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ABSTRACT
Thng tin chung:
Ngy nhn: 16/06/2015 Polylactic acid (PLA) is made from a natural resource - corn starch and
Ngy chp nhn: 27/10/2015 formulated from the condensation polymerization of D- or L- lactic acid
or ring opening polymerization of the lactide. It is completely
Title: biodegradable, compostable, and can maintain its mechanical properties
Biodegradable Poly (lactic without rapid hydrolysis even in high humidity conditions. In this review,
acid) (PLA): Overview and we study and explain why Poly (lactic acid) is considered as one of the
Applications most environment-friendly biodegradable thermoplastic polyesters with
extensive applications.
T kha:
TM TT
Nha nhit do, nha phn
hy sinh hc, tinh bt ng, Nha Poly (latic acid) (PLA) c sn xut t tinh bt ng bng qu
poly(lactic acid) PLA trnh trng ngng D- hoc L-lactic acid hoc m vng Lactide. y l
loi vt liu phn hy sinh hc, c kh nng phn ha v c th duy tr
Keywords: c tnh k c trong iu kin m cao. Chnh v l do , bi bo ny
Biodegradable plastic, corn- s tng hp v trnh bi l do ti sao Polylactic acid li c quan tm
starch, thermoplastic, poly nh vt liu thn thin vi mi trng c kh nng ng dng rng ri
(lactic acid) (PLA) nht hin nay.
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Tap ch Khoa hoc Trng ai hoc C n Th Phn A: Khoa hc T nhin, Cng ngh v Mi trng: 40 (2015): 43-49
(ethylene terephtalat) (PET) c tng hp t kh nng phn hy sinh hc cao nn thn thin vi
nguyn liu ha thch nh cng cao, modun n mi trng (Drumright, et al., 2000, Sawyer,
hi cao, bn ko t ln, nhng khc vi cc 2003).
vt liu polymers c ngun gc du m l PLA c
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Tap ch Khoa hoc Trng ai hoc C n Th Phn A: Khoa hc T nhin, Cng ngh v Mi trng: 40 (2015): 43-49
Hnh 3: Phng trnh iu ch PLA bng phng php polymer ha trc tip (Xiao, et al., 2012)
1.3.2 Phng php m vng cationic ring (Sn(Oct)2) v mt s cht xc tc hu c nh 4-
opening polymersization (ROP) (dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), N-Heterocylic
carbene (NHC) (Linnemann, et al., 2003) lm xc
Phn ng to Lactide tri qua hai giai on.
tc trong dung dch alcohol iu kin nhit
u tin, monome Lactic acid c trng ngng
cao v p sut thp c trnh by Hnh 4.
to thnh oligome. Sau oligome tri qua qu
(Garlotta, 2001, Gupta, et al., 2007, Hartmann and
trnh polymer ha ng thi vng ha to thnh
Kaplan, 1998, Jimnez, et al., 2014, Nieuwenhuis,
Lactide. Phng php ROP s dng antimony,
1992).
zinc(II), titanium(IV), tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate
Hnh 4: Phng php ROP iu ch PLA (Linnemann, et al., 2003, Xiao, et al., 2012)
1.4 u v nhc im ca PLA thp (Phuong, 2012), hn na PLA d b thy
1.4.1 u im phn, tc phn hy thp (Rasal, et al., 2010) v
sn xut PLA trong qui m cng nghip i hi
PLA l loi nha c kh nng phn hy sinh phi c chi ph cho quy trnh cng ngh cao, do
hc cao vi thi gian phn hy ngn, v vy c th gi thnh sn phm cao hn so vi cc loi nha c
tit kim c ngun nng lng nht nh x ngun gc ha thch nh PP, PE, PA,..( gi hin ti
l PLA. ng thi loi polymer ny c tng ca PLA trn th trng l 2,6-3,2 USD/kg, trong
thch sinh hc cao, khng c hi vi c th ngi, khi PP, PE ch c 1,2-1,8 USD/kg) (SE Asian,
nn c ng dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc c 2014).
bit l y sinh. Hin nay, PLA ang l sn phm
c sn xut v ng dng i tr trong cng 2 NG DNG CA PLA
nghip vi gi thnh r hn so vi cc loi nha Mc du polylactic acid c nhng u im ph
phn hy sinh hc khc (2-3,2 USD/kg) hp vi xu hng s dng vt liu polymers hin
(Information from NatureWorks LLC, 2014) vi nay, tuy nhin nhng yu im nh bn ko
bn ko v mun n hi cao (Tensile Strenght thp, kh nng chu nhit km, kh gia cng
55-75 MP, Youngs modulus 3-4GP) (Lu L, 1999, phn no hn ch kh nng ng dng PLA. Cng
PLA monomere (Polylactic Acid), 2014, Polylactic nh cc loi polymer khc trn th trng, PLA
Acid (PLA, 2014). thng c bin tnh trc khi a vo sn xut
1.4.2 Nhc im nhm p ng nhng yu cu c th trong tng
lnh vc ng dng. Cc nghin cu gn y cho
PLA c nhng hn ch v mt tnh cht nh:
thy PLA thng c bin tnh da trn hai
dn di (5-7%) (Information from NatureWorks
phng php. Phng php th nht l bin tnh b
LLC, 2014, Phuong, 2012), nhit chuyn thy
mt (surface modification) nhm to bm dnh
tinh thp Tg (60-68oC) dn n kh nng n nh
ca PLA vi vt liu khc. Vt liu bin tnh ny
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Tap ch Khoa hoc Trng ai hoc C n Th Phn A: Khoa hc T nhin, Cng ngh v Mi trng: 40 (2015): 43-49
c ng dng trong lnh vc y sinh (truyn dn biopolymers, c bit l PLA bin tnh l la chn
thuc). Phng php bin tnh th hai l trn hp tt nht trong lnh vc ny.
hoc ha do vi cc polymner khc nhm tng
V d: Trong s cc loi bin tnh, PLA/Poly
cng c tnh v kh nng chu nhit ca vt liu.
(Glycolic Acid) v copolymers
Phng php ny thng c ng dng trong lnh
poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) l mt
vc bao b, ng gi, t, vt liu cch in v
trong s t polymers c Cc qun l thc phm
composites) (Gupta, et al., 2007, Jimnez, et al.,
v dc phm ca M (Food and Drug
2014, Obuchi, et al., 2011, Phuong, 2012).
Administration FDA) cho php ng dng lm sng
2.1.1 Trong k thut m ngi. Loi copolymers ny c th nghim
T nhng nm 1988, k thut cy m ra i v thnh cng trong vic ti to cc loi m nhiu
tr thnh phng php c ng dng ph bin c quan khc nhau nh: bng quang, sn, gan,
trong lnh vc y sinh (Drumright, et al., 2000). xng, van tim c hc (Ilan, et al., 2002).
Phng php ny gip ti to li cc m sng bng 2.1.2 Trong k thut dn truyn thuc
cch lin kt cc t bo sng vi h thng khung
Con ngi lun mong mun tm ra cch
bng cc vt liu sinh hc, cc t bo c th
phn phi cc dc cht vo ng c quan mong
sinh si ny n nhanh chng theo cc chiu hng
mun ti u ha kh nng iu tr ca n cng
khc nhau. Vt liu sinh hc ra i m ra con
nh duy tr cc hot tnh trong thi gian cn thit
ng tim nng trong vic thay th cc m sng
v gim thiu nhng tc dng ph ca thuc. Con
v c trong cy ghp ni tng. C rt nhiu loi vt
ngi th nghim lm sng nhiu nhm cht
liu sinh hc c a vo th nghim lm sng,
khc nhau trong vai tr cht dn truyn thuc nh:
trong c kim loi, v c nhng chng li c
liposome, cc ht nano lipid rn. Tuy nhin, trong
nhng nhc im ln nh tuy kim loi c c tnh
thi gian gn y cc loi polyester phn hy sinh
tt nhng li khng phn hy sinh hc, tch tr
hc trong c PLA, PGA v copolymers ca
trong c th con ngi gy nhng phn ng bt li
chng ( nh PLGA) c ng dng nhiu trong
(Mathew, et al., 2005), hay vt liu v c b hn
lnh vc truyn dn do vt liu c kh nng tng
ch do kh x l c v cu trc xp (Liu, et al.,
thch sinh hc cao, kh nng phn hy sinh hc,
2004). Vt liu sinh hc lm h thng khung trong
bn c hc, kh nng x l nhit v ha tan cao
phi tha cc iu kin sau: tng thch sinh
trong cc dung mi hu c. Bn cnh nhng u
hc cao, c c tnh thp, c kh nng phn hy
im trn th PLGA li c khuyt im l cu trc
sinh hc, vt liu phi c xp, c tnh v
ca chng li thiu i nhng nhm chc nng hot
kch thc ph hp, cc t bo hoc m c th
ha to iu kin tng tc vi cc t bo, v
tng trng v pht trin tt v loi b c cht
vy n lm cho hiu qu dn truyn thp v thi
c trong qu trnh trao i cht. Chnh v vy
gian lu trong c th khng lu.
Bng 2: ng dng ca mt s loi PLA bin tnh khc nhau trong k thut dn truyn thuc
(Drumright, et al., 2000)
Loi PLA ng dng Hiu qu
Tng cng vn chuyn qua nim
PLA- PEG dng ht Dn truyn cho bnh un vn
mc mi
H tr dn truyn cho thuc insulin xt Kim sot tt nng glucose
PLA-b-pluronic-b- PLA
ming cho bnh i tho ng loi 2 trong mu
Dn truyn cho nhm thuc paclitaxel
PLA microsphere Gim sng vim
chng ung th
Dn truyn cho nhm thuc 5 FU v Hon thnh qu trnh gii phng
PEO-PLA copolymers
paclitaxel thuc
PLA-PEG-PLA copolymers Dn truyn cho nhm thuc 5 FU v Kim sot tt qu trnh gii phng
paclitaxel thuc
AP-PEG-PLA Dn truyn thuc cho qu trnh iu tr C kh nng khng li cc t bo
ung th ung bu
V vy, gim thiu hn ch trn, cc nh siu nh, vi ht (MP) v ht nano (NP). Kt qu
nghin cu th nghim PLA bin tnh di th nghim cho thy, PLGA dng MP v NP l 2
nhiu dng bo ch khc nhau: bt vin, vin nang dng cho kt qu tt nht, v vi kch thc siu
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Tap ch Khoa hoc Trng ai hoc C n Th Phn A: Khoa hc T nhin, Cng ngh v Mi trng: 40 (2015): 43-49
nh, chng c th d dng thm thu qua cc mng trong cc siu th v cc vt gia dng khc nh ly,
t bo, ci thin kh nng dn truyn v vi c mung, a... c bit PLA bin tnh dng
tnh vt l ca ht nano, thi gian phn hy ca nanocomposites, c c tnh tng, tnh cht chn kh
PLGA gim ng k, duy tr c hot cht trong v chn quang cao so vi PLA thng thng. Bn
sut qu trnh vn chuyn (Drumright, et al., cnh , cc loi PLA bin tnh gia cng bng
2000). bentonite, c ph lp silicate v microcrystalline
cellusose c tnh khng tia UV v nh sng kh
Ngoi ra, PLA bin tnh cn c ng dng
kin (thnh phn c hi lm bin tnh cht lng
cy ghp hay ch to cc thit b y t nh thanh
sn phm ) nn thch hp ng dng lm bao b bo
nh hnh, tm, ghim, inh vt, ch t tiu
qun thc phm (Obuchi and Ogawa, 2011).
(Raghoebar, et al., 2006, Roney, et al., 2005)
hay ng dng PLA bin tnh cho phng php iu Ngoi ra trong bo qun thc phm, vic khng
tr cho da (nh teo m, so trn khun mt). khun lun c quan tm ch trng, bao b phi
2.2 ng dng trong lnh vc bao b ng gi p ng c yu cu v nhng thc phm ti
sng nh tht c, rau c qu, nu tip xc vi
So vi cc PLA thng thng vi nhng hn bao b nhim khun s sinh ra hot cht gy bnh.
ch nh gin, n nh nhit thp th PLA bin gii quyt vn , cc nh nghin cu tm
tnh khc phc c nhng khuyt im ca ra loi PLA bin tnh dng composite l hn hp
PLA thng thng. Theo cc nghin cu th PLA gia PLA dng nn lin kt vi ht pectin, trn b
bin tnh bng phng php ha do, copolymer mt vt liu s hp th v lu gi nhng hot
ha v composite c ng dng nhiu trong vic cht khng khun, hn ch qu trnh tn cng ca
sn xut mng phim mng ng gi thc phm, vi khun ln b mt tip xc gia bao b v
lm khay, hp ng thc n (Hnh 5), ti xch thc phm.
Hnh 5: ng dng ca PLA bin tnh trong sn phm bao b thc phm
2.2.1 ng dng trong lnh vc in t dummy card cm trc tip vo laptop chng bi
bn xm nhp vo. Nm 2006, n cn c ng
Nm 2002, cng ty Mitsubishi Plastics ch dng lm v in thoi cho dng sn phm cellular
to thnh cng PLA chu nhit bng k thut phun phone(Obuchi and Ogawa, 2011).
v n c a vo ng dng lm v my nghe
nhc Walkman ca cng ty Sony (Obuchi and Nm 2005, Fujitsu bt u ng dng composite
Ogawa, 2011). ca PLA vo thit b chng chy trong nh, sau
c cng ty NEC pht trin, s dng 10% si
PLA bin tnh dng composite c ng dng carbon gia cng, sn phm t c c tnh nng
v pht trin rng ri trong lnh vc in t. Nm gp 2 ln so vi s dng thp khng g truyn
2004, cng ty NEC Corp ca Nht s dng vt thng. Cng nm , Fujitsu cho ra i dng
liu composite nha nn PLA gia cng bng si my tnh xch tay FMV-BIBLO NB80K vi h
Kenaf (Vic thm si Kenaf gia cng gip tng thng khung c ch to t hn hp blend
cng kh nng chu nhit ca vt liu) lm PLA/PC/phosphorus (Obuchi and Ogawa, 2011).
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Tap ch Khoa hoc Trng ai hoc C n Th Phn A: Khoa hc T nhin, Cng ngh v Mi trng: 40 (2015): 43-49
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Tap ch Khoa hoc Trng ai hoc C n Th Phn A: Khoa hc T nhin, Cng ngh v Mi trng: 40 (2015): 43-49
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