Activity-wise Coverage of Establishments
1.4 Block and Industrial Category wise Coverage - Establishments
1.5 Details of FGDs
2.1 Tehsils, Sub-tehsils and the Blocks in the District
2.2 Community Development Block wise Villages and Panchayats
2.3 Community Development Block wise Population, 2001
3.1 Community Development Block wise Agriculture, 2003-04
3.2 Community Development Block wise Workers, Classification, 2001
4.1 Educational Institutions in the District
4.2 Training Facilities
4.3 Composition of Institutions by Type of Affiliations
4.4 Block-wise Status of Recognition of VTPs
4.5 Intake Capacity of ITIs/ITCs in Gurdaspur District
4.6 Distribution of VTPs by Status of Premises
4.7 Staff Strength of VTPs
4.8 VTPs Demanding New Courses
4.9 Details of Revenue of VTPs for the year 2010-11
5.1 Trade-wise Estimated Existing Skill Gaps
5.2 Future Requirements by Trades
6
Title of the Table (Singrauli)
Table No.
1.1 Geographical Area and Administrative Set-up
1.2 Land Utilization Pattern in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
1.3 Size Class of Land Holding, Singrauli, 2009
1.4 Average Productivity of Principal Crops, 2010-11 (kg / ha)
1.5 Population and Population Density, by Block
1.6 Percentage of ST Population to Total Population
1.7 Distribution of Workers, by Block
1.8 Literacy Rate, by Block
Number of Health Centers, Number of Beds and Doctors
1.9
available in Singrauli District, Madhya Pradesh
1.10 Road Length (in kms) under Public Works Department, Singrauli
1.11 Roads Constructed under PMGSY, by Block
2.1 Distribution of Establishments, by Block, 2011
Block and Sector-wise Distribution of Establishments in
2.2
Singrauli
Percentage Distribution of Establishments by Major Activity,
2.3
Singrauli, 2011
Block-wise Distribution of Establishments according to Size of
2.4
Employment in Singaruli District of Madhya Pradesh
Block and Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments in
2.5
Singrauli
2.6 Establishments which Acquired New Equipment, Singrauli
Block and Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments of
2.7 which Acquired new equipments during last five years in
Singrauli
Sector-wise Distribution of Establishments which Acquired
2.8
New equipment during Last Five Years in Singrauli
Shortage of Skilled Manpower by Activity at Present Scale of
2.9
Operation
Shortage of Skilled Manpower by Trade at Present Scale of
2.10
Operation
Broad Discipline-wise Demand and Shortage of Skilled
2.11
personnel in Establishments of Singrauli
No. of Establishments with Expansion Plan, by Activity,
2.12
Singrauli
Additional Manpower required by Trade when Establishments
2.13
Carry on with Expansion Plan in the Next 5 Years
Block-wise Distribution of Establishments which provide
2.14
Training to workers in Singrauli
2.15 Future Power Plants/Coal Fields coming up in Singrauli District
Block Wise Distribution Establishments showing preference for
2.16 Employing workers in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
7
Block and Main Activity wise Distribution of Establishments
2.17 showing preference for employing Workers in Singrauli District
of Madhya Pradesh
Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions by
3.1 Type of Affiliation and Blocks in Singrauli District of Madhya
Pradesh
Distribution of Vocational Provider Institutions by Status of
3.2
Recognition in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Distribution of Recognized Institutions by Recognizing Bodies
3.3
in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions
3.4 According to Broad Discipline and Level of Course in Singrauli
District of Madhya Pradesh
Distribution of Vocational Provider Institutions According to
3.5 Their Status (Formal/ Informal) in Singrauli District of Madhya
Pradesh
Block-wise Distribution of Vocational Training Provider
3.6
Institutions according to Type of Premises
3.7
Type of Ownership and Type of Premises
Distribution of Staff Strength in Vocational Training Provider
3.8
Institutes in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Average staff per Vocational Provider Institutions in Singrauli
3.9
3.10 Type of Institutions, Staff Strength in Singrauli District of
Madhya Pradesh
Broad Discipline-wise Enrolment, Pass-outs and Drop-outs in
3.11 Vocational Training Provider Institutions in Singrauli District of
Madhya Pradesh
Number of Students Placed in Jobs according to Courses /Trades
3.12
in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
3.13 Broad Discipline wise Pass-out and Plaement, Singrauli, 2010-11
Infrastructure Facilities/Reported in Vocational Training
3.14
Provider Institutions in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Demand for New Courses as Reported by VTPs in Singrauli
3.15
The Courses/Trades in Demand, Courses/Trades offered by
Vocational/Training Provider Institutions (VTPs) and
4.1
Courses/Trades which are not offered by VTPs but demanded by
Industries of Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
8
Title of Charts, Graphs and Figures
Chart No.
1. Main Activities in Gurdaspur District

2. Establishment by Ownership
3. Block-wise composition of Industries
4. Status of Recognition of Institutions
5. Courses by Formal Institutions
6. Composition of Institutions Providing Informal Training
7. Adequacy of Infrastructure in VTPs
8. Ownership Pattern and Premises Status
9. Action Plan Points
Annexure
Title of Charts, Graphs and Figures
No.
1. Block Profiles
2. Block and Main Activity wise Composition of Establishments
3. Percentage Composition of Establishment by Type and Ownership
Block wise Composition of Establishments by Year of
4. Establishment
Main Activity wise Composition of Establishments by Size of
5. Employment
Composition of Establishment Acquired New Equipments during
6. Last Five Years
Main Activity wise Composition of Establishments Planning
7. Modernisation
Main Activity wise Distribution of Establishments by Preference of
8. Workers for Employment
9. Summary of Block wise Skill Needs
9
Executive Summary
The study of skill Mapping Survey has been undertaken on behalf of the National Skill
Development Corporation (NSDC), New Delhi. The study has been conducted in two districts,
namely, Gurdaspur in Punjab, and Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh.
Objectives
The main objectives of the study are:
Employment status of skilled manpower

The shortage of skilled personnel and future demands in the light of the changing
labour market
The status of technical educational and training facilities available in the districts, and
quality of education and training
The types of industries available in the districts and their status of technology
adaptation
Various resources available in the districts which could be utilized for expansion of
economic activities, and hence, could generate employment
Assessment of unutilized or partly utilized resources
Methodology
Two different approaches have been adopted to determine the appropriateness and suitability
of the methodology, in case such studies are undertaken across the country. In Gurdaspur
district the survey has been conducted on sample basis, while in Singrauli a census approach
has been adopted. Sampling was done on the basis of two-stage stratified random basis for
which sampling framework was prepared separately for vocational training providers (VTPs)
and Establishments. In Singrauli district all VTPs were covered. In Gurdaspur District 155
VTPs and 332 Establishments were covered and in Singrauli 36 VTPs and 372 Establishments
were covered.
For collecting data mixed methodology has been adopted in the study, wherein both
quantitative and qualitative data have been collected and collated. The primary data have been
collected through survey, whereas secondary data have been collected from government
departments and other sources. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaire.
Separate questionnaires were designed for VTPs and Establishments. To solicit the qualitative
information various stakeholders were contacted such as government departments,
representatives of industries, financial institutions, NGOs, Self Help Groups (SHGs), VTPs etc.
Focus group discussions (FGDs) were organized to solicit information on various issues such
10
as demands of skills, availability of training institutes, problems faced by industries, aspiration
of youths and women, government policies and programmes of skill development and so on.
Main Findings
A. Gurdaspur
Gurdaspur district is historically and culturally rich. Its natural resources in terms of rivers and
canals make irrigation possible as the district has predominantly agriculture base. Canal water
is suitable for agriculture as well as for domestic use. The district is also rich in mineral
resources such as stone, sand, salt petre, limestone etc., which can be used for development of
economic activities. The literacy rate is higher in the district as compared to the state and
national average.
The survey shows that, concentration of industries is in Batala block. Majority of industries are
small and most of these are engaged in manufacturing of lathe and other machines, agricultural
appliances etc. Private sector is pre-dominant as 90 per cent of establishments are in this sector.
Manufacturing industries are employing more workers. A few industries are opting for new
technology and machines. About 27 per cent industries are planning for future expansion.
Results of the survey show that concentration of VTPs is more in larger towns (60 per cent),
namely in Gurdaspur and Batala. Majority of these institutions are recognized by one or the
other agency. The Government aided and government institutions are having good
infrastructure and sufficient staff but optimal utilization of these remains an issue. Informal
institutions are providing training for such trades which require less space and machines.
Computer related courses are more in demand followed by paramedical and beauty-care
courses. Formal institutions receive regular grant from Government and hence incur more
expenditure per course, and charge lesser fees from students as compared to private
institutions.
Skilled persons are preferred by most establishments but quality of training remains an issue.
At present, there is a shortage of more than 6,000 skilled persons in the district. Organisations
which are planning for expansion, modernization and diversification have also suggested future
requirements for skilled persons. The maximum requirements are in the trades like machinist,
turner, fitter, CNC operators etc. During the next 5 years, the district may require additional
9,000 skilled persons.
The district has traditional skills in carpet weaving, embroidery, shawl making, preparing
handicraft items etc. The major problem in sustainability of traditional skills had been the lack
of skill up-gradation, use of new machines, and linkage with markets. Traditional skills are also
available in some of the occupations such as mason, blacksmith, porter, shoe maker, weaver
etc. but these skills are obsolete now due to technological innovations and demand for modern
items.
11
Discussions with various stakeholders and the survey in general indicated that there is a need
for short-term courses for motor mechanic, diesel mechanic, electrical item repairer, plumber,
carpenter, mason, electrician and blacksmith etc. Training should be given on modern
machines and equipments. There is also a demand for fabrication courses especially in Kadiyan
Block. Moulders, turners, mechanical engineers, welders, fitters are also demanded especially
in Batala Block, as most of the industries are manufacturing different kinds of machines. Since
there is an availability of food crops, training is needed for processing of various food
products. The courses may include food processing especially for wheat, rice, sugarcane,
potato etc.
The economy of Gurdaspur is agro-based and thus there is a demand for horticulture related
courses. Hotel & tourism has vast scope in the district but there is hardly any training course
for these activities. Youths of the district lack confidence in marketing skills, leadership
qualities and team work. Entrepreneurship programme can be organized with forward linkages
with financial institutions. The training should include financial management, project
development, communication skill, personality development and knowledge of computer
operation. There is also a need for establishing training centres at the doorstep for girl students
especially for fashion designing, beauty-care course, painting, interior decoration, embroidery,
art and crafts, pickle & papad-badi making etc.
Raw material is available in abundance for paper making. There is a vast scope for setting up
paper and pulp board industries. Raw material is also available for making light furniture,
basket weaving, cookery, rope making etc. Cottage industries can be established by individual
entrepreneurs if adequate training and financial support is provided by the government.
Some issues relating to the bottleneck in developmental process in the district are also
highlighted. Youths are attracted towards salaried jobs. They are no longer interested in
pursuing agriculture as a principal occupation. They are interested in going abroad.
Opportunities for employment and training for women are few in the local areas.
So far as development of the industries is concerned, increase in the freight charges, multiple
taxation, non-availability of electricity and lack of initiatives on the part of the government are
some of the major reasons for closing down of industries in the district.
On the basis of the field survey results, it is evident that the district has potential for
development. There are skill gaps and new skill needs are also emerging, which should be
taken into consideration for preparing a skill development plan. Specific policy interventions
are needed for certification of informally trained persons; courses in ITIs/ITCs should be as per
market demand; soft loans from financial institutions should be arranged, quality of training is
to be improved and finally, there is a need for backward and forward linkages with training
institutions, industry and financial institutions.
12
B. Singrauli
Singrauli district comprising of three blocks Waidhan, Deosar and Chittrangi was carved
out as a separate district of Madhya Pradesh in 2008 with its headquarters at Waidhan. It is one
of the most backward districts in the country, though it has got rich mineral deposits and other
natural resources. Agriculture is the mainstay of economy with paddy, wheat, and arhar being
the principal crops. Lack of irrigation facility is one of the principal reasons for lower crop
yield in the region with only 17 per cent of the net sown area under irrigation. Smallness of
size of holdings together with low irrigation intensity has contributed significantly towards the
socio-economic backwardness of the district. The predominance of agriculture in economic
activity can be highlighted by the fact that 77 per cent of the workers were engaged in
agricultural activities, while 23 per cent were non-agricultural workers.
Singrauli is fast becoming the energy hub of the country which is the result of the abundant
water resources and coal reserves. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and Northern
Coal Fields Ltd. have been operating in the district for the last 30 years. Since last 7-8 years
many private sector establishments have been started constructing power plants and are
initiating the process of excavating coal in several parts of the district. This has indeed opened
up new employment opportunities, particularly for skilled manpower in the region. With the
commissioning of new establishments in the next 3-4 years, demand for skilled manpower is
expected to grow significantly. Moreover, with the expansion of economic activities, and
ancillary industries coming up, there will be a considerable indirect demand for skilled
manpower. The objective of this study is therefore to estimate the requirement of skilled
manpower in the region, and also to take stock of existing vocational and technical training
institutions in the district.
Among the three blocks, Waidhan is the most developed one, and vast majority of
establishments (80% of the 372 establishments) are located here. Highest percentages of
establishments are engaged in manufacturing activities (44.62%) followed by Wholesale &
Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles. An overwhelming proportion (72%)
of establishments is extremely small having employment size of up to 5 persons. Only a few
large companies (power plants and coal mines) have employment size of more than 500
persons.
Since most of the establishments are extremely small, these do not have the capacity to train
their workers, and therefore, only 16 per cent of establishments were providing training to
their workers. Further, only one-third of the establishments have plans for
expansion/modernization/diversification during the next five years. Even though there is an
expansion of market at the local level, skill shortage is one of the reasons why majority of
establishments do not have any expansion/modernization/diversification plan during the next
five years.
Out of the total workers working in the industries, 71.62 percent were skilled workers and
28.38 percent were unskilled workers. Highest percentage of workers (37.12 percent) was
13
working in Mechanical trades followed by 12.10 percent in Management trades. Also,
maximum shortage of workers was assessed in Mechanical trades. Total shortage of workers
was assessed as 4,885 workers in Singrauli district out of which 503 were unskilled workers.
At present, 201 trades are in demand by the industries. These trades are in broad disciplines
such as Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Geology & Mining, Electronics & Communication,
Control & Instrumentation, Chemical, Computer, Management, Health, Accounts & Finance,
Education, Hotel Management, Driving/Operators and Other services. Taking into account the
future skill requirement, the study revealed that there 11,060 workers in various categories of
skill.
The survey of VTPs revealed that there are 36 VTPs available in the district. Majority of VTPs
(89 %) are in Waidhan block and majority of these is in private sector.
Total 80 courses were run by 36 VTPs; 47.50 percent of courses were of certificate level and
45 percent were of diploma level whereas 7.50 percent were informal courses. Majority of
diploma level courses (77.78 percent) were conducted in computer discipline. Highest number
of (31.58%) certificate level courses was conducted in mechanical disciplines.
During 2010-11, there were 2,358 students enrolled, out of which 1,911 students were passed
(81.04%). Highest enrolment (39.48 percent) was in computer related courses. Placement of
students has been increased in 2010-11 as compared to that in the previous years. However,
even after improvement, placement rate is only one-third (out of the total pass-outs).
Average annual expenditure per student was Rs. 3,671 in the formal VTPS, while the average
annual expenditure per student in the informal institutions was Rs. 11,844. Majority of VTPs
reported that infrastructure facilities are adequate.
Presently, as many as 64 trades are in demand in the industries of Singrauli district; while
VTPs in Singrauli district supply skilled personnel to these industries only in 30 trades. There
is no VTP in the district for providing training for the remaining 34 trades.
In view of the Survey the study suggests the following recommendations.
1. For Health related courses at least one institution should be set up in association with
Government District Hospital and other big hospitals in the district. All types of health
related vocational courses may be started in this institute.
2. For Engineering and Non-Engineering Trades at least one institute at Polytechnic level
and three institutes at ITI level may be opened in the district to cater to the need of the
skilled persons in the district. It is also suggested that ITI level institutions may be
opened one in each of the three blocks. In ITI level institutions, in addition to above-
listed courses, other trades which are also in demand must be started in consultation
with the local industries. These institutions may be opened in the Government or in
Private sector or in Public Private Partnership (PPP) model.
14
Up-scaling of such Studies
If such studies are to be up-scaled, the mix methodology approach followed in this
study appears to be appropriate wherein both quantitative (through structured
questionnaires) and qualitative data (through FGDs) have been collected and collated.
Whether the study in a district should be census or sample would depend upon a
number of factors in different states which are as follows:
i) Size of the district To replicate such study in bigger blocks (more than five)
sample study is recommended.
ii) Area of the district If a district has five or less blocks but the area is big,
sample study is recommended.
iii) Number of VTPs If there are more blocks but, VTPs are limited; census is
recommended.
iv) While doing sample study sampling should be done at the block level itself in
general. But if VTPs are limited, then all blocks should be covered.
For sample studies about Rs.10-12 lakh per district on an average for census studies
about Rs.15-18 per district.
15
Chapter 1
Objectives and Methodology

This section details with the genesis of the study, its objectives, methodology and tools for
study. In two districts, namely, Gurdaspur and Singrauli where the studies were done, two
different approaches have been followed; details as well as explanation of which have been
provided.
Genesis of the Study
The Government of India attaches great importance to skill development in the country. India
has a large population base of 1.14 billion with a demographic shift in favour of working age
group. Over the next five years, working age group is expected to grow at 2.15 per cent. The
net addition to the workforce is, therefore, expected to grow to 89 million, of which 13 million
are likely to be graduates and postgraduates, and 57 million are school drop-outs or illiterates.
This will lead to an incremental demand for skilled labour. Graduates and vocationally trained
people are expected to meet only 23 per cent of this demand. The countrys vocationally
trained workforce is one of the lowest in the world and productivity of the Indian workers is
also lowest owing to low skill levels. India has set a target of skilling 500 million people by
2022 (Eleventh Five Year Plan).
With Indias integration into the global market and the industry can benefit from globalization
in terms of price, quality, safety and productivity, only if the country acquires globally
competent labour force. This calls for a re-look at the existing state of affairs in the skill-
imparting system of the country. Efforts have to be made to develop market -driven functional
skills amongst its potential labour pool. The Prime Ministers National Council on Skill
Development has been formulated to coordinate action on skill development.
The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has been set up under Public- Private-
Partnership (PPP) mode which is functioning under the Ministry of Finance to provide viability
gap funding and coordinate private sector initiatives. The corporation has constituted Sector
Skills Councils for identification of skill development needs, development of a sector skills
development plan and establishment of a well-structured sector-specific labour market
information system.
NSDC, inter-alia, aims at determining the gaps between the demand and supply of human
skills at micro level through survey studies. In this context, Institute of Applied Manpower
Research (IAMR) has been entrusted by NSDC on a pilot basis to study two districts to
establish a sound methodology so that later such survey could be undertake across the country.
These two districts are Gurdaspur in Punjab and Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh. In Gurdaspur,
the survey of vocational training providers (VTPs) has been conducted on a sample basis
while in Singrauli a Census approach has been followed.
16
Objectives:
The main objectives of the study are:

i) To assess the status of the existing economic activities and potential for expansion.
ii) To assess the status of training facilities.
iii) To map skill demands for future.
iv) To match the aspirations of youth with employment opportunities.
Structure of the Report
This report is divided into two parts. The first part provides information about the Gurdaspur
district of Punjab and second part relates to Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh. Gurdaspur
report has seven sections. First section details the objectives and methodology adopted for
survey in both the districts. Section two relates to Gurdaspur wherein demographic and social
status of the district has been described. In section three major economic activities, information
regarding industries and their modernization has been mentioned in the light of survey results.
Section four details the vocational training facilities available in the district and problems
therein. Section five indicates skill gaps and skill demands. In section six other issues such as
aspirations of youth, problems of industries etc. have been discussed. Section seven provides a
summary of findings and suggestions.
Part II of the report relates to survey of Singrauli.
Major Findings
Based on the field survey, following are the major findings:

Both the districts have agriculture as their base occupation. While agriculture in
Gurdaspur is modernized, whereas that in Singrauli is yet to take place.
Gurdaspur is less industrialised as compared to Singrauli, which is emerging as energy
hub of India. Industries in Gurdaspur are suffering due to lack of adequate industrial
policies and erratic power supply.
Both the districts do not have adequate training facilities in the light of changing labour
market needs.
Both physical and human resources in both the districts are under-utilized, which can
be exploited for imparting demand based training and generating employment.
There is demand for skill development in both the districts. While in Gurdaspur the
demand for skills relates to manufacturing of machines and tools, in Singrauli skill
requirements are for power plants.
In both the districts traditional skills need up-gradation.
In both the districts there is a demand for functional skills, which means that people
should have practical skills besides having theoretical base.
17
In Gurdaspur, establishments are small (no establishment employing 100 workers),
while in Singrauli establishments are big (the power plants employing more than 100
workers). These big establishments in Singrauli can be encouraged to start their own
technical institution for imparting training.
As Gurdaspur is a relatively prosperous district, youth have high aspirations in terms of
salaries and type of work assignments.
Utilisation of manpower is possible through forward linkages of trained youth with
Government schemes. For example the technically trained youth may be linked with the
government schemes under which loans are provided to start self employment ventures.
Infrastructure in terms of school buildings and other training institutions building and
equipments is underutilized and can be used to impart training.
There is need for certification of informally trained persons.
Methodology
Which approach is more suitable - Census Vs Sample
The studies have been conducted in two districts, namely, Gurdaspur in Punjab and
Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh by following two different approaches. In Gurdaspur, the
survey has been conducted on sample basis while in Singrauli a census approach has
been followed. In census approach all the vocational training providers (VTPs)
providing training to at least 5 persons at a time, were covered in all the three blocks.
In Gurdaspur district, information was collected by adopting a sample design approach.

Sampling was done on the basis of two-stage stratified random basis for which
sampling frames were prepared separately for VTPs and establishments.
Two different approaches have been adopted to determine the appropriateness and
suitability of the methodology, if such studies were taken to scale across the country.
Collection and Collation of qualitative and qualitative data
Mixed methodology has been adopted in the study wherein both quantitative and
qualitative data have been collected and collated. The data have been collected through
primary survey as well as using available secondary data from various sources. Primary
data were collected through structured questionnaires; separate questionnaires were
designed for Vocational Training Providers (VTPs) and Establishments. These
questionnaires were pre-tested twice at different locations before finalization.
Vocational Training providers (VTPs) and Establishments, District/Block level
officials, elected members of local bodies, NGOs, Industries, self-help groups and other
stake holders, were contacted to elicit information on various issues such as quality of
skill training, skills demanded, emerging occupations and economic activities etc.
18
A brief description about each questionnaire is given below:
Research Tools
i) VTP Questionnaire
Through this questionnaire, information was collected from Vocational Training

Providers (VTPs) about type of institutions, status of affiliations, courses offered and
level of courses. Information was also collected about fee structure, faculty status,
placement records and adequacy of infrastructure etc. The questionnaire also included
questions on demand for new courses which have potential for employment in the near
future. Questionnaires had close ended as well as open-ended questions.
ii) Questionnaire for Establishments
The questionnaire for establishment was designed to capture the skill demands and gaps
in skills. The questions, inter-alia, included questions on major activities of the
establishment, number of technical and non-technical employees, technological
changes and subsequent needs for skills, status of skill development in the district and
so on.
Focus Group Discussion (FGDs)
To solicit qualitative information from various stakeholders such as government employees,

industry representatives, representatives from financial institutions, NGOs, SHGs, Vocational
Training Providers, etc. checklists were designed to organize FGDs. Points were also chalked
out for discussions with youth to understand their aspirations and skill needs. Interactions took
place specifically with women groups to know their problems and requirements. Details of
these checklists have been given below:
i) For District Level Officials:
This checklist has six parts. First part relates to economic activity status of the District,
especially non-farm activities, scope for expansion, diversification and potential for
future employment generation etc. Second part centered on the availability of human
and natural resources and infrastructure and status of their utilization. Third part
contained the status of training facilities in the district, skill shortages, emerging
requirements, quality of training, availability of qualified trainers, status of traditional
skills and requirement of up gradation of available manpower etc. In the fourth part
forward linkages after training, employability of persons trained, government
intervention in increasing employability and skill development etc. were covered.
Future plans and interventions of district policies for new investment, fading and
sunrise industries, labour market information system, status of unemployment, etc.
19
were covered in fifth part and lastly aspiration of youths etc. were covered in the sixth
part.
(ii) Discussion Points for Industries
Discussion points for industries had four sections. Through the first section,
information was collected from the industry representatives about emerging
occupations, extension of existing activities, setting up of additional unit,
diversification and modernization of existing units etc. resulting in skill needs. Skill
requirements and shortage of skills, up-gradation of skill mechanism, existing skill
development status, etc. were sought in the second section. In the third section, issues
regarding quality of available trained manpower, availability of raw material and labour
turnover etc., were listed. In the last section, opinions about initiatives from industries
in connection with skill development under PPP mode were discussed. The section
also included issues like bottlenecks in industrial development of the district.
(iii) For Block Development Official, Block Education Official, Self-help Group NGOs
For collecting opinion from block officials, Self Help Group (SHGs), NGOs, etc.,
various aspects such as role of NGOs in skill development, satisfaction about existing
training programmes in the block, emerging training needs in the area, status of family
occupation, problems of youths and constraints in imparting training etc., were
collected.
(iv) Discussion Points for Youth
Discussions points in this checklist included aspirations of youth, their skill needs,
perspective about unemployment and salary issues, their present status of training,
problems in getting adequate training, etc.
It may be noted here that in case of Singrauli District, the census survey was carried out. In
addition, FGDs were carried out. One FGD was carried out with the District officials, three
FGDs were carried out at the Block level (one in each Block). Also, 7 FGDs were carried out
at the village level with artisans (in different trades).
Sampling the Procedure
Sampling for VTPs
For identifying the universe (Sample frame) for VTPs, data from Economic Census 2004-05,
lists obtained from District Industries Centre (DIC), Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs),
Employment Exchanges, Education Department, Deputy Commissioners Office and other
sources were compiled as complete information was not available from one source. A total of
526 educational institutions and vocational Training providers (VTPs) were thus identified in
20
Gurdaspur District in its 11 blocks. After preparing the universe, a two way stratified random
sampling design was adopted, strata being the blocks and type of institutions. The block-wise
details by category of VTPs are given in the table below:
Table 1.1 Block-wise VTPs List in Gurdaspur
Category of VTPs
Name of
Total
Blocks Schools ITI ITCs Polytechnic Colleges Others Informal* Total
Formal
Batala 143 1 - 3 7 10 164 20 184
Gurdaspur 84 4 2 3 18 21 133 21 155
Dera Baba 10 1 - 0 3 - 14 5 19
Nanak
Fatehgarh 10 1 - 0 2 - 13 3 16
Churian
Dhariwal 19 1 1 0 1 - 22 1 23
Quadian 10 1 - 0 4 - 15 2 17
Dinanagar 17 0 1 1 5 10 34 3 37
Kalanpur 5 1 - 0 0 5 11 1 7
Shri 8 0 - 0 0 3 11 0 13
Harigobindpur
Khanuwan 6 0 2 0 0 1 9 0 9
Dorangal 4 0 - 1 0 1 6 0 6
Miscellaneous 34 0 - 0 1 - 35 4 40
Total 350 10 6 8 41 51 466 60 526
*As listed in the frame.
** Other Institutions include institutions providing various skill development courses other than ITI
and polytechnics.
For a population size of 526 and with specification of a) 5% margin of error, and b) 95%
confidence level, the sample size with random sampling would be about 225. The total sample
size has been distributed, first among various types of institutions, allowing 25% sampling of
schools, 50% in colleges and polytechnics and 100% in the case of all other types of
institutions. This leads to a total sample size of 244 which is slightly higher than a calculated
size of 225. The samples for each type of institutions have then been distributed among various
blocks in proportion to the total number of institutions of that type in the block. Within each
block the requisite number of schools and colleges and polytechnics as indicated in the above
table were selected through simple random sampling. Institutions of other types were covered
on Census basis.
In addition to the institutions appearing in the sampling frame originally constructed from
various sources, it was found during the field work that there were some other training
establishments which were being operated from residential or other areas and were not listed in
the frame. Such institutions were listed at the time of survey in different blocks, added to the
sample and were covered through this survey. These institutions were mainly in the informal
sphere of activity. In the universe compiled from various sources there were a total of 60
informal institutions. However, a total of 85* were listed after locating them while in the field,
which have all been covered. It was also found that a few institutions which were originally
21
listed as schools and colleges were in fact imparting vocational education or training and as
such they were transferred to the relevant category Other institutions. The final sample with
all these inclusions came to 282 as shown below:
Table 1.2 Sampling of VTPs
Category of VTPs
Name of
Other Total Informal
Blocks School ITI ITC Polytechnic College Total
Institution Formal Institution
Gurdaspur 27 4 2 2 3 8 46 38 84
Batala 43 1 - 2 3 12 61 19 80
Dorangal 3 - - - - - 3 1 4
Khanuwan 3 - 2 - - 4 9 - 9
Kalanaur 1 1 - 1 2 5 4 9
Shri 5 - - - 4 9 3 12
Hargobindpur
Dhariwal 11 1 1 - - 2 15 5 20
Quadian 4 1 - 2 2 9 3 12
Dinanagar 5 - 1 1 2 5 14 9 23
Dera Baba 4 1 - - 1 8 14 2 16
Nanak
Fatehgarh 3 1 - - 2 6 12 1 13
Churian
Total 109 10 6 5 14 53 197 85* 282
While the total sample of institutions surveyed, including general schools and colleges, was
thus 282, the primary focus of the study was on vocational education and training providers. It
may be noted here that sample of schools has been taken only in order to assess the
infrastructure available in the district which could be optimally utilized for purposes of
vocational training. Detailed analysis of all other aspects has therefore been confined to VTPs
only. Excluding the 123 general schools and colleges selected into the sample, the number of
VTPs actually surveyed came to 155 as shown in the following table.
Table 1.3 Actual Coverage after deleting the sample of schools and general colleges covered
Category of VTPs
Name of
Others Total Informal
Blocks School ITI ITC Polytechnic Colleges Total
Institutions Formal Institutions
Gurdaspur 0 4 2 2 4 4 16 36 52
Batala 1 1 0 2 2 9 15 18 33
Dorangal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Khanuwan 0 0 2 0 1 3 6 0 6
Kalanaur 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 4 7
Shri 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 8
Hargobindpur
Dhariwal 0 1 1 0 0 2 4 3 7
Quadian 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 2 5
Dinanagar 1 0 0 1 1 3 6 9 15
22
Dera Baba 0 1 0 0 2 6 9 4 13
Nanak
Fatehgarh 3 1 1 0 2 1 8 1 9
Churian
Total 5 10 6 5 13 35 74 81 155
The above classification of VTPs is on the basis of the various types of educational and
training facilities available in the district. Schools and Colleges are imparting general
education, while ITIs and ITCs are providing certificate courses. Polytechnics provide Diploma
level courses. The category of other institutions include various types of institutions providing
different trade related certificate/ diploma and degree courses. All these are covered under
formal institutions as these courses are recognized by some or the other agency. The category
of informal institutions includes those trade related courses that are imparted by generally
home based institutions which offer paper or no certificate.
Sampling for Industrial Establishments
The objective of administering a questionnaire to industry establishments was to assess their

demand for skills for future as well as existing skill shortages.
To prepare the universe for conducting the establishment survey, a list of industries/
establishments were obtained from District Industry Centre (DIC), Employment Exchange,
Economic Census 2004-05, Government ITI, industrial associations etc. and was also collected
a list of informal establishments from other sources.
As per the sampling frame there are a total of about 3,877 establishments in the district. A
large concentration of about 1,994 establishments (51.4 per cent) is in Batala Block followed
by 336 in Gurdaspur.
All the industrial units of the district were classified according to the major economic activities
of the district in consultation with district officials which are as follows:
Agriculture Implements
Electrical & Electronics
Other Manufacturing
Repair Services
Wooden Furnishing
Others
The establishment survey was conducted in all the 11 blocks of the district to cover the above
Economic/Industrial activities. Some of the informal activities that did not find a place in the
listed sample frame were located and surveyed at the time of field work itself. Thus, the block-
wise and industrial category-wise coverage is given in the following table:
23
Table 1.4 Block-wise and industrial category-wise coverage Establishments
Industrial Activity
Agriculture
Repair Wood/ Manufacturing
Name of the Implements Electricity/
and Wooden Units (Steel,
Blocks (Manufacturing Electronics Others Total
Servicing Furniture Iron, Lathe,
/ Repair/ Units
Units Units etc.
Servicing)
Batala 4 3 14 3 122 7 153
DeraBaba 0 1 4 0 2 0 7
Nanak
Gurdaspur 4 0 13 2 16 5 40
Dhariwal 2 1 8 2 3 0 16
Dinanagar 4 0 13 5 4 2 28
Dorangal 2 0 1 0 2 0 5
Fatehgarh 2 0 8 6 2 0 18
Churian
Qudian 1 0 1 0 2 2 6
Khanwan 1 3 10 1 1 5 21
Kalanaur 1 0 9 1 6 2 19
Shri 2 1 9 1 5 1 19
Hargobindpur
Total 23 9 90 21 165 24 332
Source: IAMR Survey, 2011
The above sampling has been done for 90 per cent confidence level with 5 per cent margin of error.
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

The details of Focus Group discussions organized in both the districts may be seen in
the following table.
Table 1.5 Details of FGDs
Sl. Number of No of Persons

FGD With Participants
No. FGDs Attended
Principal from ITIs, Principals of schools,
Representative of NGOs , district officials,
A. District Level 7 135 Block officials, representatives from various
industries etc.
Block officials, Sarpanch, ITI Principals,
B. Block 11 About 200 Block education officer, C DPOs NGOs,
VDOs, Panchayat Secretaries etc.
Local Youth
C. Village Level 2 25
Stakeholders Govt. officials, Head of skill Training

(Unemployed imparting Institutions, Industrialists,
D. Youth, industry 7 Informal training providers and local youth
Association, etc.
industrialists,
E. Self Help Group 2 40 President of SHG, block officials
24
Data Collection and Analysis
Data collection was conducted within a period of one month by hiring investigators at local
level who were duly supervised by the teams of the institute. Each questionnaire was
scrutinized and wherever gaps were identified the concerned persons were sent to the field
again. Investigators were fully trained by the IAMR officials. Institutes officials also visited
some of the VTPs and establishments to get the questionnaires filled and sample checking.
Software has been developed in-house to generate data tables.
Focus Group Discussions have been analyzed and discussed in relevant sections.
To summarise, this section indicates that although in one district, census study and in another,
sample study has been conducted; in both the districts all the blocks have been covered. While
doing a sample study a proper sampling design has been prepared. Study tools were designed
in-house and pretested in the field before finalization. Mixed methodology approach is a
modern approach generally used in all types of researches to get appropriate results wherein
quantification is possible and qualitative aspects are also taken into account.
25
Chapter 2
PART A (Gurdaspur District)
Demographic and Social Status of the District
In this section, demographic and social profile of the district has been discussed which
indicated its rich culture and historical background. Both natural and human resources, which
could be exploited for their optimum utilization, have been detailed in this section.
The Profile
The district of Gurdaspur was ruled by several dynasties including Mughals. From the latter
half of the 10th century up to 1919 A.D., this district was ruled by the Shahi dynasty under
Jayapal and Anandpal. Kalanaur in this district was the most important town during the period
from 14th to 16th century. After the decline and fall of the Mughal supremacy and the rise of the
Sikh power, this district saw various changes. Some of the Sikh Gurus have been closely
associated with the district. Guru Nanak, born in 1469 in the Lahore district, married in 1485 in
the Batala Tehsil. There is still a wall known as Jhoolana Mahal in Gurdaspur which swings.
The Sikh Guru Hargobind refounded Shri Hargobindpur which had been formerly known by
the name of Rahila. Banda Bahadur, the disciple of Guru Gobind Singh used this district as a
base to rule the country up to Lahore. The emperor Bahadur Shah conducted an expedition
against him in 1711. Banda Bahadar fought his last battle with the Mughal at Gurdas Nangal in
the district and was captured. In 1811, Maharaja Ranjit Singh known as the Lion of Punjab
captured the whole district. Dinanagar, with its pleasant mango gardens and running canal was
his favourite summer residence. Muslim population of the district migrated to Pakistan and
Hindus and the Sikhs of Sialkot and Tehsil Shakargarh migrated to Gurdaspur after crossing
the Ravi Bridge. They settled and spread in Gurdaspur district. It may be observed that the
district has witnessed many ups and downs. This background shows that the district is rich in
culture and retains historical importance which attracts a number of tourists from across the
globe.
Area and Location
Total area of the district is 2552 Sq. Km. which is 5 per cent of total area of the State. The
Gurdaspur district is the northernmost district of Punjab State. It falls in the Jalandhar division
and is located between river the Ravi and Beas. The district lies between north-latitude 310-36'
and 320-34' and east longitude 740-56' and 750-24' and shares common boundaries with Kathua
district of Jammu & Kashmir State in the north, Chamba and Kangra districts of Himachal
Pradesh in the north-east, Hoshiarpur district in the south-east, Kapurthala district in the south,
Amritsar district in the south-west and Pakistan in the north-west.
26
Topography
There are three Tehsils (namely Gurdaspur, Batala and Dera Baba Nanak), Seven Sub-tehsils
and 11 Community Development Blocks. All three tehsils are similar to the rest of the Punjab
plains in structure, genesis, lithology and surface configuration. Pathankot which was the part
of Gurdaspur district till June, 2011 has been declared as a separate district. With this partition,
five community Development Blocks, namely, Bamial, Dharkalan, N.J. Singh, Pathankot and
Sujanpur have been transferred to this newly formed district. Pathankot area was hilly region
with plenty of horticulture resources and was an advantage for Gurdaspur district. Now with
11 blocks, the district is generally a plain area with its border with Pakistan posing a number of
threats and repressions.
Table 2.1 Tehsils, Sub-tehsils and Blocks in the District
Tehsils Sub-tehsils Community Development Blocks

1. Batala 1. Dhariwal 1. Batala
2. Dera Baba Nanak 2. Dinanagar 2. Dera Baba Nanak
3. Gurdaspur 3. Fategarh Churian 3. Dhariwal
4. Kahnuwan 4. Dinanagar
5.Kalanur 5. Dorangla
6.Qadian 6. Fatehgarh Churian
7. Shri Hargobindpur 7. Gurdaspur
8. Kahnuwan
9. Kalanaur
10. Qadian
11. Sri Hargobindpur
To its south lies an area of about 128 sq. kms which is highly dissected and is an undulating
plain. Its elevation ranges from about 305 to 381 meters above sea level. The flood plains of
the river Ravi and the Beas are separated from the up-land plain by sharp river-cut bluffs. They
are low lying, with slightly uneven topography. Sand dominates in the soil structure of the
flood plains.
The up-land plain covers a large part of the district particularly of Dera Baba Nanak, Batala
and Gurdaspur tehsils. Its elevation ranges from about 305 meters above sea level in the north-
east to about 213 metres above sea level in the south-west, with a gentle gradient of about 1
meter in 1.6 km. This is the most important physiographic unit in the district.
River System and Power Resources
The Beas and Ravi are the two main rivers which flow through the district, both of which
originate near the Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh. The Chaki Khad is the chief tributary of
the Beas River in Gurdaspur district. Like other rivers of Punjab, the water of Beas and Ravi
rivers fluctuate from season to season and from year to year. This fluctuating discharge of the
rivers does not permit their navigational use.
27
There are a number of local swampy depressions popularly known as Chhambs. The largest of
these is the Kahnuwan Chhamb which stretches along the Beas River in Gurdaspur tehsil.
Another swampy depression is the Keshopur Chhamb but this Chhamba alongwith other
erstwhile chhambs of Dhan Rai, Narod Budiulzama, Paniar, Bucha Nangal and Naranwali,
have practically been reclaimed now.
Gurdaspur district possesses a fairly dense network of canals of the Upper Bari Doab Canal
system which irrigates most of the area of the district. Its main branches are Lahore branch,
Kasur branch and the Sabhraon branch. The Ravi Beas link which was completed around 1954
diverts part of the Ravi water into Chakki khad which is a tributary of Beas. Ranjit Sagar Dam
600 MW generation of power, Punjabs share is 452 MW. Ranjit Sagar Dam is one of the latest
multipurpose river valley projects under construction on river Ravi about 24 km upstream of
Madhopur Head works.
The power resources in the district are not sufficient to meet the need of agriculture as well as
industries. This is one of the major bottlenecks in the development of industries.
Climate
The summer season falls between the months of April to July and the winter November to
March. In summer season, the temperature touches 440C or even sometimes crosses it. June is
the hottest month and January is the coldest one. Mostly, rain falls in the month of July. The
winter rains are experienced during January and February. Dust storms occur in the month of
May and June.
Rainfall
The south-west monsoon generally arrives in the first week of July and continues up to the end
of August. Seventy per cent of the rainfall occurs during this period. The average rainfall of the
district is 875.4 millimetres (average of 5 years), state average is 457.5 millimetres (average of
five years).
Ecology
The changes in ecology system are inevitable consequences of development process. The
denudation of forests due to increasing population, urbanization industrialization has
accelerated the process of environmental degradation in the district. Therefore, preservation of
the ecology is one of the most important goals of the district planning. The vegetation varies in
the district depending on the soil, topography and elevation. In the Shahpur Kandi range which
lies in the hilly tract, the forests are mainly of the miscellaneous hardwood species and the Chil
pine. In the Plain, large scale of aforestation has been undertaken by the forest department,
where water facilities are available, Shisham, mulberry, eucalyptus and poplar is being planted.
In the Kallar area, kikar prosopis and eucalyptus has been planted.
28
Hydrology
Depth of water in the district varies between 10 and 40 metres below land. The groundwater in
this region is suitable for irrigational and domestic uses. The sub-soil water depth ranges from
1.5 to 3 metres in most part of the district.
Soils
The soils are loamy with clay content below 10 percent. They contain small quantities of lime
but the magnesium content is high. They are rich in potash and phosphoric acid but the
quantities available are low. The agriculture is dependent to a large extent on the nature of its
soils which in turn is influenced materially by climatic factors. The soil of the district is quite
alluvial and fertile.
The area of Dhariwal Ghuman, Quadian, Harchowal and Sri Hargobindpur is called Riarki.
The western side of Kahnuwan Lake up to Aliwal canal is called Bangar and the area between
the rivers of Beas and Ravi is known as Bet. The cultivable waste land is fallow or covered
with bushes or jungle which may not be put to any use. Lands under ching grass bamboo,
bushes, tree crops etc. which are not included under forests have been considered as cultivable
waste. As for example, all growing lands are permanent pastures, meadows, grazing lands
within the forests etc.
Minerals Resources
The district is rich in mineral resources. The minerals found in the district are building stones,
foundry sand, gold calctuff, ochre, salt petre etc. The building materials like boulders shingle,
sand, brick earth etc, usually occur at the same place and are found in the ephemeral streams as
well as in the perennial streams. The foundry sand is found from Dharamkot near Batala. The
deposits are located 6.5 kms west of Batala. Exposed on both sides of Batala-Dera Baba Nanak
road, the Dharmkot sand is a natural moulding sand, containing about 20% of clay. Another
deposit which is about 4 meters thick occurs at about 6 km from Batala on the Batala Qadian
road. The sand gives a yellowish tinge on the surface but is reddish brown at about 1 metre
depth.
The sand deposits are also found at Bhagwanpur about 15 km west of Batala on Dera Baba
Nanak road and about 10 km from Gurdaspur on the Gurdaspur Naushera road (20 percent
clay). The Calc-tufa found at scattered places in Dhar-Dunera block of district Gurdaspur is
suitable for lime burning and cement manufacture. The salt petre occurs in the district at the
villages of Thikriwala, Lamin and Pandori in thesil Gurdaspur and Dhawan, Chataurgarh and
Badowal in tehsil Batala. It is a source of Potassium nitrate which can be used for making
crackers and Gunpowder, in matches and sugar industry, and as fertilizer.
29
Demographic Features
There are 11 Community Development Block in the District. The number of inhabited villages
in eleven blocks is 1,160. The number of village panchayats is 1,217.
Table 2.2 Community Development Block wise Village and Panchayat Details, 2001
Sr. No. of inhabited No. of Village

Community Development Block s
No. Villages Panchayats
1 Batala 106 130
2 Dera Baba Nanak 123 139
3 Dhariwal 113 117
4 Dinanagar 113 113
5 Dorangla 86 75
6 Fatehgarh Churian 83 108
7 Gurdaspur 130 139
8 Kahnuwan 148 137
9 Kalanaur 93 93
10 Qadian 63 68
11 Sri Hargobindpur 102 98
Total 1160 1217
Source: Block at a Glance, District Gurdaspur, 2004
The total area of the district is 2,552 square km. The total population is 1, 1573. The total
population density is 502. The literacy rate of the district is 81.1% male literacy 85.9%,
female literacy is 75.7% which is above the state average. In case of male it is 81.5% and in
case of female it is 71.3%; and the total literacy is 76.7%. The literacy in Gurdaspur is above
the all India average in case of male it is 82.1%, in case of female it is 65.5% and for total it
is 74.0%. The details for 11 community development blocks are given in the following table:
Table 2.3 Community Developments Block-wise Population, 2001
Community Total Population (000) Density

Development Area
Male Female Total
Blocks (sqkm)
Batala 221 680 612 1292 585
Dera Baba Nanak 286 579 510 1089 381
Dhariwal 233 679 619 1298 557
Dinanagar 203 534 502 1036 510
Dorangla 123 257 241 498 405
Fatehgarh Churian 236 485 431 916 388
Gurdaspur 251 828 733 1561 622
Kahnuwan 334 629 584 1213 363
Kalanaur 195 390 358 748 384
Qadian 199 448 411 859 432
Sri Hargobindpur 271 554 509 1063 392
Total 2552 6063 5510 11573 502
30
High Unemployment
Unemployment scenario indicates that out of the total unemployed in the State, 8.2% are in
Gurdaspur. The percentage of unemployed is higher in Gurdaspur as compared to other
districts of Punjab such as Kapurthala, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur etc. Only in a few districts
unemployment is higher than Gurdaspur, these districts are Amritsar, Patiala and Fatehgarh
Saheb. Educated unemployment is high (77.5%) (Directorate of Employment, 2009).
It may be observed in this section that Gurdaspur district is historically and culturally rich. Its
natural resources in terms of rivers and canals make irrigation possible as the district is
predominantly agriculture based. Ground water is suitable for agriculture as well as for
domestic use. The district is also rich in mineral resources such as building stones, foundry
sand, calc-tufa, ochre, salt petre, limestone etc. which can be used for development of
economic activities. The literacy rate is high in the district as compared to the state average and
national average.
Block-wise information may be seen in Annexure 1.
31
Chapter 3
Major Economic Activities
The section mentions about major economic activities and potential for their expansion for
generating employment. These results are based on the survey conducted by the institution as
well as the secondary data available from the district which provide information about
composition of industries by ownership, status of industrial growth major activities by their
size of employment.
Main Activities in Gurdaspur Farm and Non-farm Activities

Predominantly Agricultural District: Farm Activities
Gurdaspur is predominantly an agricultural district. More than 70 per cent population lives in
rural areas. Out of the total main workers of the district, 56 per cent are engaged as agriculture
worker, 2 per cent in household industry and 42 per cent other workers. The contribution of
other sector such as forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying is almost negligible. Livestock,
especially dairy, is another main source of livelihood. Since the state led the countrys green
revolution, which brought change in life style, aspirations of youth increased, so there was a
demand for better education for children, better housing and better consumer goods.
Mechanization of agriculture has taken place and tractors, motors pumps, threshers, etc., have
almost replaced the bullocks and traditional technology.
The total number of workers in the district is 370000. Out of this, 146700 are agricultural
workers. The number of non-agricultural workers is 223300. The density of population is the
highest in Gurdaspur and the least in Kahnuwan. The block-wise details are given in the
following table.
The block-wise details of net area sown, area sown more than once and net irrigated area is
given in the following table:
Table 3.1 Community Development Block-wise Agriculture, 2003-04
Details of Area Sown, Irrigated

Development Blocks Net Area Sown Area Sown more than
Net Irrigated (00 ha)
(00 ha) once (00 ha)
Batala 183 166 182
Dera Baba Nanak 243 228 237
Dhariwal 200 182 191
Dinanagar 156 128 148
Dorangla 99 82 90
Fatehgarh Churian 199 185 194
Gurdaspur 203 157 196
Kahnuwan 225 196 181
Kalanaur 166 148 158
Qadian 157 52 25
Sri Hargobindpur 220 200 196
Total 2051 1724 1798
32
3.2 Community Development Block-wise Workers Classification, 2001
Workers (00)
Community Agricultural Non-agricultural Total workers
Development Blocks workers workers
Batala 157 252 409
Dera Baba Nanak 157 220 377
Dhariwal 164 266 430
Dinanagar 93 230 323
Dorangla 66 87 153
Fatehgarh Churian 86 44 130
Gurdaspur 140 375 515
Kahnuwan 189 233 422
Kalanaur 102 156 258
Qadian 127 161 288
Sri Hargobindpur 186 209 395
Total 1467 2233 3700
Source: Blocks at a Glance, District Gurdaspur, 2004
Non-Farm Activities
Other non-farm economic activities relate to manufacturing and services which have their
concentration in Batala and Gurdaspur blocks. Non-farm activities include manufacturing of
agricultural implements and other industries relating to machines and tools. Wooden furnishing
is also one of the major non-farm activities. Besides there are activities relating to electricals
and electronics and constructions activities. Traditional activities in the district relate to
embroidery and stitching, paper making and, to certain extent, tourism. The following chart
indicates the main industrial activity (other than agriculture) which is based on the survey
conducted.
Chart 1
33
Maximum economic activities are concentrated in Batala block followed by Gurdaspur,
Dinagarh, Kahnuwan. Some blocks like Dorangal, Quadian, Dera Baba Nanak appear to be
backward as there are negligible number of establishments so far as manufacturing or services
related activities are concerned. These blocks are depending upon agriculture and to some
extent religious tourism (Dera Baba Nanak). Block-wise main activities may be seen in
annexure-II.
Predominated by Private Sector
The block-wise and ownership-wise composition of establishments can be seen in Tables-1A

to 1D (Annexure-III). It may be observed that 90 per cent of the establishments are in private
sector followed by cooperative sector (only 5.12 per cent). The presence of public sector
establishments is negligible while others (such as NGOs) account for 4.58 per cent which
include NGOs, etc.
Overall results show that public sector industrial establishments are negligible in the district
while private sector is taking initiatives in the industrial development of the district, especially
in Batala Block. The profile also indicates that industrial development is not uniform across
the district.
Chart 2
Distribution of Esablishments by
Ownership (%)
4.50.35.12
Public
Cooperative
Private
90 Others
Industrial Development not uniform across the district
The block-wise information indicates that about half of the establishments are in Batala (46.1
per cent) followed by Gurdaspur (12.0 per cent). The proportion of establishments in other
blocks varied from about 2 to 8 per cent. Very few establishments are in Dera Baba Nanak,
Kalanaur, Qudian blocks showing a lack of industrial development in these blocks.
34
Chart 3
Block-wise Distribution of Industries (%)

1.8 Batala
5.7
5.7 Dinagarh
6.3 Derababa Nanak
46.1 Dhariwal
12
Dorangal
5.4 Fetehpur Churian
Gurdaspur
1.5 8.3
4.8 Kahnuwan
2.1
Status of Industrial Growth over the years
Table-3 (Annexure-IV) indicates the block-wise composition of establishments in the district

by their year of establishments indicating the growth/decline of industries. It may be seen that
the boom period of industrial establishments had been up to 1990. About 71% of all industrial
units were set up during that period. This has however to be considered against the fact that
prior to 1990 data are cumulated data for several decades. The share of new units set up since
1990 was 29% of all the units. But, if we compare the last two decades, it may be seen that
about 78% (75 out of 96) of the new establishments (those set up after 1990) were set up
during 1991-2000 and only 22% after 2000.
Block-wise analysis indicates that the share of Batala has gradually declined and that of
Dinagarh, Gurdaspur and Kahnuwan has improved in comparison to earlier period so far as
establishment of new units is concerned.
Industry Establishments and size of Employment
Small Establishments
Table-4 (Annexure-V) shows composition of establishments according to major economic

activities and employment size. Taken all activities together, it may be observed that the
establishments in the district are very small so far as employment size is concerned and about
60 per cent of the units are employing less than 5 workers, and about 85 per cent employing
1 to 10 workers. Large establishments employing more than 100 persons are negligible (1.5
per cent) and so are those employing 26-100 size class (3.3 per cent). About 11 per cent
establishments are of medium size which is employing 11 to 25 workers. Thus, the district in
35
general has very small sized units so far as employment per unit is concerned. If we compare
the size of employment in establishments in Gurdaspur with the state as a whole and country
as a whole, it is observed that the proportion of small units (with less than 10 workers) is
98.35 per cent in Punjab state and about 98.49 per cent in the country (Economic Census
2005). The Gurdaspur District scenario is in line with the Punjab state and national scenario.
(Data presented above relates to only those establishments where survey has been conducted.
It may be noted here that all establishments employing more than 50 workers have been
covered under survey).
Manufacturing Industries are employing more workers
Major economic activity-wise composition shows that organizations employing more than 25
workers are involved in agriculture and other processing related activities, lathe and other
machinery work, manufacturing of metal and steel, paper and paper products and other
manufacturing activities. The medium sized industries employing 11 to 25 workers are those
involved in lathe and other machinery work followed by other economic activities such as
casting and related work, furniture and wood work and repairing and servicing. The rest of the
units are of small sized and are involved in various activities such as repairing, trade, welding,
manufacturing, etc. Most of these small sized units are engaged in repairing services. It may
also be mentioned that the economic activities like lathe and machinery work, manufacturing
of metals and steel and other activities mentioned above are carried out in both small size as
well as medium sized units.
Use of Technology and Modernisation Plan
Lesser Number of Industries are opting new Technology and Machines
Although new technologies are replacing the traditional technologies in the country, certain
areas are slow in adopting new technology and machines. Gurdaspur is a backward region and
technological innovation is almost negligible. Only 8 per cent establishments out of the total
surveyed have purchased new equipments for their industrial units. This is also because most
of the establishments are small and are unable to invest on costly machines. Out of these 8%
establishments that are replacing old technology, more than half are in Batala, followed by
Gurdaspur and Dinagarh. This phenomenon is understandable as there is a concentration of
establishments in these blocks. In particular, most of the innovations and improvements are
taking place at Batala as there is a concentration of establishments there. (Table-5)
(Annexure-VI)
About one- forth establishments are aspiring for future expansion
While Table-5 showed that very few establishments replaced their old technology with the new
one barring Batala block, Table-6 (Annexure-VII) indicates that about one-fourth of the
establishments (27%) are planning to expand or modernize their units or would like to
diversify their activities. This modernization is planned by establishments involved in
36
manufacturing of machines and tools (33%) followed by lathe and other machinery work,
(12.2) and repair & servicing (12.2) which generally involves electronic and electrical
activities. It may be noted that there is a concentration of these activities in the district.
It may be mentioned here that as it is in the whole of Punjab, in Gurdaspur also agriculture is
modernized and farmers are using tractors, sowing machines and other machines for
agriculture.
Summing up
In Gurdaspur district, concentration of industries is more in Batala Block. Majority of

industries are small, most of them are engaged in manufacturing of lathe and other machine
sheet metal, agricultural appliances etc. Private sector is predominant. New industries are not
coming up. About 27 percent industries are aspiring for future expansion.
37
Chapter 4
Status of Vocational Training Providers
In this section, the status of educational and vocational training facilities available in the
district has been discussed. This information has been compiled using secondary sources.
This section also provides a detailed analysis of vocational training providers in the district
which is based on primary survey conducted by the Institute. The analysis interalia includes
the details of formal and informal institutions, their status of recognition, types of courses
offered, infrastructure available and so on. The section also details the quality of training and
the issue of employability on the basis of the survey results as well as focus group discussions
organized across the district. There is a mention of educational facilities, but detailed analysis
is confined to Vocational Training Providers only as desired by the sponsors.
Educational Facilities in the District
With the opening of a number of primary, middle, high secondary schools and colleges, the
literacy rate in the district has been going up since 1947. The district has got 6th rank among all
the districts of the state in terms of literacy rate. The literacy rate in 1947 was 43.49 per cent of
the total population of the district, as against 40.86 per cent of the Punjab State as a whole. In
order to increase the literacy ratio, the State Government has established Adult Education
Centers in the State under the Adult Education Porgramme. As many as 300 adult education
centers (6 for males and 294 for females) have been established.
The number of arts and science colleges in the district is 41 at present. The number of higher
secondary schools is 373. In spite of a number of institutions in the district providing
education, their concentration is only in a few big towns and students have to travel quite a
distance for their education. All the areas of the district are not developed uniformly.
The following table provides details about the educational facilities in the district:
Table 4.1: Educational Institutions in the District
Type of Institution No.

Arts & Science Colleges 41
High/Hr./Sr. Secondary Schools 373
Middle School 255
Primary Schools 1552
Source: Official website of the district
Training Facilities
Training facilities in only few blocks
Training facilities are limited only to a few blocks of the district. Formal training institutions
comprise of ITIs/ITCs, Polytechnics, and other institutions imparting training in various
38
courses like computers which are formal institutes. There are a number of informal institutions
that are imparting training in beauty courses, driving, auto mechanic etc. These institutions are
informal and are providing training without conferring any formal certificate.
There is one engineering college, 8 polytechnics, one hotel management institution, 10 ITIs,
1 B.Ed. College and 1 NTT (Table 4.2). Some of the blocks do not even have any ITI.
Table 4.2 Training Facilities
Profession College Type No.

Engineering College 1
Polytechnic 8
Hotel Management 1
I.T.Is 10
ITCs 6
B.Ed. college 1
N.T.T. 1
Source: Department of Education, Gurdaspur
If the number of ITIs/ITCs in the district is compared with that of all India number of these
institutions and within the Punjab as a whole, the ratio in Gurdaspur is one ITI/ITC per 16,000
persons in the age group of 15 to 24 years of age, while this ratio in Punjab is one ITI per
15,000 persons of the same age group. At all India level the ratio is one ITI per 23,000 persons.
This shows that the ratio in Gurdaspur is better than all India ratio while it is not so when
compared with Punjab state as a whole (2011, Census).
Vocational training is dominated by private organizations
A. Affiliations
Table 4.3 shows the type of affiliations the vocational training providers have. The
table shows that more than half institutions are private (about 66%). The institutions
affiliated with public or government institutions are only about 6%. The rest of
institutions are public trust (about 3%), NGO (about 8%), Government aided
organizations (about 5%) and others (12%).
Block-wise composition of institutions shows that maximum number of training

providers are in Gurdaspur Municipality/block (38%) followed by Batala (about 22%).
In other blocks, the number of vocational training providers is very limited implying
that youth are coming to Gurdaspur and Batala for training. Concentration of
institutions in private sector also indicates that students have to pay high price for
getting trained.
39
Table-4.3: Composition of Institutions by Type of Affiliation
Type of Affiliation All

Blocks Public or Govt. Private Public Govt. Aided Sectors
NGO Others
Organisations Agency Trust Organisation combined
Batala 5 14 1 8 0 6 34
-21.94
Dinagarh 1 8 2 1 0 2 14
-9.03
Derababa 0 8 1 1 2 1 13
Nanak -8.39
Dhariwal 0 5 0 2 0 0 7
-4.52
Fatehpur 1 3 0 0 2 0 6
Churian -3.87
Gurdaspur 2 49 0 0 2 7 60
-38.71
Kahnuwan 0 3 0 0 0 0 3
-1.94
Kalanur 0 4 0 0 1 1 6
-3.87
Qudian 1 2 1 0 1 0 5
-3.23
Sri 0 6 0 0 0 1 7
Harigovindpur -4.52
Total 10 102 5 12 8 18 155
-6.45 -65.81 -3.23 -7.74 -5.16 -11.61 -100
B. Recognition
Only About 42 percent of the VTPs are recognized
The chart given below shows the status of recognition of various institutes providing
training. Out of a total 155 institutions surveyed, 65 (42%) reported that these were
recognized by some or the other recognized body, while 90 (58%) stated that these were
not recognized. These unrecognized institutions were offering training informally.
40
Chart 4
Status of Recognition of Institutions

Recognised
41.94
Un
Recognised
58.06
C. Block-wise Composition of Institutions by their Recognition

Higher percentage of recognized VTPs are concentrated in Batala Block
Out of the total institutions, about one-fourth of the institutions are recognized by State
Government Agency (23.45%). About 50% recognized institutions are recognized by the
Central Government. The institutions recognized under Society Act are 16% followed by
recognition from other agencies (about 13%). Out of the total recognized institutions one-
fourth are in Gurdaspur (23.46%) followed by Batala (18.5%) and Dera Baba Nanak
(16.05%). In other blocks, the percentage of recognized institutions is very low. This is
understandable as in these blocks training institutions are very few and most of them are
private and informal.
Table-4.4: Block-wise Status of Recognition of VTPs
Recognizing Body
Industry/ Trading
Medical Council
Nursing Council
Dental Council
NCVT/SCVT
Management
Employment
Association
NIOS/ SOS
Society Act
Ministry of
Electronics
State Govt.
Any Other
University
Education
Labour &
Distance
M/HRD
Dept. of
Council
of India
of India
Agency
AICTE
NCTE
KVIC
Hotel
Total
Blocks
Batala 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 6 0 0 0 2 15
-18.52
Dinagarh 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 9
-11.11
Derababa 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 1 3 13
Nanak -16.05
Dhariwal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 5
-6.17
Fetehpur 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 6
Churian -7.41
Gurdaspur 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 6 4 19
-23.46
Kahnuwan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 4
-4.94
Kalanur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3
-3.7
41
Qudian 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 3
-3.7
Sri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4
Harigovind -4.94
pur
Total 6 1 0 5 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 3 13 10 9 1 14 11 81
- -1.23 - -1.23 - - - - - - - - - - - - -100
7 6.17 2.47 1.23 1.23 2.47 1.23 3.7 16.0 12. 11.1 1.23 17.2 13.5
. 5 35 1 8 8
4
1
D. Type of Institutions Formal vs. Informal
As stated earlier formal institutions are those which provide a recognized certificate while
informal institutions are imparting training without giving a recognized certificate.
Courses Offered by formal institutions
The courses offered by formal institutions may be seen in the following chart. It may
be observed that maximum number of institutions (34%) is offering courses in
computer related areas which include certificate, diploma, degree and post-degree level
courses. About 20% institutions are offering courses in cutting/tailoring, fashion
designing, embroidery, etc. The institutions offering courses in engineering trades are
21.3%. These courses relate to engineering trades, such as technicians, machinists, etc.
which are generally offered by ITIs and polytechnics. A few institutions are providing
training in construction related trades (10.6%), health care (6.4%) and others (8.5%).
These other courses are variety of courses relating to electrical, electronics, and repairs
and so on.
Intake capacity in ITIs
Trade-wise intake capacity in ITIs and ITCs can be seen in the following table. It may
be seen that total intake capacity is 3240 out of which about 1700 seats are in ITIs and
1540 are in ITCs
42
Chart-5
Distribution of Courses by Formal

Institutions- by trade (%)
Health care Others 8.5 Computer
6.4 courses 34.1
Construction
10.6
Cutting &
Tailoring Engineering2
19.1 1.3
Table No. 4.5 Intake Capacity of ITI/ITCs in Gurdaspur District

Intake Capacity
Sl. No Name of Trades
ITI ITC Total
1 Bleaching and Dyeing 60 0 60
2 Carpenter 40 120 160
3 Computer Operator cum Programming Assistant 0 160 160
4 Cutting & Tailoring 140 100 240
5 Draftsman Civil 40 0 40
6 Draftsman Mechanic 20 0 20
7 Electrician 160 220 380
8 Electronic Mechanic 20 0 20
9 Embroidering & Needle Works 120 120 240
10 Fitter 80 60 140
11 Foundryman 20 0 20
12 Health/Sanitation Inspector 0 80 80
13 Machinist 140 0 140
14 Mechanic Diesel 40 120 160
15 Mechanic Motor Vehicle 120 80 200
16 Mechanic Radio and TV 40 0 40
17 Mechanic Ref. & AC 40 180 220
18 Mechanic Tractor 120 40 160
19 Plastic Processing Operator 20 0 20
20 Plumber 0 100 100
21 Preservation of Food and Vegetables 40 0 40
22 Sheet Metal Worker 20 0 20
23 Stenography - Hindi 20 0 20
24 Stenographer - English 80 0 80
25 Surveyor 40 0 40
26 Turner 120 0 120
27 Welder 80 160 240
28 Wireless Mechanic cum Operator 20 0 20
29 Wireman 60 0 60
Total 1700 1540 3240
43
Courses offered by informal Institutions
The data show that majority of the institutions are informal and are providing informal
certificates for the courses which are not recognized in the formal job market. However,
these people so trained are making a living after doing these courses from the informal
institutions, or they set up their own ventures. Following Chart shows that informal
institutions are providing training primarily in computers, mechanical /electrical,
stitching, electronics, and beauty related areas. This accounts for about 76% of
institutions. Some other informal institutes are offering training in carpentry, plumbing,
cloth printing and dyeing, marble cutting, driving etc. Number of such institutions is
very few.
Chart 6
Distribution of Institutes Providing

Informal Training - By trade (%)
Computer Training
5.9 10 Mechanical/Electrical
29.6
Training
8.3 Stiching/ Garment
Making
9.5 Beauty related courses
12.4
T.V., Electronics
Others
Institutional Capacity
A. Infrastructure Premises
Majority of VTPs have their own premises
Table-4.6 shows the distribution of VTPs according to ownership of their premises in

which they are running the training programmes. Taking all types of institutions together,
it may be seen that more than half of these (55.5%) have their own building to run the
courses while rest are situated in rented premises. Type of institution-wise analysis
indicates that most of the Government/Govt. Aided Institutions/Public Trusts have their
own premises. So far as private training institutions are concerned, about half have their
own building. NGOs are generally functioning from rented buildings.
44
Table 4.6 Distribution of VTPs by Status of Premises
Sl. Status of Premise

Type of Institutions
No Own Rented Total
1 Public or Government Organisation 9 1 10
(90.0) (10.0) (100.0)
2 Private Agency 56 46 102
(54.9) (45.1) (100.0)
3 Public Trust 4 1 5
(80.0) (20.0) (100.0)
4 NGO 3 9 12
(25.0) (75.0) (100.0)
5 Government Aided Organisation 5 3 8
(62.5) (37.5) (100.0)
6 Others 9 9 18
(50.0) (50.0) (100.0)
86 69 155
Total
(55.5) (44.5) (100.0)
Chart 7
Ownership Pattern and Premise Status
100
86
69
80 56 46
60
40 9 1
20
4 1 39 5 3 9 9
0
Own
Rented
B. Staff Strength
Informal institutions have fewer instructors
Table-4.7 relates to the staff strength of Vocational Training Providers. It may be observed
that the formal institutions have on an average 12 people per institution on their teaching
faculty. In case of informal institutions, the average persons as instructors are only 3 per
institution. This indicates that either these informal institutions are very small or have a
few courses in which they do not require more faculty. There is also a possibility that the
informal institutions do not have enough teaching faculty.
45
Table 4.7 Staff Strength of VTPs
Sl.No. Type of VTPs No. of No. of Non- Total Staff No. of

Teaching Teaching Strength Institutions
Staff Staff
1. Formal 594 326 920 47
2. Informal 279 160 439 108
Grand Total 873 486 1359 155
C. Infrastructure Adequacy
Most of the VTPs reported adequate infrastructure for training
The following graph indicates the adequacy of infrastructure of vocational training

providers in terms of classrooms, laboratories, equipments and transport facilities to
their respective institutions. It can be seen that all the institutions have not reported
about these aspects. It appears that those reported have adequate infrastructure in all the
aspects in general. It can be presumed that institutions which have not reported perhaps
do not have adequate facilities. It may be mentioned here that while about three-fourths
of the formal institutions have provided information, less than half informal institutions
have given the information on this question.
Chart 8
Adequacy of Infrastructure in VTPs

Adequate Inadequate
87 75
57
11 11 7 17 2
Classrooms Laboratories Equipments Transport

D. Demand for New Courses
Demand for Computer related courses highest, followed by paramedical and beauty
care courses.
Training providers were asked if they received any demand from students to start some
new courses. Table below provides the details of the information in this regard.
46
Table-4.8: VTPs Demanding New Courses
Sl.No. Course Name No. of Institute Reporting Demand

1. Beauty Care 6 (9.52)
2. Computer Course 32 (50.79)
3. Finance/ Accounting 6 (9.52)
4. Cutting/ Tailoring & Fashion Design 3 (4.76)
5. Para-medical/Nursing 7 (11.11)
6. B.Ed. 2 (3.17)
7. Repair Services 4 (6.35)
8. Personality Development 3 (4.76)
Total 63 (100.0)
Out of the 281 surveyed, 63 VTPs (22.40%) responded. It may be presumed that these were
the institutions which were asked to introduce new courses. Half of the institutions stated
demand for computer related courses which included web designing, hardware courses, various
types of software courses, animations etc. About 11% institutions stated demand for
paramedical and nursing courses followed by demand for courses like beauty care, finance
related courses which inter alia included marketing, insurance, taxation etc.
E. Financial Implications
Formal Institutions are not making profits
Institutions were asked about their expenditure and revenue to work out per student
expenditure and if the institutes are making profits. It may be seen from the following
table that not all sampled institutions have provided this information due to various
reasons. Information provided by some of the institutions may also not be fully correct
as no records have been shown or provided. On the basis of the provided information, it
is seen that:
Out of the 155 surveyed institutions, 57 (36.8%) responded.
Only 22% formal institutions gave information.
Formal institutes have reported to be running in losses. Further probing
indicated that fee per student is meagre and they get grants which is not
sufficient to meet the costs on courses.
Informal Institutions are spending less amount of money on training
It may be noted that formal institutions per student cost is very high as compared to
informal institutions. It is one of the reasons that these institutions are running at losses. It
may be reiterated that formal institutions have big buildings and infrastructure which has
come to light during focus group discussions. Most of the institutions were of the view that
the infrastructure was not optimally utilized. Table below presents the data.
47
Table 4.9 Details of Revenue for the Year 2010-11
Sl.No. Type of VTPs No. of Total Total No. of

Students Expenditure Receipt Institutes
1. Formal 4339 54936232 55939455 19
2. Informal 1453 2734000 3638525 38
Total 5792 57670232 59577980 57
Informal institutions are making profit per student as Rs. 622/-.
The expenditure of informal institutions per student is - Rs.1,882/- while in case
of formal institutions it is about Rs.12,660/- per student.
Status of Training and Education

Higher education facilities in the district are not up to the mark
Generally, in all the blocks, sufficient schools are available up to middle level and almost all
the children attend the school at least up to primary level. However, higher education is not up
to the mark as there is a dearth of Senior Secondary Schools as well as Colleges. Generally,
these schools and colleges are concentrated only in few blocks which are relatively developed.
Children have to travel to main towns of the district like Batala or Gurdaspur for higher
education. It has been observed that private schools have come up in major towns to impart
education at higher level. Education in these private schools and colleges is very costly. Poor
families are unable to afford them.
Vocational training providers are concentrated in larger towns like Gurdaspur and
Batala
For imparting training, there are ITIs, Polytechnics, Training colleges, both in public and
private sector. Again, these training facilities are concentrated in some of the blocks only, such
as Batala, Gurdaspur, Kalanaur etc. Some other blocks such as Darakalan, Srihargovindpur,
Kanuwan, Durangal etc. do not have any ITI, therefore, question of availability of higher level
technical Institutions does not arise. Some senior secondary schools offer vocational streams
also, but in most of the schools, education is limited to Arts, Commerce and Science streams.
Some schools offer only humanity related disciplines.
Quality of Education and Training
Quality of teaching is poor
The poor quality of education and training in the district is of great concern. It has been pointed
out that even though Primary and Middle Level Schools are available in villages/group of
villages, the quality of education is very poor. Some are single-teacher schools while in some
schools, no teacher comes as he/she has to come down from and go back far-off places.
Schools have very poor infrastructure as well. For instance, schools with vocational streams do
not have equipments needed to teach the course. Similarly, for teaching science disciplines,
48
proper labs are not available. It was reported that families which are interested in providing
good education to their children send even very small kids to Gurdaspur or Batala for
education. There had been a demand to improve quality of education from all stakeholders.
VTPs are mushrooming but quality remains an issue
Private ITIs, Polytechnics and training colleges are mushrooming in the district. In spite of the
high fees (for example, Rs. 30,000/- for one year course in welding), the training in these
institutions is not of good quality. Most of these private ITIs were hardly providing any
practical training to the students. Students were also interested in getting the certificate as it
makes them eligible for government jobs. In a sense, certificates are purchased. However, this
is not true in the case of all private institutions.
It was reported that in government ITIs, the machines and equipments were obsolete and
therefore even though some practical training was offered, that was not in tune with market
demands. The courses offered by technical institutions also lack interactions with industries
and other labour markets indicators. Some courses were obsolete and new courses had not been
started. The major concern was expressed about syllabus of various courses. It was pointed out
that syllabus was as old as from the 1960s and was never revised according to labour market
demand.
Industries were of the view that students coming out of ITIs and Polytechnics totally lack
practical experience and it was not possible for them to hire these students and give them
modern machines to handle. Contrarily, students stated that after spending substantial money
on various skill related training, industries were offering only Rs.3,000 p.m. which was not
worth taking.
Some of the ITIs had been designated Centre for Excellence. New machines and equipments
have been purchased under the scheme for specified trades but trainers were not able to provide
training on these modern machines. Some of the modern industrial establishments had CNC
machines and wanted that such machines are installed in the workshops for the students so that
students could get acquainted with them to work in industries.
Summing up
The concentration of VTPs is more in larger towns (60 percent) namely Gurdaspur and Batala.
Majority of these institutions are recognized by one or other agency. The Govt. and Govt.
aided Institutions are having good infrastructure and sufficient staff but optimum utilization
remains an issue. Informal institutions are providing training for such trades which requires
less space and machines. Informal training is also predominantly provided by private
institutions. Computer related courses have more demand followed by paramedical and beauty
care courses. Formal institutions are receiving regular grants from Government, hence
incurring more expenditure per courses and are charging fewer fees from students.
Private/informal institutions are charging more fee from students and incurring less
expenditure and making profit out of it.
49
Chapter 5
Skill Gaps and Skill Demands
This section provides information about the existing skill gaps as well future requirements of
skill development as reported by industries. The demands have been estimated for the whole
district. The section also provides information about skill needs in relation to the resources
available in the district which are either under-utilized or unutilized. The section covers skills
that need up-gradation in the district as well as potential for starting new activities.
Preference for Skilled Personnel
Skilled persons are preferred by most of establishments
There has been a view that employers prefer freshers for employment and provide them in-
house training to engaging skilled personnel. This is because they have to pay less to freshers
than trained people. Moreover, there is supposedly a high turnover among trained workers. To
verify this contention, employers were asked about their preference for skilled workers vis-a-
vis freshers while hiring for performing various activities. The results show that about three-
fourths of the employers are looking for trained people in almost all the activities in general
and in activities like manufacturing of machine and tools including lathe and other machinery
work, repairing activities, trade, casting and related work and to some extent for agriculture
and other food processing activities. Only in furniture and wood work and in repair services,
the relative preference between freshers and trained persons is more or less even.
Estimated Existing Skill Gaps
The following table indicates the present estimated skill requirements on the basis of the
reporting from the industries. Trade-wise gaps may be seen from the table.
Table 5.1 Trade-wise Existing Skill Gaps Estimated
Trade-wise Shortage of Manpower

Trades Shortage
Turner 756
Fitter 925
Saperman 143
Moulder 512
Lathe Operator 391
Grinder 78
Helper(C.I. Casting) 261
Machinist 721
Helper (General and Unskilled) 981
Pattern Maker 65
Electrician 180
50
Helper (Electrician) 112
Fabricator 98
A/C (Ref.) Mechanic 65
Planner 78
Boiler 73
Draftsman 52
Welder 274
X-ray Technician 115
X-ray Attendant 104
Boring man 26
Tractor Mechanic 25
CNC Operator 52
Painter 76
Total 6165
Estimated Future Skill Needs
As stated earlier, organizations are planning expansion, modernization and diversification

which in turn require skilled people. More than half of the organizations reported skill needs
for their future activities. Trade-wise needs reported have been detailed in the following table.
It may be observed that maximum requirements are in trades such asMachinist, Turner, fitter
and CNC operator. About 9,000 trained personnel are needed in various trades in the district in
the next five years.
Table 5.2: Future Requirement by Trades
Main Activity (Trades) Estimated Requirement

Boiler Attendant 298
Boring Operator 26
Carpenter 64
Caterer 65
CNC Operator 622
Computer Operator 185
Dairy Technician 10
Electrician 287
Fitter 1479
Helper (Unskilled) 1106
Lab Technician 195
Machinist 1742
Mechanic (Auto/Diesel) 38
Moulder 117
Nurse 104
Packer 25
Pharmacist 47
Photocopier Operator 65
Planner Man 235
Production Engineer 13
51
Radiologist 52
Shapper Man 130
Turner 209
Technician 143
Turner 1421
Welder 179
Others 504
Total 9379
The estimations in tables 8 and 9 are based on certain assumptions which are as follows:
There will be pro-active policies to encourage establishment of industries.
Industry establishments will employ trained manpower.
Overseas demand will increase.
Youth would like to join the trades in which there is shortage or demand by
establishments.
Youth will be trained in functional skills.
Traditional Skills and Need for their Up-gradation
The district has traditional skills in carpet weaving, embroidery, shawl making and in preparing
other handicrafts. Embroidery, stitching etc., is generally done by women. It was pointed
out that because of consumerism, there is a need for skill up-gradation so that they could learn
new designs and make new items according to the latest fashion and market demand. The
major problem in sustainability of traditional skills had been the lack of linkages with markets.
Some of the NGOs were working with Self Help Groups SHGs and stated that they were
helping these groups to get associated with markets through melas that are organized at
various places from time to time. But, generally women had to depend upon middlemen and
therefore they were getting very meagre amount for their products. Traditional skills are also
available in some of the occupations such as Mason, Electrician, Blacksmith etc., but their
skills are obsolete in the light of technological innovations and demand for modern
construction.
Rationale of Emerging Skill Needs
The discussions with various stakeholders and the survey in general indicate the following skill
shortages in the district:
There is a need to start short-term courses of motor mechanic, diesel mechanic,

electrical items repair, plumber, carpenter, mason, electrician, black smith, etc. The
training should be on modern machines and equipments. They should also be trained
according to latest demands in the market. It was reported that by 2022 there would be
a need for 17 crores of construction workers as roads, bridges, houses are under
construction which require skilled people.
52
There is a demand for fabrication course especially in Kadiyan block as people start
their own work after training in this field.
Youths are very keen to join Defense Services but no facilities are available for their
training. There was a need to start training in this field.
Moulders, Turners, Mechanical Engineer, Welders, Fitters are in great demand
specially in Batala Block as iron related activities are being performed in this area.
Since food crops are available in abundance, there is a need to provide training in
processing of produce. The economy of Gurdaspur district is agro-based and there is a
demand for agriculture related training. The courses may include food processing,
specially wheat, rice, sugarcane, and potato processing, dairy product processing and so
on.
The youths in Gurdaspur is physically fit as well as have interest in sports. There is no
ground or any stadium in the district to provide any professional training in various
sports. It was pointed out that some area should be allocated for providing training in
sports to the youths. They were also quite interested in such type of training to pursue
sports as a career. It was mentioned that some land was allocated for this purpose from
panchayat but stadium is yet to be built.
It was reported that people are not aware of various opportunities available to them.
Awareness camps at village level can be organized to provide career guidance. It was
felt that guidance counsellors should be appointed in schools/colleges for career
guidance and also to change the mindsets of the local people.
Entrepreneurship has vast scope in the district but people lack confidence, marketing
skills, leadership qualities and team work to be entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship programmes can be organized with forward linkages. The training
package should include financial management, project development, communication
skills and personality development. Development of soft skills such as communication
skills and personality development was stressed upon as a universal need.
Substantial number of youths is going abroad. They join jobs outside Gurdaspur district
where they face problems in speaking English. There was a demand to start training in
English language speaking.
Animal rearing and poultry are major economic activities in the district. There was a
demand for training in Auxiliary Nursing Midwife (ANM) and General Nursing &
Mid-wife (GNM and other related courses such as poultry farming, animal health etc.
Packaging courses are also in demand especially for Pharmaceutical sector. Moreover,
if food processing courses are started, demand for packaging course in this sector will
also increase.
Youths are also interested in Hotel and Tourism related occupations. It was pointed out
that there was only one decent hotel in the entire district. Students graduating in Hotel
Management have to go outside the district. There are some private colleges which
offer several courses on bakery, food production, housekeeping, and cookery. Some of
these courses have been sponsored by Ministry of Tourism under the scheme Hunar-
se-rozgar. Lack of employment opportunity locally did not make these courses
attractive.
53
Gurdaspur could be developed as a tourist place as it has a number of temples,
gurudwaras, bordering areas and water bodies which are very attractive. Birds also
migrate to these water bodies. There are Forest Reserves also. Water sports could be
developed to generate local tourism. This would also give impetus to local handicrafts
and other ancillary activities. There is a need to develop these areas for tourist purposes
and consequently start customized courses in travel & tourism.
There is a need to establish training centres for girl students, especially in fashion
designing, beauty courses, painting, interior decoration, embroidery, art & craft, pickle
making, soft toys making and other courses in food processing which suitable for girls.
Software course which teaches accounting is very popular among students as they can
start their own work after getting training in this course. As stated earlier parents are
reluctant to send girls to far-off places. Gender sensitive courses at the door steps of
girls are extremely necessary.
A few industries have been started glass blowing activity. Training in glass blowing
techniques is extremely essential. After getting training in this course people may start
their own business which is in great demand. Machine cost for this is only Rs. 80,000.
Industries also need trained people.
Some of the participants were of the view that people of the Gurdaspur are culturally
starved. There is no centre for teaching fine arts like music, dance etc. Youths are
interested in learning these disciplines. There is a strong need for establishing a centre
so as to start such courses. A branch of National School of Drama should also be
established in the district to start courses on choreography, script writing, acting etc.
Scope for Establishing Industries
Raw materials for producing 500 ton paper per day are available in the district.
Therefore, paper mill can be established in the district. In case such a mill comes up,
about 1000 people can get jobs with various skills such as electrical, mechanical,
expertise in finances, management and so on. Cost of establishing such an industry is
about 50 crores and this can be done only on the initiative of the government.
Small entrepreneur ventures can be started by youth on food processing, fish farming,
poultry farming etc. as raw material is available. There is a need to link training with
government schemes for loans and other guidance. It was reported that deserving
candidates do not get loans as they are poor and cannot afford any guarantee.
There is a demand for glass blowing industry which can be set up by individuals at a
low cost.
There is scope for Agro-based industries especially in rural areas
54
Summary of Skills needed and Rationale for it (District as a Whole)
Rationale For It
S. No. Emerging Skill Needs
A. Engineering Trades: Motor mechanic, Demand for such trades was indicated by the
Diesel Mechanic, Electrician, Plumber, industry. Demand is for functional skills on
carpenter, Black Smith, Modern Mechanic modern machines.
operator, (CNC), Moulder, Turner,
Mechanic, Engineering, Welder, Fitter,
Fabricator.
B. Non- Farm Activities: Basket weaving, Raw material as mulberry trees and
Rope making, light furniture (Muddha, sarkandas are available in abundant. There is
Chair, Sofa etc) Bakery, Housekeeping, great demand in the local market to prepare
Cookery, paper making, card board various items using raw material from these
making, wood work etc.. trees.
C. Agro Based: Food processing, processing Raw material is available, great demand in
of dairy products, processing of the market; Needs short term training
horticulture products, Gur and khandsari, courses.
Packaging
D. Medical Related courses: Pharmacists, There is only one institution imparting
Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANM), courses for ANM, GNM and Pharma. Such
General Nurse Midwives, Certificate in courses are very much demanded by Pvt.
Veterinary Science (CVS), Sanitation etc.. Hospitals, Nursing homes. Veterinarians are
also demanded by farmers for the health care
of their livestock.
E. For Women: Fashion designing, Beauty These courses have a good demand for self
courses, Painting, interior decoration, employment, particularly among Self Help
Embroidery, Arts & crafts, Ladies Purse Groups SHGs. Already such activities are
making, soft toys making, Dying and going on in the District; short duration
Bleaching, Packaging, Pickle making, courses for skill up-gradation are needed.
computers. Forward linkages for marketing are
extremely required.
F. Tourism: Customized courses in travel & District is having large number of temples,
Tourism, water sports instructors, tourist gurudwaras, forest reserves, and canals etc.
guides, and religious tourism. Area can be developed for tourist purposes.
G. Traditional Trades: Mason, Blacksmith, All traditional trades need up-gradation of
Shoemakers, Weavers, Washer man, skills for using latest machines and tools.
Carpenter. Short duration courses are needed.
H. Skill Demanded for National and Youths are going abroad for operating heavy
International level: Heavy motor vehicle vehicles, for activities relating to building
drivers, Crane Operators, J.C.B Operator, construction etc. Courses for such activities
courses relating to modern building are in demand along with personality
construction development and language courses
I. Entrepreneurship Development: Youths in the district are enterprising. They
Financial Management, Project find it difficult to get loans for their ventures
Developments, Communication Skills, for various reasons such as lack of skills in
Marketing Personality Development, communication, project preparation etc.
English Speaking Courses.
55
J. Others: Fine art, Music, Dance, and Youths in the District have calibre for music,
Drama, Military Training, Glass blowing, dance and other fine arts. Also due to media
Sports. influence they are interested in these
activities. Most of the young adults want to
join defense services, sports etc. Glass
blowing work is in demand in nearby states.
Therefore, there is a demand for skills in this
work.
The Block-wise demand for skills may be seen in Annexure IX.
In this section it can be observed that in the existing economic activities there is a shortage of
skilled people. Same is the case for future requirements in the light of the fact that industries
are planning to expand and modernize, which will require new sets of skills with their
functionalities. It can be observed from the above discussions that there is potential for starting
new economic activities which will again require various types of skills. The people in Punjab
including females have traditional skills which need up-gradation due to changing labour
market demands.
56
Chapter 6
Other Issues
Aspirations of Youth
Youth are attracted towards salaried jobs or handsome pay packet
Youths in the district have preferences for government job, defense services or jobs outside
the country where they could get a good pay package. Students stated that after doing
technical training, they do not get good salary to sustain themselves in the local area.
Industries and other private institutions offer very meagre amount. Therefore, they prefer
to stay with the family and keep on trying for government jobs or aspire for going out
especially in the Middle East countries.
Interested in starting their own ventures
Some of the participants indicated that their interest in establishing their own ventures, for
example one participant in the Shikha village stated that in case he does not get an Army
job, he would like to establish a computer training centre as he has done MCA. Further
probing indicated that his brother worked in the Middle East as Lift Operator and earned
enough money to start this venture. He was motivating his other friends and relatives to go
for computer course and be partners in his computer centre. A fact has come to light that
remittances from abroad are used for building big houses and other household purchases;
only a few spend on starting business activities.
Problems of Youth
The agricultural prosperity in the region which was the result of green revolution raised the
earnings of the farmers and had contributed towards an overall prosperity in this region.
However, majority of the local youth were no longer interested in pursuing agriculture as
the principal occupation. On the other hand, non-agricultural sector has not developed as
per potential in this region. Local youths, who had already experienced agricultural
prosperity and a fairly comfortable lifestyle (bikes, mobiles, and other electronic gadgets),
were unwilling to accept the terms and conditions of work offered to them. They were
therefore inclined towards government jobs which provided them a fairly secure and good
lifestyle. But government jobs were rare and their numbers fast dwindling. Unemployment
problem in this region, therefore, needs to be addressed immediately to combat problems of
youth in the region, who are engaging in anti-social activities.
Resources and Their Optimum Utilisation
Most of the infrastructure available in the district in terms of schools, colleges etc. have
activities only in one shift. The infrastructure can be utilized for starting courses in the evening
57
or in the second shift, for example, Aryanagar college has its classes up to 3 p.m. and they
were willing to offer their premises for exploring possibilities of starting any other programme
utilizing the existing infrastructure. The buildings of other schools, ITIs may also be utilized
for skill development programmes. It was stated that there is a need to establish production
centres in the ITIs and other technical colleges to better utilize the infrastructure available on
the one hand and to provide practical training to the students on the other. It was suggested that
supply of manufactured goods can be through District Industry Centre DIC. A variety of raw
material is available which at present is not being processed. There is plenty of waste material
out of wheat and rice crops. The straw and sarkanda can be utilized for making paper as well
as cardboards. Besides, there is crop produce as well as horticulture produce which is sold as a
raw material for processing to Himachal Pradesh. Processed goods come back to the district at
higher prices. Possibilities can be explored to process the produce in the district itself by
providing skills to the local youth.
Problems of Industries
It was reported that increase in freight charges, multiple taxation, non-availability of electricity
and lack of incentives provided by the government are some of the major reasons for closing
down the industry establishments in the district and industrialists are not coming forward to set
up new industries even when ample scope is there. Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir
are adjoining states where several incentives are provided to industrialists in terms of tax
exemption, lower transportation charges etc. A number of industrialists have closed down their
industries in Gurdaspur district and have set up the same in these neighbouring states. Some
others are expanding and diversifying their industrial activities outside Gurdaspur district
especially in these neighbouring states. Kamal Paper Mill, for instance, started its production
from Gurdaspur district. Now, it has other two units one each in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu
& Kashmir. This scenario is resulting in unemployment and low demand for skilled labour. As
mentioned earlier, erratic power supply is also of great concern for industry establishments.
Because of poor supply of electricity, workers remain idle which increases the cost of
production.
The local industrialists had a common notion that people in this district lacked skills, and
therefore, they preferred hiring skilled personnel from other states. When asked if they ever
tried with the locals who were ITI pass-outs, they could not give any conclusive answer. The
industrialists were of the view that before giving certificates to the ITI pass- outs, it should
have been made compulsory for the students to get 6 months, training from an industrial
establishment. The industries expressed their willingness to cooperate with the ITIs in
providing practical training to the students. The industrialists were highly apprehensive about
the general attitude of the local people. They stated that people here were not hard working,
that is why reason they take people from other states. The team observes that one of the
reasons of hiring people from outside was that they could be offered lower wages.
58
Issues relating to Employment for women
Opportunities for women employment and training are few. There are hardly any training
centres for women available in the local areas and parents are reluctant to send their children to
distant places. Some private institutions have started women- oriented short- term courses but
they are only minuscule. Moreover, there are no employment opportunities even when girls are
trained in various occupations. The women had been involved in SHGs and started a number of
economic activities, but marketing of their products was the main problem. There should be
short- term training programmes as per the needs of women with forward linkages for their
employment.
Some initiatives taken to improve the employability of students
In order to bridge the gap between industrial requirements and training facilities, some
institutes send their students to various industrial establishments for 15-20 days training in
trades such as electrician, diesel mechanic, and motor mechanic. However, such short duration
training was in no way helpful for the students and such industrial exposure was a merely
formality.
In order to give students exposure in industrial training, Beant College of Engineering and
Technology opened an Innovation Centre and an Incubation Centre. Both the centres had
societies which comprised of industrialists, academicians, and alumni. In the Incubation
Centre, students worked in the ongoing projects of the institute (projects obtained from the
industries). Students in 3rd and 4th years of their degree course were allowed to work in such
projects. The objective of the Incubation Centre was to improve the self- employment potential
of the students. In the Innovation Centre, students in their 2nd year of Degree course selected
projects on their own which were partly funded by the college.
A number of local NGOs were providing training in various skills in order to promote self-
employment. Local NGOs reported that they conducted training in villages on courses such as
beautician, sewing, art and craft, manufacture of soft toys, pickle making etc. The fees charged
were nominal (Rs. 100/- per month) for some courses and the duration of such courses spanned
from six months to one year. These courses were offered in batches of 30-35 trainees and raw
materials were also provided by the NGO initially in some cases. Selection of villages was
generally done on the basis of their contacts with the sarpanch of the respective villages. In
certain cases, the sarpanch himself contacted the NGOs for conducting training programmes.
Each year some NGOs reportedly adopt 5-6 villages each for such training programmes. It was
stated that poor persons cannot buy raw material which is a hindrance in training. NGOs also
cannot afford raw material for a long time. Government support in such cases is needed.
Although such initiatives at the local level were welcome, but the scope and coverage
of such programmes were extremely limited, and without any follow up action particularly in
respect of marketing, such efforts failed to make any significant inroads in generating
productive and gainful employment.
59
Attention Needed
Stakeholders mentioned some of the issues that require immediate attention in the district for
employment generation. These were:
Placements are shown by ITIs but industry establishments do not provide them jobs as
per their trades in which students are trained. Some establishments ask the pass-outs to
work as labourers which they decline and leave the job. Thus, placements shown by the
institutes are doubtful.
In some institutions Modular Employable Scheme (MES) courses are in operation but it
was reported that institutions are not getting their due payments.
It was mentioned that government should provide a minimum support price (MSP) for
each commodity.
It was reported that students lack analytical and comprehensive abilities. Syllabus and
teaching strategies should be designed in such a manner that these abilities are
developed among the students at school level itself.
There is a need to have a check on mushrooming of ITIs and colleges in case they are
unable to provide good quality education and training.
It was stated that no transport facilities are available from Gurdaspur after 6 p.m. This
is a bottleneck in the development of the district.
It was suggested that a department of industrial training and vocational education
should be established and should be linked with apprenticeship department. In other
words, these should be under one umbrella.
It was stated that under apprenticeship scheme training is not provided in the trade a
student is pursuing his training. The student pursuing a course in civil engineering
goes for training in mechanical engineering. This is because students do not want to go
too far of places for training. Thus, apprenticeship training becomes an eye-wash only.
60
Chapter 7
Suggestions and Action Points
On the basis of field survey results it is evident that the district has potential for
development. There are skill gaps and also new skill needs are emerging which should be taken
into consideration for preparing skill development plan. Some specific suggestions are as
below:
Suggestions and Policy Interventions
Finding - Heath facilities in rural areas are very poor.

Suggestion - Every village should have a post of Health Inspector.
Finding - The youth is not aware about various educational training and
employment facilities.
Suggestion - Schools/colleges should have guidance counsellors.
Finding - Industries are closing down as the neighbouring states like

Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir have special incentives
for establishment of industries.
Suggestion - Special incentives to industries are needed as is being done in other
states.
Finding - The power supply to industries is erratic which creates problems

for the industries.
Suggestion - Regular power supply should be ensured or government can allot
some area as special zone where there can be regular power supply.
Finding - It has been seen that students coming out of training institutions
lack practical orientation and are unable to meet the demands of
the industries.
Suggestion - Training should be linked to increasing the employability of
persons and courses should be as per market demand.
Finding - It has been found that teachers skills have not been upgraded
and therefore they cannot provide practical training on new machines.
Suggestion - There is a need to upgrade the skills of teachers who are providing
technical training.
Finding - No branch of National Dairy Development is there in Gurdaspur.

Suggestion - A Centre of National Dairy Development should be established in
Gurdaspur as the organization offers a number of training courses
in agri-related areas.
61
Finding - Krishi Melas are organized in the district, which are popular in
rural areas. Awareness programmes and information about
various training courses in agriculture related sectors is not
disseminated through these Melas.
Suggestion - In Krishi Melas information about various short-term courses by

agriculture department should be disseminated.
Finding - It was mentioned that that only large amounts of loans are given
under PMRY scheme which are not catering to the needs of youth
who want to take small loans and start their own ventures.
Suggestion - Under P.M.R.Y scheme small loans should be given so that youths
can start their own ventures.
Finding - A large number of people informally trained which do not posses

any recognized certificate get employment.
Suggestion - There is a need for certification of informally trained persons.
Finding - It has been found that people have to travel far off places for
technical training. There was a demand that Technical institutions
should be established in the areas where there is lack of such
institutions.
Suggestion - Need for training institutions in blocks besides Gurdaspur and

Batala
Finding - The quality of training has been found poor. Training is also not as
per youth aspiration as per aspiration of the youth.
Suggestion - Improvement in quality of training keeping youth aspiration in
focus. Youth aspire for coaching for defence services, training in
language skills, personality development, sports, fine arts, etc.
Finding - It has been found that raw material in terms of wheat, sugarcane,
sarkanda, remains of wheat, etc. are available which at present are not
being processed.
Suggestion - Plenty of raw material is available which can be utilized for
processing purposes.
Finding - Infrastructure is available in the district in terms of buildings,

equipments etc. which is underutilized.
Suggestion - Infrastructure may be utilized optimally by having double shift in

organising training.
62
Chart 9
Action Points
Pro-active policies for growth

of industries
Development
of demand- Monitoring for
based quality of skill
functional development
skills
Employment generation
through using unutilised
resources like raw material,
infrastructure etc.
63
Annexure I
Block Profiles
Batala
Batala is a Municipal Council in Gurdaspur which is located about 30 km from Gurdaspur, the
headquarters of the district. Batala is an important place for Sikh devotees. Guru Nanak Dev,
the founder of the Sikh religion was married here to Sulakhni, the daughter of Mul Chand
Chauna in 1485. Many temples and Gurdwaras related to the Guru's marriage attract devotees
from near and far. Every year there are celebrations on the anniversary of Guru Nanak's
marriage.
Batala once called as Iron bird of Asia as it produced highest amount of C.I. Casting,
agricultural and mechanical machinery. Batala is still one of the leading cities in northern India
in manufacturing of C.I Casting and agricultural and mechanical machinery. It is both an
agricultural market place and industrial centre. Cotton ginning, weaving, sugar refining, rice
milling, and manufacturing of woollen products are some of the other businesses. New rail
links are proposed which would generate direct employment for the people.
One of the older towns in the province of Lahore in earlier times, Batala is home to many
monuments of religious and historic importance. These monuments are connected with Sikh
history and Mughal period. The city consists of several churches constructed during the British
Raj. It is well connected with the other cities and towns of Punjab by road and railways. The
block has the population of 1.29 lakhs of which 47.36 percent were females. The population
density of the block is 585 persons per sq.km which is higher than the district average of 502
persons per sq. km. The block has population of 58 per cent literacy rate.
Dera Baba Nanak
Dera Baba Nanak is a block and a Municipal Council in Gurdaspur district. As of 2001
Census, Dera Baba Nanak block had a population of 1.09 Lahks. Males constitute 53.17
percent of the population and females 46.83 percent. Dera Baba Nanak has an average literacy
rate of 58 percent.
Two famous Gurudwaras at Dera Baba Nanak are Shri Darbar Sahib and Sri Chola Sahib. Dera
Baba Nanak, one of the most sacred places of the Sikhs, is situated on the banks of river Ravi.
Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh Guru, settled and died near the village Pakhoke, opposite to the
present town named which was as Kartarpur. The Bedis, descendants of Guru Nanak Dev built
a new town and named it Dera Baba Nanak after their great ancestor. The town has a number
of Sikh temples. Pilgrims come to this holy town in large numbers. Dera Baba Nanak was
made the head quarter of newly created Tehsil of Dera Baba Nanak. It is a historical town and
has many lanes and houses that have been preserved since the time of Guru Nanak. Also from
this town pilgrims can see across the border with Pakistan and see the Gurudwara at Kartarpur.
64
The place is famous religious tourism which has potential generating non-agricultural
employment.
Dhariwal
Dhariwal is a developmental block and a Municipal Council in the district. It is famous for its
woolen mill. This town is situated on the banks of river Upper Bari Duab and is 13 km away
from Gurdaspur on Gurdaspur-Batala highway. As of 2001 Census, Dhariwal block had a
population of 1.30 lakh. The block has an average literacy rate of 58 percent. In Dhariwal, 10%
of the population is under 6 years of age.
Dinanagar
Dinanagar is a sub-tehsil in the district and has a rich history of its own. It was the summer
capital of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab State (which includes present day Punjab,
Harayana, Himachal Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir states of India and Punjab
State of Pakistan). Dinanagar is famous for its ancient Dayanand Math where spiritual
education, ayurveda, physical activities are practised and encouraged. With changing times
Dinanagar is also progressing in Industrial Development and education sector. Besides having
agriculture as its mainstay, various Pipe manufacturing units are operating in Dinanagar since
1950s. Recently, wood industry has also shown its strong presence in this ancient town. In
education sector, keeping in pace with country's development, various IT institute have come
up (besides college education), giving ample opportunity to youths to choose their carrier.
Total population of the block is 1.04 Lakhs of which 48.45 per cent constitutes the female
population. The block has the literacy rate of 63 percent which is higher than the district
average of 58 percent.
Dorangla
Dorangla is the smallest development block in the district. The block consists of 66 villages
covering the geographical area of 123 sq. km. The total population of the block is about 0.50
lakhs of which 24 percent belong to scheduled castes (SC). Fifty-seven percent of the block
population is literate. Non-agricultural workers are higher as compared with to agricultural
workers in the block.
Fategarh Churian
This is also a small development block consisting of 83 villages spread over 236 sq.kms. The
total population of the block is about one lakh. The density of the population is about 388
persons per sq. km. The literacy rate of the block is about 57 percent. The number of non-
agricultural workers (4,400) is less than the agricultural workers (8,600). About 23 percent
population belongs to scheduled castes. Majority of the SC population is working as
agricultural workers.
Gurdaspur
Gurdaspur is a city situated in the northwest part of the country. The Gurdaspur city situated
on AmritsarJammu National Highway Road, 36 km from Pathankot and 32 km from Batala,
65
is the district headquarters. All head offices of various departments are situated in this city. The
Indo-Pak Border is at a distance of 10 km from here. Raavi and Beas rivers are flowing
through the city.
The city was named after the name of Mahant Guridas. The Emperor Akbar was crowned at
Kalanaur which is 26 km from Gurdaspur city. Also, Behrampur town is situated at a distance
of 10 km where Mukbara of Bairam Khan is situated. Earlier, Dinanagar town was the capital
of Maharaja Ranjit Singh which is only 12 km away from Gurdaspur city. The famous woolen
mill is situated at Dhariwal which is only 12 km away from Gurdaspur city. According to the
2001 Census, Gurdaspur has a population of 1.56 lakhs. Gurdaspur has an average literacy rate
of 62 per cent.
Kahnuwan
Kahnuwan is located 19 km. from Gurdaspur. The tahsil and district headquarters, kahnuwan is
also linked by road with Sri-gobindpur and Batala. Its population is 1.21 lakhs with the
average density of 363 persons per sq.km. The literacy rate of the block is 59 percent.
Geographically, it is the largest block in the district with the area of 334 sq. km. The block
covers 148 villages and 137 Gram Panchayats. Kahnuwan, which gives its name to the well-
known marsh, possesses several ancient buildings, the chief among which are the shrine of
Shah Burhan, a Muhammadan saint, who flourished in the reign of Jahangir; the gupha or sub-
terranean shrine of the Bairagi Bhagwanji; a math of sanyasis; and a jogi Mandir. A
curious tradition attaches to a large baoli or well just below the high bank which though in a
good condition is not used.
Kalanaur
Kalanaur is also a small block covering 93 villages and same numbers of Gram Panchayats.
The block has the population of 0.75 lakhs with the average population density of 384 persons
per sq.km. The block is located around twenty-six kilometers away from Gurdaspur, the
district headquarters. Kalanaur is connected by road with Dera Baba Nanak and Batala.
Now reduced to the status of a village, Kalanaur was a small important town in older times.
There was an old proverb which said that he who has not seen Lahore, at least let him see
Kalanaur. This historical place is supposed to be one of the abodes of Lord Shiva, whose
gigantic lingam is established here in a temple. According to another legend, the village takes
its name from two Muslim brothers, Kalla and Nura, who defended and four walls of this
village. During the reign of Akbar, Kalanaur attained its greatest splendour. At a distance of
about 2 km from the locality, there is a masonry platform known as Takhat (throne) upon
which Akbar was first crowned in 1556 A. D. Close to the same spot is a tomb of Jamil Beg
which is in ruins.
66
Qadian
Qadian is a small town and a Municipal Council in the district, located from north-east of
Amritsar, situated at 18 km (11 mi) north-east of Batala. Qadian is known as the birthplace of
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement. Qadian was established in
1530 by Mirza Hadi Baig, a religious scholar dedicated to Islam and the first Qazi in the area.
Because of his religious beliefs, he named the new town 'Islampur Qazi'. Over time, the name
of the town changed to 'Qazi Maji' (the word "Maji" means Bull referring to the animal still
found in abundance in Qadian). Later, it was named just 'Qadi' and eventually it became to be
known as Qadian.
According to 2001 Census, Qadian Block had a population of 0.86 lakhs. Males constitute
52.15 per cent of the population and females 47.85 percent. Qadian has an average literacy rate
of 56 percent. The block area consists of 63 villages and 68 gram panchayats. Population
density of the block is 432 persons per sq.km. Before the partition of India, the town of Qadian
had a majority Muslims population because of the presence of many religious monuments
belonging to the Islamic faith. Since 1947, Qadian's population is mostly Sikh with some
members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community staying who take care for the Community's
buildings and mosques. The vast majority of the Community migrated to Pakistan during the
partition of India.
Shriharigobindpur
The block is one of the smaller blocks by geographical area in the district. The block boundary
consists of 102 villages and 98 gram panchayats with a geographical area of 271 sq. km.
Total population of the block is 1.06 lakhs with a population density of 392 persons per square
kilometer. The literacy rate of the block is 56 percent which is lower than the district average
of 61 percent. The number of workers from non-agriculture (20,900) is higher than that of
agricultural (18,600) workers. About 28.9 percent of the block population belongs to SCs.
The detailed description of the district and its municipalities and development blocks provides
its strengths and weaknesses. The SWOT analysis on the basis of the above can be seen in the
chart given below:
67
Annexure-II
Block-wise and Main Activity-wise Composition of Establishments
Blocks
Harigovindpur
Gurdaspur
Kahnuwan
Dera Baba
Dinagarh
Dhariwal
Dorangal
Fetehpur
Kalanur
Churian
Qudian
Nanak
Batala
Total
Main Activity
Sri
Agriculture 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 8
Implements
-2.5
Agricultural & 4 2 0 2 2 2 3 1 0 0 3 19
Food
Processing
Industry
-5.7
Casting and 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
related works
-6.3
Furniture and 3 5 0 2 0 6 2 1 1 0 1 21
Woodworks
-6.3
Lathe and 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27
Other
Machinery
Works
-8.1
Manufacturing 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4
of Leather
Products
-1.2
Manufacturing 57 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 61
of Machinery
& Tool
-18.3
68
Manufacturing 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
of Medicines
& Drugs
-0.9
Manufacturing 9 0 0 2 0 1 3 1 1 1 2 20
of Metals &
Steels
-6
Manufacturing 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3
of Paper &
Paper
Products
-0.9
Manufacturing 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 6
of Plastic
Products
-1.8
Repair of 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 9
Electricals &
Electronics
Appliances
-2.5
Repairing & 15 13 4 8 1 8 12 10 9 1 9 90
Servicing
-27.2
Trade 6 1 0 0 2 0 4 5 2 0 0 20
-6
Welding 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 5 1 2 12
Works -3.6
Others 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 8
-2.5
Total 153 28 7 16 5 18 40 21 19 6 19 332
-46.1 -8.4 -2.1 -4.8 -1.5 -5.4 -12 -6.3 -5.8 -1.8 -5.8 -100
69
Annexure-III
a) Percentage of Composition of Establishments by Ownership
(Total organizations surveyed: 332)
Sl. No. Ownership Percentages

1. Public 0.4
2. Cooperative 5.1
3. Private 90.0
4. Others 4.5
All Sectors 100.0
b) Block-wise Composition of Establishments ( in percent)
Sl.No. Block All Sectors combined

1. Batala 46.1
2. Dinagarh 8.3
3. Derababa Nanak 2.1
4. Dhariwal 4.8
5. Dorangal 1.5
6. Fetehpur Churian 5.4
7. Gurdaspur 12.0
8. Kahnuwan 6.3
9. Kalanur 5.7
10. Qudian 1.8
11. Sri Harigovindpur 5.7
All Blocks Total 100.0
c) Composition of Establishments (in Percent) by Ownership in Each Block
Sl. Sectors
No Block All
Public Cooperatives Private Others
. sectors
1. Batala 0 0.07 98.7 0.7 100.0
2. Dinagarh 0 10.7 82.1 7.1 100.0
3. Derababa Nanak 0 0 100.0 0 100.0
4. Dhariwal 0 6.3 93.7 0 100.0
5. Dorangal 0 0 100.0 0 100.0
6. Fetehpur Churian 5.6 5.6 83.2 5.6 100.0
7. Gurdaspur 0 10.0 80.0 10.0 100.0
8. Kahnuwan 0 9.5 81.0 9.5 100.0
9. Kalanaur 0 21.1 52.6 26.3 100.0
10. Qudian 0 0 100.0 0 100.0
11. Sri Harigovindpur 0 5.3 94.7 0 100.0
Owner-wise all blocks (Total) 0.4 5.1 90.0 4.5 100.0
70
d) Block-wise Share of Establishments by Ownership
(in percentages)
Sectors
All
Sl.No. Block
Public Cooperatives Private Others Sector
Total
1. Batala 0.0 5.9 50.5 6.7 46.1
2. Dinagarh 0.0 17.6 7.7 13.3 8.3
3. Derababa Nanak 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 2.1
4. Dhariwal 0.0 5.9 5.0 0.0 4.8
5. Dorangal 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 1.5
6. Fetehpur Churian 100.0 5.9 5.0 6.7 5.4
7. Gurdaspur 0.0 23.5 10.7 26.7 12.0
8. Kahnuwan 0.0 11.8 5.7 13.3 6.3
9. Kalanur 0.0 23.5 3.3 33.3 5.7
10. Qudian 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.8
11. Sri Harigovindpur 0.0 5.9 6.0 0.0 5.7
Total 0.30 5.12 90 4.5 100.0
71
Annexure-IV
Block-wise Composition of Establishments by Year of Establishments
Year of Establishment
Sl.No. Blocks Upto 1990 1991-2000 Beyond Total
2000
1. Batala 118 28 7 153
(50.0) (37.3) (33.3) (46.1)
2. Dinagarh 14 10 4 28
(5.9) (13.3) (19.0) (8.4)
3. Derababa Nanak 6 1 0 7
(2.5) (1.3) (2.1)
4. Dhariwal 9 7 0 16
(3.8) (9.3) (4.8)
5. Dorangal 2 3 0 5
(0.8) (4.0) (1.5)
6. Fetehpur Churian 14 4 0 18
(5.9) (5.3) (5.4)
7. Gurdaspur 26 9 5 40
(11.0) (12.0) (23.8) (12.0)
8. Kahnuwan 13 5 3 21
(5.5) (6.7) (14.3) (6.3)
9. Kalanur 17 2 0 19
(7.2) (2.7) (5.7)
10. Qudian 4 2 0 6
(1.7) (2.7) (1.8)
11. Sri Harigovindpur 13 4 2 19
(5.5) (5.3) (9.5) (5.7)
Total 236 75 21 332
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Source: District Industry Centre, Batala
72
Annexure-V
Main Activity-wise Composition of Establishments by Size of Employment in Gurdaspur
Sl.No. Gurdaspur Upto 5 6 to 10 11 to 26 to 100 Total Activity

25 100 and wise %
above
1. Agriculture 5 1 2 0 0 8 2.5
Implements
2. Agricultural & Food 11 3 1 2 2 19 5.7
Processing Industry
3. Casting and related 6 11 3 1 0 21 6.3
works
4. Furniture and Wood 14 4 3 0 0 21 6.3
Works
5. Lathe and other 26 38 19 4 1 88 26.6
machinery works
6. Manufacturing of 4 0 0 0 0 4 1.2
Leather Products
Medicines and &
Drugs
Metals & Steels
Paper & Paper
Products
Plastic Products
11. Publishing and 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.3
Printing
12. Repairing & 90 4 3 1 0 98 29.5
Servicing
13. Trade 14 5 1 0 0 20 6.0
14. Welding Works 10 2 0 0 0 3.6
15. Others 5 2 0 0 2 9 2.7
Total 203 77 36 11 5 332 100
(61.14) (23.19) (10.84) (3.31) (1.51) (100.0)
73
Annexure-VI
Block-wise Composition of Establishments that Acquired New Equipments during
Last Five Years
Sl.No. No. of Establishments reported Total

1. Batala 55.5
2. Dinagarh 18.5
3. Derababa Nanak 0
4. Dhariwal 0
5. Dorangal 0
6. Fetehpur Churian 0
7. Gurdaspur 18.5
8. Kahnuwan 0
9. Kalanur 0
10. Qudian 7.40
11. Sri Harigovindpur 0
Total 100.0
74
Annexure-VII
Main Activity-wise Composition of Establishments Planning Modernisation
Sl.No. Gurdaspur %age of establishments in

the activity reporting
modernization plans
1. Agriculture Implements 3.3
2. Agricultural & Food Processing Industry 4.4
3. Casting and related works 6.6
4. Furniture and Wood Works 4.4
5. Lathe and other Machinery Works 12.2
6. Manufacturing of Leather Products 1.1
7. Manufacturing of Medicines and & Chemicals 1.1
8. Manufacturing of Metals & Steel 3.3
9. Manufacturing of Paper & Paper Products 3.3
10. Manufacturing of Plastic Products 3.3
11. Repairing of Electricals & Electronics 1.1
12. Trade 3.3
13. Welding Works 3.3
14. Manufacturing of Machinery & Tools 33.3
15. Repair Services 12.2
16. Others 2.2
Total 90 establishments
reported change (27%)
75
Annexure-VIII
Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments by
Preference of Workers for Employment
Preference of Workers for
Employment
Sl.No. Main Activity
Skilled Freshers Total
Persons
1. Agricultural Implements 8 0 8
2. Agricultural & Food Processing Industry 13 1 14
3. Art & Painting 0 1 1
4. Casting and Related works 21 0 21
5. Electrical Motor Repairing and Winding 1 0 1
6. Furniture and Wood Works 11 10 21
7. Lathe and Other Machinery Works 27 0 27
8. Manufacturing of Bricks 0 1 1
9. Manufacturing of Cattle Feed 1 0 1
10. Manufacturing of Chemical Products 1 0 1
11. Manufacturing of Food Products 4 0 4
12. Manufacturing of Leather Products 4 0 4
13. Manufacturing of Machinery & Tools 60 1 61
14. Manufacturing of Medicines & Drugs 2 0 2
15. Manufacturing of Metals & Steels 15 5 20
16. Manufacturing of Paper & Paper Products 2 1 3
17. Manufacturing of Plastic Products 4 2 6
18. Publishing and Printing 1 0 1
19. Repair of Electrical & Electronics 6 3 9
Appliances
20. Repairing & Servicing 40 49 89
21. Trade 20 0 20
22. Welding Works 1 11 12
23. Woollen Manufacturing 1 0 1
24. Others 2 2 4
Grand Total 245 87 332
76
Annexure-IX
Summary of Block-wise Skill Needs
S. No. Block Name Skills Required Rational for it
1. Gurdaspur Aquaculture, Dairy, Food Raw material is available.
Processing, Packaging, Agro- There is a local demand for
based industries Gur and khand- the products but there is lack
sari, Soap making, Fruit of such courses in block.
processing. Traditional skills of women
For Females Tailoring and like Embroidery, Cutting &
Embroidery, Ladies Purse Tailoring needs to be
making, Bleaching and Dying, upgraded. Already few
Toy making, Beautician, Fashion womens groups are engaged
Designing. in such activities.
2. Deena Nagar Dairy and Milk processing, Raw material is available. No
Aquaculture, Poultry farming, courses for such activities are
Packaging and processing of available. There is great
eatable items, saw-mill operators. demand of such items in
nearby town, Amritsar.
For women - Glass painting,
Paper cutting, Dying and
Bleaching, Papar and Badi
making.
3. Kanuwan Pulp board making, saw mill Abundant raw material is
operator, Aquaculture, packaging available for paper based
and processing of eatable items. cottage industries. Woods are
For female - cutting and tailoring, available for saw mill. Short
Dyeing and bleaching, Papar and term courses are needed as
Badi making, Agarbatti making. such skills are needed in the
local area.
4. Kolanaur Rope making, Electronic These skills are needed in the
equipment repairers, Tractor local market, Already some
mechanic. self-help group are engaged
For females embroidery, in such activities. Products
machine knitting, manufacturing are in great demand in larger
of school bags, manufacturing of cities. Needs Short term
ladies purse, Manufacturing of courses are needed for skill
cosmetics by using local herbs. up-gradation.
5. Daurangla Pulp board making, Food Raw material is available,
processing, saw mill operator, But there is a lack of training
Horticulture, Dairy Processing. institutions. Industrial units
Up-gradation of tradition skills are non-existent. Lack of
like carpenter, barber, weaver, vocational guidance.
mason, shoe-maker, block Smyth,
hosiery work.
6. Hargobindpur Animal Husbandry, Dairy No ITI/ITC in the block.
processing, Tractor mechanic, Industrial units are non-
Motor mechanic. existent. Far - off from main
For women- cutting & tailoring, city. Such trades are needed
handicraft item making. for local demand. Needs for
vocational counselling.
77
7. Batala Foundry man, Machinists, Diesel Such trades are needed by
mechanic, Electrician, Draft man the industry. Most of
(Mech.) Sapper man industries are foundry based
but such trades are not
available in the ITI/ITCs.
However, quality of trained
persons remains an issue.
8. Dhariwal Horticulture, Floriculture, Milk Horticulture and Floriculture
processing. Up-gradation of are emerging area. There is a
tradition skills like, mason, shoe- great demand for the product
maker, weaver, washer man. in the local area. Short
Block Smyth carpenter, etc. For duration courses are needed.
females - cutting and tailoring, Traditional skills of artisans
embroidery, Dyeing and need up-gradation by using
Bleaching, paper making new machine and tools.
Agarbatti making etc. Literacy rate among women
is high. They can take up
small business if proper
training is provided to them.
9. Qadien Horticulture, food processing, There is a lack of training
milk processing, electronics institutions in the block.
repair, welder fabricators tractor- Horticulture is emerging.
mechanic up-gradation of Traditional skills needs up-
traditional skills like carpenter, gradation.
shoemakers, weaver etc.,
10. Derababa- Horticulture, Bee keeping Milk Its a bordering block
Nanak processing Mashroom growing, Agriculture is the principal
gur and khandsari, poultry occupation. Scope for of-
farming, Tractor mechanics, farm activities. Females are
motor mechanic, Welder. interested in home-based
For females Purse making, activities which has a local
Dying and Bleaching, Cutting and demand. There is lack of
Tailoring, Embroidery, Machine training institution in the
Knitting, Pickle making, Jam & Block.
Jelly Making.
11. Fathegarh Tractor mechanic, Diesel
There is a local demand for
Churian mechanic, Motor mechanic,
such trades but no institution
Fitter, Welder, motor binding, is proving training, SHG
Automobile mechanic. For
women are interested in such
females Cutting & tailoring, trades. Already some SHGs
Beautician, Hair-Dresser,
are engaged but they need up
Machine knitting. gradation of skills. Youth are
interested in going abroad.
For youth going abroad Heavy They need special training in
Duty Driver, Crane Operator, JCB operating heavy machines.
Driver. No such training institute
exists in the block as well as
in the District.
78
PART B (Singrauli District)
Chapter 1
About the District
Introduction
Singrauli District (comprising three Blocks - Waidhan, Deosar, and Chitrangi) was carved out
as a separate district of Madhya Pradesh on May 24, 2008, with its headquarters situated at
Waidhan. Singrauli District is surrounded by Sidhi District of Madhya Pradesh in the West,
and Sonbhadra District of Uttar Pradesh state in the North. Singrauli is fast emerging as the
energy hub of India because of the thermal power plants that already exist and the new ones
which are under construction, and will be commissioned shortly. Abundance of water and
presence of coal mines have provided ideal setting for thermal power generation in this region.
Brief Historical Background
The Place earlier known as Shringavali, named after the sage Shring, was well known for its
dense forests inhabited by wild animals. The place was considered so treacherous that it was
used by the kings of Rewa State, who ruled the district till 1947, as an open prison for
detaining errant civilians and officers.
The recent history of Singrauli (post-1947) is primarily centred around power plants, starting
of open coal mines, and considerable in-migration of both white-collar as well as blue-collar
workers in this region. Such positive developments in this region are not without any cost.
There has been large scale displacement of people from the project sites, and in many
instances, it has been a story of multiple displacement. Quite often in various large scale
development projects, the costs are borne by a separate set of people, while benefits accrue to
others. Singrauli is a prime example of such a development trajectory.
During the First Five Year Plan period, G. B. Pant Dam and Hydro Power Project on river
Rihand was sanctioned for industrial development in the region. The construction was
completed in 1962 and was inaugurated by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962. Later, rich coal
deposit spread over an area of 2200 sq. km in the state of M.P. (Singrauli district) and U.P.
(Sonbhadra district) were discovered close to artificial lake that could be used to generate
electricity. As a result of the construction of the dam, 350 villages were submerged, out of
which 70 villages were from Sidhi District (now Singrauli). This was the first large scale
displacement experienced by the people in this region. As compensation, the villagers received
60 times the revenue paid prior to the construction of dam (which turned out to be Rs 3-4 per
acre).
Renu Sagar thermal power plant (Birla group) was constructed in mid 1960s, and this was the
first thermal power plant in the region. Coal for this power plant was mined from Jhingurada
coal field which started its operation during 1965-66, and as a result of which inhabitants of 7
79
adivasi villages had to be displaced. The first super thermal power project (Singrauli Super
Thermal Power Project) in the country was established here in 1975 by National Thermal
Power Corporation (NTPC). Due to establishment of this super thermal power project,
inhabitants of three villages had to be displaced.
Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL) started mining in this region (Jeyant area) from 1975
onwards. Coal was primarily supplied to NTPC for its Super Thermal Project. Following this,
NCL started mining in different locations in the District (Nigahi, Amroli, Dudhichuya, Kharia,
Kakri).
Clearly, even prior to its formation as a separate District, Singrauli was the destination of
thermal power projects. However, the thermal power projects were not spread across the entire
District, and were concentrated in the northern part of the District (Waidhan Block). At the
moment all the operational coal mines and power plants are located in the northern parts of the
district.
Abundance of water resources and rich mineral deposits (primarily coal) resulted in Singrauli
becoming the hub of thermal power generation in the country. As mentioned earlier, this is not
without cost. Keeping in mind the welfare of local people in the project affected areas the
Government of Madhya Pradesh signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with NTPC
and NCL. However, an enquiry as to what extent different clauses of MoU have been followed
by the companies in letter and spirit is beyond the scope of this report. The important clauses
regarding rehabilitation and resettlement as per MoU are mentioned in Box 1.
Box 1: Memorandum of Understanding
Memorandum of Understanding titled Development of Singrauli signed between Govt. of MP, NTPC, and NCL
on 21-11-1988 at Surya Bhawan, Waidhan, Madhya Pradesh.
According to this MoU, courses for land ousters with active participation and cooperation of NTPC and NCL in
the local ITI must be started for which there is maximum demand in these organizations. The courses on mining
survey which is not available here may be taken up at ITI, Shahdol. Similarly, some diploma courses for non-
technical trades such as office correspondence, stenography, typing etc. exclusively for land oustees may also be
organized.
The above suggestion was approved.
NCL: The quantum of employment in NCL from MP is low as compared to other States, and to eradicate this
unjust treatment to residents of MP, NCL should reserve some fixed quota for MP. Also NCL should impart
training to the pass-out of local ITI right at the ITI itself so that NCL may consider them candidature for
recruitment to various posts without asking them to produce any experience certificate.
NTPC: NTPC should also make sincere efforts in giving employment to the students of MP which at present is
almost negligible.
Failure to comply with any of the conditions mentioned above may result in withdrawal of this and attract action
under the provisions of Environment (protection) Act, 1986.
According to an agreement between the District officials (including the collector, SDM, Employment Officer etc.)
and NCL on 13/7/1996, it was decided to allocate the total number of posts in the ratio of 60:40, i.e., 60% of the
total posts so proposed to be filled in will be for MP and 40% from UP. The above decision will be made
applicable for all future vacancies to be filled up by direct recruitment.
80
Blocks in the District
The District has three Blocks viz. Chitrangi, Deosar, and Waidhan (Table 1.1). The District
headquarters is situated at Waidhan. Industrial clusters in the District are largely located at
Waidhan.
Table 1.1: Geographical Area and Administrative Set-up
No. of
Geographical No. of
Block Village
Area (Ha.) Villages
Panchayats
Chitrangi 192290 311 115
34%
Deosar 184559 223 97
32%
Waidhan 190424 272 104
34%
All 567213 806 316
100%
Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2009, Singrauli
As per the official statistics, 95 per cent of villages have electricity connection, and about 96
per cent of villages have drinking water facilities. However, in reality, despite being the hub of
power generation in the country, non-availability and very irregular supply of electricity in the
villages is a major hindrance towards economic development of the District.
Blocks in Brief
Chitarangi
Among the three blocks in Singrauli District, Chittrangi is the most backward one. The
backwardness of the District can be gauzed by the fact that there is not a single doctor (with an
M.B.B.S degree) in the entire Block, although there is a primary health centre, albeit in a
dilapidated state.1 There is not a single Degree college in the entire Block, and students willing
to pursue studies beyond standard XII have to go to either Waidhan, or in far-away places like
Indore or Bhopal (depending on their ability to pay). Power supply is in a dismal state with
week-long power cuts being a common phenomenon in the block. Rural connectivity has only
improved in the last 5-6 years, thanks to Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). River
Sonbhadra divides the Block into two parts (Northern and Southern). The Northern part is
inaccessible during the monsoons and there are 21 village panchayats in this part. Motorised
boats are the only means of transportation between the Northern and Southern parts.
Needlessly to mention, the Northern part is even more backward.
Agriculture was the mainstay of economy of this Block. For majority of the households
agriculture was the principal occupation. There were 34,773 farmers in the Block (12,249
belonging to STs, 3,178 SCs, and 19, 346 belonging to Others). Majority of the big land-
1
On paper there is one M.B.B.S doctor, who hardly makes a visit.
81
owners belonged to Vaishya Caste, while there were some big land-owners among STs as well.
Apart from crop cultivation, animal husbandry (poultry, goat rearing) was also an important
source of livelihood for the population. Lack of irrigation facilities was a major hindrance in
the use of high yielding varieties of seeds and chemical fertilizers. Extension services are
almost non-existent in this Block, with inter-generational transfer of knowledge about various
agricultural practices being the only mode of teaching and learning. Absence of any marketing
facility is also an important hindrance against agricultural development. Poor rural connectivity
and absence of marketing facility has resulted in non-remunerative prices for the farmers.
Small farmers sell their produce in local areas while larger producers take their crops in
Gorawal Mandi located in Sonbhadra District of Uttar Pradesh.
Deosar
Although slightly more developed as compared to Chitrangi, shabby buildings hosting different
government offices on both sides of a barely one-kilometre long stretch of narrow muddy road,
is what Deosar town looks like. The condition of roads and power supply were both better than
in Chitrangi. There was one Degree college in the entire Block, which was run by two
permanent teachers, one of them being the Principal himself. Only 6 subjects (all Humanities)
were offered in this college. There were four temporary teachers, and together with the
permanent teachers formed a fleet of 6 teachers, one in each subject. Needless to mention,
students took admission only for the sake of a degree, and have no expectation of employment
opportunities after completion of their courses. Students willing to pursue higher studies in
Science subjects have to go to either Waidhan, or in far-away places like Indore or Bhopal
(depending on their ability to pay). Among the local students there was demand for Science
courses, which can improve their employability in professions like medical representatives, and
also in private companies which generally preferred Science graduates. In this college, three
permanent teaching positions have remained vacant for the last 10 years. Unfilled vacancy is a
general trend in almost all colleges in Madhya Pradesh. The last regular appointment of
government college teachers in Madhya Pradesh was held as far back in 1991 through Public
Service Commission. 2 As a result, colleges had to depend on guest faculties who were
recruited at the local level. Colleges notified vacancies to the area office which then brought
out an advertisement containing the integrated list of vacancies for the area as a whole.
Applicants then started applying in the colleges directly, and end up applying in as many
colleges as possible. Finally, it was often the case that meritorious candidates ended up being
selected in more than one college. The colleges also brought out a waiting list. Deosar being a
backward area is not generally preferred by the shortlisted candidates, and therefore, this
college permanently faces teachers scarcity. By the time guest faculties finally join, usually
half the session gets over. There was huge disparity in terms of salary between permanent
teachers (who were paid as per UGC scale, which was not less than Rs. 40,000 per month) and
guest teachers (who were paid Rs. 120 per class, subject to a maximum of four classes per
day). Further, there was a ceiling of Rs. 8000 per month for the guest faculty. Just to add on to
2
The only exception was a special recruitment for teachers belonging to SC and ST communities in 2003-04 and
2006.
82
their humiliation, the guest faculty was not paid for the days when there was some examination
in the college.
Agriculture was the principal economic activity in this region. There were 24,710 farmers in
the Block. Lack of irrigation facilities was a major constraint which the farmers confronted.
Kharif crops were almost entirely dependent on monsoon rains, while 52 per cent of cropped
area was irrigated during rabi season. Lift irrigation from Gopad River was by far the most
important source of irrigation.3
Waidhan
Among all the three Blocks of the District, Waidhan was the most developed in terms of
infrastructure and civic amenities. All the important offices (including that of the Collector)
were located in Waidhan. The condition of roads and power supply were both better than the
other two blocks. Even though agriculture was the principal activity in this Block also, there
was no training or demonstration of agricultural practices provided to the farmers. The young
generation in this block was not willing to pursue their traditional activities, as it was not
remunerative enough and involved lot of hardship. Also, there was no training facility to make
new products which were in demand. The young generation was mostly interested in getting
training from ITIs in trades which had high demand in the region. Unfortunately, there was
only one ITI in the District, and therefore, there was huge demand for admission into ITIs,
though many of the courses were outdated and there was acute scarcity of modern implements
and equipment.
Land Utilization
Area under cultivation constituted 30 per cent of geographical area in the District. The
proportion of area under cultivation was the lowest in Waidhan which is the centre of major
economic activity and administrative set-up. Lack of irrigation is a major hindrance towards
agricultural development in the District, and this problem was the most severe in Chitrangi
Block (Table 1.2). Net irrigated area as proportion of net sown area was extremely low when
compared with both State average (43%) and national average (44%). Among different sources
of irrigation, wells accounted for two-thirds of area irrigated.
Table 1.2: Land Utilization Pattern in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
% of Net
% of
Geographical % of Net sown
Irrigated area
Block Cultivable
Area (Ha) Area to Net Sown
Area
Area
Chitrangi 192290 34 34 6.4
Deosar 184559 29 29 13.9
Waidhan 190424 24 24 32.5
Total 567213 30 30 16.9
Source: District Statistical Hand Book, 2009, Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh
3
River water was first collected in a well, and then it was pumped out using diesel pumps.
83
As in other parts of the country, Singrauli too was characterised by preponderance of small
landholdings. As much as 44 per cent of landholdings were of less than 1 ha (Table 1.3). But in
terms of area, such small landholdings accounted for only 10 per cent. On the other extreme,
only 3 per cent of landholdings were more than 10 ha in size, but those accounted for 21 per
cent of the total land area.
Table 1.3: Size Class of Land Holding, Singrauli, 2009
No. of Land
Size Area (Hectare)
Holding
Less than 1 hectare 92540 (44%) 41210 (10%)
1-2 hectare 45320 (21%) 66976 (16%)
2-4 hectare 41425 (20%) 114232 (26%)
4-10 hectare 21965 (10%) 127988 (30%)
More than 10 hectare 5515 (3%) 90892 (21%)
Total 211503 (100%) 432037 (100%)
Source: District Statistical Hand Book, 2009, Singrauli
Smallness of size of holding together with low irrigation intensity resulted in lower agricultural
productivity, which has a major role in socio-economic under development of the District.
Cropping Pattern
Paddy, wheat, and arhar are the principal crops in the District. In all the blocks, paddy and
arhar are the principal kharif crops, while wheat is the principal rabi crop.
In Chitarangi, like in other parts of the District, pulses accounted for a considerable portion of
land under cultivation in both kharif and rabi seasons. Arhar accounted for more than one-
fourth of the land area under cultivation during the kharif season, while Chana was cultivated
on one-third of the land under cultivation during the rabi season. 4 Irrigation was a major
constraint for agricultural development in this Block. The kharif crops were almost entirely
dependent on monsoon rains, while only one-fourth of the area under cultivation was irrigated
during the rabi season. Lack of irrigation facilities was a major hindrance towards use of high
yielding varieties of seeds and chemical fertilizers. Extension services were almost non-
existent in this Block, with inter-generational transfer of knowledge about various agricultural
practices being the only mode of teaching and learning.
In Deosar, agriculture was the principal economic activity of this region. There were 24,710
farmers in the Block (Caste-wise distribution of farmers was not available). Cropped area
during kharif season was two and half times more of rabi season. Paddy along with arhar,
minor millets and maize were principal crops cultivated during the kharif season, while wheat
4
For details on cropping pattern refer to Table A1 in the appendix.
84
along with jowar and chana accounted for more than three-fourths of cropped area during rabi
season.5
Waidhan is by far the most important centre of economic activity in the region. Area under
cultivation in Waidhan was relatively lower than the other two Blocks in the District. Paddy
and Arhar were the most important kahrif crops, while wheat was by far the most important
rabi crop.6
For all the three principal crops (paddy, arhar, wheat), productivity in all the three Blocks are
comparable to the State average, though much lower than average productivity for the country
(Table 1.4). Low irrigation is one of the reasons for lower crop yield.
Table 1.4: Average Productivity of Principal Crops, 2010-11 (kg/ha)
Crop Chitarangi Deosar Waidhan Madhya Pradesh All India

Paddy 1051 1178 1422 1000 2000
Arhar 469 963 730 739 765
Wheat 1533 1758 1527 1613 2619
Source: Office of Senior Agricultural Development Officer, for different blocks
Note: Data for All India are for the year 2008-9, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
Demographic Characteristics
With 1.6% of State population share, the density of population is quite low in Singrauli (Table
1.5). The population density in Singrauli is 208 persons per sq. km, which is much lower than
that of Madhya Pradesh (236) and of the national average (382).
Table 1.5: Population and Population Density by Block
Density
Block 2001 2011
2001 2011
Chitrangi 258489 NA 133 NA
Deosar 243959 NA 134 NA
Waidhan 417721 NA 220 NA
Total 9,20,169 11,78,132 162 208
Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011
During 2001-11 decadal growth rate of population has declined to 28 percent. Exponential
growth rate of population during 2001-11 is 2.5 percent. Although the population growth rate
has shown a decreasing trend but density of population has increased from 162 persons to 208
persons per sq. km from 2001 to 2011 census. The increase in population density is due to
large scale in-migration of skilled workers which is the result of establishment of large number
of thermal power plants and coal mines.
5
Please refer to Table A2.
6
Please refer to Table A3 in the Appendix.
85
Sex ratio has declined in the District from 922 in 2001 to 916 in 2011 (sex ratio for Madhya
Pradesh is 930). The decline in sex ratio is contrary to the all India trend which showed an
improvement in sex ratio from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011.
Scheduled Tribes (STs) constituted one-third of the population in the District, which is much
higher than the proportion of ST population in the State as well as at the all India level. Among
the three Blocks, proportion of ST population in Chtarangi and Deosar was more than twice
that in Waidhan (Table 1.6). Several studies (India Human Development Report, 2011) have
pointed out that STs in India are mostly located in the most backward regions of the country.
Chitarangi and Deosar are undoubtedly among the most backward blocks in the country with
hardly any educational opportunities available beyond higher secondary schools, with poor
rural connectivity and electricity, with non-existent health care system, with hardly any
irrigation facility thereby resulting in lower agricultural productivity, and with hardly in non-
agricultural employment opportunities.
Table 1.6: Percentage of ST Population to Total Population
Block 2001 2007-8

Chitrangi 43.96 NA
Deosar 42.53 NA
Waidhan 19 NA
District
32.25 NA
(Singrauli)
Madhya Pradesh 20.3 22
All India 8.2 8.6
Source: Census of India, 2001, & India Human Development Report, 2011
The non-availability of non-agricultural employment opportunities in Chitarangi and Deosar

can be highlighted by the fact that despite low agricultural productivity, a vast majority of the
population was dependent on agriculture for livelihood (Table 1.6). This was not the case in
Waidhan (which is much more developed than the other two Blocks) where a significant
proportion of population was employed in non-agricultural sector (Table 1.7).
Table 1.7: Distribution of Workers, by Block
Block Agricultural Non-agricultural Total Workers

Chitarangi 75207 (90%) 8640 (10%) 83847
Deosar 65090 (88%) 9158 (12%) 74248
Waidhan 80525 (63%) 47101 (37%) 127626
Total 220822 (77%) 64899 (23%) 285721
Source: Census of India, 2001
Literacy rate in the District was of worse than the all India average as well as the State average.
As against the all India average literacy rate of 74 per cent, and State literacy rate of 71 per
cent, literacy rate in the District was only 62 per cent (Table 1.8)
86
Table 1.8: Literacy Rate, by Block
Block 2001 2011

Chitrangi 43.38 N.A
Deosar 43.12 N.A
Waidhan 56.99 N.A
Total 49.2 62.4
Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011
Health
Among the civic amenities, health infrastructure and rural roads are of prime importance that
influences the socio-economic development in the District to a considerable extent. On both of
these parameters, the condition in the District was much worse as compared to both State
average as well as national average. While the average population served per Government
hospital for the country as a whole was 98000, for Madhya Pradesh it was 179,228, and in the
case of Singrauli it was 294533. Further, there were only 101 hospital beds for the entire
population, implying that there was less than one hospital bed per 10,000 population (Table
1.9). For the country as a whole, the number of hospital per 10,000 population is nine. In other
words, average population served per Government hospital bed in Singrauli was 11,665; for
Madhya Pradesh it was 3,392; and for the country as a whole it was 2,105. In addition to acute
shortage in physical infrastructure, there was shortage of healthcare personnel also. Out of the
sanctioned strength of 213 health cadres, only 72 posts are filled at present in the district
hospital, while 564 posts were sanctioned in PHC/CHC & sub-centres and 313 posts were
filled at the time of survey.
Table 1.9: Number of Health Centers, Number of Beds and Doctors available in
Singrauli District, Madhya Pradesh
Govt. Beds in No. of

Block PHC
Dispensary/Hospital Hospital Doctors
Chitrangi 5 1 30 6
Deosar 5 1 21 6
Waidhan 5 2 50 12
Total 15 4 101 24
Source: District Statistical Hand book, 2009, Singrauli
Road Connectivity
Poor connectivity was one of the most crucial reasons for backwardness of the District. The
nearest major city to Singrauli was Varanasi, 208 km by road. About half of the road in the
District was non-metalled (Table 1.10).
87
Table 1.10: Road Length (in kms) under
Public Works Department, Singrauli
Non-
Metalled
Block metalled Total
Road
road
Chitrangi N.A N.A N.A
Deosar 259.7 N.A 259.7
Waidhan 209.85 404.4 614.25
Total 469.55 404.4 873.95
Source: District Statistical Hand Book, 2009, Singrauli
For the country as a whole, length of metalled road per 100 sq km of area is 81 km, while in
case of Madhya Pradesh it was 57 km. Singrauli was way behind with only 9 km of metalled
road per 100 sq km of geographical area. This brings out the pathetic state of affairs of rural
connectivity in the District. In recent years, due to PMGSY, there has been some improvement
in rural connectivity. All roads constructed under PMGSY are all metalled roads which this
had improved rural connectivity to some extent (Table 1.11).
Table 1.11: Roads Constructed under PMGSY, by Block
Blocks Waidhan Chitrangi Deosar Total

Length 344.27 km 352 km 380.13 km 1076.31 km
No. of Roads 52 46 57 155
Source: Office of PMGSY, Singrauli District
In February, 2011, the Central Government allocated a special fund of Rs 10 crores for
construction of roads (22 km). This fund was provided to Singrauli because it is a potential
naxalite affected District. However, even after calling for tenders 4 times, no suitable candidate
was found.
There are various reasons for the backwardness of the District poor connectivity, poor health
facilities, lower literacy rate, lack of irrigation, and dearth of non-agricultural sources of
employment. With the setting up of some of the biggest thermal power plants in the country,
the pressure on existing infrastructure is likely to increase manifold. Development of basic
infrastructure should therefore be given top priority by the District administration.
88
APPENDIX
Table A1: Cropping Pattern, Chitrangi, 2010-11
Proportion
Season Crop Area (ha)
of Area
Kharif
Paddy 14115 25.7
Jowar 2500 4.5
Maize 9745 17.7
Minor Millet (Kodo) 7255 13.2
Cereals 33615 61.1
Arhar 14476 26.3

Moong 40 0.1
Urad 2700 4.9
Pulses 17216 31.3
Til 3612 6.6

Soyabeen 33 0.1
Ram Til (Black) 500 0.9
Oilseeds 4145 7.5
Total 54976 100.0
Rabi
Wheat 9670 26.5
Jowar 8140 22.3
Cereals 17810 48.7
Chana 11300 30.9

Masoor 1650 4.5
Matar 260 0.7
Others 25 0.1
Pulses 13235 36.2
Til (Alsi) 3212 8.8

Mustard (Rai) 2302 6.3
Oilseeds 5514 15.1
Total 36559 100.0

Source: Office of Senior Agricultural Development Officer, Chitrangi
89
Table A2: Cropping Pattern, Deosar, 2010-11
Proportion
of Area
Kharif
Paddy 13000 22.5
Jowar 500 0.9
Maize 8800 15.2
Minor Millet (Kodo) 12500 21.6
Cereals 34800 60.1
Arhar 12100 20.9

Moong 350 0.6
Urad 2700 4.7
Pulses 15150 26.2
Til 7432 12.8

Ram Til (Black) 500 0.9
Oilseeds 7932 13.7
Total 57882 100.0
Rabi
Wheat 8510 36.5
Jowar 5850 25.1
Cereals 14360 61.6
Chana 3580 15.4

Masoor 200 0.9
Matar 390 1.7
Others 1200 5.1
Pulses 5370 23.0

Oilseeds 3590 15.4
Total 23320 100.0

Source: Office of Senior Agricultural Development Officer, Deosar
90
Table A3: Cropping Pattern, Waidhan, 2010-11
Proportion
of Area
Kharif
Paddy 7455 21.1
Jowar 201 0.6
Maize 7493 21.2
Minor Millet
(Kodo) 7785 22.0
Cereals 22934 64.9
Arhar 10125 28.6

Moong 255 0.7
Urad 2050 5.8
Pulses 12430 35.1
Total 35364 100.0
Rabi
Wheat 13175 41.8
Jowar 3590 11.4
Cereals 16765 53.2
Chana 3015 9.6

Masoor 2000 6.4
Matar 690 2.2
Others 3500 11.1
Pulses 9205 29.2
Til (Alsi) 3212 10.2

Oilseeds 5514 17.5
Total 31484 100.0

Source: Office of Senior Agricultural Development Officer, Waidhan
91
Chapter 2
Assessment of Skill Demand in Singrauli District
Introduction
This chapter deals with the crucial issue of skill demand in Singrauli district of Madhya
Pradesh. The present and future Skill demand in various industries/establishments is assessed
on the basis of census survey conducted in the industries/establishments of the district.
In the Economic Census, establishments employing 10 or more workers, both in organised and
unorganised sectors (excluding crop production and plantation) are considered. This survey
however has also considered establishments employing less than 10 workers as well.
Therefore, even though economic census reported only 49 establishments, the number of
establishments covered in this survey is 372.
Location and Ownership of Establishments
There were 372 establishments in the District, with heavy concentration in Waidhan Block
(which accounted for more than 80 per cent of all establishments (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1: Distribution of Establishments, by Block, 2011
Block No. of Establishment % of Establishment

Chittarangi 38 10.2
Deosar 35 9.4
Waidhan 299 80.4
Total 372 100
Waidhan is the most important centre of economic activity in the District, and therefore most
of the establishments are located here. The new white-collar migrants, who are employed with
the thermal power plants and coal mines, usually get settled down in the main District town of
Waidhan. This has opened up new opportunities of expansion of the market, and therefore,
many new establishments are coming up in this Block. Half of the establishments (148) in
Waidhan have been established since 2005 onwards.
92
Vast majority of establishment (92%) were owned by private proprietors (Table 2.2).7
Table 2.2: Block and Sector-wise Distribution of Establishments in Singrauli
Block Sectors
Public Cooperative Private Others Total
Chittrangi 1 0 37 0 38
(2.63) (0.00) (97.37) (0.00) (100.00)
Deosar 0 0 34 1 35
(0.00) (0.00) (97.14) (2.86) (100.00)
Waidhan 4 7 272 16 299
(1.34) (2.34) (90.97) (5.35) (100.00)
Total 5 7 343 17 372
(1.34) (1.88) (92.20) (4.58) (100.00)
When establishments were classified by major activity, it was observed that sale and repair of
vehicles & parts constituted the largest chunk of establishments in the District.8 On an average,
such establishments employed 6 workers. In fact, majority of establishments on an average
employed less than 10 workers (Table 2.3). The major employers are coal mines of Northern
Coalfields Limited (public enterprise), National Thermal Power Corporation (public
enterprise), and an aluminium plant in the private sector (Birla Group). It may be pointed out
that large enterprises accounted for less than 2 per cent of all establishments but employed the
bulk of the workforce (more than two-thirds) in the District. Therefore, in terms of
employment generation, these large enterprises (both public and private) play a crucial role in
the region.
Table 2.3: Percentage Distribution of Establishments by Major Activity, Singrauli, 2011
% of % of Average Number of Employee

Major Activity
Establishments Employees per Establishment
Sale and Repair of Vehicles & Parts 28 1.6 6

Tailor 12 0.7 5
Manufacture and repair of small machine parts 12 1.5 13
Sale and Repair of Electrical Motor &
10 0.4 4
Equipment
Traditional activities 8 0.2 3
Manufacture of furniture 6 0.3 5
Power Plant 0.8 23.9 3027
Coal Mine 0.5 39 7412
Aluminium Plant 0.2 3.5 11050
Hospital & Clinic 1 1.1 84
Others 21.5 28.9 10
7
In the survey, the four different types of proprietorship were public, cooperative, private, and others.
8
For block and main activity of distribution of establishments refer to annexure 2.1.
93
Analyses of establishments according to number of establishments (269,72.31 per cent) their
size of employment revealed that out of 372 establishments surveyed, highest 269 (72.31 per
cent) had employment size up to 5 workers, followed by 66 establishments (17.74 per cent)
with employment size of 6 to 10 workers. 15 establishments (4.03 per cent) had employment
size of 11-25 workers and 26-100 workers each. Four establishments (1.08 per cent) were
having employment size of 501 and above workers, and three establishments (0.81 per cent)
had employment size of 101 to 500 persons. The establishments which employed more than
100 workers are coal mines, thermal power plants, and aluminium plants. The industrial picture
of Singrauli is that of a few large scale enterprises (some more coming up in the next 3-4
years) alongside large number of small enterprises which either act as ancillary industries to
the bigger ones or provide support (primarily of the nature of repair and maintenance) to the
activities carried out in the large enterprises. The very survival of these small enterprises is
depended on the activities in large enterprises.
Block-wise analysis indicates that out of 38 establishments in Chittrangi block, 32

establishments (84.21percent) had employment size of up to 5 workers, followed by 5
establishments (13.16 percent) in the size class of 6 to 10 workers. One establishment (2.63
percent) was located in the size class of 101 to 500 workers. In Deosar block, out of 35
establishments, 30 establishments (85.70 percent) were in the employment size of up to 5
persons and remaining five establishments (14.30 percent) were in the employment size
category starting from 6-10 persons to more than 501 persons. Highest percentage of Waidhan
block establishments (69.23 per cent or 207 establishments) were located in the employment
size category of up to 5 persons, followed by 20.07 percent ( 60 establishments) in employment
size category of 6 to 10 persons. Only 14 establishments (6.7 per cent) were in employment
size of 11-25 persons and 26-100 persons each (Table 2.4).9
Table 2.4: Block-wise Distribution of Establishments according to Size of Employment in

Singaruli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. Blocks Size of Employment ( Number of persons)

No. Up to 5 6-10 11-25 26-100 101-500 501- Total
above
1 Chittrangi 32 5 0 0 1 0 38
(84.21) (13.16) (0.00) (0.00) (2.63) (0.00) (100.00)
2 Deosar 30 1 1 1 1 1 35
(85.70) (2.86) (2.86) (2.86) (2.86) (2.86) (100.00)
3 Waidhan 207 60 14 14 1 3 299
(69.23) (20.07) (4.68) (4.68) (0.32) (1.02) (100.00)
4 Total 269 66 15 15 3 4 372
(72.31 (17.74) (4.03) (4.03) (0.81) (1.08) (100.00)
Note: Figures within parentheses show the percentage of row total.
Broad main activities of establishments were classified according to National Industrial

Classification (NIC) -2008 sections. All main activities of establishments were classified
according to NIC-2008 sections.
9
For main activity-wise distribution of establishments by size of employment refer to annexure 2.2.
94
Out of 372 establishments surveyed in Singrauli district, maximum were performing
manufacturing activities i.e. 166 establishments (44.62 percent), followed by Wholesale and
Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles i.e. 160 establishments (43.01
percent), and Other Service Activities i.e. 13 establishments (3.4 percent) (Table 2.5).
Table 2.5: Block and Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments in Singrauli
Sl. Main Activities Classified Blocks

No. according to NIC -2008 (Sections) Chitrangi Deosar Waidhan Total
1 B - Mining and Quarrying 0 0 2 2
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
2 C - Manufacturing 33 11 122 166
(19.88) (6.63) (73.49) (100.00)
3 D - Electricity ,Gas Steam and Air 0 0 4 4
Conditioning Supply (0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
4 G - Wholesale and Retail Trade 4 22 134 160
Repair of Motor vehicles and (2.50) (13.75) (83.75) (100.00)
Motor Cycles
5 I - Accommodation and Food 0 0 6 6
Service Activities (0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
6 J - Information and 0 0 1 1
Communication (0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
7 K - Financial and Insurance 0 0 3 3
Activities (0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
8 N - Administrative and support 0 0 5 5
9 P - Education 0 0 4 4
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
10 Q - Human Health and Social 1 0 7 8
Work Activities (12.50) (0.00) (87.50) (100.00)
11 S - Other Service Activities 0 2 11 13
(0.00) (15.3) (84.7) (100.00)
Total 38 35 299 372
(10.21) (9.41) (80.38 (100.00)
Note: Figures in parentheses show percentage to row total.
Technological Change and Modernization
Among all the 372 establishments in the District, only 36 establishments (10%) reported
acquisition of new equipment in the last 5 years. Out of these 36 establishments, majority of
them were selling or repairing various motor parts and electrical equipment (Table 2.6). It
may be noted that sale and repair of vehicles & parts, and sale and repair of electrical motor
& equipment are all small establishments employing on an average six workers and four
workers respectively. However, none of the establishments which acquired new equipment
needed any new personnel to operate such machines.
95
Table 2.6: Establishments which acquired New Equipments, Singrauli
No. of Establishments which acquired

Major Activity of Establishment
New equipments in the last 5 Years
Manufacture and Repair of Small Machine Parts 9
Sale and Repair of Vehicles & Parts 8
Sale and Repair of Electrical Motor & Equipment 4
Tailor 4
Computer Sale and Repair 1
Hospital/Clinic 1
Manufacture of Furniture 1
Mine 1
Motor Repair 1
Power Generation 1
Trader 1
Traditional 1
Others 3
As per NIC-2008 classification of activities, out of 36 establishments which acquired new

equipment, 17 establishments (47.22 percent) were from wholesale and retail trade, and repair
of motor vehicles and motor cycles, followed by 14 establishments (38.89 percent) from
manufacturing sector. Remaining five establishments were from other five activities one each
in each activity, such as Mining and Quarrying; Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning
Supply; Information and Communication; Administrative and Support Service Activities; and
Human Health and Social work Activities (Table 2.7).
Table 2.7: Block and Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments of which Acquired new
equipments during last five years in Singrauli
Sl. Main Activities classed according to NIC - Block

No. 2008 Sections Chittrangi Deosar Waidhan Total
1 B- Mining and quarrying 0 0 1 1
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
2 C- Manufacturing 4 2 8 14
(28.57) (14.29) (57.14) (100.00)
3 D - Electricity ,Gas Steam and Air 0 0 1 1
Conditioning Supply (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (100.00)
4 G - Wholesale and Retail trade Repair of 1 7 9 17
Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles (5.88) (41.18) (52.94) (100.00)
5 J - Information and Communication 0 0 1 1
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
6 N - Administrative and Supports Service 0 0 1 1
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
7 Q - Human Health and Social work Activities 0 0 1 1
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
Total 5 9 22 36
(13.89) (25.00) (61.11) (100.00)
Source: IAMR survey, 2011
Note: Figures parentheses show percentage to row total.
96
Sector-wise analyses revealed that vast majority of establishments (88.88 percent) in the
district which acquired new equipment were from private sector followed by public sector
(5.56 percent), and 0thers (5.56 percent). Block-wise analyses indicate that all five
establishments of Chitrangi block which acquired new equipment were from private sector.
Likewise, in Deosar block, all nine establishments were from private sector. But in Waidhan
block 81.82 percent (18) were from private sector followed by public sector (9.09 percent) and
Others (9.09 percent) (Table 2.8).10
Table 2.8: Sector-wise Distribution of Establishments which Acquired

New equipment during Last Five Years in Singrauli
Sl. No. Block Sectors

Public Cooperative Private Others Total
1 Chittrangi 0 0 5 0 5
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (0.00) (100.00)
2 Deosar 0 0 9 0 9
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (0.00) (100.00)
3 Waidhan 2 0 18 2 22
(9.09) (0.00) (81.82) (9.09) (100.00)
Total 2 0 32 2 36
(5.56) (0.00) (88.88) (5.56) (100.00)
Note: Figure within parentheses shows the Percentage of row total.
Additional Requirement of Skilled Manpower
An assessment of additional requirement of skilled manpower in the District was made both at
the level of current scale of operation, as well as keeping in mind the future expansion plans of
the establishments.
It has already been pointed out that power generation and mining are the two most important
non-agricultural activities in the District. At the present scale of operation, these two types of
establishments face maximum shortage of skilled manpower in the region (Table 2.9). Low
level of education coupled with severe shortage of technical and vocational institutions are the
reasons for shortage of skilled manpower in the region. Further, the fact that this District is one
of the most backward districts in the country is highlighted by the acute shortage of health
personnel in the District.11
10
For main activity wise distribution of establishments which acquired new equipment during the last 5 years
refer to annexure 2.3
11
For main activity wise establishment reporting shortage of skills refer to annexure 2.4
97
Table 2.9: Shortage of Skilled Manpower by Activity at Present Scale of Operation
Required No. of No. of

Major Activity of Establishment
Employees Employees Shortage
Mine 18781 13718 5063
Power Generation 12722 12117 605
Hospital/Clinic 778 477 301
Manufacture and Repair of Small
Machine Parts 598 536 62
Sale and Repair of Vehicles & Parts 604 545 59
Others 15133 15048 85
Total 48616 42441 6175
In terms of trade, maximum shortage of skilled manpower was in machine operator, followed
by administrative staff (Table 2.10). In addition, there is a large list of trade as depicted in
Table 2.10, which points out to shortage of skilled manpower in the region. Large in-migration
of white-collar and blue-collar workers in the region is testimony to lack of skill development
initiatives. We repeat here that Singrauli is one of the most backward districts of the country
with low literacy, and severe scarcity (as compared to its growing demand) of technical and
professional training institutions in the country. The district is not really prepared in terms of
human resources as well as infrastructural facilities to accommodate the growing demand of
the newly established establishments.
98
Table 2.10: Shortage of Skilled Manpower by Trade at Present Scale of Operation
Required No. No. of

Trade Shortage
of Employees Employees
Machine operator 6980 5804 1176
Human resource & administration 4206 3234 972
Foreman 2798 2069 729
Electrician 3258 2756 502
Fitter 3943 3542 401
Security 2593 2231 362
CNC programmer cum operator 862 534 328
Catering 350 105 245
Engineer 2870 2670 200
Attendant 574 382 192
Welder 2004 1818 186
Driver 1534 1365 169
Compounder 200 53 147
Nurse 172 67 105
Carpenter 533 430 103
Laboratory technician 148 104 44
Chemist 370 328 42
Turner 165 128 37
Motor vehicle mechanic 374 339 35
Doctor 104 71 33
Surveyor 58 26 32
Machinist 795 769 26
Medical technician 53 29 24
Draughtsman 159 140 19
Plumber 342 330 12
Auto electrical and electronics
mechanic 864 854 10
Rigger 535 525 10
Traditional 66 56 10
Tailor 185 176 9
Painter 345 338 7
Traditional 15 12 3
Barber 214 213 1
Beautician 14 13 1
Food processing 4 3 1
Mason 6093 6092 1
Wireman 721 720 1
Lab technician 4 4 0
Mechanic 6 6 0
Mining explosion 15 15 0
Moulder 405 405 0
Others 3685 3685 0
Total 48616 42441 6175
99
By broad discipline, shortage of skilled manpower in the District can be summarized in
Table 2.11 below:
Table 2.11: Broad Discipline-wise Demand and Shortage of Skilled personnel in Establishments
of Singrauli
Sl. Broad Discipline Number of Number of Required Shortage

No. Trades employees employees
1. Mechanical 57 11,284 13,134 1850
2. Electrical 15 3,673 4625 952
3. Civil 11 3553 3684 128
4. Geology and Mining 9 118 165 47
5. Electronics and Communication 5 352 364 12
6. Control & Instrumental 1 563 569 6
7. Chemical 4 64 74 10
8. Computer 3 571 858 14
9. Management 25 3677 4964 1287
10. Health 29 776 1186 410
11. Accounts and Finance 5 1357 1448 91
12. Education 8 112 113 1
13. Hotel Management 7 1454 1646 192
14. Driving / operator 3 2311 2846 535
15. Other Services 19 531 582 51
16. Unskilled workers (Attendant/ 0 12045 12631 586
cleaner/contract labour/Helper/
Khalasi/Mazdoor/Other staff)
Total 201 42,441 48,616 6175
Out of the 372 establishments surveyed, 112 establishments have expansion plan in the next
five years. All the power generation plants and coal mines have future plan of expansion,
which will enhance future demand for skilled manpower in the region. More than one-third of
establishments which are involved in sale and repair of motor, small machine parts and
vehicles have expansion plans (Table 2.12). With expansion of economic activities in the
District, there has been a significant increase in the number of vehicles which is likely to grow
when construction of the proposed power plants and coal mines begin, and the plants under
construction start operating. Therefore, it has been observed that proportion of establishments
which are involved in sale and repair of motor, small machine parts and vehicles have
expansion plans.12
12
For main activity- wise distribution of establishments which have plans for
expansion/modernization/diversification in the next five years refer to annexure 2.5
100
Table 2.12: No. of Establishments with Expansion Plan, by Activity, Singrauli
Total No. of No. of Establishments with

Activity
Establishments Expansion Plans
Sale and Repair of Vehicles & Parts 103 34
Manufacture and Repair of Small Machine
Parts 45 17
Sale and Repair of Electrical Motor &
Equipment 36 12
Others 26 12
Tailor 46 10
Traditional 30 7
Power Generation 3 3
Manufacture of Furniture 21 2
Beauty Parlour 6 2
Brick Kiln 4 2
Manufacture of Chemicals 3 2
Mine 2 2
Hospital/Clinic 7 1
Barber 4 1
Computer Sale and Repair 3 1
Catering 2 1
Typing 2 1
Aluminium Plant 1 1
Trader 1 1
Total 345 112
Note: Only those types of establishments have been considered which have expansion plans, so the total number
of establishments is less than 372.
The establishments which reported future plan of expansion/modernisation in the next five
years reported that in such an event, maximum number of skilled manpower will be required in
the trade, auto-electrical and electronics mechanic, followed by machinist (Table 2.13). There
would also be a considerable demand for administrative staff provided the future expansion
plans are carried out.13
13
For trade wise future additional requirement of skilled personnel refer to annexure 2.6
101
Table 2.13: Additional Manpower required by Trade when Establishments Carry on
with Expansion Plan in the Next 5 Years
Trade Additional Skilled Manpower Required

Auto electrical and electronics
mechanic 1256
Machinist 990
Human resource & administration 410
Security 360
Information technology 228
Engineering 295
Fitter 115
CNC programmer cum operator 152
Welder 58
Machine operator 102
Chemist 77
Driver 62
Plumber 60
Computer operator 53
Finance and insurance 45
Canteen worker / cook 26
Motor vehicle mechanic 23
Tailor 17
Carpenter 5
Nurse 12
Beautician 10
Others 8
Painter 7
Traditional 7
Baker & Confectioner 5
Mason 1
Pathologist 1
Unskilled 503
Total 4885
Combining the present shortage of manpower (Table 2.10) and future requirement in the event
of establishments carrying forward their expansion plans (Table 2.13), the total manpower
required in the District in the next 5 years is 11,060. The maximum demand for skilled
manpower will be in the trades auto-electrical and electronics mechanic, machine operator,
human resource & administration, electrician, fitter, CNC programmer cum operator, and
machinist.
The study revealed that out of 372 establishments surveyed in the district, only 47
establishments (15.72 per cent) reported that they are providing training to their workers. Eight
establishments in Chitrangi Block (21.05 percent of total block), five establishments in Deosar
Block (14.28 percent of total blocks) and 34 establishments of Waidhan Block (11.37 percent
of total block) reported that they are providing training to their workers (Table 2.14). 14
14
For activity- wise distribution of establishments which provide training to their workers refer to annexure 2.7
102
Table 2.14: Block-wise Distribution of Establishments which provide Training to workers in
Singrauli
Sl. Block Establishments Total Percentage of Establishment

No. Acquired New Establishments Provide Training to Their workers
Equipments
1 Chitrangi 8 38 21.05
2 Deosar 5 35 14.28
3 Waidhan 34 299 11.37
Total 47 372 15.72
With many more establishments coming up, demand for skilled manpower in various technical
fields will only grow up. The estimates presented here are based on the survey of
establishments which already exist. Some of them have expansion plan as well, and are
therefore captured in this survey. The establishments which will be set up in the coming 3-4
years will further increase the demand for skilled workers in the region (Table 2.15).
Therefore, it is imperative that more technical and vocational institutions are set up in the
District, so that local people acquire adequate skills to get employment in these establishments,
and reap the benefits of economic growth this region is experiencing.
Table 2.15: Future Power Plants/Coal Fields coming up in Singrauli District
Area of the Coal Field

Name of Life of
Source of Gover
the Power Owner Capacity Area Owner the Coal
Coal Forest nment Private Total
Plant Mines
Land land Land Land
Reliance Reliance
Sasan Ultra Moher &
(Anil (Anil
Mega 368.9 Moher
Dhirubhai 3960 Dhirubhai 29
Power 7 Amlohri
Ambani MW Ambani Years
Project acres Extension
Group- Group- 1198 213.20 776.7 2187.9
(S.P.L.) Coal Block
ADAG) ADAG) Ha 4 ha ha 48 ha
Reliance
(Anil
Chatrasal Dhirubhai 21
Coal Block Ambani Years
Group-
ADAG)
Reliance Reliance
Moher &
(Anil (Anil
Chitrangi 1500. Moher
Dhirubhai 3960 Dhirubhai 29
Power 76 Amlohri
Ambani MW Ambani Years
Project Acres Extension
Group- Group- 1198 213.20 776.7 2187.9
Coal Block
ADAG) ADAG) ha 4 ha ha 48 ha
103
Reliance
(Anil
Chatrasal Dhirubhai 21
Coal Block Ambani Years
Group-
ADAG)
Mahan
Joint
Super 1742.
Essar 1200 Mahan Coal venture of 15
Thermal 40
Group MW Limited Essar & Years
Power Acres 17.65 1182.3 1200
Hindalco
Project ha 5 Ha Ha
Amelia
Jaypee 27
(North) Coal 36.77 80.15
Group Years
Block ha ha 482 ha
Jaypee
Nigrie
Super
Jaypee
Thermal
Group
Power
Project,
Nigrie
National
NTPC
Thermal Nigahi Coal
Vindhyana 21000 500
Power Mines of
gar Stage - MW Acres
Corporatio NCL.
4 Ash Dyke
n (NTPC)
Joint
venture of
M.P Sanik sanik
Coal Mines Aryan
limited Group
(Amelia (49%) &
Coal Block) Govt. of
M.P. (51 128.57 314.00 381.28 1978.8
%) 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 50 ha
DB Power
Dainik 335.7
(Madhya 1320 Coal India
Bhaskar 5
Pradesh ) MW Limited
Group Acres
Limited
Preference of Establishments for employing of Workers for Employment
Out of 372 establishments surveyed in the district, 209 establishments (56-18 percent) reported
they preferred skilled persons for employment. 152 establishments (40.86 percent) preferred
freshers and 11 establishments (2.96 percent) preferred both skilled and freshers.
Block-wise analysis indicates that in Chitrangi block, out of 38 establishments surveyed,

majority of them (81.58 percent) preferred freshers followed by skilled persons (18.42
percent). In Deosar block, out of 35 establishments surveyed, majority of them (88.57
percent) preferred skilled persons followed by freshers (11.43 percent); likewise in Waidhan
block, out of 299 establishments surveyed, highest (171 establishments) (57.19 percent)
preferred skilled persons followed by 117 freshers; 117 establishments (39.13 percent)
104
preferred freshers; 11 establishments (3.68 percent) preferred both skilled and freshers (Table
2.16).
Table -2.16 Block Wise Distribution Establishments showing preference for

Employing workers in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. No. Block Preference for workers for employment

Skilled Freshers Both Total
persons
1 Chittrangi 7 31 0 38
(18.42) (81.58) (0.00) (100.00)
2 Deosar 31 4 0 35
(88.57) (11.43) (0.00) (100.0)
3 Waidhan 171 117 11 299
(57.19) (39.13) (3.68) (100.00)
Total 20.9 152 11 372
(58.18) (40.86) (2.96) (100.00)
Source: IAMR Survey, 2011.
Note: Figure within parentheses shows the Percentage of Row Total
Out of total 372 establishments surveyed in Singrauli district, 209 establishments (56.18
percent) expressed their views to employ skilled persons while 40.86 percent of establishments
gave preference for freshers. Only eleven establishments (2.96 percent) preferred both skilled
and freshers.
Activity wise analyses revealed that 50.00 percent of Manufacturing establishments preferred
freshers and 48.19 percent preferred skilled personnel and 1.81 percent preferred both,
Majority of establishments (60.62 percent) engaged in Wholesaled Retail Trade; Repair of
Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles, preferred skilled persons and 35.63 percent preferred
freshers. Only 3.75 percent preferred both skilled and freshers. Majority of establishments
engaged in other activities such as Human Health and Social Work Activities; Education;
Other Service Activities; Information and Communication; Accommodation and Food Service
Activities; Mining and Quarrying; and Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
also reported their preference for skilled persons (Table-2.17) .
Survey results affirmed that majority of establishments in most of the activities preferred
skilled persons instead of freshers.15
15
For activity wise distribution of establishments by Preference of Workers for Employment please refer to
annexure 2.8.
105
Table-2.17 Block and Main Activity wise Distribution of Establishments showing preference for
employing Workers in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. Main Activities Classified Preference for Workers For Employment

No. According to NIC 2008 Skilled Persons Freshers Both Total
Section
1 B- Mining and quarrying 1 0 1 2
(50.00) (0.00) (50.00) (100.00)
2 C- Manufacturing 80 83 3 166
(48.19) (50.00) (1.81) (100.00)
3 D- Electricity ,Gas Steam and 4 0 0 4
Air conditioning supply (100.00) (0.00) (0.00) (100.00)
4 G- Wholesale and Retail 97 57 6 160
Trade; Repair of Motor (60.62) (35.63) (3.75) (100.00)
Vehicles and Motor Cycles
5 I-Accommodation and Food 4 1 1 6
6 J- Information and 1 0 0 1
Communication (100.00) (0.00) (0.00) (100.00)
7 K- Financial and Insurance 1 2 0 3
Activities (33.33) (66.67) (0.00) (100.00)
8 N- Administrative and 2 3 0 5
Supports Service (40.00) (60.00) (0.00) (100.00)
9 P - Education 4 0 0 4
(100.00) (0.00) (0.00) (100.00)
10 Q-Human Health and Social 7 1 0 8
work Activities (87.50) (12.50) (0.00) (100.00)
11 S - Other Service Activities 8 5 0 13
(61.54) (38.46) (0.00) (100.00)
Total 209 152 11 372
(56.18) (40.86) (2.96) (100.00)
Source: IAMR Survey, 2011.
Note: Figure within parentheses shows the percentage of row total.
Conclusions
Most of the establishments are concentrated in Waidhan block
There are 372 establishments in Singrauli district, and they are mostly concentrated in
Waidhan block. The largest proportion of establishments is in manufacturing activities (44.62
percent) followed by Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles.
Out of 372 establishments surveyed in Singrauli district, 36 establishments (9.68 percent)
reported that they acquired new equipments during last five years. Out of total 36
establishments, highest of them i.e. 17 establishments (47.22 percent) were from Whole Sale
and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles, followed by 14 establishments
(38.89 percent) were from Manufacturing.
106
Establishment of new private sector power plants and coal mines have resulted in
expansion of market
With the coming up of new power plants and coal mines in the private sector, and the
consequent expansion of market, many small establishments have started recently (since 2005
onwards).
Majority of establishments are small, employing less than 6 workers
Analyses of establishments according to their size of employment revealed that out of 372
establishments surveyed highest 269 (72.31percent) were having employment size up to 5
persons followed by 66 establishments (17.74 percent) having employment size from 6 to 10
persons and 15 establishments (4.03 percent) were having employment size of 11-25 persons
and 26-100persons each. Four establishments (1.08 percent) were having employment size of
501 and above persons and three establishments (0.81 percent) were having employment size
of 101 to 500 persons.
Majority of establishments are too small and have inadequate infrastructure to provide
training to their workers
Study revealed that out of 372 establishments surveyed in the district, only 47 establishments
(15.72 percent) reported that they are providing training to their workers. Block wise and
sector wise analyses indicated that out of total 47 establishments providing training to their
workers, 87.23 percent of establishments were from private sector followed by others (6.38
percent). On the basis survey it can be concluded that a very small proportion of establishments
were providing training to their workers or in other words, they had very limited role in skill
development.
Shortage of skilled manpower is one of the reason why large number of establishments
do not have any plan of expansion
Survey revealed that out of 372 establishments surveyed in Singrauli district, 112
establishments (30.11 percent) reported that they have plans for Expansion/
Modernization/Diversification during next five years. Sector wise and block wise analyses
indicate that more than 90 percent of establishments those who plan for
modernization/Expansion/Diversification were from private sector in Singrauli District. Broad
activity wise analyses indicates that out of 112 establishments, highest 55 establishments
(49.11 percent) were from Wholesale and Retail trade; Repair of Motor vehicles and Motor
Cycles, followed by 38 establishments (33.93 percent) were from Manufacturing activities.
107
The maximum additional skilled manpower will be required in electrical and electronics
mechanic
Combining the present shortage of manpower and future requirement in the event of
establishments carrying forward their expansion plans, the total manpower required in the
District in the next 5 years is 11, 060. The maximum demand for skilled manpower will be in
the trades auto-electrical and electronics mechanic, machine operator, human resource &
administration, electrician, fitter, CNC programmer cum operator, and machinist.
108
Chapter 3
Assessment of Supply of Skilled Personnel in Singrauli District
Introduction
In the previous chapter, the demand side of skilled personnel in the industries has been
discussed. To fulfill the required demand of skilled persons in the industries, the vocational
training provider institutions are to train the persons in required skills and supply to industries
as per their requirements. Keeping in view of the potentials of Singrauli district there will be a
high demand for skilled persons in different trades in the near future. To assess the supply of
skilled persons, a survey of vocational/training provider institutions was conducted by IAMR.
Survey results have been discussed as under:
Distribution of Vocational/Training Provider Institutions by type of affiliation
In Singrauli district, there were total 36 vocational/training provider institutions (VTPs) all of
which were available and surveyed. Out of total 36 VTPs, 32 VTPs highest (88.89 percent)
were in Waidhan block followed by 3 (8.33 percent) in Chittrangi block and only one (2.78
percent) in Deosar Block. List of VTPs in Singrauli District has been given at Annexure 3.1.
Analysis of VTPs according to affiliation indicates that out of 36 VTPs, 27 VTPs (highest)
(75.00 percent) were affiliated with private agency, followed by 4 VTPs (11.11 percent) with
Public/Government organisation and 4 VTPs (11.11 percent) with NGOs. One VTP (2.78
percent) was affiliated with other agencies established under public private partnership (PPP)
mode.
Analyses of Block-wise affiliation of institutions indicate that in Chitrangi Block, the lone VTP
was affiliated with private agency. In Deosar, block out of three VTPs, all were affiliated with
private agencies. In Waidhan Block, out of 32 VTPs, highest twenty four VTPs (75.00 percent)
were affiliated with private agency followed by 4 (12.50 percent) with public/Government
organisations and 3 VTPs (9.87 percent) with NGOs. From the survey of VTPs, it may be
concluded that highest percentage of VTPs were affiliated with private agencies in all the
blocks (Table 3.1).
109
Table 3.1 Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions by Type of Affiliation
and Blocks in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. Blocks Type of Affiliation

No. Public/ Govt. Private NGO Public Private Total
Organisation Agency Partnership
1 Chittrangi 0 0 1 0 1
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (0.00) (100.00)
2 Deosar 0 3 0 0 3
(0.00) (100.00) (0.00) (0.00) (100.00)
3 Waidhan 4 24 3 1 32
(12.50) (75.00) (9.37) (3.13) (100.00)
Total 4 27 4 1 36
(11.11) (75.00) (11.11) (2.78) (100.00)
Note: Figures with in Parentheses shows percentages to row total.
Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions according to Their Status of

Recognition
Out of 36 VTPs, Majority of them (27) (75.00 percent) were recognised and 9 (25.00 percent)
were not found recognised in Singrauli District were recognised. Block-wise analysis indicates
that in Chittrangi and Deosar blocks, all VTPs were recognised while in Waidhan block
majority of VTPs i.e. 23 (71.87 percent) were not recognised and 9 VTPs (28.13 percent) were
recognised (Table 3.2).
Table 3.2 Distribution of Vocational Provider Institutions by Status of Recognition in

Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
SI. Blocks No. of Institutions

No. Recognized Not Recognized Total
1 Chittrangi 1 0 1
(100.00) (0.00) (100.00)
2 Deosar 3 0 3
(100.00) (0.00) (100.00)
3 Waidhan 23 9 32
(71.87) (28.13) (100.00)
- Total 27 9 36
(75.00) (25.00) (100.00)
Note: Figures with in Parentheses shows percentages to row total
Analysis of recognised VTPs according to the recognising body indicates that out of 27
recognised VTPs, 12 highest (44.44 percent) were recognised by Universities followed by four
(14.81 percent) that were recognised by State Government Agencies and 3 VTPs (11.11
percent) were recognised by other agencies. Two VTPs (7.41 percent) were recognised by
NCVT/ SCVT and one each was recognised by All India Council of Technical Education
(AICTE), Distance Education Council, Medical Council of India, Nursing Council, Society Act
and National Council of Teachers Education (Table 3.3).
110
Table 3.3: Distribution of Recognized Institutions by Recognizing Bodies in Singrauli District of
Madhya Pradesh
Sl. Recognizing Body Block

No. Chittrangi Deosar Waidhan Total
1 All India Council for 0 0 1 1
Technical Education (0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
2 Distance Education Council 0 0 1 1
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
3 Medical Council of India 0 0 1 1
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
4 Nursing Council 0 0 1 1
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
5 Society Act 1 0 0 1
(100.00) (0.00) (0.00) (100.00)
6 State Govt. Agency 0 3 1 4
(0.00) (75.00) (25.00) (100.00)
7 University 0 0 12 12
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
8 National Council of 0 0 1 1
Teachers Education (0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
9 NCVT/SCVT 0 0 2 2
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
10 Any Other 0 0 3 3
(0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
Total 1 3 23 27
(3.70) (11.11) (85.19) (100.00)
Note: Figures with in Parentheses shows percentages to row total
Distribution of Vocational Training Institutions According to Their Level of Courses and

Broad Disciplines
Total 36 VTPs in the district were running 80 courses. Out of 80 courses, 38 (highest) (47.50
percent) were certificate level courses followed by 36 diploma level courses (45.00 percent)
and 6 (7.50 percent) informal type of courses.
Analyses of broad discipline-wise level of courses indicate that out of 36 diploma level
courses, 26 highest (72.22 percent) were in computer discipline followed by three courses
(8.33 per cent) in Mechanical, and two courses each (5.55 per cent) in Electrical and
Civil/Engineering disciplines.
Out of 38 courses of certificate level, 13 highest (34.21 percent) were in Mechanical discipline
followed by seven courses (18.42 percent) in Computer discipline and six courses (15.79
percent) in Health discipline. Out of six courses at informal level, 4 highest (6.67 percent) were
conducting in Other services followed by one course (16.66 percent) in Mechanical discipline
and one course (6.67 percent) in Driving. Total course-wise and broad discipline-wise analyses
revealed that out of 80 courses, 33 highest (41.25 percent) were in Computer discipline
111
followed by 17 courses (21.25 percent) in Mechanical discipline and 9 courses (11.25 percent)
in Other services (Table 3.4).16
Table 3.4 Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions According to Broad

Discipline and Level of Course in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. Broad Discipline Level of Course

No. Diploma Certificate Informal/ Paper Total
1 Mechanical 3 13 1 17
(17.65) (76.47) (5.88) (100.00)
2 Electrical 2 5 0 7
(28.57) (71.43) (0.00) (100.00)
3 Civil 2 2 0 4
(50.00) (50.00) (0.00) (100.00)
4 Mining 1 0 0 1
(100.00) (0.00) (0.00) (100.00)
5 Computer 26 7 0 33
(78.79) (21.21) (0.00) (100.00)
6 Electronics & 1 0 0 1
Telecommunication (100) (0.00) (0.00) (100)
7 Health 0 6 0 6
(0.00) (100.00) (0.00) (100.00)
8 Driving/Operators 0 1 1 2
(0.00) (50.00) (50.00) (100.00)
9 Other Services 1 4 4 9
(11.11) (44.45) (44.44) (100.00)
Total 36 38 6 80
(45.00) (47.50) (7.50) (100.00)
Distribution of Vocational/Training Provider Institutions according to Status

(Formal/Informal)
Survey revealed that out of 36 VTPs in the district, 16 (44.44 percent) were formal institutions
and 20 (55.56 percent) were informal institutions. Block-wise analysis indicates that all VTPs
in Chittrangi and Deosar blocks were in informal sector. In Waidhan block, out of 32 VTPs, 16
(50.00 percent) were formal VTPs and 16 (50.00 percent) were informal institutions (Table
3.5).
16
For course/trade and level of course-wise distribution of VTPs refer to annexure 3.2.
112
Table 3.5 Distribution of Vocational Provider Institutions According to Their Status
(Formal/ Informal) in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. Blocks Type of Institutions

No. Formal Informal Total
1 Chittrangi 0 1 1
(0.45) (100.00) (100.00)
2 Deosar 3 2
(0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
3 Wadhan 16 16 32
(50.00) (50.00) (100.00)
Total 16 20 36
(44.44) (55.56) (100.00)
Note: Figures within parentheses shows percentage to row total
Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions by Type of Premises
Out of 36 VTPs surveyed in the district, 21 (58.33 percent) were running from their own
premises and 15 (41.67 percent) were running from rented accommodation. Block-wise
distribution indicates that in Chittrangi block, one lone VTP was running from rented premises.
In Deosar block, out of three VTPs, two (66.69 percent) were working from own premises and
one VTP (33.33 percent) was working in rented premises. In Waidhan block, out of 32 VTPs,
19 (59.37 percent) were working from own premises and 13 (40.63 percent) were running from
rented accommodation. It may be concluded from the survey that highest percentage of VTPs
in Deosar block (66.67 percent) were working from their own premises followed by Waidhan
(66.11 percent) (Table 3.6).
Table 3.6: Block-wise Distribution of Vocational Training Provider

Institutions according to Type of Premises
Sl.No. Blocks Type of Premises

Own Rented Total
1 Chittrangi 0 1 1
(0.00) (100.00) (100.00)
2 Deosar 2 1 3
(66.67) (33.33) (100.00)
3 Waidhan 19 13 32
(59.37) (40.63) (100.00)
21 15 36
Total (58.33) (41.67) (100.00)
Note: Figures within parentheses shows percentage to row total.
Analyses of distribution of VTPs by type of ownership and type of premises indicate that out
of 28 VTPs of private sector, 17 (60.71 percent) were working from their own premises, and 11
(39.29 percent) were working from rented accommodation. Out of Four VTPs of NGOs, one
(33.33 percent) was working from own premises and two (60.71 percent) were working from
rented accommodation. Out of three VTPs from Government organizations, two (66.67
113
percent) were working from own premises and one (33.33 percent) was working from rented
accommodation (Table 3.7).
Table 3.7 Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions by

Type of Ownership and Type of Premises
Sl. No. Type of Institutions Type of Premises

Own Rented Total
1 Public or Govt. 2 1 3
Organisation (66.67) (33.33) (100.00)
2 Private Agency 17 11 28
(60.71) (39.20) (100.00)
4 NGO 1 3 4
(33.33) (66.67) (100.00)
6 Other 1 0 1
(100.00) (00.00) (100.00)
- Total 21 15 36
(58.33) (41.67) (100.00)
Staff Strength in Vocational/Training Provider Institutions
Survey results revealed that 36 VTPs in the district had a total staff strength of 437, of which
247 (56.52percent) were teaching staff and 190 (43.48 percent) were non-teaching staff. On an
average there were seven teaching staff and five non-teaching staff (Table 3.8).
Table 3.8 Distribution of Staff Strength in Vocational Training Provider Institutes in Singrauli
Sl. No. Type of VTPs No. of Teaching No. of Non- Total Staff
Staff Teaching Staff Strength
1 Formal 214 138 352
(60.79) (39.21) (100.00)
2 Informal 33 52 85
(38.82) (61.18) (100.00)
247 190 437
Total (56.52) (43.48) (100.00)
Study also indicates that in formal VTPs, teaching staff was much higher than in informal
institutions. In formal institutions, out of total 352 staff, 214 (60.79 percent) were teaching
staff and 138 (39.21 percent) were non -teaching staff while in informal type of VTPs, only 85
total staff were working of which 33 (38.82 percent) were teaching staff and 52 (61.18 percent)
were non-teaching staff. The ratio of teaching and non-teaching staff in formal and informal
institutions was just opposite. Average staff strength per VTP in formal institutions was 12 and
in formal institutions it was 10. Average non-teaching staff per VTP in formal institutions was
6. As compared to formal institutions, average staff strength in teaching and non-teaching staff
was very low in informal institutions. Average total staff strength was 6 per VTP in informal
institutions. Average teaching staff per VTP was only two, while average non-teaching staff
was four. Overall average of teaching staff per VTP per VTP (both formal and informal) was
seven while non teaching staff average was five (Table 3.9).
114
Table 3.9: Average Staff per Vocational Provider Institutions in Singrauli
Sl. Type of VTPs Average Staff Per VTP

No. Teaching Staff Non-Teaching Total Staff
Staff Strength
1 Formal 10 6 16
2 Informal 2 4 6
Total 7 5 12
Survey further revealed that out of 36 VTPs, majority of them (20) (55.55 percent) had less
than five teaching staff followed by 9 VTPs (25.00 percent)which 5-10 had teaching staff and
5 VTPs (13.89 percent) had 15 and above teaching staff. In regard to non-teaching staff,
majority of VTPs (23) (63.89 percent) had less than five non-teaching staff followed by 8
VTPs (22.22 percent) which had 5-10 non-teaching and 3 VTPs (8.33 percent) had 11.15 non-
teaching staff.
Out of 36 VTPs, 14 highest (38.89 percent) had total staff strength of 5-10 followed by 9 VTPs
(25.00) with staff strength of less than five and 7 VTPs (19.44 percent) with more than 15
(Table 3.10).
Table 3.10 Distribution of Vocational Training Provider Institutions by Type of Institutions, Staff
Strength in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Type of Total Staff Strength

Institutions Teaching Non-Teaching Total
<5 5-10 11- 15+ <5 5-10 11-15 15+ <5 5-10 11-15 15+ Total
15
Public or 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 4
Govt. Org.
-50 0 0 -50 -50 0 0 -50 -25 -25 0 -50 -100
Private 15 9 2 1 19 6 2 0 7 12 5 3 27
Agency -55.55 - -7.41 -3.7 -70.37 - -7.41 0 -26 -44.44 -18.51 -11.11 -100
33.33 22.22
NGO 2 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 4
-50 0 0 -50 -50 -25 -25 0 -25 -25 0 -50 -100
PPP Mode 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
-100 0 0 0 0 -100 0 0 0 0 -100 0 -100
Total 20 9 2 5 23 8 3 2 9 14 6 7 36
-55.55 -25 -5.56 -13.89 -77.78 - -8.34 -5.56 -25 -38.89 -16.67 -19.44 -100
22.22
Note: Figures with in Parentheses shows percentages to Row total
115
Enrolment, Pass-outs and Drop-outs in Vocational Training Provider Institutions
During 2010-11, there were 2,358 students enrolled, out of which 1,911student were passed
outs (81.04 percent) and 104 students dropped out.
Study revealed that pass-outs percentage of students was very high (81.04 percent of total pass-
outs). Drop-out students were only 4.41 percent which shows a good sign of progress of
vocational education in the district.
Out of 2,358 students enrolled, highest enrolment was in Computer discipline (931) (39.48
percent) followed by Other services (478) (20.27 percent) and Mechanical (15.95 percent)
(Table-14). Detailed list of trades/courses has been given at Annexure 3.3.
Table 3.11: Broad Discipline-wise Enrolment, Pass-outs and Drop-outs in Vocational Training
Provider Institutions in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. No. Discipline Number of Students

Enrolment Pass-outs Drop-Outs
1 Mechanical 376 368 1
2 Electrical 244 230 2
3 Civil 137 92 1
4 Mining 60 53 1
5 Computer 931 731 59
6 Health 114 5 -
7 Driving 18 18 -
8 Other 478 414 40
Total 2358 1911 104
Students Placement
Analysis of data indicates that placement of pass-outs decreased from 2008-09 to 2009-10,
while it increased from 2009-10 to 2010-11. During 2008-09, 464 pass-outs were placed in
their jobs, while in 2009-10 359 students placed into their jobs. In 2010-11, 641 students were
placed. About 20.64 percent decrease was observed from 2008-09 to 2009-10, while there was
an increase of 90.35 percent during 2009-10 to 2010-11.
Year-wise and course/trade-wise analysis revealed that during 2008-09, highest placement of
(191) pass-outs was observed in Computer related trades followed by Mechanical trades (92
pass-outs) and Electrical trades (66 pass-outs). During 2009-10 also, highest placement of (116
students) was observed in computer related trades followed by Electrical trades (64 pass-outs)
and Mechanical trades (58 pass-outs). During 2010-11, highest placement (216 pass-outs) of
Computer related trades was observed followed by Mechanical trades (176 pass-outs) and
Electrical trades (141 pass outs). It may be concluded that Computer related courses have good
demand in the District followed by Mechanical and Electrical trades (Table 3.12).
116
Table 3.12 Number of Students Placed in Jobs according to Courses/Trades in Singrauli
Sl. No. Name of the Course/ Trades No. of Students Placed

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
1 Advance diploma in Computer 117 57 57
Applications
2 Bar Bending 0 0 36
3 Beautician 0 4 4
4 Draftsman (Civil) 0 40 0
5 Computer Programmer 12 1 3
6 Computer Science 49 52 48
7 Diesel Mechanic 1 0 0
9 Electronics 42 0 0
10 Fan repairing 0 0 42
11 Fitter 4 0 0
12 Mason 7 9 9
13 Mechanical 79 57 176
14 Mining 43 39 39
15 Motor Mechanic 0 1 0
16 Networking Course 0 0 5
17 Post Graduate Diploma in 10 5 61
computer application
18 Stitching & Tailoring 8 10 10
19 Tally Computer course 3 1 42
20 Tractor mechanic 7 0 0
21 Typing 15 18 10
22 Welder 1 1 0
- Grand Total 464 358 641
For the most recent year, it was observed that one-third of pass-outs were placed in different
establishments. The maximum proportion of placement was in mining related activities
followed by electrical, civil and mechanical trades (Table 3.13). Students specializing in trades
related to mining activities were employed in large mining companies, while those specializing
in electrical, civil and mechanical trades were mostly employed with small establishments. It
may be noted that even though there is a demand for skilled manpower in electrical, civil and
mechanical trades among the large enterprises (power plants), they usually avoid recruiting
fresh pass-outs. The argument provided by them is that the recruitment process in their
establishments is centralized. However, they also reported that the quality of technicians
produced by the local VTPs is not as per their standard, and hence they generally prefer skilled
personnel with some work experience.
117
Table 3.13: Broad Discipline wise Pass-out and Placement, Singrauli, 2010-11
Placement as % of
Broad Discipline Pass-out Placement
Pass-outs
Mechanical 368 176 47.8
Electrical 230 141 61.3
Civil 92 45 48.9
Mining 53 39 73.6
Computer 731 216 29.5
Others 437 24 5.5
Total 1911 641 33.5
Financial Position of Vocational/Training Provider Institutions
Survey of VTPs in Singrauli District revealed that total annual receipts of all surveyed (36)
VTPs was Rs.51.62 million, while the annual expenditure was Rs.46.80 million, Rs.4.82
million and was balance in their account. Total Receipt of formal VTPs was Rs. 50.34 million
and total expenditure was Rs.45.84 million, thereby Rs. 4.50 million was balance in their
account. Total receipt of informal VTPs was Rs.1.28 million while the expenditure was
Rs.0.96 million, and Rs. 0.32 million was balance in their account.
The analysis further indicates that majority of receipts and expenditure was incurred in formal
VTPs. (97.74 percent and 97.51 percent respectively). A meagre portion of 2.26 percent and
2.49 percent of total receipt and expenditure respectively was incurred in informal VTPs.
Average annual expenditure per student was Rs.3,671 in informal VTPs, while the average
annual expenditure per student in formal VTPs was Rs.11844.
Infrastructure Facilities in Vocational/Training Provider Institutions
Infrastructure facilities include classrooms, laboratories, Equipments and Transport.

VTPs were asked whether they have adequate infrastructure facilities or not in different items.
Twenty-Six VTPs reported about classrooms. Out of 26, 16 (61.54 percent) reported that
classrooms were adequate. Twenty VTPs reported about the laboratories. Out of 20 VTPs, 13
(65.00 percent) reported that laboratories were adequate. Thirteen VTPs reported about
equipments. Out of 13 VTPs, 10 (76.92 percent) reported that equipments were adequate. Ten
VTPs reported about transport facilities. Out of 10 VTPs Nine (90.00 percent) reported that
there were adequate transport facilities. Majority of VTPs reported that infrastructure facilities
were adequate (Table 3.14).
118
Table 3.14: Infrastructure Facilities/Reported in Vocational Training Provider Institutions in
Sl. No. Items Number of Institutes Reporting

Adequate Inadequate Total
1 Class Rooms 16 10 26
(61.54) (38.46) (100.00)
2 Laboratories 13 7 20
(65.00) (35.00) (100.00)
3 Equipments 10 3 13
(76.92) (23.08) (100.00)
4 Transport 9 1 10
(90.00) (10.00) (100.00)
Note: Figures with in parentheses shows percentages to row total.
Demand for New Courses
Out of total 36 surveyed institutions, 26 VTPs reported that there was a demand of new courses
in their institutes. Out of 27 VTPs, seven (highest) (25.93 percent) reported that there was
demand for Polytechnic trades followed by two VTPs each reporting the demand of ITI
courses and Nursing. Remaining other seven VTPs reported that the courses in demand in
Singrauli/District are Diploma in Computer Application, Wireman, Instrumentation, Mechanic,
Power System and Electronics, Post-Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications, Beautician,
Mining, Mobile Repairing, Insurance, Interior Designing, Basic Computer course, Computer
Hardware and Basic Electrical course (Table 3.15).
Table 3.15: Demand for New Courses as Reported by VTPs in

Sl. No. Name of the Course Number of Institutions reporting

demand
1 ITI Courses 2
2 Certificate Course in Computer Application 1
3 Diploma in Computer Application 1
4 Wireman 1
5 Instrumentation 1
6 Mechanic 1
7 Nursing 2
8 Power System and electronics 1
9 Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications 1
10 Polytechnic trades 7
11 Beautician 1
12 Mining 1
13 Mobile Repairing 1
14 Insurance 1
15 Interior Designing 1
16 Basic Computer Course 1
17 Computer Hardware 1
18 Basic Electrical 1
Total 26
119
Conclusions
Concentration of VTPs in Waidhan block
Like in case of establishments, majority of VTPs (32 out of 36) are located in Waidhan
block and a vast majority of them are in the private sector. Out of 36 VTPs, 27 (75.00
percent) were recognised and 9 (25.00 percent) were not recognized. Analysis of recognised
VTPs according to the recognising body indicates that out of 27 recognised VTPs, highest
12 highest, (44.44 percent) were recognised by Universities followed by 4 VTPs (14.81
percent) that are recognised by State Government Agencies and 3 VTPs (11.11 percent) are
recognised by other agencies.
Total 36 VTPs in the district are running 80 courses, out of which 38 courses (47.50
percent) are certificate level courses followed by 36 diploma level courses (45.00 percent)
and 6 (7.50 percent) are informal type of courses.
Most of the diploma level courses are in computer related trades, while certificate level
courses are in mechanical trades
Analysis of broad Discipline-wise level of courses indicate that out of 36 diploma level
courses, 28 courses (77.78 percent) are in computer discipline followed by two courses
each (5.55 percent) in Mechanical, Electrical and Civil discipline. Out of 38 courses of
certificate level, 12 are (31.58 percent) in Mechanical discipline followed by 7 courses
(18.42 percent) in Computer discipline and 6 courses (15.79 percent) in Health discipline.
Average number of teaching and non-teaching staff lower in informal institutions
Survey results revealed that 36 VTPs in the district had a total staff strength of 437 of which
247 (56.52percent) were teaching staff and 190 (43.48 percent) were non-teaching staff. On
an average per VTP there were seven teaching staff and on an average five non-teaching
staff were working in one VTP. On an average, formal institutions have 10 teaching staff, as
against 2 in the informal sector. Similarly, in case of non-teaching staff, formal institutions
on an average have 6, while informal institutions have 4.
One-third of the passed-out students got placement
During 2010-11, there were 2,358 students enrolled, out of which 1,911students were
passed outs (81.04 percent) and 104 students dropped out. Analysis of data indicates that
placement of pass-outs decreased from 2008-09 to 2009-10 and is increasing from 2009-10
to 2010-11. During 2008-09, there were 470 pass-outs who were placed in their jobs, while
in 2009-10 373 students were placed into jobs. In 2010-11, 710 students were placed into
their jobs.
120
Year-wise and course/trade-wise analysis revealed that during 2008-09, highest placement of
191 pass- outs was observed in Computer related trades followed by Mechanical trades (92
pass-outs) and Electrical trades (66 pass-outs). During 2009-10 also, highest placement (116
students) was observed in Computer related trades followed by Electrical trades (64 pass-outs)
and Mechanical trades (58 pass- outs). During 2010-11, highest placement of 216 pass-outs of
Computer related trades was observed followed by Mechanical trades (176 pass outs) and
Electrical trades (141 pass outs).
For the year 2010-11, maximum proportion pass-outs who got employment were in mining
related activities, followed by electrical, civil, and mechanical trades.
121
Chapter 4
Assessment of skill Gaps in Singrauli District
Introduction
The previous two chapters discussed about courses/trades demanded by the local industries and
courses/trades offered by the existing vocational training provider institutions in the district.
The present chapter focuses on the assessment of skill gaps or the course/trades which are not
offered by the VTPs of Singrauli District, while these courses/trades are demanded by the
industries of Singrauli District.
Courses/Trades in Demand
Since the district has potential for power generation industries and coal mining, there will
always be demand for basic courses/trades related to this industries such as, Mechanical,
Electrical, Civil, Mining, Control & Instrumentation and Electronics and Telecommunication.
These courses are required both at diploma level (Polytechnic) as well certificate level (ITI).
At present, there is one Government Polytechnic and one ITI in the district. Both institutions
are situated in Waidhan Block. There is no institution in private sector.
In addition to basic Engineering trades, there are other Engineering trades which are also in the
demand by the industries such as, Amateur Winding, Auto Electrician, Auto Mechanic,
Bicycle and Motor Bike Repairing, Cable man/Wireman, Fitter, Diesel Mechanic, Denting
Technician, Draftsman (Civil/Mechanical), Fabrication, Welding, Mining, Machinist,
CAD/CAM, Moulding, Sheet Metal Mechanic, Storekeeping, Signals & Telecommunications,
Surveyor, Motor Mechanic, Tractor Mechanic and T.V. Repairing.
Non-engineering trades which are in demand by the local industries are Accountancy, Beauty
Culture and Hair Dressing, Computer related courses, Waiter/ Steward, Carpentry, Data Entry
Operator, Cook, Driving. This also includes all types of Mechanical Vehicular Equipments,
Embroidery, English speaking Course, Food Processing, Horticulture, Hotel Management &
Hospitality, Librarian, Handicrafts and Garment Making, Masonry, Secretarial Practice and
Office Management, Painting, Sanitary, Security, Shoes/Slipper Repairing, Stenography and
Tailoring & Stitching. Health related courses which are in demand by the Health Institutions of
the district are Nursing/Compounder, Darkroom Assistant, Dialysis Technician, Dietician,
Dresser cum First-aid Assistant, ECG Technician, Male/ Female Ward Assistant/ Attendant,
Medical Test laboratory Technician, Multipurpose Health workers, Optometrician,
Audiometrician, OT Technician, Pharmacist, Radiology Technician and X-Ray Technician.
Courses/Trades offered by Vocational Training Provider Institutions
The range of courses offered by VTPs of Singaruli district is of very limited in nature. These
courses include Computer related courses, Ayurvedic compounder, Bar Bending, Beautician,
122
Carpentry, Medical Test Laboratory, Civil, Computer Operator, Construction, Vocational
Study, Draftsman, Driving (only light vehicle driving)) Electrician/Electrical, Electronics and
Telecommunication, English Speaking Course, Fabrication, Fitter, Gas Cutting, Computer
Hardware, Health Inspector, Mining, Motor Mechanic, OT Technician, Tailoring & Stitching,
Tractor Mechanic, Turner, Welder and X-Ray Technician.
Courses/Trades which are not offered by the VTPs but demanded by the Industries (Skill
Gap)
A large number of trades are required by the local industries but there are no institutions in the
district which offer these courses. In the absence of these courses at local level, skilled persons
from other districts or other states usually come to Singrauli to fill up the gap. If these
courses/trades are available in the district then local people will get the benefit in the upcoming
industries in the district. The trades/courses which are not available in the district are given
below:
Engineering Trades
Amateur Winding, Auto Electrician, Auto Mechanic, Cable man/Wireman, Civil, Control &
Instrumentation, Bicycle and Motorbike Repairing, Denting Technician, Diesel Mechanic,
Surveyor, Machinist, CAD/CAM, Moulding, Sheet Metal Mechanic, Store-keeping, Signal and
Telecommunication, Motor Mechanic and T.V Mechanic.
Non-Engineering Trades
Accountancy, Blacksmith, Waiter/Steward, Cook, Embroidery, Food Processing, Horticulture,

Hotel Management and Hospitality, Librarian, Masonry, Handicrafts & Garments Making
Secretarial Practice & Office Management, Painting, Security, Shoes/Slipper Repairing, and
Stenography.
Health Related Courses
Audiometrician, Nursing, Dialysis, technician, dietician, Dresser cum First-Aid Assistant,

Male/Female Ward Assistant/Attendant, Medical Test Laboratory, Multipurpose Health
Workers, Optometrician, OT Technician, Pharmacist, Radiology Technician and X-Ray
Technician.
Suggestion
In the light of survey and analyses of data the study suggests the following:
1. For Health related courses at least one institution set up in association with
Government District Hospital and other big hospitals of the district. In this institute,
all types of health related vocational courses may be started.
123
2. For Engineering and Non-engineering trades at least one institute at Polytechnic level
and three institutes at ITI level may be opened in the district to cater to the need of
the skilled persons in the district. It is also suggested that ITI level institutions may be
opened one each in three blocks. In ITI level institutions, in addition of above-listed
courses, other trades which are also in demand but are not offered at present by the
VTPs may be started. These institutions may be opened in the government or in
private sector or PPP mode
3. Under the State Level Skill Development Mission, Government of Madhya Pradesh,
Department of Technical Education and Skill Development issued a order dated 4th
Feb., 2011 to set up Skill Development Committee at Divisional Headquarter and
District level to expedite the skill development initiatives. But so far no such
committee was formed at District level in Singrauli District. It is suggested that
District level committee for skill development should be formed. So that skill
development work in Singrauli district may speed up in the district.
Table 4.1: The Courses/Trades in Demand, Courses/Trades offered by Vocational/Training

Provider Institutions (VTPs) and Courses/Trades which are not offered by VTPs but demanded
by Industries of Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. No. Courses/Trades in Demand Courses/ Trades offered by VTPs Courses are not offered by the
VTPs but demanded by the
Industries (Skill Gap)
1. Accountancy Computer related Courses Accountancy
2. Armature Winding Ayurvedic Compounder Audiometrician
3. Auto Electrician Bar Bending Amateur Winding
4. Auto Mechanic Beautician Auto Electrician
5. Beauty Culture and Hair Carpentry Auto Mechanic
Dresser
6. Blacksmith Medical Test Laboratory Blacksmith
7. Cable Man/Wireman Civil Cable Man/Wireman
8. Computer related Courses Computer operator Waiter/Steward
9. Waiter/Steward Construction Nursing
10. Carpentry Vocational Studies Control & Instrumentation
11. Nursing/Compounder Draftsman Cook
12. Data Entry Operator Driving Bicycle and Motorbike Repair
13. Control & Instrumentation Electrician/Electrical Darkroom Assistant
14. Fitter English Speaking Course Denting Technician
15. Cook Fabrication Dialysis Technician
16. Bicycle and Motor bike Fitter Diesel Mechanic
17. Darkroom Assistant Gas Cutting Dietician
18. Denting Technician Computer Hardware Dresser cum First-Aid Assistant
19. Dialysis Technician Health Inspector Surveyor
20. Diesel Mechanic Mining ECG Technician
21. Dietician Motor Mechanic Electronic Mechanic
22. Draftsman (Civil/Mech.) O.T. Technician Embroidery
23. Dresser cum First-Aid Tailoring & Stitching Male/Female Ward
Assistant Assistant/Attendant
24. Driving including all types of Tractor Mechanic Food Processing
Mechanical Vehicular
Equipments
124
25. Surveyor Turner Horticulture
26. ECG Technician Welder Hotel Management and Hospitality
27. Electrician X-Ray Technician Mechanist
28. Electronics Mechanic Mechanical CAD/CAM
29. Embroidery Electronics and Telecommunication Handicrafts & Garments Making
30. English Speaking Masonry Moulding
31. Fabrication Multipurpose Health Worker
32. Male/Female Ward Secretarial Practices & Office
Assistant/Attendant Management
33. Food Processing Optometrician
34. Horticulture Painting
35. Welding Pharmacist
36. Mining Radiology Technician
37. Hotel Management & Security
Hospitality
38. Medical Test Laboratory Sheet Metal Mechanic
Technician
39. Mechanist Shoes/Slipper Repairing
40. Librarian Stenography
41. Computer Aided Storekeeping
Design/Manufacturing
42. Handicrafts and Garments Signal & Telecommunication
Making
43. Masonry Motor Mechanic
44. Moulding T.V. Repairing
45. Multipurpose Health Worker Librarian
46. Secretarial Practice and Office
Management
47. Optometrician
48. O.T. Technician
49. Civil
50. Painting
51. Pharmacist
52. Radiology Technicians
53. Sanitary
54. Security
55. Sheet Metal Mechanic
56. Shoes/Slipper Repairing
57. Stenography
58. Storekeeping
59. Tailoring & Stitching
60. Signal & Telecommunication
61. Tractor Mechanic
62. Motor Mechanic
63. Turner
64. T.V. Repairing
125
Chapter 5
Traditional Skills in Singrauli
Introduction
As noted earlier in this report, agriculture plays an important role in the livelihood of people in
Singrauli. Villages grew up as self-sustaining units of production, and therefore, over the
period different kinds of activities developed which by and large catered to the daily
requirement of people in the villages. Some of these activities are related to agriculture while
others are mostly caste based traditional activities. These activities form important
complementary sources of incomes for rural households. The skills required in these activities
are acquired by one generation of artisans from the previous generation. In other words, there
is inter-generational transfer of traditional skills without any formal training being provided by
training institutes. Such home-based training of traditional artisans is extremely limited in
scope and reach of the market for their products is confined to the same village or in a few
neighbouring villages. Many of these traditional skills are therefore not lucrative for the
present generation, although with active government participation, these skills can be revived,
and villages can continue to being units of production and not get converted as units of
neighbourhood.
As part of this study on skill development in Singrauli, a detailed enquiry has been done on
some of the traditional activities in different villages in Singrauli. The primary focus of this
enquiry is to analyse the income generating potential of different traditional activities, and the
role that government can play in enhancing incomes of the artisans. In what follows, traditional
activities are discussed for some of the villages along with their growth potential.
Village Banholi
The people of this village are fed up with non-responsiveness of government regarding
school education in the village. There was one primary school in the village with three
teachers. Out of these three teachers, only one was regular, while the other three hardly visited
the school. Middle school was 2 km away, while the high school was in Khuttar Village (4 km
away). There was a major problem of regular supply of electricity in the village, and the
villagers complained that electricity was available only for 34 hours during the night. No
electricity was available in the village during the day.
Income from dairy could be enhanced by 50 per cent by making provision for marketing and
storage facility
Dairy was an important activity in this village, and almost all the households owned milch
animals. 1,000 ltr. of milk on an average was sold by the villagers in different places like
Shaktinagar, Vindhyanagar (both at least 20 km away). The price which they received varied
from Rs. 1520 per ltr. On an average, one family sold 1012 ltr. of milk daily for seven
months. Because of lack of dairy firms and cold storage, the price received was lower than the
126
actual market price which was Rs. 2530 per ltr. depending upon the content of the cream.
Clearly, therefore, household income can be enhanced by providing milk-storing facility along
with development of dairy industry. There was a veterinary hospital (2 km away) but the
facilities there was rather inadequate.
Availability of electricity and machines can reduce hardship of potters and also enhance
their income
Potters in the village complained that the traditional activity was not at all remunerative and
involved a lot of hardship. Churning clay was the most difficult part of the job and this activity
can be greatly facilitated by using electric machine (worth Rs. 15,000). However, non-
availability of electricity was a major hindrance and the younger generation was not at all
interested in taking up this activity because of the hardship involved. Further, there was no
training facility on manufacturing of fashionable and daily utility items, which makes the scope
of marketing extremely limited. The traders supplied clay (in units of trolley) and purchased
their products (tubs of different shapes and sizes, pots, and one or two other items). Waidhan is
an expanding market given the fact that a lot of new industries were being set up. If the artisans
were trained in the manufacture of modern household utility and show pieces, their earning
potential can be greatly expanded, and the new generation can think of taking up this
hereditary profession again. At the time of survey, potters earned Rs. 2,500 3,000 per month.
If electricity was made available, and training in manufacture of new items provided, earnings
of the potters could be doubled. Marketing was not a big issue for them because the main town
was not so far away and the villagers could make their own arrangements for carrying their
products up to there.
Agricultural and allied activities have growth potential if support services and marketing are
made available
Vegetable cultivation is an important activity in the village and the villagers earn on an average
Rs. 3,000 per month (for a period of 6 months) by selling vegetables in the local market.
Similarly, poultry farming is an area which has got huge potential because of the new hotels
which are coming up in the district as a response to the large establishments being set up in the
region. There were six poultry firms in the village till three years ago, but now there are only
two. The remaining four closed down closed down primarily due to credit constraints. Also,
knowledge of modern feed, timely availability of medicines are important inputs for the
sustenance of poultry farming. No support services are available for the farmers in these
regards. Also, vegetable farming is taken up only as a subsidiary activity in the village. But
there was a huge demand for vegetables in the local markets, and therefore, if taken up as a
principal activity, it can enhance the earning potential. The reason why these are not taken up
as a principal activity is lack of knowledge about increasing productivity, and there is always
an inherent risk of taking up a new activity on a large scale.
127
Village Khuttar
With more than 8000 population, Khuttar is one of the largest villages in the District, and more
than 70 per cent of its population belonged to OBC social group. There are primary, middle,
secondary, and higher secondary schools in the village. As in the case of other villages, here
too, agriculture is the principal occupation. However, there are no extension services or
training facilities available in the village. The gram sewak provides some preliminary
information about seeds and pesticides. Adulteration of both seeds and fertilizers was rampant
and this is one of the reasons why villagers did not prefer using them. Every seed and fertilizer
shop was selling adulterated products and so the villagers have no choice. Along with crop
cultivation, animal husbandry is also an important activity in this village.
Pickle making can become an important economic activity if training in preservation,

packaging and marketing of pickles is provided.
Pickle making can also be encouraged on a commercial basis as it can employ rural females
and empower them economically. In this regard, training can be provided primarily on
preservation, packaging, and marketing. At the moment, pickle making is carried out at the
household level for household consumption. This activity lasts for three months (April June).
The details of pickle-making are described in tables below:
Table 5.1: Expenses and Earnings in Traditional Activities in Singrauli
Pickle Making
Item Cost/Price (Rs)
1 kg Mango 20
Spices 25
Packaging 5
Transportation 25
Total Cost 75
1 kg pickle 150
Net profit from 1 kg pickle 75
2 persons in 4 days can prepare 10 kg pickle
Net profit/earning (Rs)
Net profit from 10 kg pickle 750
Net earnings per person per day 94
During season (3 months), one worker can earn up to Rs. 2800 per month.
128
No follow up despite providing training in dari making
In 1997, there was a training programme in dari making in this village organized by Madhya
Pradesh Handicrafts Development Corporation. In this programme, 30 females were trained for
6 months and were paid a monthly stipend of Rs. 500. Raw materials were provided by the
Corporation, and two trainers from the Corporation regularly visited the village during the
period. The finished product was taken away by the Corporation. However, there was no
follow-up action to ensure that those trained could fully utilize their training through self-
employment. The villagers reported that woman can prepare a dari (6ft*4ft) in four days, and
the net profit is Rs. 400 (price Rs. 1500 cost of raw materials Rs. 1,100).
Training in sewing can contribute positively towards household income and saving
In this village, a training programme was organized in sewing 15 years ago, and 12 women
participated in that training. The duration of the programme was six months. After the
programme, trainees were provided loans at 33 per cent discount to purchase sewing machines.
All these women started part-time home based shops and are earning Rs. 2,000 2,500 per
month. However, since then no other training programme has been organized in the village.
One of the advantages of such kind of training progamme is that even if women do not start
their own home-based enterprises, they can do the necessary stitching for their own household
members and in the process save some money.
One of the most important advantages of this village is its proximity to the main road.
Therefore, a large part of the marketing can be taken up by the villagers themselves. The gram
sabha (village committee) can take initiatives in organizing training programmes for the
villagers. However, gram sabhas do not perform the functions which they are supposed to, and
instead, have become places to settle personal scores.
Village Piparia
Agriculture is the principal activity in this village with paddy and wheat being the principal
crops. A large number of villagers (approximately, 200) work as unskilled manual worker on
the construction site of Reliance Power Plant (Sasan). There were around 100 small brick kilns
units in the locality. But recently (from July, 2011), the District officials have closed down all
brick kiln units in the District due to environmental reasons. The owners of brick kilns used to
earn a net profit of Rs. 30,000 50,000 per month (for 6 months) during the peak season. In
addition, this was an important source of income for the small and marginal farmers who have
to supplement their agricultural income through non-agricultural activities.
Almost all households in the village own some milch cattle but there was no proper facility for
veterinary care. There are only three veterinary hospitals in the entire District and they too are
mostly run by the support staff. Milk productivity is low (4-6 ltr. per day for 6-7 months) and
was primarily due to lack of knowledge about feed, proper medication, and proper care of the
cattle. However, with dissemination of knowledge about proper care and feed, animal
husbandry can also generate positive return to the household.
129
Table 5.2: Expenses and Earnings in Milk Production (excluding cost of one buffalo)
Item Cost / Price (Rs)
Straw (Rs. 5 per kg *10 kg per day*365 days) 18250
Other feed (Rs. 70 per day*365 days) 25550
Other expenses (primarily veterinary) 1000
Total expenses 44800
Milk produced 12 ltr. per day for 8 months
Household consumption 2 ltr. per day
Revenue from sale of milk (10 lts per day*240 days*Rs.25
per lt) 60000
Net income per year from one buffalo 15,200
In order to facilitate and encourage milk production, it is imperative that along with training in
dairy farming, cold storage facilities (chilling plants) be set up and proper marketing facilities
introduced at the village level.
Poultry farming can also be a lucrative activity in the village, and access to credit and
knowledge are the two key things needed to run the business successfully. At the moment,
there are five poultry firms in the village. It may be noted here that the demand for poultry
products are increasing very rapidly in this District due to expansion of market, which in turn is
facilitated by the establishment of new industries and coal mines.
Table 5.3: Expenses and Earnings in Poultry 700 chicken in one month during peak season
Cost / Price (Rs)

5 labourers 25000
Purchase of small chicken (chuza) 200000
Feed 300000
Medicines 10000
Coal (room heating) 7000
Total cost 542000
Avg. wt. of chicken (1.5 kg) * 6800 chicken * Rs. 60 per kg 612000
Net profit per month 70000

Note: Usually 150-200 chicken die and so finally available for sale is 6800.
Peak season is during winter (December to March)
130
If villagers are trained in poultry farming, then many more poultry firms can come up and
income earned by the villagers can be substantially increased.
The artisans in this village (carpenter, blacksmith) provide services to a specific set of
households in exchange of foodgrains (barter system). Each artisan has this kind of
arrangement with 10-12 households. From each household, the artisan gets 45 kg 50 kg
foodgrains per year and in return has to provide year-long service (repair work, making new
items) to the household. In repairing (e.g., in carpentry), it is mostly repairing of simple
agricultural implement, doors, windows, and other household articles. The carpenter is also
required to make new doors and windows, if so required. The association between artisan
household and the other household is usually long term and has been there since generations.
The carpenters wanted training in manufacture of furniture like almirah, sofa sets, different
kinds of chairs etc., which can allow them to participate in the local market which is expanding
and whose demand is quite diverse. This will definitely improve the economic condition of the
artisans. The buyers are always in look for new designs which the artisans can deliver only
when trained appropriately.
Village Harawah
This is a rather remote village and the nearest pucca road from the village is 2 km away. As in
other villages, agriculture is the principal occupation, but the villagers are more interested in
shifting to non-agricultural occupations. Lack of training facilities is a major hindrance towards
this shift in occupational pattern. The FGD was attended by goldsmiths, potters, carpenters,
and blacksmiths. But all of them are involved in crop cultivation as well, primarily for the
purpose of self-consumption.
Willingness to stick to their traditional occupations
An interesting thing about this village is that the younger generation is interested in pursuing
their traditional activities. They are working in different shops related to their skills in the main
town (Waidhan), and also in other districts. The older generation however is carrying on with
the traditional skills in the village itself. In a sense, there is a very strong motivation among the
villagers to hold on to their traditional activities, and not get swayed by the construction boom
in different parts of the District and start working on these sites as unskilled manual workers
(though that might have fetched a slightly higher sum of money).
Goldsmiths in the village earn on an average Rs. 2,000 per month. After giving their children
preliminary training, they have sent them to work in jewellery shops outside their villages so
that they can learn new designs and techniques. In these shops, they can earn around Rs.
3,000 per month.
Availability of electricity can enhance the income of potters substantially
Electricity supply in this village is particularly in a dismal state, and this itself is a big
stumbling block in enhancing the earning potential of the villagers. Out of 500 households in
131
this village, 26 households have been traditionally involved in pottery. This is an extremely
labour intensive activity and non-availability of electricity makes the task even more difficult.
Motorized wheel substantially reduces the work effort needed as compared to manual wheel
(ghara). Availability of electricity is necessary for the working of motorized wheel. With all
the hardship, on average a potter household (which involves the labour of more than one
member) can earn at most Rs. 1,000 per month.
Potters in another village named Majan, which is located just beside the State highway where
availability of electricity is much better than that in village Harawah, could earn on an average
Rs.2,450 per month. The higher income is primarily due to larger quantities of products, being
produced which in turn is possible due to availability of electricity.
Table 5.4: Expenses and Earnings in Pottery
Item Cost / Price (Rs)

1 trolley of mud (can employ 2 members of household for 1 month) 350
Electricity cost 500
Coal 700
Total cost 1550
Sale of product (400 items * Rs. 10 per item) 4000

Net income 2450
During peak season (March May), the net income can be doubled by employing almost all
the members of the household. But in this village too, the type of products made are extremely
limited (tubs of different sizes, small water containers, and few other items). The traders who
supply clay to the potters are the ones who buy back the finished products, and therefore, buy
at much cheaper rate. The potters on the other hand accept this arrangement because they are
assured of buyers and need not take up the extra responsibility of marketing the products. If
provided appropriate training, these potters can manufacture toys and other fancy items which
fetch higher returns as compared to the traditional items which they have been producing ever
since.
Village Katauli
Carpenters in this village are trained in making furniture of new designs. This is however a
phenomenon for the last one and half decade. Earlier, carpenters in this village could only
make ploughs, simple hand implements, and cots. They have slowly learnt making new types
of furniture under the influence of a person named Mahadev who came and settled in this
village 15 years ago. He is an expert carpenter and proficient in making new varieties of
furniture. At least one member of each carpenter family at some point of time worked as
apprentice with Mahadev and learnt new techniques from him. Usually, after working with him
for 57 years, the apprentices can themselves make such items on their own.
132
Availability of appropriate implements and tools can reduce human effort needed
substantially and also enhance income
It was highlighted that in the absence of implements, time required to perform certain tasks is
much greater, and therefore, net return is not very remunerative. This is illustrated by taking an
example of manufacture and fitting a window frame:
Table 5.5: Labour days in manufacture and fitting of window frame
Table 5.5: Labour days in manufacture and fitting of window frame
Activity Labour days

Cutting the wood 2 persons - 1 day
Giving shape to the wood (Ara) 2 persons - 1 day
Straightening the wood (Basula) 2 persons - 1 day
Plaining the wood (Randha) 1 person - 1 day
Fitting the frame tightly on the window + Pressing it so that it fits
2 persons - 1 day
well (Sikanji)
Polishing 1 person - 1 day
Total
10 Labour days
Using a machine, the first four activities would require 4 labour days. The cost of the machine
is Rs. 50,000 and the same machine can be used for different activities by attaching different
tools to it.
The younger generation of carpenters of this village is mostly residing in Waidhan and is
working as free labourers in various shops. They are mostly employed on piece-rate basis.
Lack of irrigation is a constraint for cultivating high value crops
Vegetable cultivation is also an important activity in the village and is carried out for 3 months
(MayJuly), in the period between harvesting of wheat and transplanting of paddy. During
these three months, villagers can earn Rs. 3,000Rs. 4,000 per month. Even though it is a
profitable economic activity, it cannot be carried out throughout the year primarily because of
lack of irrigation facilities. Irrigation in this region is dependent on ground water, which is
extracted using pumps. Extraction of water from underground for irrigation is cost effective
only when electric pump sets are used. Diesel pump sets increase the cost of irrigation and
therefore vegetable cultivation becomes non-remunerative.
Village Hirawah
There are 32 weaver households in this village (all Muslims) and for these households weaving
(using handloom) was the principal occupation till 4 years ago. But this activity has totally
stopped in this village since then and these households now have to depend on crop cultivation
for their survival.
133
High price of raw material pushed out weavers from their traditional occupation
Weaving was carried out on piece-rate basis. Traders from outside supplied raw material
(threads) and also purchased the finished products (cloth) from the weavers. The price of
thread has been increasing for quite some time now as a result of which the occupation was on
the decline. Finally, since the last 4 years, it has stopped totally. If the weavers are provided
with credit, this activity can resume in this village. Marketing will not be a problem because
they can sell their product in the local market in Waidhan.
2 persons in 1 day can weave 8 pieces of cloth (each can be sold at Rs. 75), and the amount of thread
required to prepare it is 4 kg (cost Rs. 175). So 2 persons can earn a net income of Rs. 225 (400-175) in
one day. Therefore, each person can earn a net income of Rs. 112 per day from this activity.
The government organized a 3-month training programme in 1985, in which the trainees got a
stipend of Rs. 75 per day. This training was quite useful because most of the present day
weavers got formal in-hand training through this programme. Therefore, in addition to
providing credit, formal training in weaving should be provided to enhance the income earning
potential of these households.
Conclusion
It is true that with the establishment of new industries in the region, there will be a growing
demand for technical skills, as discussed in the previous chapters. However, industries cannot
absorb the growing labour force entirely, and therefore, alternative sources of non-agricultural
employment has to be encouraged. With knowledge about traditional skills already in place, it
is only a matter of appropriate training and financial support towards the traditional artisans
which can really enhance economic development of the people in this region. Also,
government participation is needed in ensuring marketing of the products produced by the
artisans in remote areas of the District.
134
Annexure-2.1
Block and Main activity-wise Distribution of Establishments in
Blocks
Chittrangi Deosar Waidhan
1. Aluminium Production 0 1 0
2. Auto Repairing 0 2 5
3. Auto Sale and Service 0 1 0
4. Battery Sales and Repairing 1 0 1
5. Beauty Parlour 0 1 5
6. Brick Manufacturing 0 2 2
7. Bulk Explosive Manufacturing 0 0 1
8. Bus Body Making and Repairing 0 0 2
9. Carpenter 0 0 2
10. Coal Mining Activities 0 0 2
11. Computer Work 0 0 1
12. Construction Material Supplier 0 0 1
13. Cooking 0 0 2
14. Decoration 0 0 1
15. Denting and Painting 0 0 3
16. Diesel Engine Repairing 0 0 4
17. Diesel Pump Repairing 0 1 2
19. Electrical Repairing 0 4 15
20. Export Import Work 0 0 1
21. Fabrication Work 0 0 1
22. Finance 0 0 2
23. Food Processing 0 0 1
24. Garment Making 0 0 1
25. Generation of Power 0 0 3
26. Hair Cutting 0 0 4
27. Handicraft Manufacturing 6 0 0
28. Head Repairing 0 0 1
29. Hospital and Clinic 1 0 4
30. Hotel/Restaurant 0 0 4
31. Ice Factory 0 0 1
32. Jack Repairing 0 0 1
33. Kamani Repairing 0 0 1
34. Machine Repairing 0 0 2
35. Manufacturing and Repair of Steel Furniture 0 0 3
36. Manufacturing of Bakery Products 0 0 2
37. Manufacturing of Calcium Nitrate 0 0 1
135
38. Manufacturing of Emulsion Matrix 0 0 4
39. Manufacturing of Furniture 0 2 14
40. Manufacturing of Iron Grills, Gates and Boxes 0 0 4
41. Manufacturing of Machine Items 0 0 3
42. Manufacturing of Medical and Industrial Gas 0 0 1
44. Manufacturing of Nuts Bolts 0 0 1
45. Manufacturing of Ornaments 0 0 1
46. Manufacturing of Sponge Iron 0 1 0
47. Manufacturing of Steel Boxes 0 0 1
48. Manufacturing of Trolleys 0 0 2
49. Marble Cutting and Selling 0 0 1
50. Mechanical Work 1 0 4
51. Medical Store 0 0 4
52. Medical Testing Laboratory 0 0 3
53. Motor Cycle Repairing 0 3 1
54. Motor Vehicle Repairing 2 6 48
55. Namkeen Manufacturing 0 0 1
56. Office Work 0 0 1
57. Painting Work 0 0 2
58. Pottery 22 1 0
59. Repairing and Selling of Cycles 0 0 1
60. Repairing of Agriculture Implements 0 0 2
61. Repairing of Electrical Equipment 0 0 1
62. Sale and Repair of Vehicle Parts 0 2 15
63. Selling and Fitting of Hardware Items 0 0 3
64. Selling Hard Ware 0 0 1
65. Share Broker 0 0 1
66. Shoes Slipper Repairing 0 1 0
67. Stone Crushing 2 0 0
68. Sweets Manufacturing 0 0 1
69. Tailoring 2 2 41
70. Teaching/Coaching 0 0 4
71. Tractor Repair and Selling 1 0 4
72. Trading Activities 0 0 2
73. Travel Agency 0 0 2
74. Typing 0 0 2
75. Tyre Repairing 0 1 3
76. Welding 0 2 23
Total 38 35 299
136
Annexure-2.2
Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments by Size of Employment in Singrauli District of Madhya
Pradesh
Size of Employment
Sl.
Main Activity 11- 26- 101- 501 &
No. Up to 5 6-10 Total
25 100 500 above
1 Aluminium production 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2 Auto Repairing 3 3 1 0 0 0 7
3 Auto Sale and Service 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
4 Battery Sales and Repairing 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
5 Beauty Parlour 4 2 0 0 0 0 6
6 Brick Manufacturing 0 0 2 2 0 0 4
7 Bulk Explosive Manufacturing 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
8 Bus Body Making and Repairing 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
9 Carpenter 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
10 Coal Mining Activities 0 0 0 1 0 1 2
11 Computer Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
12 Construction Material Supplier 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
13 Cooking 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
14 Decoration 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
15 Denting and Painting 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
16 Diesel Engine Repairing 3 1 0 0 0 0 4
17 Diesel Pump Repairing 2 1 0 0 0 0 3
18 Electrical Motor Repairing and Winding 16 0 0 0 0 0 16
19 Electrical Repairing 16 3 0 0 0 0 19
20 Export Import Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
21 Fabrication Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
22 Finance 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
23 Food Processing 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
24 Garment Making 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
25 Generation of Power 1 0 0 0 0 2 3
26 Hair Cutting 1 3 0 0 0 0 4
27 Handicraft Manufacturing 5 1 0 0 0 0 6
28 Head Repairing 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
29 Hospital and Clinic 1 1 1 1 1 0 5
30 Hotel/Restaurant 1 1 1 1 0 0 4
31 Ice Factory 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
32 Jack Repairing 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
33 Kamani Repairing 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
34 Machine Repairing 1 1 0 0 0 0 2
35 Manufacturing and Repair of Steel Furniture 1 2 0 0 0 0 3
36 Manufacturing of Bakery Products 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
37 Manufacturing of Calcium Nitrate 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
38 Manufacturing of Emulsion Matrix 0 0 1 3 0 0 4
137
39 Manufacturing of Furniture 12 4 0 0 0 0 16
Manufacturing of Iron Grills, Gates and
40 Boxes 4 0 0 0 0 0 4
41 Manufacturing of Machine Items 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Manufacturing of Medical and Industrial
42 Gas 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
43 Manufacturing of Metals & Steels 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
44 Manufacturing of Nuts Bolts 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
45 Manufacturing of Ornaments 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
46 Manufacturing of Sponge Iron 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
47 Manufacturing of Steel Boxes 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
48 Manufacturing of Trolleys 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
49 Marble Cutting and Selling 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
50 Mechanical Work 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
51 Medical Store 4 0 0 0 0 0 4
52 Medical Testing Laboratory 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
53 Motor Cycle Repairing 3 1 0 0 0 0 4
54 Motor Vehicle Repairing 45 6 3 2 0 0 56
55 Namkeen Manufacturing 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
56 Office Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
57 Painting Work 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
58 Pottery 21 2 0 0 0 0 23
59 Repairing and Selling of Cycles 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
60 Repairing of Agriculture Implements 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
61 Repairing of Electrical Equipment 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
62 Sale and Repair of Vehicle Parts 16 1 0 0 0 0 17
63 Selling and Fitting of Hardware Items 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
64 Selling Hard ware 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
65 Share Broker 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
66 Shoes Slipper Repairing 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
67 Stone Crushing 1 1 0 0 0 0 2
68 Sweets Manufacturing 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
69 Tailoring 28 13 4 0 0 0 45
70 Teaching/Coaching 1 2 0 1 0 0 4
71 Tractor Repair and Selling 2 3 0 0 0 0 5
72 Trading Activities 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
73 Travel Agency 0 0 1 0 1 0 2
74 Typing 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
75 Tyre Repairing 2 1 0 1 0 0 4
76 Welding 24 0 0 1 0 0 25
- Grand Total 269 66 15 15 3 4 372
138
Annexure-2.3
Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments Acquired New Equipments During Last

Five Years in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
No. of Establishments reporting

Sl.No. Main Activity acquirement of new equipments
8. Diesel Pump Repairing 0 0 1
19. Office Work 0 0 1
23. Tailoring 2 0 2
27. Welding 0 1 2
139
Annexure-2.4
Main Activity wise Establishments Reporting Shortage of Skills in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
No. of Required
Sl.No. Main Activity Shortage (No.)
Employees Employees
1 Accountancy 207 252 45
2 Armature Winder 4 8 4
3 Audiometrician/Speech Therapist 1 1 0
4 Auto Electrician 5 14 9
5 Auto Mechanic 45 55 10
6 Bachelor in Arts 10 10 0
7 Bachelor in Commerce 17 17 0
8 Bachelor in Education 3 3 0
9 Bachelor in Science 13 13 0
10 Beautician 13 14 1
11 Bhritya 17 18 1
12 Blacksmith 15 21 6
13 Blasting Mazdoor 60 65 5
14 Block Bose 3 4 1
15 Brick Maker 50 55 5
16 Cable man 278 454 176
17 Canteen Staff 0 1 1
18 Care Taker 3 4 1
19 Carpenter 29 38 9
20 Cashier 963 980 17
21 Chainman 28 44 16
22 Chemical Engineer 2 2 0
23 Chemist 60 70 10
24 Chemistry (M.sc) 1 1 0
25 Civil Engineer 920 925 5
26 Coach 0 1 1
27 Company Social Responsibility 24 51 27
28 Compounder 17 33 16
29 Computer Engineer/Operator 510 511 1
30 Console Operator 7 10 3
31 Construction Equipment Operator 40 40 0
32 Control & Instrumentation 563 569 6
33 Conveyor Mover/Fitter 1 5 4
34 Cook 46 52 6
35 Craftsman Trainer/Equipment Trainer 0 4 4
36 Crane Operator 830 859 29
37 Crusher 3 6 3
38 Cycle Sell/Repair 12 12 0
39 Dai 2 2 0
40 Dark Room Assistant 0 1 1
140
41 Data Entry Operator 6 9 3
42 Denting Technician 22 23 1
43 Dentist 3 3 0
44 Dhobi 2 2 0
45 Dialysis Technician 0 2 2
46 Diesel Mechanic 39 39 0
47 Dietician 1 2 1
48 Doctor 57 84 27
49 Door Machinist 2 2 0
50 Dozer Operator 349 503 154
51 Draftsman 137 146 9
52 Dragline Operator 113 152 39
53 Draughtsman 3 5 2
54 Dresser cum First aid assistant 47 70 23
55 Drill Machine Operator 165 345 180
56 Driving 865 1034 169
57 Dumper Operator 1446 1811 365
58 Dy. Surveyor 6 16 10
59 ECG Technician 1 7 6
60 Education 40 40 0
61 Electrical Conductor 46 46 0
62 Electrical Engineer 216 221 5
63 Electrician 2256 2758 502
64 Electronics 333 333 0
65 Embroidery 4 5 1
66 Engine Mechanic 12 12 0
67 English Teaching 3 3 0
68 Estate Management & Administration 544 930 386
69 Eye Specialist 6 10 4
70 Fabricator 609 610 1
71 Female Attendant 1 1 0
72 Field Work/Field Assistant 1 1 0
73 Finance and Accounts 69 71 2
74 Fitter 3124 3294 170
75 Food Processing 3 4 1
76 Foreman (Mechanical) 1141 1363 222
77 Forest Supervisor 3 5 2
78 Furnace Operator 0 5 5
79 Furniture Manufacturing/Carpenter 16 18 2
80 Garden Supervisor 1 2 1
81 Gas Welder 6 6 0
82 Geology 1 1 0
83 Gestetner Operator 3 7 4
84 Grader Operator 55 99 44
85 Grill Maker 3 3 0
141
86 Hair Cutting 213 214 1
87 Header 1 1 0
88 Heat Treatment Man 0 3 3
89 Horticulture Inspector. 1 1 0
90 Hotel Manager 3 3 0
91 Human Resource & Administration 61 67 6
92 IT Engineer 55 65 10
93 Lab Technician 104 148 44
94 Lathe Mechanist 6 8 2
95 Law Assistant 1 6 5
96 Legal Inspector 2 5 3
97 LHV 3 19 16
98 Liaison Officer 1 1 0
99 Librarian 0 1 1
100 Lift Operator 2 16 14
101 Lineman 19 30 11
102 Machine Operator 489 687 198
103 Machinist 752 776 24
104 Mali 4 6 2
105 Management Trainee 16 26 10
106 Manufacturing Design 3 3 0
107 Manufacturing of Handicraft 56 66 10
108 Marble Cutter 1 1 0
109 Mason 1589 1590 1
110 Master Armature Winder 6 6 0
111 MBA(Finance) 4 4 0
112 Mechanical Engineer 948 1127 179
113 Mechanical Fitter 417 640 223
114 Mechanical Foreman 4 4 0
115 Mechanical ITI 6 6 0
116 Mechanical Mechanic 14 15 1
117 Medical Attendant 2 2 0
118 Metrical Management 10 10 0
119 Mine Survey Diploma 2 2 0
120 Mining Engineering 16 16 0
121 Mining Explosion 15 15 0
122 Mining Sirdar 51 66 15
123 Mining Surveyor 8 22 14
124 Motor Mechanic 154 174 20
125 Motor Winder 5 5 0
126 Motorbike Mechanic 2 2 0
127 Moulding 405 405 0
128 Multipurpose Health Worker 214 300 86
129 Nurse 165 270 105
130 Office Assistant 216 256 40
142
131 Office Management(Clerk) 550 754 204
132 Office Management (Daftary) 9 15 6
133 Office Manager 10 29 19
134 Otometrician 2 2 0
135 Organic Chemistry 1 1 0
136 Orthopedics 4 5 1
137 OT Technician 7 18 11
138 Overman 277 375 98
139 Overseer 3 4 1
140 Painting 338 345 7
141 Pathology 4 4 0
142 Pattern Maker 0 4 4
143 Pay & Account 114 141 27
144 Peon 66 102 36
145 Personnel 68 96 28
146 Pharmacist 19 28 9
147 Pit Supervisor 7 8 1
148 Plant Operator 3 13 10
149 Plumber 330 342 12
150 Pottery 10 13 3
151 Pump Attendant 163 227 64
152 Purchaser 15 15 0
153 Quality Assurance Inspector 1 1 0
154 Radiography 16 20 4
155 Revenue Inspector 9 14 5
156 Rigger 531 541 10
157 Road Roller Operator 0 1 1
158 Safety cum Production Assistant 10 30 20
159 Sanitary Inspector 3 6 3
160 Sanitary Jamadar 0 2 2
Secretarial Practice and Office
161 Management 109 166 57
162 Security 1831 2193 362
Selling of Hardware, Diesel Engine &
163 Motor Parts 49 50 1
164 Service Boy 23 23 0
165 Sheet Metal Mechanic 2 2 0
166 Shoes/ Slipper Repairing 2 2 0
167 Shovel Operator 280 391 111
168 Sports Supervisor 1 6 5
169 Stenographer 29 35 6
170 Storekeeper 250 297 47
171 Structural Fitter 0 4 4
172 Sub-Station Attendant 42 122 80
173 Supervisor (Electrical) 70 115 45
143
174 Surveyor 9 17 8
175 Sweeper 53 113 60
176 Tailoring 172 180 8
177 Teachers 26 26 0
178 Tech civil 2 2 0
179 Technician Lineman/Wireman 2 2 0
180 Technician Telecommunication 1 1 0
181 Technician Telephone 1 1 0
182 Telephone Operator 8 20 12
183 Timekeeper 5 15 10
184 Tractor Repairing 19 21 2
185 Trailer Operator 4 4 0
186 Translator 3 9 6
187 Trip man 53 99 46
188 Truck/Bus Body Repair 1 3 2
189 Turner 128 165 37
190 TV repairing 9 9 0
191 Janitor 35 55 20
192 Typist 6 16 10
193 Tyre Handler Operator 4 8 4
Unskilled
Worker/Labourer/Attendant/Cleaner/
194 Helper/Khalasi/Mazdoor/Other staff 12045 12631 586
195 Valveman 13 30 17
196 Waiter 7 7 0
197 Ward Attendant 77 125 48
198 Welder 1372 1556 184
199 Wireman 518 519 1
200 X-ray Technician 2 2 0
- Grand Total 42441 48616 6175
144
Annexure-2.5
Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments which have planning for Expansion/
Modernisation/ Diversification during next five years in Singrauli District of Madhya
Pradesh
No. of Establishments reporting

Sl. No. Main Activity
1. Aluminium Production 0 1 0
3. Auto Sale and Service 0 1 0
9. Cooking 0 0 1
17. Head Repairing 0 0 1
23. Manufacturing of Medical and Industrial gas 0 0 1
29. Pottery 7 0 0
31. Sale and Repair of Vehicle Parts 0 1 1
33. Shoes Slipper Repairing 0 1 0
35. Tailoring 2 1 7
145
39. Travel Agency 0 0 1
40. Typing 0 0 1
42. Welding 0 2 5
146
Annexure-2.6
Trade-wise Future Additional Requirement of Skilled Personnel by Trade in

Establishments of Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Total number required

Sl. No. Trade
1. Accounts 5 0 32
2. Auto Mechanic 0 5 0
3. Bakery Production/Food craft 5 0 0
4. Beauty Care/Beautician 0 0 10
5. Boiler Attendant 0 20 10
6. Brick Making 0 15 0
7. Business Administration 1 0 0
8. Canteen Staff 0 20 0
9. Carpentry 0 0 5
10. Chemical Engineering 0 0 11
11. Chemist 0 65 12
12. Civil Engineering 0 5 24
13. Computer Engineering 0 0 2
14. Computer Operator 0 0 51
15. Control & Instrumentation 0 100 35
16. Cook 0 0 5
17. Denting Technician 0 0 3
18. Diesel Mechanic 0 0 1
19. Dresser cum First aid Workers 0 0 5
20. Driver 0 0 62
21. Electrical Engineering 0 0 120
22. Electrician/Technician 0 557 513
23. Electronic Engineering 4 0 0
24. Electronics Mechanic 0 50 14
25. Finance 0 0 8
26. Fitter 0 40 72
27. Food Analyst Quality Control 0 0 1
28. Garment Stitching 8 0 0
29. Gas Work 0 0 5
30. Handicraft Artisan 3 0 0
31. Housekeeping/Guest house staff 0 50 110
32. IT Engineers 0 200 28
33. Lab Assistant Chemist 0 0 8
34. Lab Technician(Pathology) 0 0 1
35. Labour(unskilled) 0 0 503
36. Lathe Machine Operator/Mechanic 2 0 9
37. Machinist/Machine Operator 0 535 427
38. Marketing 0 0 3
147
39. Mason 0 0 1
40. Material Management 0 0 14
41. Mechanical Engineering 0 0 55
42. Mining Engineering 0 0 13
43. Motor Mechanic 0 3 9
44. Moulder 0 20 10
45. Nurse 0 0 12
46. Office Management 22 20 292
47. Operator Crane/JCB 23 0 4
48. Operator Print Room 0 0 1
49. Operator Signal 0 0 1
50. Painter 0 0 7
Personal &
51. Administration/Stenographer/Typist 0 5 70
52. Plant Machine Operator 1 0 0
53. Plumber 0 50 10
54. Pottery Artisan 2 0 0
55. Rigger 0 0 12
56. Security 0 100 260
57. Tailor 0 2 7
Technician Signal &
58. Telecommunication 0 0 11
59. Tractor/Workshop Mechanic 2 0 3
60. Traditional Craft Artisan 2 0 0
61. TV Mechanic 0 3 0
62. Welder 0 33 25
- Grand Total 80 1898 2907
148
Annexure-2.7
Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments Those Who Provide Training to Their
Workers in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
No. of Establishment
8. Finance 0 0 1
14. Manufacturing of Iron Grills, Gates and Boxes 0 0 1
17. Manufacturing of Trollys 0 0 1
21. Pottery 2 0 0
22. repairing of agriculture implements 0 0 2
24. Tailoring 1 0 1
27. typing 0 0 1
29. Welding 0 0 1
149
Annexure-2.8
Main Activity-wise Distribution of Establishments by Preference of Workers for
Employment in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Preference for Workers for

Employment
Sl. No. Main Activity
Skilled
Freshers Both
Persons
1 Aluminium Production 1 0 0
2 Auto Repairing 5 2 0
3 Auto Sale and Service 1 0 0
4 Battery Sales and Repairing 1 1 0
5 Beauty Parlour 4 2 0
6 Brick Manufacturing 3 1 0
7 Bulk Explosive Manufacturing 1 0 0
8 Bus Body Making and Repairing 2 0 0
9 Carpenter 1 1 0
10 Coal Mining Activities 1 0 1
11 Computer Work 1 0 0
12 Construction Material Supplier 0 1 0
13 Cooking 1 1 0
14 Decoration 0 1 0
15 Denting and Painting 1 2 0
16 Diesel Engine Repairing 3 1 0
17 Diesel Pump Repairing 3 0 0
18 Electrical Motor Repairing and Winding 13 3 0
19 Electrical Repairing 15 4 0
20 Export Import Work 0 1 0
21 Fabrication Work 0 1 0
22 Finance 0 2 0
23 Food Processing 1 0 0
24 Garment Making 1 0 0
25 Generation of Power 3 0 0
26 Hair Cutting 3 1 0
27 Handicraft Manufacturing 1 5 0
28 Head Repairing 1 0 0
29 Hospital and Clinic 5 0 0
30 Hotel/Restaurant 3 0 1
31 Ice Factory 1 0 0
32 Jack Repairing 1 0 0
33 Kamani Repairing 1 0 0
34 Machine Repairing 2 0 0
35 Manufacturing and Repair of Steel Furniture 1 2 0
36 Manufacturing of Bakery Products 0 2 0
37 Manufacturing of Calcium Nitrate 1 0 0
38 Manufacturing of Emulsion Matrix 4 0 0
150
39 Manufacturing of Furniture 14 2 0
40 Manufacturing of Iron Grills, Gates and Boxes 2 2 0
41 Manufacturing of Machine Items 1 0 2
42 Manufacturing of Medical and Industrial gas 1 0 0
43 Manufacturing of Metals & Steels 1 0 0
44 Manufacturing of Nuts Bolts 1 0 0
45 Manufacturing of Ornaments 1 0 0
46 Manufacturing of Sponge Iron 1 0 0
47 Manufacturing of Steel Boxes 0 1 0
48 Manufacturing of Trollys 2 0 0
49 Marble Cutting and Selling 0 0 1
50 Mechanical Work 4 1 0
51 Medical Store 4 0 0
52 Medical Testing Laboratory 2 1 0
53 Motor Cycle Repairing 4 0 0
54 Motor Vehicle Repairing 28 25 3
55 Namkeen Manufacturing 0 1 0
56 Office Work 0 1 0
57 Painting Work 1 1 0
58 Pottery 1 22 0
59 Repairing and Selling of Cycles 0 1 0
60 Repairing of Agriculture Implements 1 1 0
61 Repairing of Electrical Equipment 1 0 0
62 Sale and Repair of Vehicle Parts 3 14 0
63 Selling and Fitting of Hardware Items 2 0 1
64 Selling Hard ware 0 1 0
65 Share Broker 1 0 0
66 Shoes Slipper Repairing 1 0 0
67 Stone Crushing 2 0 0
68 Sweets Manufacturing 1 0 0
69 Tailoring 14 31 0
70 Teaching/Coaching 4 0 0
71 Tractor Repair and Selling 4 0 1
72 Trading Activities 1 1 0
73 Travel Agency 1 1 0
74 Typing 1 1 0
75 Tyre Repairing 4 0 0
76 Welding 14 10 1
151
Annexure -3.1
List of Vocational Training Provider Institutions of Singrauli District Madhya Pradesh
1 Construction Skill Training Centre, Waidhan

2 Kaustubh Infotech Academy, Waidhan
3 Shri Sai Mahavidayala, Waidhan
4 Sririti College Professional, Waidhan
5 I.A.C.M Learning Centre, Waidhan
6 C.L. Masonry, Waidhan
7 Shri Sai Shail Manglam College, Waidhan
8 Harsh Deo College of Computer of Management, Waidhan
9 Software IT Academy, Waidhan
10 British School of English, Waidhan
11 Shah R.T.C Institute, Waidhan
12 Singrauli Institute of Technical Education, Singrauli, Waidhan
13 Singrauli Infotech Pvt. Ltd. ( NIIT Singrauli), Waidhan
14 ASEL Spoken English, Jayant, Waidhan
15 Motor Driving Training School, Waidhan
16 Govt. Polytechnic College, Waidhan
17 Vikalp Institute of Paramedical Science, Waidhan
18 Speak Well, Chittrangi
19 Gospel Institute, Waidhan
20 Rakesh Beauty Parlor, Waidhan
21 Mansarouar College, Waidhan
22 Remme-Beauty Parlor, Waidhan
23 National Computer College, Deosar
24 Vidyawati Singh Beauty Parlor, Waidhan
25 Sonu Computer College Deosar
26 Mahima Typing, Waidhan
27 Akta Computer College, Deosar
28 NICE Beauty Parlor, Waidhan
29 AISECT Study Centre, Waidhan
30 Rajiv Gandhi Institute, Waidhan
31 Softtech Institute of Computer, Waidhan
32 E-Sail Computer, Waidhan
33 Geem Beauty Parlor, Waidhan
34 NICT Computer, Waidhan
35 Navodaya Institute, Waidhan
36 Govt. ITI, Singrauli, Waidhan
152
Annexure -3.2
Distribution of Courses offered by Vocational Training Provider Institutions according to the

Level of Courses in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
Sl. Name of Course /Trades Level of course

No. Diploma Certificate Informal Total
/Paper
1 Advanced Diploma in 5 1 0 6
Computer Application
2 Ayurvedic Compounder 0 1 0 1
3 Bar Bending 0 1 0 1
4 Beautician 0 0 2 2
5 Carpentry 0 1 0 1
6 Laboratory 0 1 0 1
7 Certificate in Information 0 1 0 1
Technology
8 Civil Engineering 1 0 0 1
9 Computer Operator 0 1 0 1
10 Diploma in Computer 9 0 0 9
Application
11 Diploma in construction 1 0 0 1
12 Diploma in Vocational 1 0 0 1
Studies
13 Diesel Mechanic 0 1 0 1
14 Draftsmen 0 1 0 1
15 Driving 0 1 1 2
16 Electrician /Electrical 2 5 0 7
17 Electronics and 1 0 0 1
Telecommunication
18 English Speaking Course 0 2 2 4
19 Fabrication 0 1 0 1
20 Fitter 0 2 0 2
21 Gas cutting 0 1 0 1
22 GNIIT 2 0 0 2
23 Computer Hardware 0 1 0 1
24 Health Inspector 0 1 0 1
25 Mason 0 1 0 1
26 Mechanical 1 0 0 1
27 Mining 1 0 0 1
28 Motor Mechanic 2 3 1 6
29 Networking Course 0 2 0 2
30 OT Technician 0 1 0 1
31 Para Medical Course 0 1 0 1
32 Postgraduate Diploma in 9 0 0 9
Computer Application
33 Stitching & Tailoring 0 1 0 1
34 Tally Computer Course 1 1 0 2
35 Tractor Mechanic 0 1 0 1
36 Turner 0 1 0 1
37 Welder 0 2 0 2
38 X-Ray Technician 0 1 0 1
- Grand Total 36 38 6 80
153
Annexure 3.3
Table 9: Course-wise Enrolment, Pass-out and Drop-outs in Vocational Training Provider
Institutes in Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh
No. of Students
Sl. No. Name of Course
Enrolled Pass-out Drop-outs
1 Advanced Diploma in Computer Applications 135 92 1

2 Ayurvedic Compounder 26 0 0
3 Bar Bending 36 36 0
4 Beautician 35 35 0
5 Carpentry 21 21 0
6 Certificate course in Medical Test Laboratory 26 0 0
7 Certificate in Information Technology 1 1 0
8 Civil Engineering 60 53 1
9 Computer Operator 26 26 0
10 Diploma in Computer Applications 367 296 31
11 Diploma in Construction 38 0 0
12 Diploma in Vocational Studies 24 0 0
13 Draftsmen 21 21 0
14 Driving 18 18 0
16 English Speaking Course 372 332 40
17 Fabrication 20 20 0
18 Fitter 42 42 0
19 Gas Cutting 20 20 0
20 GNIIT 10 10 0
21 Computer Hardware 2 2 0
22 Health Inspector 19 0 0
23 Mason 3 3 0
24 Mining 60 53 1
25 Motor Mechanics 167 159 1
26 Networking Course 48 38 10
27 OT Technician 38 0 0
28 Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application 270 207 17
29 Stitching & Tailoring 26 26 0
30 Tally Computer Course 62 59 0
31 Tractor Mechanic 42 42 0
32 Turner 16 16 0
33 Typing 10 0 0
34 Welder 48 48 0
35 X-Ray 5 5 0
- Grand Total 2358 1911 104
154
Bibliography
1. Census of India, 2001& 2011.
2. Government of India, Registrar General Census of India, 2001, 2011
3. Government of India (2008), Economic Census, 2005, Ministry of Statistics and

Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi
4. Government of India (2008), 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission
5. Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture
6. Government of India, District Telephone Directory, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
7. Government of Madhya Pradesh (2009), District Statistical Handbook, Singrauli
8. Government of Madhya Pradesh (2011), Destination Singrauli, January
9. Government of Punjab (2004), Human Development Report 2004, Punjab
10. Government of Punjab (2010), Department of Industries, Industry List of District Industry
Centre, Gurdaspur District, Gurdaspur
11. Government of Punjab (2010), Department of Employment and Training Employment

Market Information, District Employment Exchange, Gurdaspur, District, Gurdaspur
12. Government of Punjab (2010), Department of Employment and Training Employment

Market Information, District Employment Exchange, Batala
13. Government of Punjab (2011), Department of Education, List of Schools, Gurdaspur

District, Gurdaspur
14. Government of Punjab (2011), Department of Education and Training, List of Industries
under Apprenticeship Training Scheme, Industrial Training Institute, Gurdaspur
15. Government of Punjab (2004), Block at a Glance, District Gurdaspur, Economic Adviser,
Government of Punjab, Chandigarh
16. Institute of Applied Manpower Research (2011), India Human Development Report, 2011:
Towards Social Inclusion, Oxford University Press
17. www.gurdaspur.nic.in assessed during August, 2011
155
18. www.punjabgovt.nic.in assessed during August, 2011
19. www.dget.nic.in assessed during July, 2011
20. www.nsdcindia.org.in assessed during November, 2011
156

Nsdc0report 1849

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nsdc0report 1849

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Skill Mapping in Two Districts:

Gurdaspur (Punjab) and

A Study based on a Sample and a Census of

INSTITUTE OF APPLIED MANPOWER REASERCH

Dr. Rashmi Agrawal

Assessment of unutilized or partly utilized resources

Status of forward and backward linkages in order to generate employment as well as

The aspirations and employability of youth

Description (PART A) Page No.

Chapter 1 : Objectives and Methodology 16

Genesis of the Study

Chapter 2: Gurdaspur Survey 26

Demographic and Social Status of the District

Chapter 3: Major Economic Activities 32

Main Activities in Gurdaspur - Farm and Non- Farm Activities

Chapter 4: Status of Vocational Training Providers 38

Educational Facilities in the District

Chapter 5: Skill Gaps and Skill Demands 48

Preference to Skilled Personnel

Chapter 6: Other Issues

Suggestions and Intervention

Description (PART B) Page No.

Chapter 1: About the District 79

About the District

Chapter 2: Assessment of Skill Demand in Singrauli District 108

Assessment of Skill Demand in Singrauli District

Chapter 3: Assessment of Supply Demand in Singrauli District 120

Assessment of Supply of Skilled Personnels in Singrauli District

Chapter 4: Assessment of Skill Gaps in Singrauli District 125

Assessment of Skill Gaps in Singrauli District

Chapter 5: Traditional Skills in Singrauli District 125

Traditional Skills in Singrauli District

Skill Development Initiatives in Madhya Pradesh (Government of

Table No. Title of the Table

1.1 Block-wise VTPs List in Gurdaspur District

1. Main Activities in Gurdaspur District

Employment status of skilled manpower

In view of the Survey the study suggests the following recommendations.

Objectives and Methodology

Genesis of the Study

The main objectives of the study are:

Structure of the Report

Part II of the report relates to survey of Singrauli.

Based on the field survey, following are the major findings:

Which approach is more suitable - Census Vs Sample

In Gurdaspur district, information was collected by adopting a sample design approach.

Collection and Collation of qualitative and qualitative data

Through this questionnaire, information was collected from Vocational Training

ii) Questionnaire for Establishments

Focus Group Discussion (FGDs)

To solicit qualitative information from various stakeholders such as government employees,

i) For District Level Officials:

(ii) Discussion Points for Industries

(iv) Discussion Points for Youth

Sampling the Procedure

Sampling for VTPs

Table 1.1 Block-wise VTPs List in Gurdaspur

Table 1.2 Sampling of VTPs

Sampling for Industrial Establishments

The objective of administering a questionnaire to industry establishments was to assess their

Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

Sl. Number of No of Persons

Stakeholders Govt. officials, Head of skill Training