NHNG BNG CHNG

Josh McDowel
Ni Dung
Chng 1
S DUY NHT CA KINH THNH
Chng 2
JESUS - CON C CHA TRI
Chng 3
Ba S La Chn:
CHA, K GI DI hay K IN KHNG?
Chng 4
S PHC SINH: MT TR LA BP hay MT S KIN LCH S?
S DUY NHT CA KINH THNH
1A. S DUY NHT CA KINH THNH
1B. Gii thiu
Ging nh mt a ht nho c lp i lp li, ti thng nghe cu ni ny ", anh khng c Kinh
Thnh ?" i khi ngi ta li ni "Sao, Kinh Thnh cng ch nh mt cun sch khc thi, anh nn c
i...v.v...". C mt sinh vin rt hnh din v cun Kinh Thnh ca cu ta c nm trn k cng vi
nhng cun sch khc, c l y bi bm, khng c ng n, nhng n vn vi nhng quyn
sch "v i" khc.
Th ri cn c mt gio s lm gim gi tr ca Kinh Thnh trc cc sinh vin ca ng v nho
bng nhng ai c ngh c Kinh Thnh trong th vin ca ai .
Nhng cu hi v nhng li bnh phm trn lm ti bn khon khi ti th lm mt ngi khng
phi l C c Nhn b bc vic xem Kinh Thnh nh l li ca c Cha Tri ban cho loi ngi.
Cui cng ti i n kt lun rng nhng cht vn v li bnh phm ch l nhng li ni nhm
nh ca nhng ngi c thnh kin, nh kin hoc ch l li ni ca nhng ngi dt nt, thiu hiu
bit.
Ring mt mnh quyn Kinh Thnh thi nn c t nh ca cc k sch. Kinh Thnh l duy
nht. Tht vy, m ti mun dng m t Kinh Thnh c tm gn trong t "duy nht" ny.
Chc hn l Webster nh n cun "sch ca cc sch" ny khi ng vit li nh ngha cho t
"duy nht" ny: (1). mt v ch c mt, n c, c nht (2). Khc vi tt c, khng ging hoc khng
tng t.
Gio s M. Montiero - Williams (do Sidney Collett trch dn, quyn All About The Bible, Fleming H.
Revell), cu Gio s ting Phn Boden, tng nghin cu cc sch ng Phng 42 nm pht biu
so snh cc sch ny vi Kinh Thnh nh sau:
"Nu bn mun, bn c th cht chng nhng cun sch ny bn tri bn nghin cu ca bn,
nhng hy t quyn Kinh Thnh ca bn bn phi - ch ring mt quyn Kinh Thnh thi - v c
mt khong trng rng gia 2 bn. V... c mt h su gia Kinh Thnh v ci gi l cc sch thnh ca
ng Phng v ci h su s ngn cch bn ny vi bn kia hon ton, v vng v mi mi... mt
h su tht s m khng c mt t tng tn gio no c th bt cu qua c" 8/314-315.
2B. Kinh Thnh l duy nht. l quyn sch "khc vi tt c nhng sch khc" bi l:
1C. DUY NHT V S LIN TC CA N.
y l quyn sch:
1. c vit khong trn 1600 nm.
 2. c vit trn 60 th h.
3. c vit bi 40 trc gi, xut thn t mi tng lp bao gm nh vua, nng dn, trit gia, ng
ph, thi s, chnh khch, hc gi v.v...
Mise, mt nh lnh o chnh tr, c o to ti cc trng i hc ca Ai Cp.
Phier, mt ng ph
Amt, mt ngi chn chin
Gisu, mt tng lnh qun i
Nhmi, mt quan tu chnh
anin, mt th tng
Luca, mt bc s
Salmn, mt ng vua
Mathi, mt ngi thu thu
Phaol, mt thy thng gio
4. c vit ti nhiu ni khc nhau:
Mise trong ng vng
Girmi trong ngc ti
anin trn sn i v trong cung in
Phaol trong nhng bc tng ca ngc tht
Luca trong khi du ngon
Ging trn o Btm
Nhng ngi khc trong nhng hon cnh khc kh ca nhng chin dch qun s.
5. c vit vo nhng lc khc nhau:
avt trong chin tranh
Slmn trong thi bnh
6. c vit trong nhng trng thi khc nhau:
Mt s ngi vit trong s vui mng cao cn mt s khc vit trong ni bun su thm v ni
tuyt vng.
7. c vit trn 3 i lc: , Phi v u Chu
8. c vit bng 3 ngn ng:
Ting Hbr: L ngn ng ca Cu c
Trong IIVua 18:26,28 gi l "ting Giua".
Trong Es 19:18 gi l "ting Canaan".
Ting Aramaic: l "ngn ng chung" ca vng Cn ng cho n thi A lch Sn i (Th k th
6 trc Cng nguyn n th k th 4 trc Cng nguyn) 14/218.
Ting Hy Lp: l ngn ng ca Tn c, l ngn ng quc t trong thi i ca Cha Jsus Christ.
9. Ch ca Kinh Thnh bao gm hng trm vn c th gy nn tranh lun. Vn gy nn
tranh lun l vn to nn nhng kin i nghch nhau khi n c cp n hay c bn bc
n.
 Cc tc gi Kinh Thnh ni n hng trm ch gy nn tranh lun ny vi mt s hi ha v
lin tc t Sng th k n Khi huyn. C mt cu chuyn c by t: "S cu chuc loi ngi ca
c Cha Tri."
Geisler v Nix trong quyn A General Introduction to the Bible, Nh Xut bn Moody nm 1968,
ni nh th ny:
"Lc vin h mt" ca sch Sng th k tr nn "Lc vin c chuc li" ca sch Khi huyn.
V cnh ca dn n cy s sng b ng li trong sch Sng th k th c m ra mi mi trong
sch Khi huyn" 14/24
F.F. Bruce (trong quyn The Books and the Parchments, Fleming H. Revell) nhn xt rng: "Bt
c b phn no trong c th con ngi cng ch c th c ging gii ng n trong khi xem xt
ton b c th v bt k phn Kinh Thnh no cng ch c th c ging gii ng n khi xem xt
ton b Kinh Thnh" 6/89.
Bruce kt lun rng:
"Thot nhn, Kinh Thnh trng nh mt b su tp vn chng - Ch yu l ca ngi Do Thi.
Nu chng ta xt n nhng hon cnh m nhng ti liu khc nhau ca Kinh Thnh c vit nn th
chng ta thy rng nhng ti liu c vit vi khong thi gian trn 1400 nm. Cc tc gi vit
ti nhng x khc nhau, t nc i li phng Ty n vng Mesopotamia v c l n c Ba T
ng phng. Chnh cc tc gi l mt s ngi khc bit nhau, khng ch cch nhau hng trm nm
v hng trm dm m cn xut thn t nhiu tng lp x hi khc nhau. Trong nhng tng lp c
vua Cha, ngi chn chin, qun nhn, cc nh lp php, cc ng ph, chnh khch, cc cn thn, cc
thy t l v tin tri, mt thy thng gio may tri, v mt thy thuc ngoi bang, khng k n nhng
ngi m chng ta khng c bit g c ngoi tr nhng tc phm h li. Chnh nhng tc phm
ny thuc v nhng th loi vn chng ln, bao gm lch s, lut php (v dn s, v ti phm, v o
c, v l nghi, v v sinh), thi ca tn gio, lun n s phm, th tr tnh, truyn ng ngn v n d,
tiu s, cc th t ring t, cc hi k v nht k c nhn, cng vi cc th loi tin tri v khi th c
bit v Kinh Thnh.
Tm li Kinh Thnh khng phi l mt quyn sch hp tuyn cc loi vn chng; c mt s
thng nht rng buc tt c cc sch li vi nhau. Mt s hp tuyn l do mt ngi hp tuyn su tp
nhng khng mt ngi hp tuyn no bin son Kinh Thnh c". 6/88.
10. Kt lun v s lin tc. Mt s so snh vi "nhng tc phm ln ca th gii ty phng"
(Great Books of Western World).
Mt ngi i din ca "Great Books of Western World" n nh ti tuyn m ngi bn
hng cho mt lot sch ca h. ng ta trnh by mt k hoch ph bin lot sch Great Books of
Western World ny. ng y mt 5 pht ni vi chng ti v lot sch ny v chng ti cng dnh
mt ting ri ng h ni vi ng y v quyn sch v i nht.
Ti thch thc ng y ch cn ly 10 tc gi thi, tt c u xut thn t 1 tng lp x hi, mt th
h, mt ni, ng thi vi nhau, cng tm trng, trn mt lc a, cng mt ngn ng v ch cn mt
vn d gy tranh lun thi (Kinh Thnh ni n hng trm vn vi mt s hi ha, n tha).
Sau ti hi ng y "Liu h (cc tc gi) c nht tr vi nhau khng?". ng ta khng li ri sau
p: "Khng". Ti hi vn "Th th anh s c ci g no?". Lp tc ng ta tr li: "Mt khi cui kt".
Hai ngy sau ng y dng cuc i mnh cho ng Christ (ch ca Kinh Thnh). Ti sao vy?
Rt n gin. Bt k ai chn thnh tm kim chn l th s phi lu n mt quyn sch c s duy
nht nh ni trn.
2C. DUY NHT V TNG S PHT HNH.
Ti ch cn trch dn nhng con s ca nhng Thnh Kinh Hi m thi. Nhng con s ny ly t
cun Encylopaedia Britainnica, Americana One thousand wonderful things about the Bible (ca
Pickering), cun All About the Bible (ca Collett), cun Protestant Christian Evidence (ca B. Ramm) v
cun A General Introduction to the Bible (ca Geisler v Nix).
 Kinh Thnh c nhiu ngi c v c xut bn bng nhiu ngn ng hn bt k mt sch
no khc. Nhiu bn Kinh Thnh ton th, nhiu bn Kinh Thnh tng phn hoc cc sch tuyn chn
ca Kinh Thnh c xut bn hn bt k mt sch no khc trong lch s. Mt s ngi ci li rng
trong mt thng hay mt nm no th c mt cun sch no bn chy hn Kinh Thnh. Nhng
tuyt nhin khng c mt quyn sch no t n hoc ngay c so snh c vi s lng xut bn
ca Kinh Thnh. Quyn sch u tin c in l cun Latin Vulgate (Bn Kinh Thnh bng ting
Latinh). Cun sch ny c in bng my in ca Gutenberg. 49/478-480.
Hy Pickering ni rng y khong 30 nm, Thnh Kinh Hi Anh ng v Ngoi Ng tha mn
yu cu l phi xut bn "C mi ba giy lin tc ngy m l mt bn, c mi pht lin tc ngy m
l 22 bn, c mi gi lin tc ngy m l 1369 bn v c mi ngy trong nm l 32.876 bn. V tht l
v cng th v khi bit rng con s Kinh Thnh ng ngc nhin ny c gi n nhiu ni trn
th gii trong 4583 chic vali v nng n 490 tn. 36/227.
Geisler v Nix trch ca S.L Greenslade trong cun The Cambridge History of the Bible", trang
4979, rng "Khng c mt cun sch ni ting no t n s lng xut bn thng xuyn ny"
14/122.
Li bnh lun ny tht ng : " iu ny khng chng t Kinh Thnh l li ca c Cha Tri",
nhng n thc s cho thy kinh thnh l cun sch duy nht.
3C. DUY NHT V S DCH THUT.
(Bn Septuagint : l bn dch bng ting Hy Lp ca bn Kinh Thnh Cu c ting Hbr , 250
tr.CN) 50/1147.
Kinh Thnh c dch i, dch li v c ch gii nhiu hn bt k cun sch no hin ang
c.
Encyclopaedia Britannica chp rng " vo nm 1966 Kinh Thnh ton th xut hin bng 240
ngn ng v phng ng... mt hoc nhiu sch ca Kinh Thnh vi 739 ngn ng na, ton b s
xut bn l 1280 ngn ng " 12/588.
T nm 1950 n 1960 c 3000 dch gi dch Kinh Thnh 12/588.
Tht vy Kinh Thnh xng ng l duy nht v s dch thut.
4C. DUY NHT V S TN TI.
1D. Tn ti qua thi gian
Kinh Thnh c vit bng mt th vt liu b h hng (xem trang 29), phi c sao i, sao li
hng trm nm trc khi my in c pht minh, nhng vn khng lm gim mt vn phong, tnh
ng n cng tnh hin thc ca n. So vi cc tc phm c khc, Kinh Thnh c nhiu bng chng v
bn chp tay hn bt k 10 mu vn chng c in no c kt hp li (xem trang 48).
A.T Robertson, tc gi ca cun vm phm ting Hy Lp v Tn c ton din nht, vit : "C
khong 8.000 bn chp tay cun Kinh Thnh ting Latinh (Latin Vulgate) v t nht l 1000 bn chp
tay cho nhng bn Kinh Thnh u tin nht. Cng vi trn 4000 bn chp tay ting Hy Lp, chng ta
c 13.000 bn chp tay v nhng phn ca Tn c. Ngoi nhng iu ny, phn ln Tn c c ti
bn bi s trch on ca cc vn s C c u tin" 39/70.
John Warwich Montgomery (trong quyn History and Christianity, Downers Grove, III) ni
rng : "Hoi nghi v vn bn tng hp cc sch ca Tn c l cho php tt c nhng g c xa ri vo
s m mt v khng c mt ti liu v thi xa no li lm chng v lch s r rng nh Tn c"
34/29.
Bernard Ramm (trong quyn Protestant Chistian Evidences, nh xut bn Moody) ni v s chnh
xc v s lng ti liu ca bn chp tay Kinh Thnh rng : "Ngi Do Thi bo tn n nh cha h
c mt bn chp tay no c bo tn nh vy. Nh c Massora (truyn thuyt tch ly ca ngi Do
Thi lin quan n bn Kinh Thnh ting Hbr chun, l parva, magna v finalis) h kim tra mi
ch ci, mi vn, mi t v mi on. H c mt lp ngi t bit thuc nn vn ha ca h, c bn
phn phi bo qun v lu truyn nhng ti liu ny vi mt chnh xc hu nh hon ton. l
nhng th k, nhng lut s v nhng massorete (l nhng ngi sao chp su tp Massora). Ai
tng m c ht cc ch ci v cc vn ca Plato hay ca Aristotle? ca Cicero hay ca Seneca?
"Ni v Tn c th c khong 13.000 bn chp tay hon chnh hoc cha hon chnh, bng ting
Hy Lp v nhng ngn ng khc tn ti t thi xa xa. Khng mt cun sch no t thi c li c
c mt bng chng nh vy". 36/230-1
John Lea trong quyn The Greatest Book in the World so snh Kinh Thnh vi Shakespeare nh
sau: "Trong mt bi bo trn t North American Review, mt tc gi lm mt cuc so snh th v
gia nhng tc phm ca Shakespeare v Kinh Thnh. Bi bo cho thy cn phi chm sc, quan tm
n nhng bn chp tay ca Kinh Thnh hn nhng tc phm khc nht l khi c nhiu iu kin bo
qun ti liu chnh xc bi nhng bn in hn l lc n c sao chp bng tay. ng ni: "Hinh nh tht
k l l tc phm ca Shakespeare tn ti cha n 208 nm li h mc v thiu tin cy hn vn bn
ca Tn c tn ti 18 th k, m trong thi gian c 15 th k n ch c tn ti bng nhng
bn chp tay... C l ngoi 12 hoc 20 nguyn bn ra cn th ngi ta cho rng nguyn bn ca mi cu
trong Tn c c phn ln s ng ca cc hc gi xc nh v rng bt k s tranh lun no v
cc on ca Tn c u cn n vic lm sng t cc t ng hn l nhng nghi nh v chnh cc t
ng .
Nhng ch 1 trong 37 v kch ca Shakespeare thi th c l c 100 on vn cn bn ci, mt
phn ln trong nhng on ny c nh hng c th n nhng on vn c cha n" 30/15.
2D. Tn ti qua s bch hi.
Khng nh mt quyn sch no khc, Kinh Thnh chu nhng cuc tn cng b i ca cc k th
c t Kinh Thnh, cm on Kinh Thnh v "t Kinh Thnh ra ngoi vng php lut k t thi i
cc Hong La M n mt s quc gia hin nay" 36/232.
Sidney Collet vit trong quyn All About the Bible rng: "Voltaire, mt ngi Php chng o
ni ting, qua i vo nm 1778, ni rng 100 nm sau thi i ca ng th C c gio s b qut
sch v bin mt i trong lch s. Nhng iu g xy ra? Voltaire qua i trong lch s trong khi
tng s pht hnh ca Kinh Thnh c lin tc gia tng ti hu ht cc ni trn th gii, em phc
hnh n nhng ni Kinh Thnh n. Chng hn, nh i Thnh ng ca Anh quc Zanzibar
c xy dng trn v tr ca khu ch Old Slave v chic bn tic Thnh (Communion Table) nm ngay
ch m trc y l cy ct tra tn. Th gii ny y dy nhng trng hp ging nh vy... Nh
mt ngi chn thnh pht biu: "Chng ta c ngn chn s lng xut bn ca Kinh Thnh th
chng khc g nh gh vai vo ci bnh xe mt tri ang rc chy ca n" 8/63.
Ni n s khoc lc ca Voltaire v s tiu dit C c gio v Kinh Thnh trong 100 nm th
Geisler v Nix ni r rng "Ch 50 nm sau ci cht ca ng ta, Thnh Kinh Hi Genera s dng
my in v nh ca ng ta xut bn mt s lng ln Kinh Thnh" 14/123-124. THT L MT S
MA MAI CA LCH S! Vo nm 303 sau CN, Diocletian ra mt ch d (trong quyn Cambridge
History of the Bible nh xut bn Cambridge University, 1963), hy dit cc C c nhn v Kinh
Thnh ca h:"... mt vn th ca quc c truyn i khp mi ni, ra lnh san thnh bnh a cc
nh th v hy dit Kinh Thnh bng la, rng nhng ai b t co th s mt tt c quyn cng dn; cn
nhng ngi hu, nu c khng khng xng nhn C c gio th s b tc ot quyn t do"
49/473; 13/259.
iu ma mai lch s ca ch d hy dit Kinh Thnh ni trn l 25 nm sau , Constantine, v
hong ni ngi Diocletian, ra lnh cho Eusebius chun b sao thm 50 bn kinh thnh na do
chnh ph i th ti chnh.
Kinh thnh l quyn sch duy nht th hin qua s tn ti ca n. iu ny khng chng t Kinh
Thnh l chn l nhng chng t rng Kinh Thnh xng ng l duy nht trong cc sch. Mt ngi
nghin cu ang tm kim chn l nn xem Kinh Thnh l mt sch c nhng c tnh duy nht ni
trn.
3D. Tn ti qua s ph bnh
H.L Hastings, do John W. Lea trch dn, minh ha mt cch sng ng tnh cch duy nht m
Kinh Thnh chu ng nhng cuc tn cng ca s v tn v ch ngha hoi nghi: "Tri qua 1800
nm, nhng k v tn vn cn ang b bc v lt quyn sch ny nhng n nay Kinh Thnh vn
vng vng nh vng . S lng xut bn gia tng, hin c ngi ta yu mn, p v c hn c
trc y. Nhng k v tn, vi tt c cc cuc tn cng ca h, gy nhiu du vt trn cun sch
ny ging nh mt ngi cm chic ba ng inh p trn nhng Kim t thp Ai cp. Khi mt v vua
Php ra lnh bch hi C c nhn di triu i ca ng ta th mt chnh khch lo thnh v mt
qun nhn tu vi nh vua rng "Tu b h, Hi Thnh ca c Cha Tri l mt ci e lm mt
l nhiu chic ba". V vy nhng ci ba ca nhng k v tn p vo cun sch ny qua nhiu thi
i, nhng nhng chic ba mt l cn ci e th vn c tr tr. Nu quyn sch ny khng phi l
quyn sch ca c Cha Tri th chc hn l con ngi hy dit n t lu ri. Cc Hong v cc
Gio hong, cc vua Cha v nhng tu s, hong thn v cc nh cai tr c tra tay trn quyn sch
ny. H ra i m quyn sch vn c tn ti" 30/17-18.
Bernard Ramm ni thm rng: " hn mt ngn ln, ting chung bo t v quyn Kinh Thnh
ging ln, m tang c hnh thnh, bia m c ghi khc, v iu vn c c nhng v
mt l do no xc cht chng bao gi chu c t vo."
"Khng mt quyn sch no khc phi b cht n, m x, sng sy, xem xt k lng v b ph
bng nh vy. C cun sch no ni v trit hc, tn gio, tm l hc hay vn chng t c ch kim li
chu mt s tn cng ln nh Kinh Thnh khng? Nham him v hoi nghi? cn k v uyn bc? trn
tng chng, tng dng, tng gio l?
"Kinh Thnh vn cn c hng triu ngi yu mn, hng triu ngi c v hng triu ngi
nghin cu" 36/232-233.
Ngi ta tng dng cu ni "nhng kt qu ng tin cy ca thng tng ph bnh" (l nhng
nghin cu v quyn tc gi, nin biu, ngha... v Kinh Thnh, dng nhng k thut hoc s tm kim
ca kho c hc, nghin cu ph bnh vn hc), nhng by gi nhng nh thng tng ph bnh ny
ang tht bi. Hy ly ti liu "Documentary Hypothesis" lm v d. Nn tng ca s hnh thnh gi
thuyt ca ti liu ny l ng kinh khng phi do Mise vit, v theo "kt qu ng tin cy ca nhng
nh thng tng ph bnh" chng t rng cc sch ny khng tn ti trong thi i ca Mise. Do
r rng l cc sch ny thuc v nhng tc gi sau thi . ca nhng nh ph bnh ny l: Cc tc
gi J, E, P, D no xp t n li. H i n ch phn tch mt cu c 3 tc gi. H xy dng
mt cu trc ln ca ch ngha ph phn.
Nhng sau mt s ngi khm ph ra "black stele" 50/444 ("bia en"), trn c nhng
nt hoa vn hnh nm v nhng lut l chi tit ca Hammurabi. C phi bia ny c sau thi i
Mise khng? Khng, n c vo thi tin Mise, khng nhng vy, n cn c trc praham na (nm
2000 trc Cng nguyn). N c trc cc sch ca Mise t nht 3 th k 50/444. Tht l th v l n
c trc Mise, con ngi m ngi ta cho l th s khng c mu t.
Tht l mt s ma mai trong lch s! Ti liu "Documentary Hypothesis" vn cn c ngi ta
ging dy, trong khi nn tng c bn ca n (tc l "nhng kt qu ng tin cy ca thng tng ph
bnh" b lt v b ch ra l sai lm.
Cc nh ph bnh cng ni rng cc bc tng ca thnh Giric khng b xung v bn
bit l mt iu sai lm. N c xung.
"Nhng kt qu ng tin cy ca thng tng ph bnh" cng ni rng khng c ngi Hittites
(Htit) (mt ging dn ch thy c trong Cu c vo thi ). Khng c mt ti liu no khc ni v
h. Chc l chuyn thn thoi. , li sai lm na. Theo kt qu kho c, hin nay c hng trm ti liu
ua nhau ni v nn vn minh trn 1200 nm ca dn Hittites.
Earl Radmacher, Vin Trng i Chng Vin Western Conservative Baptist trch li ca ng
Nelson Glueck (ng hn l Glek), cu Vin trng ca trng Jewish Theological (trng Thn hc
Do Thi) i hc Hebrew Union ti Cincinnati, v l mt trong 3 nh kho c ln ni: "Ti lng
nghe ng ta (tc Glueck) lc ng y Temple Emmanuel Dallas, mt ng ta hi v ni "Ti b
buc ti v ging dy ngha chnh xc, nguyn vn ca Kinh Thnh. Ti mun ngi ta hiu rng ti
chng h dy iu ny. iu ti mun ni l trong tt c nhng nghin cu v kho c hc ca ti, ti
cha h pht hin mt vt c no trong thi xa li mu thun vi mt cu no trong Li ca c
Cha Tri" 51/50.
 Kinh Thnh l quyn sch duy nht i mt vi nhng k ph phn n. Khng c mt sch no
trong lch s ging nh Kinh Thnh. Mt ngi tm kim l tht nn xem Kinh Thnh l quyn sch c
c nhng gi tr ni trn.
5C. DUY NHT V S GING DY
1D. Li tin tri
Wilbur Smith (trong quyn The In Comparable Book, nh xut bn Beacon), ngi c nhiu
ngn cun sch, kt lun rng "D ai c ngh g v uy quyn v sc ip c in trong quyn
sch m chng ta gi l Kinh Thnh i chng na th vn c mt s ng rng ri trong nhiu
phng din rng Kinh Thnh l quyn sch kit xut nht c vit nn trong khong 5000 nm
nay v nhn loi.
l cun sch duy nht tng c con ngi vit nn hoc mt nhm ngi vit, trong s
ngi ta thy phn ln l nhng li tin tri lin quan n nhng dn tc khc nhau, n dn Do Thi,
n tt c mi dn tc trn t ny v n s xut hin ca ng Msia. Th gii thi c c nhiu
phc ha khc nhau ni n tng lai, c bit l nhng li tin on, nhng trong ton b vn
hc Hy lp v Latinh, mc d h dng nhng li tin tri th chng ta vn khng th tm thy bt k mt
li tin tri tht s r rng no v mt s kin lch s ln ni n tng lai hay mt li tin tri no v
mt ng Cu Chuc hin n gia loi ngi".
Hn hng trm nm trc khi Mohammed sinh ra, Hi gio khng th a ra c mt li tin tri
no v s xut hin ca ng ta, v cng khng c mt nh sng lp gio phi no trn t nc ny
a ra mt cch r rng nhng vn bn c xa tin on r rng v s xut hin gio phi c."
43/9, 10.
2D. Lch s
T I Samun n II S k, ngi ta thy c lch s ca dn Israel tri qua khong 5 th k. Tc
phm The Cambridge Ancient History, (quyn I, trang 222) chp rng: "Dn tc Israel t ra l mt
dn tc thin ti trong s xy dng lch s, v Cu c l hin thn ca tc phm c xa nht cn tn
ti".
Wilbur Smith trch dn li ca mt nh kho c ni ting l gio s Albright, ngi khi s vit
bi tiu lun kinh in ca ng "The Biblical Period".
"Truyn thng dn tc Hbr tri hn nhng dn tc khc qua bc tranh v ngun gc b lc v
dng di ca h. Ai Cp v Babyln, Assyria v Phoenicia, Hy Lp v La m, chng ta kh m tm
thy c iu g c th so snh c. Trong truyn thng ca cc dn tc Nht Nh Man khng c g
ging dn tc Hbr. Ti n hay Trung Hoa cng khng to ra c mt iu g tng t c, v
nhng k thut lch s s khi nht ca h l nhng gi gm vn chng v mt truyn thng b
bp mo ca cc triu i m khng c mt du vt g v nhng ngi chn chin hay nhng nng dn
ng sau nhng v thn hoc v vua khi u lch s ca h. Khng mt tc phm lch s no ca
dn tc Indo-Aryans c xa nht (l dn Puranas) hay trong nhng s gia Hy Lp c i nht li ni
n mt cht s kin ni rng c dn Indo-Aryan hay Hellen tng l nhng ngi du mc, t min
bc di tr n nhng ni c ng sau cng ht ca h. Tht ra m ni, nhng ngi Assyria nh li
mt cch m h rng nhng v vua u tin nht ca h, m tn tui ca nhng ng vua ny c h
nhc li khng mt cht chi tit v cc chin cng ca nhng v vua , l nhng ngi sng trong lu
tri, nhng cng t h b qun lng t lu" 43/24.
(Bi tiu lun ny c tm thy trong quyn The Jews, Their History, Culture Religion).
3D. Nhng li ch trch c nhn.
Lewis S. Chafer, ngi sng lp v l cu Vin trng ca Vin Thn hc Dallas, ni rng: "Kinh
Thnh khng phi l mt quyn sch m con ngi mun vit sao th vit".
Kinh Thnh gii quyt rt thng thn vi ti li ca nhng nhn vt trong . Ngy nay chng ta
hy c li cc tiu s, chng ta thy ngi ta c che giu, b qua, l i hnh ng xu xa ca cc
nhn vt . Bn hy ly nhng thin ti trong vn chng xem, phn ln u c t pht nh nhng
v thnh. Kinh Thnh th khng nh vy, Kinh Thnh ch ni nh th ny:
 Phi ln n ti li ca dn s - Phu 9:24.
Ti li ca cc t ph - Sa 12:11-1349:5-7.
Cc nh truyn o phi ni ln ti li ca h v ti li ca cc s Mat 26:31-568:10-26Gi
10:616:32Mac 6:528:18Lu 8:24,259:40-45. Tnh trng ln xn ca cc Hi Thnh: ICo 1:1115:1IICo
2:4 v.v... Nhiu ngi ni: "Ngi ta vit chng avt v Btsba lm chi". Vng, Kinh Thnh thng
k li nhng iu nh th.
6C. DUY NHT V NH HNG N VN HC
Cleland B. Mc Afee vit trong cun The Greatest English Classic rng: "Nu tt c Kinh Thnh
trong mt thnh ph ln no b hy dit th quyn sch ny s c khi phc tt c cc phn quan
trng nht ca n trn cc k sch ca th vin thnh ph v nhng on c cc sch khc trch
li. C nhng tc phm, hu ht l ca nhng tc gi vn hc ln, th hin c bit s nh hng
ca Kinh Thnh trn chng l dng no". 32/134.
S gia Philip Schaff (trong quyn The Person of Christ, Hi American Tract) m t sinh ng
tnh duy nht ca Kinh Thnh qua ng Cu Th:
"Jesus, ngi Naxart, khng c ti chnh v qun i nhng chinh phc hng triu ngi hn
c A-lch-sn, Caesar, Mohammed v Napoleon; khng c khoa hc v hc vn nhng Ngi chiu
nh sng vo nhng iu phm nhn v thin thng hn tt c cc trit gia, hc gi cng li; khng
hc v tu t hc trong cc trng hc nhng Ngi dng nhiu li ni vt xa cc nh din thuyt
hoc cc thi s; khng h vit ly mt hng nhng Ngi lm cho nhiu ngi bt lay ng, to ti
cho nhiu bi ging, nhiu bi din thuyt, nhiu s tranh lun, nhiu sch hay, nhiu tc phm ngh
thut v nhng li ngi khen hn ton th i qun loi ngi t c ch kim".
Bernard Ramm (trong quyn Protestant Christian Evidences, nh xut bn Moody, 1957) ni thm
rng: "C nhiu iu phc tp trong vic nghin cu th mc m khng mt ngnh khoa hc no v
kin thc ca con ngi so snh c. K t thi cc s (nm 95 sau CN) n nay c mt dng vn
hc ln ly Kinh Thnh lm ngun cm hng - cc t in thnh kinh, bch khoa thnh kinh, t vng
thnh kinh, bn thnh kinh, thnh kinh a d. Nhng sch ny c l ch l khi u. Tip theo
chng ta c th k n v s th mc v thn hc, gio dc tn gio, cc bi thnh ca, cc cuc truyn
gio, cc ngn ng thnh kinh, lch s Hi Thnh, lch s Tn gio, cc tc phm m o, cc sch ch
gii, trit l tn gio, cc s kin, s bin gii tn gio. v.v... Hnh nh l v s" 36/233.
Kenneth Scott Latourette (trong quyn A Christianity, Harper and Row, 1953), Cu s gia Vin i
Hc Yale ni rng:
" l bng chng v tm quan trng ca Ngi, v nh hng ca Ngi trn lch s v c th l s
b n v thn v ca Ngi m khng c mt con ngi no tng sng trn hnh tinh ny li gi ln
mt tc phm vn chng v i nh th trong nhiu dn tc, nhiu ngn ng; khng h tn li, cn l
ny c tip tc dng ln" 28/44.
3B. S kt lun r rng.
Nhng iu trn khng chng t rng Kinh Thnh l l tht nhng i vi ti n chng t rng
Kinh Thnh l quyn sch duy nht ("khc vi nhng sch khc", "khng c ging hoc tng ng").
Mt v gio s nhc ti: "Nu anh l mt ngi thng minh, nu anh mun tm kim chn l anh
nn c mt cun sch hp dn li cun hn bt k mt sch g khc".
Phn ni thm: Kinh Thnh l cun sch tn gio u tin c a vo trong khng gian (trn
mt loi vi phim (microfilm)). l cun sch u tin m t ngun gc ca tri t (Cc phi hnh gia
c Sa 1:1 "Ban u c Cha Tri..."). Hy suy ngh xem Voltaire ni rng Kinh Thnh s b hy dit
vo nm 1850 y.
Bn c th ni thm rng Kinh Thnh l mt trong nhng quyn sch t gi nht. Bn Kinh Thnh
Latin Vulgate ca Gutenberg c bn trn 100.000 -la. Ngi Nga bn cun Kinh Thnh Codex
Sinaiticus (mt bn Kinh Thnh c) cho nc Anh vi gi 510.000 -la. 36/227.
Bn nn nh bc in tn di nht th gii l bn Kinh Thnh Tn c Revised Version New
Testament c nh i t New York n Chicago. 36/227.
 JESUS - CON C CHA TRI
y l phn pht ha i cng gip bn s dng chng ny c hiu qu :
1A. LI XC NHN TRC TIP CA NGI V THN TNH
1B. CUC XT X
2B. Nhng li xc nhn bn thn ca Ngi.
3B. Vic Ngi chp nhn ngi ta th phng Ngi nh c Cha Tri.
4B. Nhng li xc nhn ca Ngi c nhng ngi khc lm r.
2A. NHNG LI XC NHN GIN TIP CA NGI V THN TNH.
1B. S tha ti.
2B. L ng bt bin
3B. S sng
4B. Xt x
3A. NHNG DANH XNG CA NGI V THN TNH
1B. YHWH
2B. Con c Cha Tri.
3B. Con ngi
4B. Aba, Cha.
1A. NHNG LI XC NHN TRC TIP
1B. Gii thiu :
"R rng Christ l ai c tm quan trng nh Ngi lm g" 16/11. V vy chng ta phi t cu hi
ng Christ l ai? Ngi l con ngi nh th no?
Nh Albert Well (do Wm.C. Robinson dn cun Who say Ye That I am? Nh xut bn Wm. B.
Eerdmans, 1949) ni "iu ng ngc nhin l Ngi li ko s ch vo chnh Ngi, t Ngi lm
trung tm ca mi vn ny sinh" 27/51.
Nh chng ta bit Ngi khng ging nh tnh cch ca nhng nh lnh o tn gio, Thomas
Schutz vit :
"Khng mt nh lnh o ni ting no k c Mise, Phao L, Pht Thch Ca, Mohammed, Khng
T v.v... tng xc nhn mnh l c Cha Tri ngoi tr Jesus Christ. Christ l nh lnh o tn gio
duy nht tng xng nhn thn tnh ca mnh v cng l ngi duy nht lm cho phn ln th gii
ny tin rng Ngi l c Cha Tri" 31/209.
Lm th no m mt "con ngi" li lm cho ngi khc ngh rng mnh l c Cha Tri c?
Trc ht chng ta hy nghe F.J. Meldau (trong 101 Proofs of The Deity of Jesus Christ from the
Gospels):
"S ging dy ca Ngi l tuyt im, tn cng vt trn s ging dy ca Mise v cc tin tri.
Ngi chng bao gi suy ngh thm sau khi ni ri, cng khng phi xem xt li. Ngi chng bao gi
rt li iu ni hay thay i li . Ngi cng chng bao gi phng on, "gi nh" hoc ni iu g
khng chc chn. y l tt c nhng g tri ngc vi cc gio s phm nhn v nhng li dy ca h"
19/5.
Foster xc chng thm v iu ny:
"Nhng l do ln nht m trc tip dn n cuc hnh hnh tin v gio s x Galil l s xc
nhn l lng ca Ngi rng, Ngi, ch l con trai ca mt ngi th mc gia ng v bo v bt ca
trong xng ca cha mnh, li chnh l c Cha Tri mc ly xc tht loi ngi" 2/49.
 Ngi ta c th ni rng "D nhin l Cha Jesus c ni n theo cch ny trong Kinh Thnh,
v nhng k theo Ngi vit nh vy lm cho k nim v Ngi tr nn bt dit". Tuy nhin khng
nhn nhn Kinh Thnh l khng nhn nhn tt c cc s kin chng ta thy qua ti liu lch s.
William Robinson (Our Lord, Nh xut bn Wm, B Eerdmans) ni rng: "Tuy nhin nu ngi ta
ly kin khch quan lch s v vn ny th h s thy rng ngay c lch s ca con ngi cng xc
nhn rng Cha Jesus sng trn t ny v ngi ta th phng Ngi nh c Cha Tri. Ngi
thit lp mt Hi Thnh th phng Ngi tri qua 1900 nm. Ngi thay i lch s th gii"
26/29.
2B. Cuc xt x.
Mac 14:61-64
"Nhng c Cha Jesus lm thinh, khng tr li chi ht. Thy c thng phm li hi: y chnh
ngi l ng Christ, con c Cha Tri ng ngi khen phi khng? c Cha Jesus phn rng: Ta
chnh phi , cc ngi s thy con ngi ngi bn hu quyn php c Cha Tri v ng gia m
my trn tri m n. By gi thy c thng phm x o mnh ra m rng: chng ta c cn kim
chng c khc na lm chi? Cc ngi c nghe li lng ngn chng? Cc ngi ngh th no. Ai ny u
on Ngi ng cht."
Judge Gaynor (The Mis-Trial of Jesus), mt lut gia ti nng ta n New York, trong bi ni
chuyn ca ng v cuc xt x Cha Jesus, cho rng s lng ngn l mt li co buc chng li Ngi
trc ta Cng lun. ng ta ni: "Theo s tng thut qua cc sch Tin lnh th r rng l nhng li
buc ti c a ra khin Cha Jesus phi b xt x v buc ti th ch l nhng li lng ngn... Cha
Jesus xc nhn mt quyn nng siu nhin m i vi con ngi l mt iu lng ngn" (Trch Gi
10:33). Vn ca Ngi l s "t xng mnh l c Cha Tri" ch khng phi l nhng g Ngi ni v
n th 6/118-119.
A.T. Robertson ni rng i vi nhng cu hi ca ngi Pharisi th "Cha Jesus chp nhn s
thch thc v Ngi cng nhn nhn rng Ngi xc nhn Ngi c 3 danh xng (ng Msi, Con Ngi,
Con Ca c Cha Tri). Ch Ye say (Humeis legete) l mt cm t trong ting Hy Lp c ngha l
"Vng, phi" (so snh "Ta l" (I am) trong Mac 14:62 vi "Ngi ni" trong Mat 26:64)".
Chnh cu tr li ca Cha Jesus khin cho thy c thng phm x o. H.B. Swete gii thch
ngha ca iu ny: "Lut php cm thy t l c x o mnh v nhng iu rc ri c tnh cch c
nhn" (Le 10:621:10), nhng khi hnh ng nh th ny l mt s xt x. Phong tc i hi ng ta
phi hnh ng nh th by t s gh gm v bt k s lng ngn no c ni ra trc s hin
din no ca ng ta. Cuc xt x rc ri chng xung. Nu bng chng ng tin cy cha c sn th
gi y iu cn c th ch cho: t nhn t buc ti. 35/311.
Chng ta bt u thy rng y khng phi l mt cuc xt x bnh thng. Irwin Linton, mt lut
s, ch ra iu ny khi ng ta ni: "y l cuc xt x c mt khng hai, trong khng phi nu ra
hnh ng ca b co m chnh l s ng ca b co. Nhng li co buc ti c c a ra
chng li Christ, li th ti hoc bng chng hay ng hn l hnh ng trc s hin din ca ta m
Ngi b buc ti, s tra hi ca chnh quyn La m, cu vit v li tuyn co trn cy thp t vo lc
xt x, tt c nhng iu c lin quan n c tnh v phm gi ca Christ "Bn ngh g v Christ?"
"Ngi l Con ca ai?".
Cng vi mt nhn xt nh th, chng ta hy nghe li ca Frank Morison, trc y l mt ngi
theo ch ngha hoi nghi: "Jesus ngi Naxart b truyn n t hnh khng phi do li co buc ca
nguyn co nhng do chnh s xc nhn t ming Ngi tht ra" 22/25.
Cng vy chng ta hy nghe Hilarin Felder (Christ and Critics): "Vic xem xt n cuc xt x Cha
Jesus cho chng ta mt li chng tuyt i rng Cu Cha xc nhn thn tnh ca Ngi trc
nhng k xt x" 7/229-230.
Simon Greenleaf (trong quyn The Testimony of the Evangelist, nh sch Baker 1965), cu gio s
trng lut Harvard, chnh ng cng l lut s, ni v cuc xt x Cha Jesus th ny:
 "Tht kh m hiu c t cch ca Ngi s c bo cha bi l g ngoi tr c tnh siu phm
ca Ngi. Ngi ta ngh rng khng c mt lut s no ngh n vic bo cha cho Ngi da trn mt
nn tng khc "10/562.
Mc d cu tr li ca Cha Jesus i vi nhng k xt x Ngi c khc nhau trong mi sch phc
m nhng theo nh Morison; chng ta thy n c cng ngha:
"... Thc vy nhng cu tr li ny l ging nhau. i vi ngi nghe hin nay th cch ni "nh li
ngi ni" hoc "chnh ngi ni ta l ng " c v ln trnh, khng c ngha g vi suy ngh ca
ngi Do thi ng thi.
"Nh ngi ni" l mt hnh thc ni theo phong tc m nhng ngi Do thi c hc dng p
li mt vn c ngha trang nghim hoc u bun. Php lch s khng cho php tr li trc tip l
"c" hoc "khng". 22/26.
Chc chn l Cha Jesus c hm trong cc cu tr li ca Ngi, G.G. Montefiore phn tch
cu ni ca Ngi l mt s cng b thn tnh ca Ngi. ng ni: "Hai cm t "Con ngi (Ngi thng
dng) v " bn hu quyn php" (mt thnh ng c bit ca ngi Hebrew dnh cho cc v thn)
cho thy rng cu tr li ny hon ton ph hp vi tinh thn v thi ca Cha Jesus trong cu ni
". 20/360
Hon ton r rng rng y l li xc nhn m Cha Jesus mun by t chnh Ngi ra. Chng ta
cng thy rng ngi Do Thi chc chn hiu cu tr li ca Ngi l mt li xc nhn Ngi l c
Cha Tri. Do chng ta phi i din vi mt trong hai iu ny: Hoc s xc nhn ca Ngi l mt
li lng ngn, hoc Ngi l c Cha Tri. Nhng k xt x Ngi thy li tuyn b ny l r rng -
qu r rng v ri h ng inh Ngi v ch nho Ngi v "Ngi tin cy ni c Cha Tri... v Ngi
ni "Ta l Con ca c Cha Tri" (Mat 27:43) 33/125.
Do chng ta thy rng Cha Jesus b ng inh v nhng g Ngi ni v mnh l Con ca c
Cha Tri. S phn tch v li xc nhn ca Ngi chng t iu ny. S xc nhn ca Ngi cho thy
rng:
1. Ngi l Con ca ng Thnh.
2. Ngi l ng ngi bn hu quyn php.
3. Ngi l Con ngi s ng trn my tri m n
William Childs Robinson rt ra kt lun t iu ny rng "Ch ring mt trong ba li xc nhn
ny thi th Ngi cng l ng M-si-a ri. nh hng ly tch v ng Msi ca h c tm quan trng
rt ln".
Herschel Hobbs (trong quyn An Exposition of the Gospel of Luke, nh sch Baker) li tip tc lp
li rng:
"Ta cng lun nm ly ht ba im ny. H gom chng li trong mt vn : "Th th ngi l
Con ca c Cha Tri phi khng?" cu hi ca h ch i mt cu tr li xc quyt. i vi h cu
tr li tng ng vi mt li tuyn b. V vy Cha Jesus ch p: "nh ngi ni, ta l ng ".
Do , Ngi lm cho h chp nhn s ng ng ca Ngi trc khi h thy Ngi ng ti cht. i
vi Cha Jesus l chin lc thn tnh. Ngi cht khng ch bi li xc nhn ca ring Ngi m cn
v li xc quyt ca h. Theo h khng cn cn chng c g na. V h nghe chnh Ngi ni. V vy h
tuyn n Ngi v chnh nhng li "ming Ngi ni ra". Nhng Ngi cng tuyn n h bi nhng li
ni ca h. H khng th ni rng h khng tuyn b Con c Cha Tri l ng ti cht" 11/322.
Robert Anderson ni:
"Nhng khng mt bng chng xc quyt no c sc thuyt phc hn l nhng li chng th ch,
v tht ra vic Cha Jesus xc nhn thn tnh ca Ngi th r rng l do k th Ngi a n. Chng ta
nn nh rng ngi Do Thi khng phi l mt b tc d man ngu dt m l mt dn tc c nn vn
ha cao v nhit tnh tn gio; v da trn li co buc , khng c ai chng i, ta cng lun
buc ti t hnh Ngi. l Hi ng ln ca Quc gia, bao gm nhng nh lnh o tn gio xut sc
nht ca h, k c nhng ngi thuc loi Ga-ma-li-n v hc tr ca ng ta l Saul, ngi "Tt s"
2/5.
 Qua li pht biu ca Hilarin Felder em n cho chng ta nhiu nh sng hn v v xt x m
tht ra ngi Pharisi t ln chnh h:
"Nhng v h buc ti Cu Cha l k lng ngn, vi l do Ngi t xng iu nn nhng
k xt x chnh thc chng t rng Cha Jesus khng ch xng nhn rng Ngi l Vua Msi c thn
quyn, l con phm nhn ca c Cha Tri m Ngi cng l ng Msi thin thng v l con trai
mt ca c Cha Tri, v v li xng nhn ny Ngi b hnh quyt" 7/306 quyn 1.
Kt qu s nghin cu ca chng ti th chng ta c th kt lun rng Cha Jesus t xc nhn
thn tnh ca Ngi theo cc m mi ngi u nhn thc c. Nhng li xc nhn ny c cc nh
lnh o tn gio xem l lng ngn v kt qu l Ngi b ng inh v "Ngi t cho mnh l con ca
c Cha Tri" (Gi 19:7) 17/45.
3B. Nhng li xc quyt khc:
1C. BNH NG VI CHA
1D. Gi 10:30-33, Cha Jesus c xc nhn Ngi l c Cha Tri trong nhng phn khc trong trong
Kinh Thnh khng? Ngi Do Thi ni Ngi c xc nhn nh chng ta thy trong on sau: "Ta vi Cha
l mt". Ngi Giua lm nm Ngi. c Cha Jesus phn rng: Ta lm trc mt cc ngi
lm vic lnh bi Cha n, v chi m cc ngi nm ta? Ngi Giua tr li rng: y chng phi v
mt vic lnh m chng ta nm ngi nhng v li lng ngn: ngi l ngi m t xng l c
Cha Tri". 18/409.
Khi nghin cu cch din t t trong ting Hy Lp th chng ta thy c mt hm tht th v v r
rng. Theo A. T. Robertson chng ta thy: "Mt (hen). Trung tnh, khng phi t ch ging c (heis).
Khng phi mt ngi (so snh ch heis trong Ga 3:28) nhng li l mt bn cht, mt thc th".
Robertson ni thm:
"Li ni qu quyt ny l nh cao trong nhng li xc quyt ca Christ v mi quan h gia Cha
v chnh Ngi (con). N khin cho ngi Pharisi tc gin in cung" 28/186-187.
Do r rng l trong suy ngh ca nhng ai nghe cu ni ny th khng nghi ng g na, Cha
Jesus xc nhn Ngi l c Cha Tri. V vy: "Ngi Do Thi xem li ni ca Cha Jesus l li
lng ngn v h tip tc nm ly cuc xt x. Trong Lut php c chp rng ti lng ngn phi b
nm (Le 24:16). Nhng nhng ngi ny khng chu thi hnh ng theo tin trnh lut php. H
cha chun b c bn co trng chnh quyn c th a ra nhng hnh ng cn thit. Trong cn
gin d h sa son va lm ngi xt x va lm k hnh hnh. V ri h phi quay li vi nh
nm ban u ca h" (Gi 8:59). 3/524.
Cu tr li ca h bc b l do cho rng Cha Jesus b nm v nhng vic lnh ca Ngi. Hay ni
ng hn Ngi b nm v "lng ngn". Ngi ta c th hi rng h hiu r rng nhng li dy
ca Ngi nhng liu h c thi nhn nhn nhng iu xc nhn ca Ngi l ng hay khng?
2D. 5:17-18
"Nhng Ngi phn cng h rng: Cha ta lm vic cho n by gi, ta y cng lm vic nh vy.
Bi c dn Giua cng tm cch na git Ngi, chng nhng v Ngi phm ngy Sabt m li v
Ngi gi c Cha Tri l thn ph mnh, lm ra mnh bng c Cha Tri".
S nghin cu t ng ca A. T. Robertson trong quyn Word Pictures of the New Testament cho
chng ta mt s s hiu bit th v.
"Cha Jesus phn r rng rng "Cha Ta" (ho pater mou) ch khng phi l "Cha chng ta", xc nh
mi quan h c bit vi Cha. "Lm vic cho n by gi" (heos arti ergazetai)... Cha Jesus t t
mnh ngang hng vi hot ng ca c Cha Tri v do bo cha cho s cha lnh ca Ngi vo
ngy Sabt l ng" 28/82-83.
iu ng ch l ngi Do Thi khng xem c Cha Tri l "Cha Ta". Nu h xem, nh vy
th h t cch tuyn b cu " trn tri". Tuy nhin Cha Jesus khng lm nh vy, Ngi xc
nhn rng ngi Do Thi khng th hiu sai khi Ngi gi c Cha Tri l "Cha Ta" 21/309.
 Cha Jesus cng c ni rng trong khi c Cha Tri ang lm vic th Ngi l Con cng ang
lm vic. 23/1083. Cng vy ngi Do Thi cng hiu hm ca Ngi rng Ngi l Con ca c Cha
Tri. Kt qu ca cu ni ny l lng cm ght ca ngi Do Thi gia tng. Mc d h ch ang tm cch
tuyn n Ngi nhng c mun git Ngi trong h cng gia tng 15/376.
2C. "TA L". - (NG HNG HU - I AM)
8:58 "c Cha Jesus p rng: Qu tht, qu tht ta ni cng cc ngi, trc khi cha c
praham c ta" (I am).
"Ngi ni vi h rng: "Qu tht, qu tht ta ni cng cc ngi...". M u bng hai t Amen -
nhng li mnh m nht - Cha chng ta xc nhn danh xng ca Chn thn. Ngi Do Thi
nhn ra ca Ngi v ly lm kh chu, h c nm Ngi" 1/801-802.
"Lm th no m ngi Do Thi nhn ra cu ni ny? Henry Alford cho chng ta bit: "... Tt c
nhng li gii kinh khng thin v v nhng t ny u phi tha nhn rng y l li tuyn b v tnh
hng hu ca Christ" 1/801-802.
Marvin Vincent trong quyn Word Studies of the New Testament vit rng li ni ca Cha Jesus
l "mt cch ni tuyt i, v tn, khng c thi gian "Ta l" (eimi - "I AM") 37/181 quyn 2.
Da trn ti liu Cu c chng ta c th thy c ngha ca t "I AM". A.G. Campbell rt ra kt
lun ny:
"Qua s tham kho Cu c nh trong Xu 3:14Phu 32:39Es 43:10 th r rng l Cha Jesus khng
a ra mt g mi c. Ngi Do Thi hon ton quen thuc vi quan nim rng Gihva ca Cu
c l ng hng hu. Ch c iu mi i vi h l li tuyn b s ng nht ng ny vi Cha
Jesus". 4/12.
Theo s phn ng ca nhng ngi Do Thi chng ta c c s ni rng h hiu ca Ngi l s
xc nhn thn tnh tuyt i ca Ngi. S hiu bit su sc khin h bt u lm trn lut php
Mise dnh cho k lng ngn bng cch nm Cha Jesus" (Le 24:13-16). Campbell cng ni v im
ny cho nhng ngi khng phi l Do Thi rng:
"Chng ta cng phi hiu rng thnh ng "I am" (eimi) l c nh tuyn b thn tnh ca Christ
rt r rng v Ngi khng c nh gii thch. Ngi khng c lm cho ngi Do Thi bit rng h
hiu lm Ngi nhng ng hn l Ngi li c lp li li ni nhiu ln trong nhiu trng hp 4/12-
13.
3C. CHA JESUS XNG NG NHN S TN TRNG GING NH C CHA TRI.
Gi 5:23,24
"ng ai ny u tn knh Con, cng nh tn knh Cha vy. Ai khng tn knh Con y l khng tn
knh Cha, l ng sai con n. Qu tht, qu tht ta ni cng cc ngi, ai nghe li ta m tin ng
sai ta th c s sng i i, v khng n s phn xt, song vt khi s cht m n s sng".
Trong phn cui ca cu ny Cha Jesus a ra mt li khuyn co nhm vo nhng k co
ti Ngi l lng ngn. Ngi ni vi h rng h lng m Ngi tht ra l lng m c Cha Tri, ng b
h xc phm qua cch h i x vi Cha Jesus" 8/174 quyn 2.
Chng ta cng thy rng Cha Jesus nhn quyn c th phng nh c Cha Tri. V nh
ni trn iu ny dn n h qu l khng tn knh Cha Jesus l khng tn knh c Cha Tri
28/86.
Wordsworth (do J.C. Ryle trch dn trong quyn Expository Thoughts on the Gospels), nhn xt
rng "H, nhng k t cho l st sng vi mt c Cha Tri, th khng tn knh Ngi ng n tr
khi h tn knh Con cng nh tn knh Cha" 29/291 quyn 1.
4C. BIT TA
Gi 8:19
"Chng tha cng Ngi rng: Cha ca thy u? c Cha Jesus p rng: Cc ngi chng bit
ta v cng chng bit Cha ta. Nu cc ngi bit ta th cng bit cha ta na".
 5C. HY TIN TA
14:1.
"Lng cc ngi ch h bi ri, hy tin c Cha Tri cng hy tin ta na."
Merill Tenney (trong quyn John: The Gospel of Belief, nh xut bn Wm B. Eerdmans, 1948) gii
thch rng:
"Ngi b tuyn n t hnh, ci cht n vi mi ngi. Nhng Ngi vn to bo i hi h phi xem
Ngi l i tng ca c tin. Ngi t lm cho mnh tr nn cu gii p cho vn s phn v xc
nh r rng tng li ca h ph thuc vo cng tc ca Ngi. Ngi ha chun b cho h mt ch v s
tr li n h" 36/213.
6C. AI THY TA...
14:9
"c Cha Jesus phn rng "Hi Philp, ta cng ngi lu thay m ngi cha bit ta. Ai
thy ta tc l thy Cha, sao ngi li ni rng xin ch Cha cho chng ti".
7C. TA PHN CNG CC NGI RNG... Mat 5:20,22,26,28 v.v...
Trong on Kinh Thnh ny chng ta thy rng Cha Jesus ang ging dy v ni trong chnh danh
Ngi. Lm nh vy, Cha Jesus a uy quyn ca li ni Ngi ln cao. Thay v lp li cu ni ging
nh cc tin tri "c Gi H Va c phn" th Cha Jesus ni rng "Qu tht, qu tht, ta phn cng cc
ngi".
Karl Scheffrahn v Henry Kreyssler cho chng ta thy:
"Ngi chng bao gi ngp ngng cng khng h xin li. Ngi cng chng cn ci li, rt li hay thay
i nhng g Ngi ni. Ngi ni nhng li rt r rng v c Cha Tri (3:34) Ngi phn: "Tri
t s qua i nhng li ta ni chng bao gi qua u" (Mac 13:31) 30/11.
4B. Ngi yu cu c th phng nh c Cha Tri v Ngi chp nhn vic th
phng Ngi nh c Cha Tri.
1C. S TH PHNG CH DNH RING CHO C CHA TRI.
10. Sp mnh xung trong s tn knh l hnh ng tn th tt p nht i vi c Cha Tri (Gi
4:20-22Cong 8:27).
2D. Th phng bng tm thn v l tht (Gi 4:24).
3D. "Ngi phi th phng Cha l c Cha Tri ngi" (Mat 4:10Lu 4:8).
2C. CHA JESUS NHN C S TH PHNG NGI NH C CHA TRI V NGI CHP
NHN IU .
1D. Ngi phung "ly Ngi..." (Mat 8:2).
2D. Mt ngi m t thu sinh ra, sau khi c cha lnh" bn sp mnh xung trc mt Ngi"
(Gi 9:35-39).
3D. Cc mn "qu ly ngi v ni rng: Thy tht l Con c Cha Tri" (Mat 14:33).
4D. "on Ngi phn cng Th Ma rng: Hy t ngn tay ngi vo y v xem bn tay ta, cng
hy gi bn tay ngi ra v t vo sn ta, ch cng lng song hy tin.
Th Ma tha rng: Ly cha ti v c Cha Tri ti.
c Cha Jesus phn: V ngi thy ta nn ngi tin. Phc cho nhng k chng tng thy m
tin vy" (Gi 20:27-29).
3C. CHA JESUS TRI NGC VI NHNG NGI KHC.
1D. i trng Ctny qu xung di chn Phier v "ly". Phier vi bo cha rng: "Ngi hy
ng dy, chnh ta cng ch l ngi m thi" (Cong 10:25-26).
 2D. Trc mt v thin s trong sch Khi th, Ging gieo mnh xung chn ngi " th ly".
Thin s ni vi Ging rng ngi cng l "bn ti t" vi ng v ng nn "th ly c Cha Tri" (Kh
19:10).
4C. Nh chng ta thy, Cha Jesus truyn lnh phi th ly Ngi nh c Cha Tri v Ngi
chp nhn s th ly d. iu ny khin cho Thiessen vit rng: "Trong c 2 trng hp ny: Nu
Ngi l k ni di hoc l k t la di th Ngi chng tt g v nu Ngi khng phi l c Cha Tri,
Ngi cng chng tt g" (Christus Si non Deus, non bonus) (Thiessen, trong Outline of Lecture in
Systematic Theology, trang 65).
5B. NHNG NGI KHC NI G.
1C. PHAO L
1D. Phi 2:9-11
"Cng v nn c Cha Tri em Ngi ln rt cao v ban cho Ngi danh trn ht mi danh, hu
cho nghe n danh c Cha Jesus, mi u gi trn tri, di t, bn di t, thy u qu xung v
mi li thy u xng Jesus Christ l Cha, m tn vinh c Cha Tri, l c Cha Cha".
2D. Tit 2:13
"ng ch i s trng cy hnh phc ca chng ta v s hin ra ca s vinh hin c Cha Tri
ln v Cu Cha chng ta l c Cha Jesus Christ".
2C. GING BP TT
"c Thnh Linh ly hnh chim b cu, ng xung trn Ngi, li c ting t trn tri phn rng:
Ngi l Con yu du ca ta, p lng ta mi ng".
3C. PHIER
1D. C l li xc nhn ni ting nht ca Phier l trong Mat 16:15-17:
"Ngi phn rng: Cn cc ngi th xng ta l ai. Simn Phier tha rng: "Cha l ng Christ, Con
c Cha Tri hng sng". By gi c Cha Jesus phn cng ngi rng: "Hi Simn con Gina ngi
c phc , v chng phi tht v huyt t cho ngi bit iu ny u, bn l cha trn tri vy".
V iu ny, Scheffrahn v Kreyssler vit rng "Thay v qu trch Phier v ti hn ho ca ng
(nh cc tin tri v nhng nh lnh o tn gio thng lm), Cha Jesus chc phc cho ng v s
xng nhn c tin . Sut trong chc v, Cha Jesus nhn s cu nguyn v s th phng l iu
thuc v chnh Ngi" 30/10.
2D. Mt ln na Phier li xc nhn c tin ca ng trong Cong 2:36
"Vy c nh Israel kh bit chc rng c Cha Tri tn Jesus ny, m cc ngi ng inh
trn thp t gi, lm Cha v ng Christ".
4C. TH MA
Trong Gi 20:28, "k nghi ng" ny lm chng nh sau: "Th Ma tha rng: Ly Cha ti v c
Cha Tri ti".
John Scott trong quyn Basic Christianity gii thch v li reo ca Th Ma rng:
"Cha nht sau ngy Phc sinh, k nghi ng Th Ma cng nhng mn khc trong phng n ti
th Cha Jesus hin ra. Ngi bo Th Ma s vo nhng vt thng ca Ngi v Th Ma, vi s ngc
nhin tt , tht ln "Ly Cha ti v c Cha Tri ti" (20:26-29). Cha Jesus chp nhn li
xng ny. Ngi qu trch Th Ma v s v tn ca ng ch khng phi v s th ly ca ng" 34/28.
5C. THEO TC GI SCH HBR
He 1:8
"Nhng v Con th li phn rng: "Hi c Cha Tri, ngi Cha cn mi i n qua i kia. Quyn
bnh ca nc Cha l quyn bnh ngay thng".
 Thomas Schultz lm sng t cu Kinh Thnh ny bng cch s dng s nghin cu t. ng vit
rng: "H ng... "Hi c Cha Tri, ngi Cha..." l ra nn c dch l "c Cha Tri l ngi ca
Cha" hoc "ngi Cha l c Cha Tri" th ph hp vi ch ng hn. Mt ln na bng chng r -
Jesus Christ c Kinh Thnh gi l c Cha Tri" 31/180.
6C. TIN
Cong 7:59
"Chng ang nm th tin cu nguyn rng: Ly c Cha Jesus xin tip ly linh hn ti".
y tin cu xin Cha Jesus ng vi li Cha Jesus cu xin c Cha Tri khi Ngi
trn thp t. Do tin gn cho Cha Jesus nhng phm cht thn tnh.
6B. Kt lun:
T nhng bng chng ny, William E. Biedenvold (do Frant Meak trch dn) trong quyn "The
Encyclopedia of Religious Quotations" a ra kt lun rng:
"Mt ngi c Kinh Thnh Tn c m khng thy iu Cha Jesus xc nhn th cng ging
nh mt ngi nhn ln bu tri lc gia tra, vo mt ngy quang ng, m li khng thy mt tri"
25/50.
kt lun, chng ti xin trch li ca Ging, "v s yu du":
"c Cha Jesus lm trc cc mn Ngi nhiu php l khc na m khng chp trong sch
ny. Nhng cc vic ny chp cho cc ngi tin rng c Cha Jesus l ng Christ, tc l Con c
Cha Tri, v khi cc ngi tin, th nh danh Ngi m c s sng".
2A. NHNG LI XC NHN GIN TIP
Trong nhiu trng hp, Cha Jesus gin tip cho ngi ta bit thn tnh ca Ngi. Di y l
bn lit k v mt s li m ch ny cng vi mt vi li xc nhn trc tip ca Ngi.
CHA JESUS L C GIHVA
(Norman Geisler trong quyn Christ The Theme of the Bible, Nh xut bn Moody, 1969 trang 48).
Chng ta cm thy rng mt s nhng li xng nhn ny cn phi gii thch thm. l mc ch
ca phn ny.
1B. Ngi xc nhn l Ngi c quyn tha ti nh trong Mac 2:5 v Lu 7:48 chng minh.
Theo Lut php Do Thi th ch c c Cha Tri v duy nht mt mnh Ngi mi c quyn tha ti.
Chng ta thy iu ny trong Mac 2:7. Cc thy thng gio khng va lng v Cha Jesus v h
hi nh trong cu 7 "Sao ngi ny ni nh vy? Ngi ni phm thng . Ngoi mt mnh c
Cha Tri cn ai tha ti c chng?"
Trong Mat 9:5,6 Cha Jesus cha lnh cho ngi bi ch bng s tha ti cho ng y. Mt ln na
Ngi li b cc nh lnh o tn gio i cht.
Trong nhng cu ny Cha Jesus hi: "Ti li ngi c tha" hoc "hy ng dy v i" th
iu no d ni hn. Theo li gii thch ca Wycliffe th y l "mt cu hi khng th tr li c. Hai
cu ni th u n gin nh nhau nhng ni mt trong hai cu vi mt s by t km theo th
cn phi c quyn nng thin thng. D nhin cc k mo danh ny, ang c ln trnh, s thy rng
cu ni u d hn. Cha Jesus tip tc cha bnh ngi n ng ny bit rng Ngi c quyn
gii quyt tnh trng ca ng" 23/944.
Lc ny Ngi b cc thy thng gio v ngi Pharisi buc ti lng ngn. "Cc thy thng gio v
ngi Pharisi buc ti Ngi v Ngi t cho mnh c c quyn ca c Cha Tri" 23/943.
C.E. Jefferson ni rng "... Ngi tha th ti li, Ngi ni nh mt ngi c quyn. Ngay c mt
ti nhn xu xa nht khi n nn di chn Ngi th s nhn c t ni Ngi s tha th chc chn v
c uy quyn". 12/330
L.S Chafer cho chng ta thy rng "Khng mt ngi no trn t ny c uy quyn hoc c quyn
tha th ti li. Khng ai c th tha ti ngoi tr ng khc hn vi tt c nhng k phm ti. Khi Christ
tha ti, nh Ngi lm iu , th Ngi khng s dng uy quyn ca con ngi. V khng ai ngoi
c Cha Tri c th tha ti, nn c th xc nh c tnh cht kt lun rng Christ, ng tha ti, l
c Cha Tri, mt c Cha Tri ang tn ti, v mi mi." 5/21, quyn 5.
Ngi khng ch tha ti phm n chnh Ngi m Ngi cn tha ti cho ai phm n ngi khc, cho
n nay vn cn l iu cha tng c. John Scott nhc cho chng ta nh rng "Chng ta c th
tha th nhng iu xc phm m k khc gy cho chng ta nhng ti li m chng ta phm vi c
Cha Tri th ch c chnh Ngi mi tha th c." 34/29. V Cha Jesus lm nh vy.
V vy chng ta thy rng "quyn tha ti ca Cha Jesus l s by t tuyt nh v quyn nng m
ch thuc ring c Cha Tri thi." 13/78 quyn 2.
2B. Cha Jesus l ng bt bin.
Lewis S. Chafers ni rng "Tnh bt bin v thn tnh dnh cho Christ. Tt c nhng iu khc u
phi chu s bin i" 5/18, quyn 5. So snh He 13:8 vi Ma 3:6.
3B. Cha Jesus xng Ngi l "s sng".
Trong Gi 14:6, Cha Jesus xc nhn l "s sng" "Ta l ... s sng."
Phn tch cu ny, Merrill Tenney cho chng ta bit rng "Ngi khng ni rng Ngi bit ng i,
l tht v s sng v Ngi cng khng dy nh vy. Ngi khng t lm cho mnh tr nn ngi tiu
biu ca mt h thng mi. Ngi tuyn b rng chnh Ngi l cu tr li sau cng cho mi s b n"
36/215.
4B. Trong Ngi c s sng.
"Chng y tc l c Cha Tri ban s sng i i cho chng ta v s sng y trong Con Ngi.
Ai c c Cha Con th c s sng, ai khng c con c Cha Tri th khng c s sng" (IGi 5:11,12).
Ni v s sng ny, John Stott (trong quyn Basic Christianity) vit: "Ngi so snh s l
thuc ca mn vo Ngi nh cc nhnh nho ht nha sng t cy nho. Ngi ni rng c Cha Tri
ban cho ngi quyn trn mi loi xc tht v ngi cng s ban s sng cho nhiu ngi nh c
Cha Tri ban cho Ngi..." 34/29.
5B. Cha Jesus c quyn.
"Cha (c Cha Tri) ban quyn thi hnh s phn xt cho Con (Cha Jesus), v l Con ngi" (Gi
5:27).
Xc nhn rng Ngi s xt on th gian, chnh Cha Jesus s gi k cht sng li, s nhm cc
nc trc mt Ngi, Ngi s ngi trn ngi vinh hin v Ngi s on xt th gian. Da trn s on
xt ca Ngi th s c mt s ngi tha hng thin ng cn s khc s xung a ngc.
3A. CC DANH XNG.
1B. YHWH Cha
1C. NG THNH I VI DN DO THI
Nhiu bn dch dch ch YHWH l Yahweh (Gia v) cn hu nh c c l Gihva.
Herbert F. Stenson (trong tc phm Titles of the Triune God, Revell) vit rng: " ngha ng
n ca t ny th cng khng r. Theo ting Hbr, nguyn gc ca n bao gm 4 ph m YHWH -
cc nh thn hc gi n l "t 4 ch" (tetragrammaton) - v nguyn m Adonai c thm vo pha
sau. (tr khi danh xng ny c ni vi Adonai th nguyn m Elohim c dng n). Ngi Do
Thi cho rng danh xng ny thnh n ni khng th xng ra c nhng khi c Kinh Thnh trc
hi chng h mi thay Adonai vo. Thc vy, i vi h Gihva l mt "danh xng khng th ni ra
c." 33/20.
"... Bi lng sng kinh tuyt i, dn Do Thi khc t ngay c vic xng danh ny ra..." 5/264
quyn 1.
L.S. Chafer (trong Systematic Theology) vit: "Vic trnh xng danh ny nh hin nay c th b
xem nh ch l iu m tn; tuy c nhiu sai lm nhng r rng y l mt s c t lng tn knh v
khng cn nghi ng g na,chnh hnh ng ny cng vi tt c nhng hu qu rc ri ca n to
nn mt n tng su sc ln mi iu nh v tnh khng th ni ln c ca c Cha Tri" 5/264
quyn 1.
Trong tc phm Jewish Encyclopedia (do Isidore Singer v Funk v Wagnalls trch dn) cho thy
rng vic dch ch YHWH bng t "Cha" (Lord) c th theo bn Septuagint. "V cch c ca t shem
v Metorash, nhng "danh xng khc" ca YHWH th khng c ti liu xc thc". K t thi vn ha Hy
Lp th danh xng ny ch dng trong n th" 14/201, quyn 1.
"T Sifre n Dan 6:27, Misnah Tamid 7:2 v Sotah 7:6 th c v nh nhng thy t l c
php xng danh ny vo dp l chc phc v ch trong n th, cn nhng ni khc h b buc
phi dng danh xng chung l "Adonai"" 14/201, 202 quyn 1.
Quyn Jewish Encyclopedia li tip tc trch li ca Philo v Josephus:
Philo: "Bn ch ny (YHWH) ch c nhng ngi thnh ni n hoc c nghe n, nhng
ngi m l tai v li ni ca h c s khn ngoan lm cho tinh khit, khng c ai khc, bt c
ni no li c ni n hoc nghe ni n" ("Life of Moses" III,41)
Josephus: "Mise cu xin c Cha Tri truyn t cho ng s hiu bit v danh ca Ngi v s
xng danh ng c th cu khn danh ca Ngi vo nhng cng vic thnh, lc c Cha Tri
by t danh Ngi, cho n nay khng mt ngi no c bit c v c l l ti phm ti khi
cp n iu ny" (Antiquities, II 2, phn 4) 14/201, 202, quyn 1.
2C. CHRIST T NI NGI L GIHVA.
W.C. Robinson trch li ca Scotchmer rng: "S ng nht ca Cha Jesus Christ chng ta vi
Cha ca Cu c a n mt gio l r rng v thn tnh ca Ngi" (Robinson W.C. trong Our
Lord, An Affirmation of Deity of Christ, trang 115) 27/118.
"Yaweh" (Xu 3:14) c ngha l "Ngi l" (He Who is) hoc "Ta l ng t hu" (I am Who I am)
ni ln s t tn ti thn hu ca Ngi (t in Kinh Thnh Unger, trang 409)
Kreysska v Scheffrahn ni Ngi xc nhn giao c ca ng YHWH hay l c Gihva. Trong
Tin Lnh Ging on 8 chng ta thy rng: "Nu cc ngi khng tin ta l NG (I am) th chc s
cht trong ti li cc ngi" (cu 24). "Khi cc ngi treo con ngi ln (trn thp t) by gi cc
ngi s bit ta l ai (I am)" (cu 28). Qu tht, qu tht ta ni cng cc ngi, trc khi cha c
praham, c Ta (I am). (cu 58). Vic Ngi s dng danh xng "ng t hu" (I am) c lin quan
n xut 3:14; ti c Cha Tri by t Ngi cho Mise: "TA L NG T HU HNG HU". V
Ngi phn rng "Hy ni cho dn Israel nh vy: NG T HU sai ta n cng cc ngi". Do
danh xng ca c Cha Tri trong ting Hbr l YHWH hoc I AM (NG T HU)" 30/11.
Trong Mat 13:14,15 Christ t ng nht Ngi vi "Cha Ca Cu c (Adonai)" (Es 6:8-10)
19/15.
Clark Pinnock trong quyn "Set forth Your Case" ni rng: "S ging dy ca Ngi cng vi
danh xng "ng hin hu" (I AM) v i l s xc nhn thn hu c hnh thc ln ni dung (Xu 3:14Gi
4:266:358:1210:911:25) 24/60.
Trong 12:41, Christ c m t nh ng c sai nhn thy trong Es 6:1. William C. Robinson
ni rng sai cng vit v v tin khu ca c Gihva rng "Hy dn ng Cha..." (40:3). Christ
xc nhn li xc quyt ca nhng ngi Samari rng "Chng ti nghe Ngi v bit rng chnh Ngi
tht l Cu Cha ca th gian" (Gi 4:42). Theo Cu c cu ni ny ch c th dnh cho Gihva - c
Cha Tri. Trong Os 13:4 tuyn b rng: "y chnh ta l Gihva c Cha Tri... v ngoi ta ngi ch
nn nhn bit thn no khc: ngoi ta khng c ng Cu no khc" 27/117,118.
2B. Con c Cha Tri.
Hilarin Feder k li rng: "Gustav Dalman, mt hc gi thng tho nht trong lnh vc ngn ng
Aramaic, mt ngn ng Cha Jesus dng, thy b thc gic ni rng: "Khng c ch no m
chng ta thy rng Cha Jesus t xng Ngi l Con c Cha Tri vi ngha l mi quan h tn
gio hay o l m ai cng c th c c... Cha Jesus mun cho con ngi hiu mt cch khng nhm
ln rng Ngi khng ch l "mt a con bnh thng" ca c Cha Tri" m cn l "Con c Cha
Tri" (Die Worte Jesus, mit Beruecksichtigung des nachkanonischen Juedischen Schriftums und der
aramaeischen Sprache eroertert, i, 230, 235 (Leipzig, 1898.) 7/269.
H.F. Stevenson bnh lun rng: "Tht vy, trong Cu c thut ng "con trai ca c Cha Tri"
dng ch con ngi v thin s (Sa 6:2Giop 1:638:7). Nhng trong Tn c, danh hiu "Con c
Cha Tri" c dng theo cch hon ton khc ch Cha chng ta v ch Ngi c dng thi.
Trong mi trng hp thut ng ny ng rng Ngi l Con duy nht, bnh ng v bt dit nh Cha"
33/123.
Trong nhng lc dng ch "Con" k bn ch "Cha" ni ln li xc quyt dt khot ca Ngi v
s bnh ng vi Cha v hnh thnh nn l tht v Ba Ngi (Gi 10:33-383:355:19-276:2714:13Mac
13:32Mat 23:9,10).
Lc Ssar Philp, Cha Jesus khen Phier v ng bit rng Ngi l Con c Cha Tri: "Ngi
l ng Christ, Con ca c Cha Tri hng sng". Ngi p "Hi Simn con Gina, ngi c phc
v chng phi tht v huyt cho ngi bit iu ny nhng bi Cha ta trn tri vy" (Mat
16:16,17) 33/124.
Felder vit v khi nim ca Christ v c Cha Tri l Cha ca Ngi rng "Thng th Cha Jesus
ni n mi quan h ca Ngi vi Cha, Ngi thng dng ch "Cha ta" m khng c ngoi l no c.
Cn khi Ngi lm cho cc mn ch n mi quan h lm con ca h vi c Cha Tri, th cng c
mt s by t ngha r rng nh vy, Ngi thng dng "Cha cc ngi". Cha bao gi ngi kt
hp chnh mnh Ngi vi cc mn v vi con ngi ni l "Cha chng ta".
Felder ni tip "Thm ch ngay c trong nhng trng hp m Cha Jesus lin kt Ngi vi cc
mn trc mt c Cha Tri th ngi ta ngh rng Ngi s dng mt li xng chung l "Cha
chng ta", nhng ngc li Ngi li ni "Cha Ta": "T ry v sau ta khng ung tri nho ny na cho
n ngy m ta s ung tri nho mi cng cc ngi trong nc ca Cha ta". "Ta y, s ban cho cc
ngi iu Cha ta ha" (Lu 24:48). "Hi cc ngi c Cha ta ban phc, hy n m nhn ly
nc thin ng sm sn cho cc ngi t khi dng nn tri t" (Mat 25:34). Do Cha Jesus
phn bit s khng tng ng gia quyn lm con thin thng ca Ngi vi quyn lm con ca cc
s v loi ngi ni chung.
Scotchmer kt lun rng: "Cn c trn ting Do Thi, cc mn v cc k th ca Ngi hiu rng
ngha tht s ca thut ng "Con c Cha Tri" l iu thuc v thn tnh. Christ xem c Cha
Tri l "Cha" trong 104 ln. 7/300.
3B. Con Ngi:
Cha Jesus dng danh xng "Con Ngi" trong 3 cch khc nhau:
1. Lin quan n chc v ca Ngi trn t
1 8:20
2 9:6
3 11:19
4 16:13
5 Lu 19:10
6 22:48
2. Khi d ngn v s kh hnh ca Ngi.
1 Mat 12:40
2 17:9,22
3 20:18
3. Trong s ging dy v s ti lm ca Ngi.
1 Mat 13:41
2 24:27,30
 3 25:31
4 Lu 18:8
5 21:6
Stevenson cho l c mt ngha c bit vi danh xng "Con Ngi" v y l tn gi m Cha
chng ta thng dng ch v chnh Ngi. Trong Tn c ngoi Ngi ra khng ai ni n danh ny.
Ngoi tr lc nhng k cht vn trch li ca Ngi (Gi 12:34) v trong trng hp li reo ca tin
lc ng tun o. "Ny ta thy cc tng tri m ra v con ngi ng bn hu ca c Cha Tri"
(Cong 7:56). R rng chnh l danh xng ca ng Msi nh ngi Do Thi tha nhn" (Gi
12:34) 33/120.
Kreyssler v Scheffrahn vit rng: "R rng Cha Jesus tin rng chnh Ngi l s ng nghim ca
cc li tin tri trong Cu c ni v ng Msi. Ni v Chnh mnh, Ngi vn c dng danh xng "Con
Ngi" theo nh trong khi tng ca anin" (Da 7:13-14) 30/9-10.
Trong Mac 14:61-64 Cha Jesus dng Da 7:13-14 v Thi 10:1 ni v chnh Ngi l nhng g
s din ra trc mt h.
C.G. Montefiore ni thm rng: "Nu Cha Jesus ni nhng li ny th chng ta kh c th ngh
rng Ngi phn bit gia chnh Ngi, Con Ngi, v ng Msi. Con ngi chc chn l ng Msi v
c hai chc chn l chnh Ngi" 20/361.
Montefiore li tip tc trch li ca gio s Peak: "Mc d c cch dng phc tp ca ch con
ngi cng vi ngi th nht s t th cng tht kh chng li kt lun rng trong mch vn ny Cha
Jesus c ng ha c hai. Trong cng mt lc chc chn l Ngi khng th va xc nhn s ng
nht ca Ngi vi ng Msi va c ng ni n s khc bit ca Ngi vi con ngi l tng ng
vi ng Msi. Nhng r rng l Cha Jesus mun ni rng c hai danh xng u c ng nghim
trong Ngi. Ngi va l ng Msi va l Ti t ca ng Giav" (Messiah and The Son of Man (1924)
trang 26). 20/302.
4B. Aba - Cha.
Michael Green, trong quyn sch ca ng l Runaway World (Do nh xut bn Inter-Varsity cho
php s dng, Downers Grove, III.), vit rng ng Christ "khng nh rng Ngi c mi quan h vi
c Cha Tri m trc cha c ai tng tuyn b nh vy. iu ny xut pht t ch Aba, ting
Aram m Cha Jesus rt thch dng, c bit trong s cu nguyn. Trc Ngi, trong c lch s ca dn
Israel, khng ai xng vi c Cha Tri bng t ny. l mt t thn thuc c tnh cht gia nh
m con ci thng dng khi ni v b. Tht vy ngi Do Thi thng hay cu nguyn vi c Cha
Tri l Cha nhng h dng t Abhinu, mt hnh thc xng h m c bit l cu xin c Cha Tri
thng xt v tha th. Trong li xng h ca Cha Jesus l Aba th khng c ngha l cu xin c Cha
Tri thng xt. l mt t thn thuc ch s rt thn mt. l l do v sao Ngi phn bit
gia mi quan h ca Ngi vi c Cha Tri l Cha v mi quan h ca nhng ngi khc vi c
Cha Tri" 9/99,100.
Tht l th v ngay c avt, c s gn gi vi Cha, nhng ng khng gi c Cha Tri l Cha
m ni "khc no Cha... vy" (103:13).
Trong khi cu nguyn, ng Christ thng dng t "Cha". "D nhin l nhng ngi Pharisi
nhn ra ngha ca t v h buc ti Ngi l lng ngn (Gi 5:18)" ... Nhng gi c Cha Tri l
Cha th Ngi t lm cho mnh ngang bng vi c Cha Tri". V tht vy nu Ngi khng bnh ng
vi c Cha Tri th nhng li ca Ngi l lng ngn" 33/97.
BA S LA CHN: CHA, K GI DI HAY K IN KHNG?
1A. CU HI: C CHA JESUS CHRIST L AI?
c Cha Jesus xem vn con ngi tin Ngi l ai l mt iu quan trng c bn. C.S. Lewis, l
gio s i hc Cambridge v tng l ngi theo thuyt bt kh tri, vit rng: " y ti ang
c ngn cn bt k ai ni mt iu ngu xun rng: ngi ta thng ni: "Ti sn sng chp nhn Cha
Jesus l mt gio s o c ln nhng ti khng chp nhn nhng li xc nhn ca Ngi l c Cha
Tri". l iu chng ta khng c ni. Mt ngi m ch l mt con ngi li ni nhng iu nh
Cha Jesus ni th ngi khng phi l mt gio s o c v i. Hoc ng ta l mt thng in
- cng nh mt k ni hn l mt qu trng chn nc si - hoc hn ta l mt con qu. Bn phi la
chn ly. Hoc ngi ny l, ang l Con ca c Cha Tri hoc l mt ngi in hay iu g
tht ti t". 41/40-41.
Di y l phn phc ha i cng gip bn s dng chng ny:
1A. CHA JESUS XC NHN NGI L C CHA TRI (Xem chng 6)
2A. BA IU LA CHN
1B. C phi ngi l k ni di?
2B. C phi Ngi l ngi in?
3B. C phi Ngi l c Cha Tri?
C.S. Lewis ni thm rng: "Bn c th nht Ngi v di dt, bn c th ph bng v git Ngi nh
mt ngi hung c hoc bn c th qu di chn Ngi v gi Ngi l Cha v c Cha Tri, nhng
chng ta ng c mt suy ngh di dt cao ngo v thn v ca ngi, xem Ngi l mt gio s phn nn
v i. Ngi khng iu li cho chng ta. Ngi khng c nh lm nh vy" 41/40-41.
F.J. Hort vit: "Nhng li ni ca Ngi l hon ton ni v chnh Ngi n ni nhng li ni
khng c ngha nh nhng li tru tng v l tht; nh nhng sm ngn hay li tin tri thin
thng. Ly Ngi, l ch chnh (d khng phi l ch ln nht), ra khi cc cu ni th chng s
vn ra tng mnh" 39/207.
Theo li ca Kenneth Scott Latourette (trong quyn The History of Christianity, Harper v Row),
s gia ni ting v C c gio ca i hc Yale, rng: "Khng phi nhng s ging ca Cha Jesus lm
cho Ngi tr nn phi thng mc d nhng li ny lm cho Ngi tr nn ng trng vng. C
mt s kt hp gia s ging dy ca Ngi v chnh ngi. Hai iu ny khng th tch ri..." 40/44.
"i vi nhng ngi c cc sch tin lnh m c suy ngh th iu r rng l Cha Jesus xem
chnh ngi v s ip ca Ngi l khng th tch ri. Ngi l mt gio s ln nhng cn hn na. S
ging dy ca Ngi v nc c Cha Tri, v cch c x ca con ngi v v c Cha Tri u rt
quan trng, nhng nhng s ging dy khng th tch khi Ngi, khng th tch khi quan im
ca ngi m li khng b b i" 40/48.
2A. CHA JESUS CHRIST C PHI L C CHA TRI KHNG?
Cha Jesus xc nhn Ngi l c Cha Tri. Ngi khng li mt s la chn no khc. Li xc
nhn l c Cha Tri ca Ngi hoc ng hoc sai v l mt iu c xem l cc k quan trng. cu
Cha Jesus hi cc mn "Cn cc ngi ni ta l ai?" (Mac 8:29) cng l cu hi cho chng ta ngy
nay.
Li xc nhn l c Cha Tri ca Cha Jesus hoc ng hoc sai. Nu li xc nhn ca Cha Jesus
l ng th Ngi l Cha v chng ta hoc chp nhn hoc phn i uy quyn ca Ngi. Chng ta "khng
c l do bo cha."
Trc ht cho rng li xc nhn l c Cha Tri ca Ngi l sai th chng ta c 2 v ch c 2 s
la chn. Hoc Ngi bit iu l gi di hoc Ngi khng bit iu l gi di. Chng ta s xem xt
tng iu ring bit v kim tra bng chng.
3A. C PHI NGI L MT K NI DI?
Nu lc Cha Jesus xc nhn m Ngi bit Ngi khng phi l c Cha Tri th Ngi l k ni di.
Nhng nu Ngi l mt k ni di th Ngi cng l k o c gi v Ngi bo ngi khc phi lng
thin d c nh th no trong khi chnh Ngi ging dy v sng nh mt ngi gi di khng l.
V hn ht c l Ngi l mt k hung c v Ngi bo ngi khc tin Ngi c s sng i i. Nu
Ngi khng th rt li nhng li xc nhn ca Ngi v bit iu th Ngi l mt k gian c khng th
ni c.
Cui cng Ngi cng l mt k di dt v chnh li xc nhn l c Cha Tri ca Ngi a Ngi
n ch chu nhc hnh.
 14:61-64.
"Nhng c Cha Jesus lm thinh khng tr li chi ht. Thy c thng phm li hi: y chnh
ngi l ng Christ, Con c Cha Tri ng ngi khen phi khng? c Cha Jesus phn rng Ta
chnh phi , cc ngi s thy con ngi ngi bn hu quyn php c Cha Tri v ng gia m
my trn tri m xung. By gi thy c thng phm x o mnh ra m rng: Chng ta c cn kim
chng c khc na lm chi? Cc ngi c nghe li lng ngn chng? Cc ngi ngh th no: Ai ny
u on Ngi ng cht"
Gi 19:7
"Dn Giua li ni rng: Chng ti c lut, chiu lut hn phi cht v hn t xng l Con c
Cha Tri".
J.S. Mill, mt trit gia, mt ngi hoi nghi v phn i C c gio (Veron C. Grounds trch dn
trong quyn Reason for our hope, nh xut bn Moody, 1945) vit: "V i sng v nhng li ni ca
Cha Jesus, nu chng ta b qua s trng ch v ch vo vic tm kim s ng n ca khoa hc, lnh
vc m ngi ta ch nhm n mt iu g , nu chng ta khng k n vic tin vo s cm ng ca
Ngi v tin vo loi ngi thng minh tuyt im m chng ta thng khoe khoang th c mt nt c
o c nhn cng vi mt s su sc bn trong. Khi thin ti u t ny c kt hp vi nhng phm
cht c l l ca nhng nh sng lp o c v i nht v ngi tun o v s mnh, nhng ngi
tng sng trn tri t ny th khng th xem tn gio c s la chn qu ti khi a con ngi
ny ra lm mt i biu l tng v k hng dn nhn loi, cho n by gi cng khng phi d,
ngay c i vi nhng k v tin, tm thy mt bn dch v nguyn tc c hnh t tru tng sang c
th tt hn l s c gng sng ng Christ hi lng v i sng chng ta" 38/34.
William Lecky, mt trong nhng s gia ni ting nht ca Anh quc v l mt i th cung nhit
ca C c gio vit trong cun History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne rng
"Chnh C c gio tin c cho th gii ny mt nhn vt c bit m tri qua sut nhng i thay
ca 18 th k, nhn vt truyn vo tm lng con ngi mt tnh yu mnh lit, t t ra l c
kh nng nh hng n mi thi i, mi dn tc, mi tnh kh v mi hon cnh, khng nhng l mt
khun mu ao c cao c nht m cn l mt ng c mnh m nht hnh ng... S ghi li n s
v 3 nm ngn ngi ca cuc i nng ng ny ci to v lm mm lng nhn loi hn tt c cc
din vn di dng ca nhng trit gia v nhng li khuyn gii ca cc nh o c" 45/8; 38/34.
Philip Schaff, s gia C c (trong cun History of the Christian Church, William B. Eerdmans, ti
bn 1962) ni "Chng c ny, nu khng tht, th qu l mt s lng ngn v in lon. Gi thuyt
ny khng th ng vng cht no trc s thnh thin v phm cch o c ca Cha Jesus, c
by t trong mi li ni v cng vic ca Ngi v c mi ngi ng chp nhn. Trong mt vn
qu quan trng cng vi mt kh nng hiu bit trong tt c cc lnh vc th s t di mnh l iu
khng nn bn n. Lm th no m Ngi, mt ngi m tm tr chng bao gi mt qun bnh, mt
ngi bnh thn vt qua tt c tr ngi v s bt b nh mt tri vt trn nhng m my, mt
ngi lun bin nhng cu tr li khn ngoan nht thnh nhng cu hi y li cun, mt ngi
bnh thn, th thi bo trc v s cht ca mnh trn thp t, sng li vo ngy th 3, s ra ca
c Thnh Linh, s thnh lp Hi Thnh, s hy dit ca thnh Girusalem, nhng li tin tri c
ng nghim, li l mt k cung nhit v l mt k in? Mt con ngi qu c o, qu trn vn, qu
vng vng, rt tuyt vi, rt phm nhn nhng li vt ln cao hn tt c nhng s v i ca phm
nhn th khng th no l gian ln hay l iu h cu. Nh ngi ta ni, trong trng hp ny mt
thi s li v i hn mt ngi anh hng. Cn c hn mt Jesus h cu nn mt Jesus" 43/109.
Mt khc Schaff (trong quyn The Person of Christ) a ra mt chng c ng tin cy: "Gi
thuyt v s gi di ca Cha gy mt s phn n i vi lnh vc o c cng nh i vi lng tri.
Ch vi li tuyn b thi cng chnh l s trng pht ca n ri. Ngi Do Thi, nhng k ng
inh Cha Jesus trn cy thp t, ba ra gi thuyt ny che y s gian c ca h, nhng gi
thuyt chng bao gi c thc hin mt cch nghim tc c v khng mt hc gi ng n, bit
t trng n o li dm cng khai tuyn b iu . Theo s logic, lng tri v kinh nghim, lm th no
m mt k la di - mt con ngi di tr, ch k v sa a - li c th h cu v duy tr lu di t u
cho n cui, mt nhn cch thnh khit nht, cao qu nht c lch s bit n vi thi ng n
v chn tht nht? Lm th no m con ngi y li c th t ra v thc hin mt cch thnh cng
mt k hoch v s nhn t, o c, s cao c v song v hy sinh cuc i mnh cho iu ,
i din vi nhng mi th ght ln nht ca dn tc Ngi v mi thi i" 44/94-95.
Ngi no sng cuc i nh Cha Jesus sng, ging nh Cha ging v cht nh Cha
cht th ngi khng th no l mt k gi di. Cn g phi la chn na".
4A. L K IN?
Nu ni rng Cha Jesus l k ni di l iu khng th no chp nhn c th vic Ngi t cho
mnh l c Cha Tri khng c g sai lm khng? Xt cho cng u c th va ng li va sai.
Nhng chng ta phi nh rng vi mt ai m ngh rng h l c Cha Tri, c bit l trong mt
nn vn ha c ch c thn cht ch, v ri li ni vi k khc rng s phn ca h ty thuc vo
vic phi tin ngi y th khng nhng ngi ny c mt c tng tng qui d m cn l tng
ca mt k in. C phi Cha Jesus l con ngi nh th?
C.S. Lewis (trong quyn Miracles A Preliminary Study, Macmillan Co.) vit: "S tr ngi ca lch
s v vic a ra bt k s gii thch no v i sng, li ni v nh hng ca Cha Jesus, m s gii
thch th cng khng vng vng hn s gii thch ca C c gio th s tr ngi l rt ln. S
bt tng ng gia s cht, s ng mc trong li ging dy o c ca Ngi vi s khoa i n sau
s ging dy thn hc ca Ngi tr khi Ngi tht l c Cha Tri th s bt tng ng chng bao
gi c gii thch mt cch tha ng. Do cc gi thuyt phi C c gio c ln lt pht trin
trong s hoang mang khng ngng." 42/113.
Napoleon, mt ngi ni ting l c hiu bit ni: "Ti bit con ngi v ti xin ni vi bn
rng Cha Jesus Christ khng phi l con ngi. Nhng hiu bit nng cn ch thy rng ng Christ
cng ging nh nhng nh sng lp quc hoc nhng v thn ca nhng tn gio khc. Khng c
mt s ging nhau nh vy. C mt khong cch v tn gia C c gio vi bt k mt tn gio no.
Mi s trong ng Christ u lm ti kinh ngc. Tinh thn ca Ngi lm ti knh n v ch ca Ngi
lm cho ti ngc nhin. Khng th c mt s so snh no gia Ngi vi bt k ngi no trn th gii
ny. Qu tht chnh Ngi l mt thn v. T tng v n ca Ngi, l tht m Ngi rao truyn, tnh
cch thuyt phc ca Ngi u khng th gii thch c bng t chc phm nhn hay bn cht ca s
vic. Cng tm hiu, ti cng cn thn xem xt, mi s u vt qu sc ti - mi s vn cn qu to tt,
qu hng v lm cho ti phi m mn. Tn gio ca Ngi l mt s khi th n t mt tr tu m chc
chn khng phi l tr tu ca loi ngi. Chc chn ngoi Ngi ra, ngi ta khng th tm thy u
mt mu mc cho i sng ca h. Ti tm kim mt cch tuyt vng trong lch s mt k ging
nh Cha Jesus Christ hoc bt k iu g gn ng vi cc chn l ca tin lnh. Lch s, nhn loi, cc
thi i, thin nhin, khng g c th cung cp cho ti bt k iu g m lm cho ti c th so snh hoc
gii thch n c. y mi s u qu phi thng" (Vernon C. Grounds trch dn quyn The Reason
for Our Hope, Nh xut bn Moody).
Ngay c Channing, ngi theo thuyt nht th, ni v thuyt k in ny rng: "Li co buc v
s nhit tnh gi di, ngng cung l li buc ti cui cng m ngi ta gn cho Cha Jesus. Trong lch
s, chng ta c th tm thy u nhng du chng ? Chng ta c nhn ra iu qua uy quyn n
du trong nhng s ging dy ca Ngi khng? Trong tinh thn tt, thc t v mm mi ca tn gio
ca Ngi, trong ngn ng lu lot, gin d Ngi by t quyn nng cao c ca Ngi v chn l cao
siu ca tn gio Ngi, hoc vi kh nng phn on tt, vi mt s hiu bit v bn cht con ngi m
Ngi lun bc l ra trong s nh gi v cch c x ca Ngi vi mi tng lp ngi khc nhau? Chng
ta c thy s st sng ny trong s kin k l ny l: trong khi Ngi ni n quyn nng trong th gii
tng lai v trong khi Ngi hng tng ca con ngi v nc thin ng th Ngi chng bao gi
a ra nhng bc tranh sinh ng hay nhng m t cn k v nhng iu khng nhn thy lm tha
mn s tng tng ca Ngi hoc kch thch s tng tng ca cc mn . Tht vy ngi ta
thy c tnh cch phi thng ca Cha Jesus khng g hn l s thanh thn v bnh tnh. Tnh cch
ny bao trm ht nhng c im ni bt khc ca Ngi. Lng st sng v o ca Ngi im tnh lm
sao! Nu c th c, bn hy ch cho ti mt li ni si ni, mnh m v nhng cm ngh tn gio ca
Ngi. C phi li cu nguyn ca Cha truyn ban mt s si ni cung nhit khng?... Cng vy, lng
nhn t ca Ngi, d c ng mc v su sc mt cch l thng m vn im tnh v trm lng. Trong
s cm thng vi ngi khc, Ngi chng h nh mt s t ch, cng chng bao gi vi thc hin
nhng hnh ng nhn c cung nhit hp tp vi vng, nhng lm vic thin vi s lng l, s kin
nhn m c Cha Tri va gip" (P. Schaff trch dn) 44/98,99.
 Philip Schaff, mt s gia, vit: "C phi mt con ngi ti tr nh th - trong sng nh bu tri,
ti mt nh kh tri min ni, sc so nh li gm, ht sc khe mnh v cng trng, lun lun
sn lng v lun lun im tnh - li c th l cn nguyn v l s la di nghim trng nht v t cch
v chc v ca Ngi? Tht l mt s suy tng l bch!" 44/97,98.
5A. L CHA
Vic bn xc nh Cha Jesus Christ l ai khng phi l mt s vn dng tr c mt cch v ch. Bn
khng th t Ngi trn k nh mt gio s o c ln. khng phi l mt s chn la c gi tr.
Hoc Ngi l mt k ni di, mt k in hay l Cha, bn phi chn mt. "Nhng", nh s Ging
vit "Cc vic ny chp cho cc ngi tin rng c Cha Jesus l ng Christ con ca c Cha
Tri" v quan trng hn l " khi cc ngi tin th nh danh Ngi m c s sng".
Trong vic ng h Jesus l Cha th chng c r rng. Tuy nhin mt s ngi chi b nhng
chng c r rng . Nhng trn ht cn phi c mt s trung thc v o c cho rng Cha Jesus
l k di tr, k in lon hay l Cha v c Cha Tri.
SCH THAM KHO
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B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1971. Used by permission
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Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas,Texes,Jan. 1948.
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Washburn Ltd., 1924.
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permission .
10. Greenleaf, Simon. The Testimony of the Evangelists. Grand rapids: Baker Book House, 1965.
11. Hobbs, Herschel. An Exposition of the Gospel of Luke. Gggrand Rapids:Barker Book House,
1966.
12. Jefferson, Charles Edward. The Character of Jesus. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1908.
Copyright renewed by Charles E. jefferson, 1936. By permission of the publisher.
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Commentary. Compiled by Raymond E. Brown. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1968.
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of the publisher.
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S PHC SINH: MT TR LA BP HAY MT S KIN LCH S?
 Sau hn 700 gi nghin cu v xem xt t m nn tng ca vn ny, ti i n kt lun rng
s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ l mt trong "nhng tr la bp gian c, nhn tm, i bi nht nhi
nht vo t tng con ngi hoc l mt s kin v i nht trong lch s".
Cha Jesus c 3 iu c bn: (1) Tm nh hng ca cuc i Ngi i vi lch s (2) Nhng li
tin tri c ng nghim qua cuc i ca Ngi (3) S phc sinh ca Ngi. S phc sinh ca c Cha
Jesus Christ v C c gio c quan h ln nhau. Mt sinh vin i hc Uruguay ni vi ti: "Tha
Gio s McDowell! v sao gio s khng th b bc c C c gio?". Ti tr li "L do rt n gin
l v ti khng th gii thch c mt s kin trong lch s". l s phc sinh ca c Cha Jesus
Christ".
TNG THUT V S PHC SINH TRONG MATHI 28:1-11
(Cng xem Mc 16, Luca 24, Ging 20-21)
1. Sau ngy Sa bt, rng sng ca ngy th nht trong tun l, c Mari Malen v Mari khc n
thm m. 2. V ny, mt trn ng t ln xy ra, v mt Thin s ca Cha trn tri xung, n ln
tng v ngi trn. 3. Hnh dng ca Thin s ging nh chp nhng v o trng nh tuyt. 4. V
nhng lnh canh run ry v s Thin s, tr nn nh ngi cht. 5. Song Thin s ni cng nhng ngi
n b rng: " ng s, v ta bit cc ngi ang tm Jesus, ng b ng inh trn thp t gi". 6.
Ngi khng y u, Ngi sng li ri, nh li Ngi phn. Hy n xem ch Ngi nm. 7. V hy
i mau ni cho mn Ngi hay rng Ngi i trc cc ngi qua Galil cc ngi s thy Ngi. y,
ta bo cc ngi". 8. Hai ngi n b bn vi vng ra khi m, va s va c mng, chy bo tin
cho cc mn . 9. Ny c Cha Jesus gp hai ngi n b v cho mng h.H chy n m chn
Ngi v th li Ngi. 10. c Cha Jesus bn phn rng: " ng s chi c, hy i bo cho anh em ta i
qua x Galil, s thy ta. 11. Trong khi hai ngi n b i ng, th c my tn lnh canh vo
thnh thut li cho cc thy t l c bit mi vic xy n.
(Theo bn New American Standard)
Di y l phn i cng bn d s dng chng ny:
1A. TM QUAN TRNG CA S PHC SINH.
2A. NHNG LI XC NHN CA NG CHRIST RNG NGI S T K CHT SNG LI
3A. S THM D LCH S
1B. Mt s kin c khng gian - thi gian
2B. Li chng ca lch s v lut php
3B. Li chng ca cc gio ph Hi Thnh u tin.
4A. QUANG CNH CA S PHC SINH
1B. Cha Jesus cht
2B. Ngi m
3B. S mai tng
4B. Tng
5B. Du nim phong
6B. Lnh gc
7B. Cc mn
8B. S hin ra sau khi phc sinh
1A. TM QUAN TRNG V S PHC SINH CA NG CHRIST
Ngoi tr bn tn gio ln trn th gii, hu ht cc tn gio khc u t nn tng trn nhng l
lun trit hc. Trong s bn tn gio t nn tng trn nhng c nhn hn l trn mt h thng trit l
; th ch c C c gio a ra ngi m trng lm nn tng. praham, t ph ca Do Thi Gio, qua
i vo khong nm 1900 tr.CN, nhng ngi ta khng h xc nhn rng ng phc sinh.
 Wilbur M.Smith pht biu trong quyn Therefore Stand (Nh sch Baker, 1965, cho php s dng)
rng "Cha h c mt ti liu c no v Pht Thch Ca, ni rng ng phc sinh. Tht vy trong nhng
vn bn c nht v ci cht ca ng, gi l Mahaparinibbana Sutla, chng ta thy rng khi Pht Thch
Ca qua i th "hon ton qua i ht, chng c g cn li c" 58/385.
Gio s Childers (c trch trong Samuel H. Kellog: "The Light of Asia and the Light of the
World") ni rng: "(Theo nh ti bit trong Kinh Pali), th khng c ch no trong Kinh Pali hay trong
nhng bi tng thut v Thch Ca Mu Ni l ng sng li sau khi cht v hin ra cho cc mn ".
Mohammed qua i vo ngy 8 thng 6 nm 632 sau CN, vo tui 64, ti Mediana, ni m hng
nm c hng ngn ngi Hi Gio m o n ving m ng. Hng triu triu ngi Do Thi, Pht gio
v Hi gio u cho rng nhng nh sng lp tn gio ca h cha h thot ra khi bi t m phc
sinh" 58/385.
Theodosus Harnack ni rng: "Theo ti, lp trng ca bn v s phc sinh nh th no th thn
hc C c s cn hay mt. Vi ti, C c gio ng hay ng ty thuc vo vn phc sinh" 58/437.
(Do W.J. Sparrow - Simpson trch dn, "Adolf Harnack" trong Hibbert Journal, thng 4, 1938, trang
396).
Gio s William Milligan (trong quyn The Resurrection of Our Lord, Macmillan Co., 1927) vit:
"Khi ni n chng c r rng v s phc sinh ca Cha chng ta th cn phi nhn mnh rng, nu
chng c l ng th n s ph hp vi tt c nhng s kin khc v lch s ca Ngi" 41/71.
Wilbur M. Smith kt lun: "Vi mt s r rng, chi tit nu Cha chng ta thng ni rng sau khi
Ngi ln Girusalem, Ngi s chu cht, nhng n ngy th ba, t m m Ngi s sng li, v iu tin
tri ny xy ra, th i vi ti, nhng iu khc m Cha chng ta ni cng phi ng s tht"
58/419.
V iu ny, W.J. Sparrow-Simpson (trong quyn The Resurrection and Modern Thought, trang
287, 288) ni thm rng: "Nu ngi ta hi rng lm th no m s phc sinh ca ng Christ li l
bng chng cho rng Ngi l Con ca c Cha Tri, th c th tr li rng, trc ht Ngi sng li
bi chnh quyn nng ca Ngi. Ngi c quyn ph chnh s sng mnh th Ngi cng c quyn ly n
li (Gi 10:18). iu ny cng khng mu thun g vi iu c ging dy trong nhng on khc rng
Ngi sng li bi quyn nng ca Cha, bi v iu g Cha lm th Con cng lm ging nh vy. S
sng to, cc cng vic bn ngoi khc u c gn cho Cha, Con v Thnh Linh nh nhau. Cn iu
th hai l, nh Ngi tng tuyn b cng khai l Con ca c Cha Tri th vic Ngi t k cht sng
li l mt du n ca c Cha Tri xc nhn cho l tht c tuyn b . Nu Ngi c di
quyn lc ca s cht th chng t rng c Cha Tri khng chp nhn li tuyn b Ngi l Con
ca c Cha Tri, nhng khi Ngi t k cht sng li th c Cha Tri cng khai xc nhn rng
"Ngi l con ca ta, ngy nay ta tuyn b vi con nh vy". 58/583; 59/287,288.
Cng vy, bi ging ca Phier vo ngy l Ng tun cho rng "mi s u t nn tng trn s
phc sinh. Khng phi s phc sinh l vn chnh nhng nu gio l ny b ly i th khng c gio l
no cn tn ti. V s phc sinh l s chng thc cho:
(1) Gii thch s cht ca Cha Jesus,
(2) c d ngn nh l mt tng tri ca ng Msi,
(3) c cc mn chng kin,
(4) Nguyn nhn s ra ca Thnh Linh, do , gii thch cho hin tng tn gio ny, nu
khng th khng th no l gii c.
(5) Xc nhn a v Msi v a v lm vua ca Jesus, ngi Naxart. Do ton b nhng l l v
kt lun u ty thuc hon ton vo s phc sinh. Khng c s phc sinh th a v Msi v a v lm
vua ca Cha Jesus khng th c thit lp c sc thuyt phc c. Khng c s phc sinh, th s
ra mi m ca Thnh Linh s l mt b n khng gii thch c. Khng c s phc sinh th tnh cht
chc chn ca s chng kin ca cc mn s mt i. Tt c nhng g cn li v s dy d ny nm
trong s m t v ng Msi trong Thi Thin 16, mt s m t v kinh nghim tng lai ca ng
Msi, ng cha hin ra. S xc nhn v thn tnh ca Cha Jesus cn c xc thc qua nhng cng
vic ca Ngi, nhng s xc nhn v thn tnh ny ch dnh ring cho cuc i ca Ngi, mt cuc i
 kt thc nh cuc i ca mt tin tri b dn tc buc ti. Do bi ging u tin ca C c
gio c t nn tng trn a v ca Cha Jesus, m a v , c s phc sinh ca Ngi xc quyt
cho" 58/230.
Ngay c Adolf Harnack, ngi bc b nim tin ca Hi Thnh vo s phc sinh, cng phi nhn
nhn rng "Nim tin vng chc ca cc mn ni Jesus n su vo trong nim tin rng Ngi khng
lun trong s cht nhng s sng li bi c Cha Tri. Theo nh nhng g h bit ni Ngi, th
vic Ngi sng li l chc chn ch sau khi h trng thy Ngi, chc chn nh vic Ngi cht v
iu tr thnh ch chnh khi h rao ging v Ngi" (History of Dogma, chng II) 15/3.
H.P. Liddon (trong Sermons, Contemporary Pulpit Library, New York, 1888 trong 73) ni rng:
"Nim tin vo s phc sinh l vin gc ca ci khung c tin C c v khi vin b di i th
tt c phi b nt" 58/577.
S phc sinh ca ng Christ lun lun l gio l trng tm ca Hi Thnh. Nh Wilbur Smith
ni: "T nhng ngy u tin trong sinh hot Hi Thnh, Hi Thnh C c ly s phc sinh ca
ng Christ lm bng chng cho c tin ca h. l iu m chng ta c th xem l mt trong nhng
gio l v s tin quyt c bn nht ca Hi Thnh, thu sut cc tc phm Tn c, n ni nu bn ly
i nhng on c ni v s phc sinh, th bn s c mt b su tp cc tc phm b ct xn n ni
nhng g cn li khng th no hiu c. S phc sinh thm su vo i sng ca cc C c nhn
u tin. iu ny th hin trn nhng ngi m ca h, trong nhng bc v c tm thy trn nhng
bc tng trong cc hm m. N n su vo nhng bi Thnh ca ca C c gio. N tr thnh mt
trong nhng ti quan trng nht ca nhng tc phm bin gii ln trong 4 th k u tin. N l ch
thng xuyn xut hin trong s ging dy vo giai on trc v sau Nicene. N nhanh chng
c a vo trong tn iu ca Hi Thnh. Trong bi Tn iu cc S ca chng ta, n c trong tt
c cc tn iu ln km theo.
"Tt c chng c ca Tn c by t rng iu ch yu ca Tin lnh khng phi l "bn hy c sc
theo ngi Thy ny" nhng l "Cha Jesus v s phc sinh". Bn khng th no ly iu i m li
khng lm thay i nhanh chng c tnh ca Kinh Thnh v ph hy nt c sc ca Kinh Thnh"
58/369-370.
Gio s Milligan ni: "Hnh nh t bnh minh ca lch s C c gio, h khng ch tin vo s phc
sinh ca Cha h m nim tin cn tr thnh iu gn cht vo s tn ti ca h" 41/70.
W. Robertson Nicoll (trong The Church's One Foundation, New York, 1902 trang 150) trch
Pressens khi ni rng: "Ngi m trng ca Cha Jesus Christ l ci ni ca Hi Thnh..." 58/580.
W.J.Sparrow-Simpson ni: "Nu s phc sinh khng phi l mt s kin lch s th quyn lc ca
s cht vn cha b ph v, v nh vy th nh hng ca ti li v ngha s cht ca ng Christ vn
cn l iu khng c gi tr, theo , tn vn cn trong ti li ca h, a v m h trc khi
h c nghe n Danh Cha Jesus". 17/514.
Trong tc phm The Gospel of a Risen Saviour (Edinburgh, 1892, trang 32), R. M'cheyne Edgar
ni: "y l mt v gio s tn gio v sau khi b git i, Ngi t m m sng li chng t Ngi
c kh nng xc quyt nhng g Ngi tuyn b. Chng ta c th ni rng, chc chn t xa n nay
cha h c ai thc hin c mt k hoch nh vy. Ni n cuc trc nghim c bit do nhng nh
nghin cu li tin tri thn b pht minh ra v lng vo trong s tng thut ca cc sch Phc m
th li qu sc so vi nim tin ca chng ta. Ai c kh nng ra khi m m ng trc mt chng
ta lm ngi c o nht trong tt c cc gio s, th ngi t chng t mnh mt cch sng chi"
58/364.
on trch sau c tm thy trong Dictionary of the Apostolic Church:
"D.F. Strauss, trong nhng li ph bnh anh thp, cng rn nht ca b v vn phc sinh,
phi tha nhn rng, s phc sinh "khng ch l mt s th nghim cho chnh cuc i ca Cha Jesus
m cn cho chnh C c gio"; v s phc sinh "n su vo C c gio n tn xng ty", v "l
yu t quyt nh cho ton b quan im ca C c gio" (New Life of Jesus, quyn 2, London, 1865,
i.41, 397). Nu iu ny tiu tan th tt c nhng g quan trng, ch yu trong C c gio cng tiu
tan, nu n cn tn ti, mi iu khc cn tn ti. V vy, tri qua nhiu th k, k t thi Celsus tr i,
s phc sinh l trng im ca cc cuc tn cng vo c tin ca C c gio" 16/330.
 Cng nh B.B. Warfield pht biu (trong The Person and Work of Christ, trang 537): "Chnh
ng Christ t nhng li xc nhn ca Ngi con ngi tin cy vo s phc sinh ca Ngi. Khi
c ngi ta yu cu mt du l, Ngi ch du l ny lm s chng thc duy nht v y "
1/103.
Ernest Kevan ni n mt nh thn hc ni ting ngi Thy S l Frederik Godet rng: "Trong
quyn Lectures in Defence of the Christian Faith ca ng y (1883, trang 41), ng ni n tm quan
trng v s phc sinh ca Christ v ch ra rng chnh l mt php l, v ch ring iu y thi th
Cha Jesus Christ cng c li chng cho s xc nhn v uy quyn ca Ngi" 30/3.
Michael Green (trong tc phm Man Alive, c Intervarsity Press cho php s dng, Downers
Grove III) nu r rng: "C c gio khng xem s phc sinh l mt trong s nhiu gio l c tin.
Khng c nim tin s phc sinh th khng c C c gio. Hi Thnh C c l ra khng bao gi
khai sinh c. Phong tro v Cha Jesus l ra tht bi ging nh mt ngi n b m lc Cha Jesus
b hnh hnh. C c gio ng hay ng ty thuc vo l tht v s phc sinh. Mt khi bc b iu
, th bn cng vt b lun c C c gio.
C c gio l mt tn gio c tnh lch s? Tn gio ny ni rng Thng t em mnh vo
lch s nhn loi v s kin ny vn cn bn kim tra vi tt c s nghim tc nht. Nhng s
kin vn ng vng vi bao s nghin cu, xem xt ca ch ngha ph bnh..." 22/61.
John Locke, mt trit gia ni ting ngi Anh ni v s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ rng:
"S phc sinh ca Cu Cha chng ta... tht s l mt s quan trng ln trong C c gio ln lao n
ni m Ngi c phi l ng Msi hay khng s ty thuc vo iu . Do 2 iu quan trng ny
khng th tch ri nhau v thc t ch l mt. T , tin mt iu l bn tin c hai, v nu t chi
mt trong hai iu th bn khng tin g c" 58/423.
Nh Phillip Schaff, mt s gia Hi Thnh (Trong quyn History of The Christian Church, c nh
xut bn Won. B. Eerdmans cho php s dng), kt lun rng: "R rng, s phc sinh ca Cha
Jesus Christ l mt vn trc nghim m chn l hay s gi di ca C c gio t nn tng trn
. Hoc iu ny l mt php l v i nht, hoc l mt s la bp v i nht m lch s li"
54/173.
Wilbur Smith, mt hc gi v gio s ni ting, ni rng: "Cha tng c mt v kh no c
to nn v... s khng c mt v kh no c to nn hy ph ni nim tin quyt c c s v s
kin c d ngn v c tnh cch lch s ny. S phc sinh ca ng Christ chnh l thnh ly ca
c tin C c. y l gio l lm o ln c th gii vo th k u tin, nng C c gio ln
trn c Do Thi gio v nhng tn gio a thn khu vc a Trung Hi. Nu iu ny khng c, th
hu nh mi iu quan trng ch yu khc trong Phc m ca c Cha Jesus Christ s l: "Nu ng
Christ khng sng li c tin anh em l v ch" (ICo 15:17) 57/22. ("Scientists and the Resurrection",
Christianity Today, 15/4/1957).
2A. NHNG LI XC QUYT CA NG CHRIST RNG NGI S T K CHT SNG LI
1B. Tm quan trng ca nhng li xc quyt
Wilbur Smith (trong tc phm A Great Certainty in This Hour of World crisis, nh xut bn Van
Kampen, 1951) khng nh rng:
"Trong s nhiu iu ng ch , chnh Jesus ny, ng Christ, ni v lp li mt iu m, nu
tht ra t mt ngi khc th chc hn b xt x ngay tc khc, v s b xem nh l mt ngi t cao
khoc lc hoc l mt k in nguy him. Mc d nhng chi tit m Cha Jesus ni v s cht ca
Ngi trc lu, l mt s kin tin tri, th vic Ngi ln Girusalem chu cht khng phi l
mt vic ng ch . Nhng khi Ngi ni rng Ngi s t k cht sng li vo ngy th 3, sau khi Ngi
chu ng inh, th Ngi ni mt iu m ch c mt k di dt mi dm ni, nu Ngi cn hy vng
s trung thnh ca mn , tr khi Ngi bit chc rng Ngi s sng li. Khng mt nh sng lp tn
gio no trn th gii ny li dm ni mt iu ging nh vy" 55/10,11.
Christ d ngn s phc sinh ca Ngi vi mt thi khng nhm ln, r rng. Trong khi cc
mn ca Ngi khng hiu c iu th ngi Do Thi li cho rng l mt li tuyn b ht sc
nghim trng.
 V iu ny, J.N.D. Anderson (trong tc phm "The Resurrection of Jesus Christ", t Christianity
Today, ngy 29/3/1968), c nhn xt sau y:
"Cch y khng lu, nc Anh, c mt v lut s tr, hoc l mt tn gi g m bn gi cho
mt lut s x n, c tn l Frank Morison. ng y l mt ngi v tn. Tri qua nhiu nm, ng ta t
ha rng vo mt ngy no , ng s vit mt quyn sch bc b s phc sinh ln cui cng v mi
mi. Th ri ng y c c th gi rnh ri. L mt ngi chn tht, ng ta nghin cu. Cui
cng (sau khi tip nhn ng Christ), ng vit mt quyn sch ta Who moved the Stone m
bn c th mua nh mua mt quyn sch bnh thng. Khi u t vic mun xem xt c ph bnh
vn bn Kinh Thnh Tn c, ng i n kt lun rng bn c th gii thch cuc xt x v kt n
Cha Jesus ch trn nn tng l chnh Ngi bo trc s cht v s phc sinh ca Ngi" 2/9.
Smith ni thm rng: "Nu bn hoc ti ni vi mt nhm bn b no rng chng ti ngh l
vo mt lc no , bi bo lc hay theo t nhin, chng ti s qua i nhng 3 ngy sau, chng ti s
sng li. Chc chn l chng ta s b bn b a i giam gi trong nh thng in cho n khi tr c
chng ta tr li minh mn. Tht ng nh vy, v ch c mt ngi ngu ngc mi i khp ni ni rng
s t k cht sng li sau 3 ngy, ch l mt k di dt tr khi ngi y bit rng iu s xy ra v
khng mt ai trn th gii ny bit rng mnh s sng li, tr mt mnh ng Christ, con ca c Cha
Tri" 58/364.
Bernard Ramm (trong tc phm Protestant Christian Evidences, nh xut bn Moody nm 1953)
nhn xt rng: "Nu ly s ghi chp trong cc sch Phc m lm lch s ng tin cy th r rng
chnh ng Christ bo trc v s cht v s phc sinh v tuyn b iu mt cch r rng
chnh ng Christ bo trc v s cht v s phc sinh v tuyn b iu mt cch r rng cho
cc mn ca Ngi... Tc gi ca cc sch Phc m u thng thn nhn nhn rng nhng li d ngn
khng thm su vo t tng ca h cho n khi s phc sinh tr thnh s tht (Gi 20:9).
Nhng bng chng t ming ca Cha chng ta rng Ngi s t k cht sng li sau ba ngy. Ngi bo
h rng Ngi s b buc ti cht bi lng cm ght v ngy th ba Ngi s sng li. Nhng iu ny
xy ra" 51/19.
John R.W.Stott vit rng:
"Chnh Cha Jesus chng bao gi bo trc s cht ca Ngi m li khng ni thm rng Ngi s
sng li v m t s phc sinh ca Ngi nh mt "php l". Ngay u bc th Rma, Phaol vit
rng: "Bi s sng li ca Ngi t trong k cht, c t ra l Con c Cha Tri c quyn php" v
trong nhng bi ging u tin ca cc s c chp trong sch Cng v th xc quyt rng bi s
phc sinh m c Cha Tri o ngc iu tuyn n ca con ngi v bo cha cho Con ca Ngi"
60/47 (Tc phm Basic Christianity, do nh xut bn Inter-Varsity cho php s dng, Downer Grove,
III).
2B. Nhng li xc quyt do Cha Jesus a ra
Mat 12:38-4016:2117:917:22,2320:18,1926:3227:63.
Mac 8:31-9:19:109:3114:28,5810:32
Lu 9:22-27
Gi 2:19-2212:34 on 14 n 16.
Mat 16:21 "T , c Cha Jesus mi t cho mn bit rng mnh phi i n thnh
Girusalem, phi chu ti nhiu s khn kh bi nhng ngi trng lo, thy t l c cng thy
thng gio, v phi b git, n ngy th ba phi sng li"
17:9 "ang khi c Cha Jesus v mn trn ni xung th Ngi ra lnh cm rng: s cc ngi
thy ch thut li cng ai, cho n khi con ngi t k cht sng li".
17:22-23 "ang khi c Cha Jesus v mn tri qua trong x Galil, Ngi phn cng mn
rng: Con ngi s b np trong tay ngi ta. H s git Ngi nhng n ngy th ba Ngi s sng li.
Cc mn bn lo bun lm".
 20:18-19 "Ny chng ta i ln thnh Girusalem v Con ngi s b bt np cho cc thy t l c v
cc thng gio, bn s lun git Ngi. H s np Ngi cho dn ngoi hu nho bng, nh p v
ng inh trn cy thp t, n ngy th ba, Ngi s sng li.
26:32 "Song sau khi ta sng li ri, ta s i n x Galil trc cc ngi".
Mac 9:10 "Vy, mn ghi nh li y v hi nhau s t k cht sng li l g.
Lu 9:22-27 "Con ngi phi chu nhiu iu khn kh, phi b cc trng lo, cc thy t l c, v
cc thy thng gio b ra, phi b git, ngy th ba phi sng li. on, Ngi phn cng mi ngi rng:
Nu ai mun theo ta, phi t b mnh i, mi ngy vc thp t gi mnh m theo ta. V ai mun cu s
sng mnh th s mt, cn ai v c ta mt s sng th s cu. Nu ai c c thin h m chnh mnh
phi mt hoc h i th c ch g? V nu ai h thn v ta v li ta, th con ngi s h thn v h, khi
Ngi ng trong s vinh hin ca mnh, ca Cha, v ca thin s thnh m n. Qu tht, ta ni cng cc
ngi, mt vi ngi trong cc ngi ang ng y s khng cht trc khi cha thy nc c
Cha Tri."
Gi 2:18-22 "Cc ngi Giua ct ting tha cng Ngi rng: Thy lm nh vy th cho chng ti
xem php l chi? c Cha Jesus p rng: Hy ph n th ny i, trong ba ngy ta s dng li".
3A. S TM HIU V LCH S.
1B. S phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ l mt s kin lch s c khng gian v thi gian.
S phc sinh ca ng Christ l mt s kin lch s m c Cha Tri hnh ng, c khng
gian v thi gian r rng. V iu ny, Wilbur Smith ni " ngha ca s phc sinh l mt vn
thn hc, nhng s kin phc sinh l mt vn lch s, bn cht v thn th phc sinh ca Cha Jesus
c l l mt iu mu nhim nhng s kin thn th ny bin mt khi m phn l mt vn c
bng chng lch s xc nhn.
"Khng gian th c s xc nhn v a l. Ngi c ngi m l mt ngi sng vo na u th k
th nht, ngi m c lm bng , trn sn i gn thnh Girusalem, khng c mt cht g l thn
thoi, nhng c s xc nh ca a l. Nhng qun canh trc m khng phi l nhng sinh vt tng
tng t ni Olympus xung. Hi ng Sanhedrin l mt nhm ngi thng hi hp Gierusalem.
Rt nhiu tc phm vn hc cho chng ta bit rng con ngi Jesus ny, l mt ngi sng, mt ngi
sng gia loi ngi nh bt c mt ngi no khc. Cc mn ca Ngi, nhng ngi ra i rao
ging v mt Cha sng li, cng l nhng ngi gia bao ngi, cng n, ung, ng, au kh, lm vic
v cht. C "gio l" g v iu ny? y ch l mt vn lch s" 58/386.
Ignatius (50-115 sau CN), gim mc thnh Antit... sinh Syria, mt hc tr ca s Ging... m
ngi ta c ni rng ng b "nm cho cc d th H trng La M. Cc th tn ca ng c vit
trong sut cuc hnh trnh ca ng t Antit n ni t o." (trch Who Was Who in Church History.
Elgin Moyer, nh xut bn Moody, 1962). Lc ng rt bnh tnh, ng ni v ng Christ rng: "Ngi
b ng inh v cht di tay Pontius Pilate. Tht vy, khng phi ch l iu b ngoi, Ngi b
ng inh, v cht trc s chng kin ca cc sinh vt trn tri, di t v bn di t".
"Ngi cng sng li trong 3 ngy... Vo ngy l sa son, vo gi th ba, Ngi chu s tuyn
n ca Philt. c Cha Cha cho php iu xy ra. Vo gi th su, Ngi b ng inh, vo gi
th chn, Ngi trt linh hn, v c chn trc khi hong hn. Trong sut ngy l Sabt, Ngi vn cn
nm di lng t, trong ngi m ca Gisp, ngi Arimath, chn Ngi.
"Ngi c hoi thai vi mt khong thi gian nh chng ta, v c sinh ra cng nh chng
ta, c nui bng sa, cng n tht v ung thc ung nh chng ta. Khi Ngi sng gia loi ngi
trong 30 nm, Ngi c Ging lm bp tm, v khi Ngi rao ging phc m trong 3 nm, Ngi
lm nhiu du k, php l. Chnh Ngi l ng xt x nhng b ngi Do Thi v Bnx Phi Lt xt
x. Ngi b nh p, b p ln mt, b ph nh. Ngi i mo triu gai v mc o iu. Ngi b
xt x v b ng inh tht s, khng gi di, khng tng tng, khng phi l s la bp. Tht s
Ngi cht, b chn v t k cht sng li..." 72/209, 28/199-203.
Alfred Edersheim, mt s gia ni ting ni n thi gian c th v s cht v s phc sinh ca
ng Christ rng:
 "Ngy ma Xun ngn ngi ang chuyn dn sang bui chiu ti ca ngy Sabt". Ni chung,
lut php Do Thi buc rng thi hi ca phm nhn khng c treo qua m m khng chn ct. L
ra, theo tc l bnh thng, ngi Do Thi khng liu lnh yu cu Phi Lt rt ngn s kh hnh ca
nhng ngi b treo trn thp t v s trng pht ca ti ng inh trn thp t khng nhng phi
c ko di nhiu gi ng h m cn phi nhiu ngy trc khi cht. Nhng y l mt trng hp
c bit. Ngy Sabt va l L Vt Qua th hai, mt ngy c xem l rt thnh, tng ng nh
ngy th nht. Hn na n c gi l l dng b la u ma a qua a li trc mt c
Gihova". (Trch The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, nh xut bn William B. Eerdmans; 1962).
Nh Wilbur Smith ni rng: "Tht ra m ni chng ta bit nhiu chi tit v nhng gi ng h
ngay trc ci cht ca Cha Jesus v s cht tht s ca Ngi hn l bit v ci cht ca bt k ai
trong th gii thi xa" 58/360.
Justin Martyr (100-165), mt trit gia, mt ngi tun o, mt nh hng bin... Mt ngi nhit
thnh tm kim chn l, thng xuyn tm hiu v ch ngha khc k (stoicism), trit hc Aristote, trit
hc Pythagore v trit hc Platon nhng li ght trit l Epicure..., ngi mn nhit thnh ca
Platon ny tr thnh mt C c nhn vng vng. ng ni "Ti thy ch c trit l ny thi l c th
tin cy c v hu ch".
Tht vy, Justin Martyr nhn thc rng trong khi cc h thng trit l ca th gian hng n
nhng mc tiu khn ngoan th ch c C c gio hng v chnh c Cha Tri; qua c Cha Jesus
Christ. ng chia i thi gian v khng gian. Vi mt thi rt r rng, Justin Martyr xc nhn rng:
"... ng Christ c sanh ra cch y 150 nm, di thi Cyrenius v sau l trong thi i ca
Bnx Philt..." 38/46.
Tertullian (160-220), ngi Carthage, Bc Phi ni: "Nhng ngi Do Thi qu cm gin v s
ging dy ca Ngi, bi cc nh lnh o v cc thy t l ca h b l tht buc ti. Ch v c qu
nhiu iu v Ngi n ni cui cng h phi a Ngi n trc Bnx Philt, lc ang lm tng
c La M x Syri, v bi s la ht hn lon ca h chng li Ngi, h to ra mt bn n Bnx
Phi Lt giao Ngi cho h ng inh" 64/94.
V s thng thin ca ng Christ, Tertullian xc nhn: iu l "mt s kin cn r rng hn c
s thng thin m Proculi ca qu v ni v Romolus" (Proculus l mt nguyn lo ngh vin La M, ng
qu quyt rng Romulus hin ra vi ng sau khi ng cht)
Philt lm nhng iu ny cho Christ: by gi "C mt C c nhn c ng ta xt x. ng y
gi li ca Ngi n cho Ceasar ang cai tr lc y l Tiberius. Vng, nu cc Caesar khng cn thit
cho th gii hoc nu cc C c nhn l nhng Ceasar th cc Ceasar cng nn tin Cha Jesus Christ.
Cc mn Ngi cng rao ging khp th gian, lm nhng vic m thy ca h cn dn, v sau khi
chu nhiu au kh do nhng cuc bt b ca ngi Do Thi, v vi mt tm lng sn sng, mt nim
tin khng nghi ng vo l tht, cui cng li gm c c ca Nero gieo ra ht ging bng huyt
ca C c gio ti Roma" 64/95.
Josephus, mt s gia Do Thi, chp s vo cui th k th nht sau CN. ng c mt on vit rt
hay trong quyn Antiquities, 18.3.3 rng: "Khong thi gian ny c mt Jesus, mt con ngi thng
thi, nu c php gi Ngi l mt con ngi; v Ngi l ngi lm nhiu cng vic k diu, mt ngi
thy ca nhng ngi vui lng nhn l tht. Ngi thu ht c nhiu ngi Do Thi cng nh nhiu
ngi Hy Lp. Con ngi ny l ng Christ. V khi Philt x treo Ngi trn thp t bi s co ti ca
nhng yu nhn ca chng ta th nhng ngi yu mn Ngi t lc ban u, khng t b Ngi, v
Ngi ni vi h Ngi s sng li vo ngy th ba. Nhng tin tri ni v iu ny v hng ngn iu l
lng khc v Ngi. Ngay c hin nay, dng di C c, c gi theo tn Ngi, khng b tiu dit".
Ngi ta c gng nhiu by t rng Josephus khng vit ln nhng iu ny (xem trang
84). Tuy nhin Michael Green vit trong Man Alive rng: "on s ny c trong bn s ca Josephus
v c Eusebius s dng vo th k th t". Hn na "nhng n phm hin nay ca Loeb v nhng
tc phm ca Josephus cng lp li on s ny. V iu ng ch hn ht m chng ta nn nh l
Josephus khng phi l ngi c cm tnh vi cc C c nhn. ng l mt ngi Do Thi vit s
lm hi lng ngi La M. on s ny khng lm h hi lng mt cht no. Nu iu ny khng c
tht, th tht kh cho ng ta phi ni n n." 22/35,36.
 Gio s Leaney ni v bn cht c tin c tnh lch s ca Hi Thnh u tin rng: "Chnh Tn
c cng tha nhn khng mt cht ln trnh, rng Cha Jesus chu cht v chn. Nhng ngi
theo Ngi hon ton chn nn. Mt thi gian rt ngn sau , h c cc k phn chn v nhn
c mt s yn i, thuyt phc h c mt i sng hy sinh chu ng cho n khi tun o. Qua
nhng tc phm v h, nu chng ta hi h iu g to nn s thay i nh vy, h s khng tr li
l "bi s cht lm s tin chc ca chng ti gia tng nhng bi ng cht, b chn v sng li",
nhng h s tr li "Jesus, ng cht, hin ra cho mt s ngi trong chng ti sau khi Ngi cht,
v nhng ngi cn li trong chng ti tin ni s chng kin ca h." iu ng ch , y l mt cu
ni lch s ging nh cu "Tht s Cha sng li" m lm cho nhiu ngi tm n c tin"
68/108. (Trch Vindications: Essays on the Historical Basic of the Christian Faith, Nh xut bn
Morehouse - Barlow, 1966).
Ni v tnh cht php l ca nhng iu tng thut trong Kinh Thnh Tn c th Bernard Ramm
ni: "Trong Cng v 1, Luca cho chng ta thy chnh Cha Jesus t by t s sng li ca Ngi vi
nhng bng chng khng th sai lm (en pollois tekmeriois), mt thnh ng biu th mt loi bng
chng hp php." 51/92.
Clark Pinnock cng ni: "S tin quyt ca cc s da trn nhng kinh nghim c thc ca h.
i vi h, Cha Jesus t t ra l Ngi sng "bi nhiu chng c" (Cong 1:3). Thut ng m Luca
dng l Tekmerion, c ngha l mt bng chng c th gii thch c. Cc mn c c c tin
ni s phc sinh bi bng chng c tnh cht kinh nghim qu r rng, c gi tr i vi h v cng c
gi tr vi chng ta qua s lm chng m h ghi li. Trong mt thi i ang i hi bng chng
xc nh nhng s xc quyt ca C c gio, th tht quan trng cho chng ta phi c nhng nghin
cu lch s thch hp p li. V s phc sinh l mt s tht lch s nn n to ra mt s thc y
mnh m ngi ta tin ng Christ l Cu Cha" 3/11. (Trch Christian Today, 12/4/1968, cho php
s dng).
Gio s Ernest Kevan lm vng chc thm v gi tr ca nhng bng chng hin nhin ny nh
sau "Sch Cng v cc s do Luca vit vo khong gia nm 63 sau CN v s tht th Girusalem
vo nm 70 sau CN. ng gii thch trong phn m u phc m ca ng rng ng tp hp c
nhng thng tin t nhiu s chng kin v c th kt lun rng y cng l cch m ng dng
vit nn sch Cng v. Hn na theo lch s by t r rng v bi cch dng i t "chng ti" nn
chnh Luca l ngi d phn trong nhng s kin m ng tng thut. ng c mt trong nhng
cuc rao ging u tin v d phn vo nhng bin c ln xy ra trong nhng ngy u tin. Do ,
Luca l mt chng nhn trc tip ng thi. Khng th cho rng Hi Thnh u tin khng bit n
lch s ca mnh. Vic Hi Thnh nhn nhn sch ny l mt bng chng v s ng n ca sch ".
30/4,5.
Trch dn mt hc gi C c ni ting, Kevan ch ra rng: "V Hi Thnh qu thnh khit so vi s
i bi nn i vi s hoang ng th Hi Thnh li qu thc t". 30/4,5.
"V vic xc minh mt s kin lch s c vin dn th khng c ti liu no c gi tr hn nhng
th tn hin nay" 30/6.
Gio s Kevan ni v nhng th tn trong Tn c rng "... C mt bng chng khng th b bc
c trong nhng bc th ca s Phaol. Cc th tn ny l mt bng chng c gi tr nht. Nhng
bc th ny c gi n ngi Galati, ngi Crinht, ngi Rma. C rt t s tranh ci v tnh
ng n v nin biu ca cc sch ny. Cc sch ny c vit trong nhng cuc hnh trnh truyn
gio ca Phaol, c l vo khong 55-58 sau CN. iu ny lm cho bng chng v s phc sinh ca
Cha Jesus Christ cn gn hn c khong thi gian 25 nm . V chnh Phaol ni r rng ch th
ca ng cng l ch m ng tng ni vi h khi ng vi h, tht vy iu ny cn lm cho bng
chng v s phc sinh cn gn hn na" 30/6.
Bernard Ramm ni rng: "c lt qua cc sch Phc m cng thy rng cc sch ny cp n
s cht v s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ chi tit hn bt k mt phn no khc trong chc v ca
Christ. Nhng chi tit v s phc sinh khng c tch ri mt cch gng go khi s tng thut v
ni kh hnh ca Cha". 51/191,192 (Protestant Christian Evidences, NXB Moody 1953).
Sau khi phc sinh, Cha Jesus Christ hin ra nhiu ln. Nhng s hin ra ny xy ra vo nhng
thi im c th cho nhng con ngi c th trong mt khng gian c th.
 V s hin ra ca Cha Jesus Christ sau khi phc sinh xin xem k trang 145.
Wolfhart Pannenberg, "mt gio s v mn thn hc h thng i hc Munich, c. Di s
lnh o ca Barth v Jaspers, ng nghin cu ch yu v vn gia c tin v lch s. Cng vi
mt nhm nh thn hc nng ng Heidelberg, ng ang tin hnh mt mn thn hc c nhim v
ch yu l tra xt cn thn nhng s kin lch s v ngun gc ca C c gio" 3/9 (T Christian
Today ngy 12/4/1968, cho php s dng).
V hc gi ni ting ny ni "S phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ c xy ra hay khng l mt vn
lch s v vn lch s ny khng th b qua c. V vy vn ny phi c quyt nh bi l l
lch s" 3/10.
Mt hc gi v Tn c, ng C.H.Dodd vit: "S phc sinh vn l mt s kin nm trong phm vi
lch s" (History and the Gospels, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1938).
J.N.D. Anderson (trong Christianity: The Witness of History, nh xut bn Inter-Varsity cho php
s dng, Downer Grove, III) trch dn li ca Gio s C.F.D. Moule i hc Cambridge (trong
quyn The Phenomenon of the New Testament, trang 11,14,18) rng: "T ban u, nim tin quyt
rng Cha Jesus t k cht sng li l mt nim tin lm cho h tn ti hay b tiu dit. Khng c mt
ng c no khc l gii cho h c... Khng c mt ch no trong Tn c a ra bng chng rng
cc C c nhn ng vng v mt trit l sng hay mt trit l c o no v o c. Trch
nhim chnh ca h l lm chng cho iu h xc quyt. l Cha Jesus t k cht sng li.
Tht vy iu c bit m cc C c nhn ng vng l s tuyn b ca h rng Cha Jesus
t k cht sng li theo k hoch ca c Cha Tri, rng Ngi l Con c nht ca c Cha Tri v l
con ngi i din em n quan nim v ng li ca s gii ha" 1/100,101.
W.J.Sparrow-Simpson ni rng "S phc sinh ca Christ l nn tng ca Hi Thnh thi k cc s
, v i vi gio l cng nh vi nhng l l c bng c th iu ny l mt s tht... S thc ca h
v c im c bn ny c th hin trong s lm chng ca h. Cn phi c mt s lm chng
v s phc sinh ca Ngi (Cong 1:22). Athens, ngi ta cho rng ni dung C c gio ca thnh
Phaol y l "Cha Jesus v s phc sinh" (17:18). Nhng on u trong sch Cng v c lp i lp li
cu ny "c Cha Jesus ny, c Cha Tri khin sng li v chng ta thy u lm chng v s
" (2:32) "L mt s kin lch s, s phc sinh ca Ngi lm cho ngi ta c th tin vo a v cao
trng ca Ngi vt trn c phm nhn. iu ny khng phi ch l s nh hng o c v tnh cch,
gng mu hay s ging dy ca Ngi. Vic hin nay h nhn nhn Ngi l Cu Cha ca h l do nim
tin ny thc y v nu khng c s phc sinh th khng th no lm sng t c. Tht vy ai kin
quyt chi b s phc sinh ca Ngi l chi b Thn tnh v Cng tc Cu chuc ca Ngi m Thnh
Phaol tha nhn" 17/513,514.
2B. S LM CHNG CA LCH S V LUT PHP
Khi mt s kin xy ra trong lch s v c ngi cn sng chng kin hoc tham d s kin
th thng tin c cng b, ngi ta c th thm tra gi tr php l ca s kin lch s (nhng
chng c gin tip).
William Lyon Phelps, mt gio s ni ting v vn chng Anh ca i hc Yale trn 40 nm, tc
gi ca khong 20 quyn sch v nghin cu vn chng, mt nh din thuyt i hc Yale, ni
rng: "Trong ton b cu chuyn v Cha Jesus Christ, s kin quan trng nht l s phc sinh. c tin
ca C c gio t trn s kin ny. Tht l khch l khi bit rng 4 sch Phc m v chnh Phaol
cp n vn ny cch r rng. Tn ca nhng ngi nhn thy Ngi sau khi Ngi c thng s
cht u c ghi li; v c th ni rng bng chng lch s v s phc sinh l vng chc hn bt k
php l no c thut li; V nh Phaol ni: nu ng Christ khng sng li t trong k cht th
s rao ging ca chng ti l lung cng v c tin ca anh em cng v ch" 55/18 (Trong tc phm
Human Nature and the Gospel (Wilbur Smith trch dn trong A Great Certainty in This Hour of World
Crisis, nh xut bn Van Kampen, 1951), New York, 1925 trang 131, 132).
"Gio s Ambrose Fleming, mt gio s danh d ca trng K s in i hc London, mt
thnh vin danh d ca i hc St.John, Cambridge, ngi nhn c huy chng Faraday nm
1928..., mt trong nhng khoa hc gia ni ting ca Anh quc... ni v nhng ti liu Tn c (trong
tc phm Miracles and Science - The Resurrection of Christ, London, trang 11,12,15) rng:
 "Chng ta phi s dng bng chng ca nhng nh chuyn mn v nin biu v tnh chnh xc ca
tc phm ny cng nh chng ta s dng nhng vn thin vn da trn bng chng ca nhng
nh thin vn khng mu thun nhau. V vy, chng ta c th t hi liu mt quyn sch nh th, m t
nhng s kin xy ra trc khong 30,40 nm li c nhiu ngi chp nhn v yu mn nhng
cu chuyn v nhng s kin l lng trong sch l gi di v tng tng. Sao khng th c v tr
nh ca tt c nhng ngi ln tui v nhng s kin trc 30, 40 nm vn cn hon ton r rng.
"Ngy nay khng ai c th thut li tiu s ca N hong Victoria cht cch y 31 nm m li y
nhng giai thoi hon ton khng c tht. Lp tc nhng giai thoi s mu thun nhau. Chc chn
nhng iu s khng c ngi ta chp nhn l s tht. Do khng th no s tng thut ca
Mc v s phc sinh, ph hp vi s tng thut ca tc gi cc sch Phc m khc, li l mt chuyn
ba t c. Hc thuyt tng tng ny s b ngi ta loi b v n s khng chu c s tra cu k
lng" 58/427,428 (Wilbur Smith trch dn, Therefore Stand).
Gio s Fleming qu quyt rng khng c iu g trong cc sch Phc m khin cho mt khoa hc
gia c vn vi nhng php l trong cc sch v ng kt lun vi mt s thch thc bng mt
li xc quyt trung thc rng nu "... mt s nghin cu nh vy c ngi ta theo ui vi iu m
cc lut s gi l mt ch cng quyt th n s to ra mt s bo m su xa rng Hi Thnh ca
ng Christ khng t nn tng trn nhng iu tng tng hoc p nhng iu la bp hoc nh
thnh Phier ni l "nhng chuyn hoang ng" nhng da trn nhng s kin lch s v c tht, v
tht l lng lm sao li l nhng s kin v i nht tng xy ra trong lch s th gii"
58/427,428.
Trong mt quyn sch bn chy nht "Who moved the Stone?", lut s Frank Morison " cho
chng ta bit th no m ng b ri vo tinh thn duy l v c tng rng s phc sinh khng g
khc hn l mt cu chuyn c tch th v lm hng i lch s tuyt vi ca Cha Jesus. Do , ng c
nh vit mt bi tng thut v nhng ngy cui cng bi thm ca Cha Jesus, phn nh y
nhng ti c khng khip v y tch cht anh hng ca Cha Jesus. D nhin ng y s b qua bt k
iu g c tnh cht php l v s ht sc xem thng s phc sinh, nhng khi ng cn thn nghin cu
cc s kin th ng i v ng vit mt quyn sch vi ni dung ngc li. Chng th nht
c ta rt ngha l "Cun sch b khc t c vit" v phn cn li ca cun sch y l mt
trong nhng s nh gi sc so nht, li cun nht m ti tng c c..." 22/54,55.
Gio s Edwin Gordon Selwyn, mt hc gi ni ting ni "S kin Cha Jesus t k cht sng li
vo ngy th ba c th xc ln linh hn, l mt s kin chc chn nh mt bng chng lch s" 55/14.
(trch The Approach to Christianity, London, 1925, trang 199).
Nhiu nh nghin cu trung lp tra cu s phc sinh ca ng Christ vi mt tinh thn v t,
b nhng bng chng c gi tr thuyt phc tin rng s phc sinh l mt s kin lch s? Chng
ta hy ly mt bc th do Sir Edward Clarke, K.C... vit cho Mc s E.L. Macassey lm v d:
"L mt lut s, ti thc hin mt cuc nghin cu lu di v nhng chng c lin quan n
nhng s kin ca ngy phc sinh u tin. i vi ti, bng chng l qu r rng, v nhiu khi trong
thm tm, t nhin ti cng c s xc quyt da trn bng chng . Da trn bng chng v li
lm chng chn tht, th kt lun thng l xc thc, bt k ngi ta mun ni g. Chng c ca cc
sch phc m thuc loi ny, v l mt lut s, ti chp nhn nhng chng c mt cch khng d
dt ging nh nhng con ngi tht th lm chng v nhng s kin m h c th minh chng".
"Trong thi i ny, mc d khng mt khoa no ca trng i hc Columbia b xem l ng h
c tin C c hoc hoan nghinh Jesus Naxart, nhng ngi ta rt ngc nhin l b bch khoa
ton th ca i hc ny, mt b sch quan trng nht ni v nhng kin thc ph thng trong th
gii ni ting Anh, khng ngn ngi vit rng: "Cc sch phc m khng Cha Jesus li trong
m m. Vo ngy th nht trong tun l, mt s ph n i n m th thy m toang, thi th ca
Cha Jesus khng cn . Mt thin s ngi m ni vi h rng Cha Jesus t k cht sng li.
Chng bao lu, h gp Ngi v ni chuyn vi Ngi. Cc mn Ngi cng gp Ngi v nhiu ngi
khc cng nhn thy Ngi" 55/14 (John R.W. Stott trch trong Basic Christianity, Nh xut bn Inter.
Varsity cho php s dng, Downers Grove, III).
Gio s Thomas Arnold l hiu trng ni ting qua 14 nm trng Rugby, tc gi ca b sch
gm ba quyn rt ni ting "History of Rome", c ch nh lm gio s mn lch s hin i ti i
hc Oxford, chc chn l mt ngi hiu bit tng tn v gi tr ca nhng bng chng trong vic
xc nh nhng s kin lch s. Trong tc phm ca mnh, quyn Sermons on the Christian Life - Its
hope, Its Fears and Its Close (Ti bn ln th 6, London, 1859, trang 324), v Gio s ni ting ny
vit:
"Chng c v i sng, s cht v s phc sinh ca Cha chng ta c th c xem l, v thng
c xem l y . Theo nguyn tc chung th vic phn bit chng c tt khi chng c xu l mt
iu tt. Hng ngn ngi tng lm iu ny, ht sc cn thn nh mt s phn x kt lun mt s
kin quan trng nht. nhiu ln, chnh ti lm iu , khng phi l thuyt phc ngi khc
nhng t tha mn. Ti nhiu nm nghin cu lch s nhiu thi i, xem xt v cn nhc
bng chng ca nhng ngi vit nn lch s v ti cng khng bit c mt s kin no trong
lch s nhn loi c minh chng y , tt p cho s hiu bit ca ngi nghin cu hn l hin
tng v i m c Cha Tri ban cho chng ta. l ng Christ t k cht sng li"
58/425/426.
Wilbur Smith vit v mt tc gi ln trong th k trc.ng cp n John Singleton
Copley, c bit nhiu hn vi ci tn Lord Lyndhurst (1772-1863) c xem l mt trong nhng b
c v i nht ca lch s Anh Quc, ngi C vn php lut ca chnh ph Anh vo nm 1819, Chng
l ca nc Anh vo nm 1824, ba ln lm i Php quan ca nc Anh, c bu vo nm 1846 lm
ban qun tr trng i hc Cambridge, do ng nm gi nhng chc v cao nht m mt chnh
n nc Anh phong cho ng. Khi Chng l Lyndhurst cht, ngi ta tm thy mt ti liu
trong bn vit ca ng gia nhng th giy t c nhn, cho ngi ta c bit nhiu hn v c tin C
c ca ng, v trong ti liu qu gi cha tng c bit n ny, ng vit: "Ti bit kh r bng
chng l g v ti xin ni vi qu v bng chng v s phc sinh cha h b p ".
"Cu ni ny ca Lord Lyndhurst c v gim mc k nhim l H.C.G. Moule gi cho ng E.H.
Blakeney i hc Winchester. Cch y vi nm, mt tp ch nh k Anh l t Dawn cho in
tham kho bc th ny. Mi y ti c nhn mt bc th ca ng Blakeney xc nhn iu ny. Trong
tc phm "The Blakeney and Artistic Life of John Copley and Reminiscences of His Son, Lord
Lyndhurst, High Chancellor of Great Britain (London, 1882 trang 438, 438), xut hin mt iu th
v: "Mt ti liu ni v c tin ca Lyndhurst vo mt chn l tn gio v quan im ca ng v chng
trnh cu chuc, c tm thy trong mt ti liu do chnh tay ng chp sau khi ng mt, trong mt
ngn ko ca bn vit" (Lord Lyndhurst cht thng 11/1863 hng th 91 tui)" 58/425, 584.
Simon Greenleaf (1783-1853), l mt Gio s lut ni ting i hc Harvard, ngi k tc
Justice Joseph Story, cng l Gio s lut trng ny, lc ng ny qua i vo nm 1846. 58/423
H.W.H. Knott ni n nh lut hc v i ny rng: "Ngi ta cho rng chnh nhng n lc ca
Story v GreenLeaf a Khoa Lut ca i hc Harvard ln v tr vt tri trong s cc trng lut
Hoa K" 58/423 (trch Dictionary of American Biography, quyn VII, New York, 1937, trang 584).
GreenLeaf vit mt tc phm ni ting c ta l A Treatise on the Law of Evidence (1842) m
"vn cn c nh gi l mt ti liu ng gi nht trong tt c nhng tc phm ni v th tc lut
php" 58/423.
Vo nm 1846, trong khi vn cn l Gio s lut Harvard, GreeLeaf vit mt quyn sch c
ta l An Examination of the Testimony of the four Evangelists by the Rules of Evidence Administered
in the Courts of Justice (nh sch Baker, 1965, ti bn theo bn in nm 1847). Trong tc phm Kinh
in ca mnh, tc gi tra cu gi tr v nhng li chng ca cc s v s phc sinh ca ng
Christ. on trch di y l li nhn xt ca nh lut hc ni ting ny:
"Nhng l tht ln m cc s rao ging l Cha Jesus Christ t k cht sng li, rng
ch bi s n nn ti, tin ni Ngi th con ngi mi c hy vng c cu chuc. Gio l ny c
h mt lng rao ging khp ni, khng nhng vo nhng lc chn nn nht m cn trong nhng lc
i din vi nhng li lm kinh khng nht ny ra trong tng ca con ngi. Mi y thi, thy ca
h phi cht nh mt k gian t bi s xt x ca cng lun. Tn gio ca Ngi c lt cc tn
gio trn ton th gii. Lut php ca mi quc gia u chng li s ging dy ca cc mn Ngi. S
thch th v nim say m ca nhng ngi cm quyn v nhng v nhn trn th gii ny l chng li
h. Tp tc ca th gii ny l chng li h. Truyn b nim tin mi m ny, d vi mt thi n ha,
nh nhn nht, h cng khng nhn c g hn l s khinh b, chng i, chi ra, bt b ng cay,
n vt, t y, au kh v ci cht th thm. Nhng h st sng truyn b nim tin ny v h
khng nao nng, khng c tuyt v vui mng chu ng nhng ni bt hnh ny. Khi ngi ny tip
ni ngi khc chu tun tit th nhng ngi sng st c tip tc cng vic ca h vi mt s hng
hi v quyt tm tun tro. Lch s ca cc cuc chin tranh qun s chc chn l khng li mt
gng mu no v s trung thnh, tnh kin nhn v lng qu cm khng chn bc ging nh vy. H
c ng c cn thn xem xt li nn tng c tin ca h, nhng bng chng v nhng s kin v
nhng chn l v i m h xc quyt; v nhng ng c ny thng xuyn nng ln s suy
ngh ca h. Do vic cho rng h c chp trong s xc quyt nhng l tht m h thut li,
rng Cha Jesus khng tht s t k cht sng li v rng h khng r s kin ny cch chn
chn nh h r mt s kin khc l iu khng th chp nhn c. Nu cho rng h c th la
di v vn ny th mi ngi cn phi lm cho h thy v tha nhn li lm ca h. Sau khi h
thy v tha nhn li lm m h vn cn kh kh gi mt iu gi di trng trn nh vy th nhn loi
khng nhng phi chu ng s gian xo sut i m cn phi chu ng nhng ni au trong lng v
mt ti li r rng; khng cn mt cht hy vng v s bnh an trong tng lai, khng cn mt s
chng thc no cho mt lng tm tt, khng cn s trng i v s tn trng v qu mn gia con
ngi, khng cn s hy vng v hnh phc trong i ny v i hu n.
"Hn na, cch c x nh vy ca cc mn hon ton khng ph hp vi vic cho rng h c
mt tm tnh ging bn tnh ca tt c chng ta. Tuy nhin i sng ca h th hin rng h cng l
nhng con ngi ging nh nhng con ngi khc, cng chu s tc ng ca hon cnh, cng c
vui mng trong hy vng, cng chu s tc ng ca ni vui mng, cng b dao ng bi s s hi, cng
b nhng cm xc, nhng cm d, nhng yu ui chinh phc nh chnh chng ta vy. Nhng tc phm
ca h chng t rng h l nhng con ngi rt minh mn. Do nu li lm chng ca h l gi di
th khng c l do no kh d gii thch c s gi di " 23/28-30.
C l John Locke l mt trit gia v i nht trong th k ny. Trong tc phm ca mnh "A second
Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity, Works (ti bn ln th 11. London 1812, quyn 7
trang 339-342), ng ni:
"C mt s im c bit trong lch s ca Cu Cha chng ta l nhng im ch dnh ring cho
ng Msi. Tht vy, c v s nhng du hiu v Ngi n ni nu tin rng nhng du hiu ni v
Jesus ngi Naxart th cng phi tin rng Jesus cng chnh l ng Msi. Du hiu ln nht trong
nhng du hiu ny l vic Ngi t k cht sng li. chnh l bng c r rng, ln lao nht xem
Ngi l ng Msi. Tht khng c g l l khi cho rng, vic tin ni s phc sinh ca Ngi l t nn
tng cho vic tin Ngi l ng Msi, v cng nhn s phc sinh ca Ngi l cng nhn Ngi l ng
Msi" 58/422, 423 (Wilbur Smith trch dn trong tc phm Therefore Stand).
Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901), mt hc gi ngi Anh, c Hong gia b nhim lm Gio s
ti i hc Cambridge vo nm 1870 ni "Tht vy, v bng chng th khng c g ng ni hn l
cng nhn rng khng c mt s kin lch s no li c chng minh nhiu v hon chnh bng s
phc sinh ca ng Christ. Hn l sai lm khi trc y c nhng k ngo mn cho rng bng chng v
s kin ny l khng y " 36/70. (Paul Little trch dn trong tc phm Know Why you believe).
Clifford Herschel Moore, gio s i hc Harvard ni: "C c gio bit Cu Cha ca h.
Khng nh nhng v thn c trong lch s ca nhng nim tin hoang tng, da trn nhng c s th
s thm ch cn gy kh chu... Jesus l mt nhn vt lch s ch khng phi mt nhn vt tng
tng. Cc tn hu C c khng cho s tng tng th b bt phc mnh. c tin ca h t trn
nhng s kin lch s ly tch v c chp nhn" (The Religious thought of the Greeks, ti bn ln 2,
Cambridge, 1925 trang 357). Trong bi vit ca mnh, c ta l: "S phc sinh ca ng Christ l mt
s kin lch s c nhiu ngi chng kin lm chng" (journal of Christian Philosophy III, 1884,
trang 305), Benjamin Warfield vit: "S nhc ha ca mt c Cha Tri i i l mt gio l tt
yu. Khng mt con mt phm nhn no chng kin s h mnh lm ngui ca Ngi. Khng mt
ngn ng phm nhn no c th lm chng v s kin . Tuy nhin nu iu khng c tht th c
tin ca chng ta l v ch, chng ta vn cn trong ti li mnh. Ni cch khc, s phc sinh ca Cha
Jesus Christ l mt s tht, mt bin c ni ti xy ra trong nhn thc ca con ngi, c nhiu ngi
lm chng xc nhn, v l mt gio l chnh yu trong h thng gio l ca chng ta. Nhng gio l
khc ty thuc vo iu ny." 58/361,362. (Wilbur Smith trch trong Therefore Stand). Wilbur Smith
gii thiu v mt hc gi ni ting trong th k ny rng: "Mt trong nhng nh sinh l hc v i
nht trong thi i ca chng ta l tin s A.C. Ivy, thuc khoa ha ca i hc Illinois (Chicago
Campus), trng khoa phn loi sinh l nhng trng i hc chuyn ngnh ti Chicago vo nhng
nm 1946-1953, l ch tch ca Hi sinh l hc M t nm 1939-1949 v l tc gi ca nhiu bi bo
khoa hc. Sau y l nhng li pht biu rt gi tr ca ng:
"Ti tin s phc sinh v thn th ca c Cha Jesus Christ. Nh bn bit y, y l mt "vn
ring t", nhng ti khng h thn khi cho th gii bit iu ti ang tin, v ti c th bo v
nim tin ca ti mt cch hp l. Ti khng th chng minh nim tin ca ti nh chng minh mt s
kin khoa hc c th trong phng nghin cu ca ti, mt iu m cch y 100 nm hu nh l mt
iu b n nh l s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ. Da trn kin thc v s tn ti ca sinh vt,
nhng nh khoa hc trung thnh vi trit hc c th nghi ng s sng li v thn th ca ng Christ
nhng h li khng th chi b iu , bi v lm nh vy c ngha l h c th chng minh iu y
khng xy ra. Ti ch c th ni rng khoa sinh vt hc hin nay khng th no lm sng li mt thn
th cht v chn trong m 3 ngy. Theo trit l v thi khoa hc chn chnh ca ti, th vic da
trn nhng g m sinh vt hc bit c ngy hm nay m chi b s phc sinh ca Jesus Christ l mt
thi phi khoa hc" 57/6,22.
Michael Green (trong tc phm Man Alive, nh xut bn Inter - Varsity cho php s dng Downers
Grove, III) ni rng: "... Gilbert West v Lord Lyttleton l 2 thanh nin c nng lc, cng vo c i
hc Oxford. H l nhng ngi bn ca tin s Johnson v Alexander pope trong x hi. H nh tn
cng vo nn tng c tin C c. V vy Lyttleton c phn cng chng minh rng Saul, ngi
Tts cha tng tin theo C c gio v West phi xc minh rng Cha Jesus chng h sng li t m
m."
Mt thi gian sau, h gp nhau bn lun v nhng khm ph ca h. C hai hi bn ln, v c hai
u i n mt kt lun ging nhau nhng y rc ri. Theo nghin cu, Lyttleton thy rng Saul
ngi Tts tr nn mt ngi mi hon ton bi tin vo C c gio v West thy rng bng
chng ch ra rt r l Cha Jesus t k cht sng li. Bn vn c th tm thy quyn sch ca ng
y trong mt th vin ln, c ta l Observation on the History and Evidences of the Resurrection of
Jesus Christ, c xut bn nm 1747. Trn t giy trng u sch, ng cho in mt cu trch trong
Ecclesiasticus 11:7;, mt cu dn c nhng ngi theo ch ngha bt kh tri cho l rt ch li.
"Trc khi xem xt s tht th ng nn trch mc" 22/55,56.
"Bng chng by t khng h nhm ln rng Jesus sng li vo ngy th ba. y cng chnh
l kt lun m cu thm phn ti cao php vin ca Anh, ng Lord Darling kt lun. Ti mt bui d
tic ring, cuc ni chuyn chuyn sang vn v l tht ca C c gio, c th l ni v mt cun
sch vit v s phc sinh. t cc u ngn tay ca mnh chm nhau, vi mt thi ca quan ta, v
vi mt ging ni nhn mnh y n tng, ng ni "Chng ta, nhng C c nhn, cn phi tin rt
nhiu iu, chng hn nh nhng s ging dy v nhng php l ca Cha Jesus. Nu chng ta c phi
tin tt c th c mt iu ti phi hoi nghi. im then cht ca vn liu Cha Jesus c ng hay
khng ng vi nhng g Ngi t tuyn b v mnh. Chc chn phi da trn s tht hoc da trn s
phc sinh. V im quan trng nht ny chng ta khng phi ch cn c c tin khng thi. V y l
mt l tht sng ng nn c rt nhiu bng c, tch cc v tiu cc, c tht v suy din, n ni khng
mt bi thm on no trn th gii ny li khng i n mt phn quyt rng cu chuyn phc sinh l
mt s tht" 22/53,54.
Armand Nicholi thuc khoa Y ca i hc Harvard (trong t Christian Today ngy 29/3/1968,
c php s dng), ni v J.N.D. Anderson rng: "... ng l mt hc gi ni ting th gii v l mt
ngi rt c kh nng v vn bng chng. ng l mt trong nhng chuyn gia hng u trn th
gii v lut php Islam... ng l trng khoa lut ca i hc London, trng khoa lut ng Phng
ti Vin Nghin cu ng Phng v Phi Chu, Vin Trng Vin Nghin Cu Lut i hc London"
2/4.
Hc gi ni ting ngi Anh ny, mt ngi rt am tng trong lnh vc lut php quc t, ni
rng "Nhng bng chng cho ngun gc lch s nim tin C c, cho nhng gi tr php l quan trng
v s chng thc ca Tn c v con ngi ca Cha Jesus Christ v s ging dy ca Ngi, v s kin
v ngha s cht chuc ti ca Ngi, v tnh lch s ca ngi m trng v s lm chng ca cc s
v s phc sinh, to nn mt nn tng thch ng cho mt cuc mo him c tin" 1/106.
3B. Li chng ca nhng Gio ph Hi Thnh u tin.
 Gio s W.J.Sparrow-Simpson (trong tc phm The Resurrection and the Christian Faith, nh xut
bn Zondervan, 1968) ni rng: "Tip sau s nghin cu v cng vic v con ngi ca Cha Jesus
Christ th r rng s phc sinh l mt gio l gi v tr then cht trong nhng tc phm ca C c
gio.
"Thi k sau cc s cung cp cho chng ta nhiu ti liu tham kho, nhng th k th hai
to ra nhiu lun thuyt c bit ni v iu ny, chng hn nh tc phm Athenagoras, c cho l
ca Justin Martyr" 59/339.
Gio s Bernard Ramm (trong tc phm Protestant Christian Evidences, nh xut bn Moody,
1953) bnh lun rng "Trong lch s ca cc tc phm C c u tin v trong lch s tn iu th
s phc sinh c xc quyt ngay t u. N cng c cp n ti Clement ca La M, trong
th tn gi cho ngi Crinht (nm 95 sau CN) v trong nhng ti liu lch s Hi Thnh u tin v
c lin tc c cp n tri qua sut thi k cc gio ph. N xut hin trong tt c cc loi tn
iu cc s v n cha bao gi to nn mt s tranh ci no" 51/192.
Sparrow-Simpson ni rng "Ni dung ca sch Phc m Ignatius (Khong nm 50 - khong nm
115) l Jesus Christ, v C c gio. Tm gn trong "c tin ni Ngi, yu mn Ngi, tin s thng kh
v s phc sinh ca Ngi". ng i cc C c nhn phi "hon ton tin vo s ging sinh, s thng
kh v s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ".
"Cha Jesus Christ c m t l "nim hy vng ca chng ta bi s phc sinh. S phc sinh ca
Cha Jesus cng l li ha v s phc sinh ca chng ta" "Ignatius cn tuyn b thm rng Hi Thnh
"vui mng trong s thng kh ca Cha chng ta v trong s phc sinh ca Ngi m khng h nao
nng". ng ang ng trn nhng s kin trng yu l thp t gi, s cht v s phc sinh ca Christ."
ng hp nhng iu ny li vi nhau. V nhng ngi theo d gio, ng ni: "H chi b tic
thnh v s cu nguyn v h khng cng nhn rng tic thnh l xc tht ca Cu Cha Jesus Christ
chng ta, xc tht chu kh v ti li chng ta v l xc tht m Cha khin sng li". V mt ln
na, ng li ni rng s phc sinh l "c v xc tht ln tm linh" 59/339.
Sparrow-Simpson ni thm rng:
"Trong th gi cho ngi Philp ca Thnh Polycarp (khong nm 110 sau CN), tc gi ni rng
Cha Jesus Christ chng ta " chu au kh cho n cht v ti li ca chng ta, ng m c Cha
Tri khin sng li thot khi hnh pht ca s cht". ng ni rng c Cha Tri "khin
Cha Jesus Christ chng ta t k cht sng li v ban cho Ngi vinh hin v mo min, c ngi bn
hu ca Ngi. Mi vt trn tri, di t phi quy phc Ngi". Cha Jesus phc sinh ny "s n xt
on k sng v k cht". V "ng khin Ngi t k cht sng li cng s lm cho chng ta sng li
nu chng ta lm theo ch v mng lnh ca Ngi".
i vi Thnh Polycarp, Cha Jesus ng tn ny l "Thy t l thng phm i i". V li cu
nguyn cui cng ca v gim mc thnh ny trc khi t o l ng "cng vi cc thnh t o c
d phn trong chn ca Christ, trong s phc sinh c v phn linh hn v thn th trong s khng h
nt ca Thnh Linh" 59/341.
Gio s Sparrow-Simpson ni v nhng tc phm ca Justin Martyr v s phc sinh (khong nm
100-165) rng: Tc phm ny "... cp n mt gio l C c c bit. Nhng k chng i c tin
hin nay cho rng s phc sinh l iu khng th c, mt iu khng ai a. V xc tht l ngun ca mi
ti li nn s sng li hay s tn ti ca thn th l mt iu khng th c. H cn qu quyt rng
s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ ch l mt o nh ch khng c thc t vt l. V nhng kin phn
i ny Justin ... ( ni rng)..." 59/342.
Trong tc phm Who Was Who in Church History (Nh xut bn Moody, 1962), Elgin Moyer
cp n mt gio ph khc l Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullian (khong nm 160-220) rng "ng
l mt gio ph Latinh v l mt nh bin gii tn gio. Sinh Carthage, Bc Phi... Mt s gio dc
hon ho gip ng thnh cng trong nhng tc phm bng ting Hy Lp ln ting Latinh cng nh
trong lnh vc chnh tr, trong cc th tc php lut v trong ti hng bin v lut php. Tri qua 30, 40
nm, ng sng trong s phng tng, vo khong nm 190, ng theo C c gio vi mt nim tin
su sc. Cuc i cn li ca ng trung tn cng hin cho s bo v c tin C c chng li nhng
ngi ngoi o, ngi Do Thi v nhng k d gio. ng... l mt ngi bo v c tin rt mnh m"
72/401.
 Bernard Ramm kt lun: "Nhng k v tn chi b cc li chng ca nhng gio ph... C th
cho rng nhng k v tn ny hoc khng c mt ng c thc y hoc khng c mt trnh lch
s kho st v s phc sinh ca ng Christ. Gio hi Cng gio chnh thng ng phng, Gio hi
Cng gio La M, Gio hi Anh quc u xem cc gio ph l nhng ngi rt ng tin cy, nhng nh
ci chnh v nhng nh thn hc u tn trng v nh gi cao nhng gio ph ny. Cn nhng k v
tn gt tn h i. H cho rng nhng d kin v thn hc thi cc s v thi cn cc s l ng
tin cy nhng h khng tha nhn mt cht no v nhng li chng c cn c. Nhng chc chn l
nhng k v tn khng th lm cho iu ny tr nn ri rm c" 51/206.
4A. NHNG S KIN TI HIN TRNG NGI M
1B. Cnh tng trc lc phc sinh
1C. CHA JESUS CHT
Mc tng thut li nhng s kin sau cuc xt x Cha Jesus nh sau:
"Philt mun cho p lng dn, bn th tn Baraba, v sai nh n c Cha Jesus, ri giao Ngi
cho chng em ng inh trn cy thp t. Lnh iu c Cha Jesus vo sn trong, tc l trong ch
trng n, v nhm c c binh li . H chong cho Ngi mt ci o iu, v i trn u Ngi mt ci
mo bng gai h ng, ri cho Ngi rng: knh ly vua dn Giua. Li ly cy sy nh u Ngi,
nh trn Ngi, v qu xung trc mt Ngi m ly. Khi h nho ci Ngi nh vy ri th ci o
iu ra, mc o ca Ngi li cho Ngi, v em ra ng inh trn cy thp t" (Mac 15:15-20).
Vic nh nn nhn trc khi ng inh c John Mattingly m t nh sau:
"Thot tin phm nhn c tuyn n, b buc phi ci b ht qun o, sau b tri vo mt
cy tr trong trng n, v ri v s s thc hin mt trn nh n tn bo, khng khip. Mc d
ngi Do Thi ch c lut php cho php nh n 40 roi, nhng vi ngi La M th khng c gii
hn , v nn nhn ch cn trng ch s thng xt ca k ang thi hnh trn roi n .
"Dng c tn bo dng nh nn nhn c gi l flagrum. V dng c ny, Mattingly bnh
lun rng: "Ngi ta c th d dng thy rng mt chic roi di bn bng cht xng v kim loi s lm
cho nn nhn tan xc". 40/21.
Trong mt th tn gi cho Hi Thnh Simicn, gim mc Eusebius x Ssar, s gia Hi
Thnh vo th k th ba, c cp n nhng trn roi n ca ngi La M ging cho nhng k b
buc ti, rng: "Cc tnh mch ca nn nhn l r ra, cc bp tht, gn ct v rut ca nn nhn u li
ra ngoi". 40/73.
John Mattingly trch li ca John Peter Lange (trong tc phm The Life of the Lord Jesus Christ,
III, trang 270) ni v s kh nn ca ng Christ rng: "Ngi ta cho rng trn n ca Ngi cn khc
lit hn trn n cho mt ngi bnh thng.
Mc d trn n bnh thng l do cc v s thc hin nhng Lange cho rng v khng c cc v s
vo lc Philt xt x, nn ng ta s dng nhng tn lnh. Do theo c tnh ca nhng tn lnh hn
h, thp km ny th chng c th hnh ng hung bo hn cc v s" 40/33.
Sau khi phi chu nhng t hnh h khc lit v th xc, Cha Jesus Christ cn phi chu ng
mt cuc hnh trnh n ni ng inh gi l Ggtha. V cuc kh nn lc ny, Mattingly ni rng:
1. Ngay c s chun b cho cuc hnh hnh thi cng l mt s au n cc . (Mat 27:31
chp rng: "Khi nho bng Ngi ri th h ci o iu ra m mc o ca Ngi li, ri em Ngi i
ng inh trn cy thp t". Khng cn nghi ng g na, vic ci b th bo chic o iu nho bng v
mc li o qun ca Ngi vo l cho nhng vt rch v nhng du bm thm tm trn da tht Ngi
phi b s c xt nhiu lm cho Ngi cng au n cc " 40/35.
2. Cu "H em c Cha Jesus n ni kia gi l Ggtha" (Mac 15:22a), cng cho thy rng Cha
Jesus Christ khng cn sc lc i na m phi b li i n ch nhc hnh. Do , s au n
kinh khng trc lc ng inh n cng cc v vic ng inh tht s bt u" 40/36.
Mc tng thut li s ng inh ca Cha Jesus nh sau:
 "H em c Cha Jesus n ni kia, gi l Ggtha, ngha l ch s. H cho Ngi ung ru ha
vi mt dc, song Ngi khng ung. Khi ng inh Ngi trn cy thp t ri, h chia nhau o xng
Ngi, bt thm bit ai c g. Lc ng inh Ngi l gi th ba. n Ngi c ghi vo ci bng rng:
VUA DN GIUA. Cng c hai a n cp b ng inh vi Ngi, mt a ti cy thp t bn hu
Ngi, mt a ti cy thp t bn t. Nhng k i ngang qua ch bng Ngi, lc u m ni rng: ,
ngi l k ph n th v ct li trong ba ngy, hy cu ly mnh i, xung khi cy thp t i. Cc
thy t l v cc thy thng gio cng ni vi nhau nh vy, m nho ci Ngi rng: Hn cu k
khc m cu mnh khng c. Hi ng Christ, Vua dn Israel, by gi hy xung khi cy thp t
cho chng ta thy v tin. Hai a b ng inh cng Ngi cng nhic mc Ngi na. n gi th su,
khp t u ti tm m mt cho ti gi th chn. n gi th chn, c Cha Jesus ku ln ting rng:
li, li, lam-ma-sa-bch-ta-ni? ngha l: c Cha Tri ti i, c Cha Tri ti i, sao Ngi la b ti.
C my ngi ng nghe vy th ni rng: Coi ka hn ku li. C mt ngi trong bn h chy ly
bng thm y gim, trn u cy sy, a cho Ngi ung m rng: Hy chng ta coi th li c
n em hn xung chng. Nhng c Cha Jesus ku mt ting ln ri trt linh hn. Mn trong n
th x ra lm i t trn ch di. Thy i ng i ngang Ngi, thy Ngi trt linh hn nh vy th
ni rng: Ngi ny qu tht l Con c Cha Tri" (Mac 15:22-39).
V vic ng inh, Mattingly ni rng: "Chng c g l qu ng khi cho rng s au n phi chu
trn cy thp t l cc k khc lit v kinh khng. S tn nhn ca li tra tn ny c mt nh hng
bin ni ting ca La M l Marcus Tullius Cicero nhn thy v ng ni: "Ngay t ng "thp t" thi
khng nhng b nhng cng dn La M khng dm ni trn mi m h cn khng mun ngh, thy,
nghe n n" (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Pro Rabirio, V, 16). 40/26.
Michael Green ni v ni au n th xc ca Cha Jesus rng: "Sau mt m mt ng, khng
c n ung g, li phi chu s s nhc ca hai ni xt x, v lng Ngi b nhng ln roi chn di ca
ngi La M x nt, Ngi chu tuyn n ng inh. y l mt ci cht au n ht sc, mt n pht
m tng dy thn kinh trong thn th phi ku ln ln v ni au n".
Farrar m t rt sinh ng v ci cht do ng inh nh sau: "Thy vy, mt ci cht do ng
inh dng nh bao gm tt c nhng g m s au n v ci cht c th c v s khng khip v
rng rn - s chong vng, cc c bp b rt li, i kht, mt ng, nhng cn st do b chn thng, b
bnh un vn, b nhc m, b cng chng s nhc, chu au n dai dng, khip s v nhng iu mnh
bit trc, b nhng vt thng l lot hnh h, - tt c nhng iu tng ln d di cho n ch cc
im ri sau ngng li mt cch ngn ngi cho nn nhn c th gin trong s bt tnh.
"T th phi t nhin ny lm mi c ng u cm thy au n, nhng mch mu rch toc v
nhng ng gn dp nt, p rn ln v ni au khng ngng, nhng vt thng b sng ty v l
trn, dn dn b thi ra; Cc ng mch - c bit u v bng - b cng ra v b dn nn v lng
mu qu ti; v trong khi trng thi au n ny c gia tng dn dn th li thm s dn vt khng th
chu ni ca cn kht rt bng n quy ry. Tt c nhng bin chng phc tp v c th ny to nn
mt s ray rt, dn vt bn trong, to nn mt cnh tng v ci cht - s cht, mt k th xa l, m
khi n n th con ngi li thy lo s nht - li em n mt s gii thot nh nhng, thoi mi"
21/440.
Gio s E.H. Day (trong tc phm On the Evidence for the Christian Faith) ni rng: "Chnh
Thnh Mc l ngi thut li s cng thng v s ngc nhin ca Philt khi ng nghe rng Cha
Jesus cht ri v s cng thng khi hi chuyn thy i trc khi ng cho di xc Cha xung khi
cy thp t. Nhng tn lnh La M khng l g vi nhng cnh cht chc hoc vi cnh v ci cht do b
ng inh" 15/46-48.
Nh Michael Green ni r, hnh pht ng inh trn thp t l hnh pht "ph bin x
Palestine".
Philt i hi c s xc nhn v ci cht ca ng Christ. V iu ny, Green nhn xt rng "Bn
tn ao ph n khm xt Ngi trc khi Gisp ngi Arimath c php em xc i chn".
Green (trong tc phm Man Alive, nh xut bn Inter - Varsity) ni v bn chuyn gia quen
vi vic gii quyt nhng ci cht ny rng: "H bit mt ngi cht khi h thy ngi y - v ngi
ch huy nghe k t ti ny la ln v ng ta bo co iu vi quan tng c l Bnx Philt..."
 ("Thy i ng i ngang Ngi, thy Ngi trt linh hn nh vy th ni rng: Ngi ny qu tht
l Con c Cha Tri" (15:39)").
Philt ly lm l v Ngi cht mau nh vy, bn i thy i n m hi th Ngi cht lu cha
(15:44).
John R.W. Stott (trong tc phm Basic Christianity, nh xut bn Inter-Varsity) vit: "Tht vy,
Philt rt ngc nhin v Cha Jesus cht ri, nhng li bo m ca thy i lm cho ng tin tng
v ng cho Gisp em xc xung khi cy thp t" 60/49.
Gio S Day nhn xt rng "s tng thut trong phc m Mathi ni v vic canh gc ngi m l
mt bng chng r rng cho thy, v phn ngi Do Thi, h tin rng Cha Jesus cht ri" 15/46-
48.
Gio s Day cn ni thm rng khng ai "c php em thi th xung khi cy thp t v an tng
trong m nu cn nghi ng rng nn nhn vn cn sng" 15/46-48.
V tc phm The Physical Cause of the Death of Christ, gio s Day ni n tc gi ca n l
James Thompson rng: ng y "Xc nh rng s cht ca Cha Jesus khng phi do s kit sc v
thn th cng khng phi do nhng vt thng khi b nhc hnh nhng do s au n trong tm hn
lm cho tri tim Ngi b v ra. Sc lc ca tinh thn v thn th Ngi ang r ri chng t rng
Ngi khng cht v kit sc. Ngn gio ca tn lnh l mt phng tin by t cho th gii bit rng
Ngi cht l do s v tim" 15/48,49.
Samuel Houghton, M.D, mt nh sinh l hc v i ca trng i hc Dublin, trnh by quan
im ca ng v l do vt l s cht ca ng Christ nh sau:
"Khi tn lnh m ngn gio vo sn ca Cha th Ngi cht ri. Dng nc v mu cng chy
ra th hoc l mt hin tng t nhin c th gii thch c bng nhng l do t nhin hoc iu l
mt php l. iu m Thnh Ging ni n, nu khng phi l php l th t nht cng l mt iu
khng bnh thng, iu ny c trong li bnh lun ca ng, v vi mt thi nhn mnh, ng
nghim tc tuyn b s chnh xc khi ng tng thut li iu ny.
"Nhng cuc th nghim v xem xt k lng, c lp li nhiu ln trn con ngi v th vt, cho
php ti i n nhng kt qu sau:
"Sau khi cht m bn hng tri b mt con dao ln, c ngn gio ca ngi La M, m vo th ti
ghi nhn c 3 trng hp nh sau:
1. Ngoi mt dng mu nh, yu t chy ra th khng c g chy ra t ch vt thng c.
2. Ch c mt dng mu ln t ch vt thng chy ra.
3. Ch c mt dng nc chy ra tip sau l mt vi git mu.
Trong 3 trng hp ny, trng hp th nht thng xy ra. Trng hp th hai xy ra trong
tnh trng b cht ui hay b trng c Stricnin. iu ny c th c chng minh bng cch git mt
con vt bng loi c dc ny v iu ny cng c chng minh l mt trng hp rt t nhin khi
nn nhn b cht v ng inh trn thp t. Trng hp th ba xy ra trong tnh trng cht v vim
phi, vim mng ngoi tim v b v tim. Hu ht cc nh gii phu ht sc quan tm n iu ny
u c kt lun tng t nh nhng trng hp nu trn, nhng hai trng hp sau y, mc d
c cc nguyn tc sinh l hc gii thch d dng nhng li khng c sch no chp li (ngoi tr
Ging). Ti cha c may mn c thy 2 iu ny
4. Mt dng nc ln chy ra tip sau l mt dng mu ln t ch vt thng.
5. Mt dng mu ln chy ra tip sau l mt dng nc ln t ch vt thng.
"... Ci cht do b ng inh gy nn mt tnh trng mu trong phi ging vi tnh trng cht ui
hay v trng c Stricnin, trng hp th t xy ra khi ngi cht b ng inh trn thp t m trc
khi ng inh phi b au n v vim mng phi. Trng hp th nm xy ra khi mt ngi b ng
inh trn cy thp t v cht trn thp t v b v tim. Tnh trng nhng ngy trc khi Cha chng
ta b ng inh loi tr gi thuyt v bnh vim phi, m nu b vim phi th khng nm trong
trng hp trc tin l mu v sau l nc chy ra. Do khng c gi thuyt no c th gii
thch c hin tng c Kinh Thnh ghi li ngoi tr cch gii thch rng hin tng l kt
qu ca trng hp va b ng inh trn thp t v va b v tim.
"Bc s William Stroud cng nhn nhn s v tim l nguyn nhn ci cht ca Cha. V ti cng
tin chc rng s v tim tht s xy ra."
S Ging m t chi tit nhng g ng quan st c i Ggtha. Houghton kt lun:
"Tm quan trng ca iu ny tht l r rng. N cho thy rng iu tng thut trong Ging 19
chng h c pht hin, rng nhng s kin c thut li hn c nhng ngi chng kin
trng thy, v nhng ngi chng kin gy ngc nhin n ni cho rng iu ny l mt hin tng
l lng" 13/349,350.
Michael Green vit v s cht ca Cha Jesus Christ rng: "Cc ti liu ng tin cy v c chng
kin cho chng ta bit rng "huyt v nc" t ch b m bn sn ca Cha Jesus chy ra (Gi
19:34,35). R rng s chng kin ny gn lin vi mt tm quan trng v s kin ny. Nu Cha Jesus
cn sng khi ngn gio m vo sn Ngi th c mi nhp tim p th mt tia mu ln trong ng
mch s tun ra. Nhng thay v vy ngi quan st thy nhng cc hi cng, en r ra khng
ging nh huyt thanh hi long. y l mt bng chng v nhng cc mu ln trong ng mch ch
v l mt bng chng y hc l lng v s t vong. V iu ny li cng gy n tng hn v c l ngi
vit khng nhn thc c ngha ca iu i vi mt nh nghin cu bnh hc. "Mu v
nc" t vt gio m chy ra l mt bng chng tch cc cho thy Cha Jesus cht ri" 22/33.
Samuel Chandler ni rng: "Tt c 4 tc gi phc m u ng rng Gisp xin Philt thi hi
ca Cha Jesus. Philt hi thy i canh cy thp t v bit rng Ngi cht ri. Philt cho Gisp
ly thi hi Jesus i" 9/62,63.
Sau gio s Chandler cn xc quyt rng "iu ng ch v vic Gisp v Nicem lim thi
hi ngi cht theo phong tc ngi Do Thi lc em chn, l mt bng chng y cho thy Cha
Jesus cht ri v h bit rng Ngi cht. Tht vy nu cn c mt cht s sng no trong Ngi khi
h em Ngi xung khi cy thp t, th mi mt dt v l hi nng nc, v ng ca n, thn th b
qun bng vi gai, u v mt qun bng khn theo phong tc chn ct ca ngi Do Thi th hn cht
t s sng cng tt li".
Paulus Heidelberg, vo u ca th k trc, c gng mt cch v ch bc b s phc sinh
ca Cha Jesus bng cch cho rng Ngi khng cht tht s m ch bt tnh, ngt i trn cy thp t.
Nhng, nh gim mc E. LeCamus La Rochelle, Php quc, co buc: "Y khoa, mt cng c m ng
ta dng bo v lun im ca ng y, th trc ht n ph hy c h thng lp lun ca ng.
ng ta bit rng, nu Cha Jesus c a xung khi cy thp t trong khi cn sng th chc l Ngi
phi cht trong m m. Khi thi th c tip xc vi lnh trong m m th cng lm cho cht
v s ng mu, do s lu thng mu bnh thng b tt nghn ri. Mt khc, mt ngi b ngt
xu khng th no sng li bnh thng khi b nht k trong mt ngi m nhng s tnh li khi c
em ra ngoi tri quang ng. Mi thm mnh ca nhng cht p xc trong mt ni c nim
phong kn mt s git cht mt ngi ang bnh hon vi b c b t lit v bt tnh hon ton.
Trong thi i ca chng ta, cc nh suy l bc b gi thuyt ny, mt gi thuyt ng ngn ti mc
gh tm v tt c u ng rng Cha Jesus b ng inh trn thp t gi tht s cht vo ngy
th su" 8/485
Nh gio s Albert Roper (trong tc phm Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? Nh xut bn Zondervan,
1965) ni: "Cha Jesus b nhng ngi lnh La M ng inh theo lut php La M, mt lut
php m nhng lnh phi trung thnh thc hin".
Tm li, chng ta c th ng vi cu ni ca s Ging v s nhn xt ca ng lin quan n
s cht ca ng Christ khi ng xc nh s chng kin ca mnh v s kin ny:
"K thy th lm chng v vic , li chng ca ngi l tht v ngi vn bit mnh ni tht
vy" (Gi 19:35).
2C. NGI M
Wilbur Smith nhn xt rng "T "ngi m" xut hin 32 ln trong 4 sch phc m khi ni v s
phc sinh" (Bi "The Indisputable Fact of the Empty Tomb", nguyt bo Moody, thng 5/1971).
 Ngi m ca Gisp ngi Arimath vo bui sng phc sinh tht l mt ch y th v ca cc
tc gi 4 sch phc m.
V s chn ct Cha Jesus, W.J. Sparrow-Simpson nhn xt nh sau: "Lut php La M l phi
nn nhn b treo trn thp t lm mi cho chim mung v th d. Nhng ai dm ni rng lut ny
khng c ngoi l? Josephus (T truyn chng 75; Wars of the Jews, IV, cu 2) xi hong Titus
em 3 k nhc hnh xung khi cy thp t trong khi h vn cn sng. C ai dm chng t rng iu
ny khng c tnh lch s v c mt lut khc? Khng cn nghi ng g na chnh lut l Do Thi v s
chn ct k t ti. y chnh l lut php Do Thi. Nhng Josephus xc quyt vi chng ta rng vo
thi im chnh ngi Do Thi cng vi phm lut chn ct. Trong tc phm "War of the Jews",
ng vit: "H hnh ng ti mc nghch o khi nm nhng thi th ca ngi cht i m khng
chn ct g c mc d ngi Do Thi rt quan tm n vic chn ct n ni h em nhng k b xt
x v treo trn thp t xung v chn ct trc lc mt tri ln".
"Loisy cho rng nhng ngi thn c php chn ct ngi b x t. Nhng khng c mt ngi
thn no dm xin xc Cha Jesus: khng c ai trong 12 s lm iu ny. Ba ngi b ng inh
m Josephus xin nh cm quyn quc c em xung khi thp t khng phi l nhng ngi b
con ca ng. H ch l nhng ngi bn. ng "nh li rng h l ngi quen c ca ng". Mt v kin
ln chng li yu cu ca Josephus nhng yu cu cng c chp nhn. Th m khng c ai
nghi ng v s kin ny c. H thng trch dn s kin ny nh th n rt tht. Th th ti sao Gisp
ngi Arimath li khng c mt li yu cu tng t vi Philt?" 59/21,22.
Henry Latham trong tc phm The Risen Master cho chng ta mt s thng tin v s chn
Cha. Trc tin ng trch: "... Ngi ta cho rng s m t v ngi m ca Cha chng ta va mi c
Empress Helena pht hin. S m t ny l ca Eusebius ngi Ssar - mt gio ph trong lch s Hi
Thnh. N c trch trong tc phm Theophania ca ng - mt tc phm c pht hin trong th k
ny, v tin s Lee i hc Cambridge dch tc phm ny vo nm 1843.
"Chnh ngi m l mt hang ng c o gt; mt hang ng c c trong v cha h
chn ai. V tht l l lng, hang ng ch dnh cho thi hi ny m thi. Tht ng ngc nhin khi thy
rng trn mt vng t bng phng li nh ln mt tng sng sng m trong ch c duy nht mt
ngi m, e rng nu c nhiu th php l v ng c thng t thn s b lu m i chng.
"Trch trong tc phm Architectural History of the Holy Sepulchre ca gio s Willis, nguyn l
gio s nghin cu v Andrew Jackson i hc Cambridge. The Holy City: G. William, quyn 1 trang
150.
"Trong nhiu trng hp nhng quan ti, huyt m hoc nhng ni yn ngh khc c o t
khi, do khi phi nh cao trn mt t hoc nh ra bn sn i th ngi ta mi c o
c. Khi huyt ny c t thi hi vo th b mt ca n s bng phng hoc ch lm su vo 1
hoc 2 inch ging nh mt ni an ngh. Phn c p cao ln thng l u ging nh mt ci
gi hoc l ct mt l trn cng vi mc ch nh vy. Nhng huyt nh th ny c tm thy trong
nhng ngi m Etruria v trong nhng ngi m Hy Lp v Tiu ...
Trong nhng ngi m Do Thi Syri th ch lm bn hng ca phng m ny c v l t ngi
cht vo ri. Ngay c iu ny cng c nhiu th lm. Hnh thc n gin nht l mt hnh ch nht
nh ln hoc lm xung trn b mt phin ca ngi m, phn y ca n thng cao hn mt nn
ca phng m, chiu di v chiu su ch t thi hi ca mt ngi vo. Thng th mt trn
hoc mt di c un thnh dng vm tng khc hoc hnh bn nguyt v y l hnh thc thng
thy khi ngi ta t quan ti vo " 31/87, 88.
Gio s Guignebert, trong tc phm "Jesus" ca ng, trang 500, c mt cu hon ton v cn c:
"S tht l chng ta v c l l tt c cc mn cng khng bit l nhng tn ao ph nm xc
Cha Jesus u khi em xung khi cy thp t. Chc l b nm xung h dnh cho nhng t ti hn
l c chn trong mt ngi m mi" 58/372.
1D. Gio s Guignebert a ra li xc quyt ny m khng c mt bng chng no ng h c.
2D. ng hon ton khng g n nhng bng chng c lu li trong nhng tc phm tn
gio v th tc ca 3 th k u tin.
3D. ng hon ton b qua s tng thut r rng trong cc sch phc m.
 1E. Nu thi hi ca Christ khng c Gisp ngi Arimath em chn th sao li c nhng on
Kinh Thnh nh sau?
"n chiu ti, c mt ngi giu, thnh Arimath, tn l Gisp, chnh l mt mn ca Cha
Jesus n ni Philt m xin xc c Cha Jesus. Philt bn truyn cho (Mat 27:57,58).
"By gi l ngy sm sa, ngha l hm trc ngy Sabt, khi chiu ti, c mt ngi tn l
Gisp, thnh Arimath, l ngh vin ta cng lun c danh vng, cng trng i nc c Cha
Tri. Ngi bo gan n Philt m xin xc c Cha Jesus. Philt ly lm l v Ngi cht mau nh vy,
bn i thy i n m hi th Ngi cht lu cha. Va nghe tin thy i trnh th giao xc cho
Gisp" (Mac 15:42-45).
"C mt ngi, tn l Gisp, lm ngh vin ta cng lun, l ngi chnh trc cng bnh, khng
ng cng khng d vic cc ngi kia lm. Ngi Arimath, l thnh thuc v x Giu, vn
trng i nc c Cha Tri. Ngi bn i n Philt m xin xc c Cha Jesus" (Lu 23:50-52).
"Sau , Gisp ngi Arimath, lm mn c Cha Jesus mt cch kn giu, v s dn Giua,
xin php Philt cho ly xc c Cha Jesus th Philt cho php" (Gi 19:38).
Nhng ghi chp trong Kinh Thnh t minh chng. Thi hi ca ng Christ khng h b nm vo
h dnh cho cc t ti!
2E. Nhng ghi chp trong Kinh Thnh ni g v s sa son chn ct?
"Gisp ly xc Ngi m bc trong tm vi lim trng" (Mat 27:59).
"Ngi (Gisp) mua vi lim, ct xc c Cha Jesus xung khi cy thp t, dng vi lim vn
ly Ngi, ri xc trong huyt c trong hn ln, on ln mt hn chn ca huyt li" (Mac
15:46).
"Ngy Sabt qua ri, Mari Malen, Mari m Giac cng Salm mua thuc thm ng i xc xc
c Cha Jesus" (16:1).
"Cc ngi n b t x Galil n vi c Cha Jesus, theo Gisp, xem m v cng xem xc
Ngi th no. Khi tr v, h sm sa nhng thuc thm v sp thm" (Lu 23:55).
"Gisp ngi Arimath... cng vi Nicem n, em theo 100 cn mt dc ha vi l hi.
Vy hai ngi ly xc c Cha Jesus dng vi gai v thuc thm gi li, theo nh tc khm lim ca
dn Giua" (Gi 19:38b-40).
Nu nhng s chun b nh th ny khng xy ra th sao cc sch phc m li ghi li?
3E. Nhng ngi n b thy g khi Gisp ngi Arimath v Nicem chun b chn xc
Cha? H :
"... theo Gisp, xem m..." (Lu 23:55).
"... ngi i ngang huyt..." (Mat 27:61) v thy ch tng Ngi (Mac 15:47).
Chc chn nhng ngi n b ny bit l c mt ngi m. Nhng ghi chp trong Kinh Thnh
lm r im ny.
4E. Lm th no m ngi ta li c th b qua nhng nhn xt c chp li v chnh ngi m?
"Gisp ly xc Ngi... v trong mt ci huyt mi..." (Mat 27:59,60).
"... Ci huyt c trong mt hn ln..." (Mac 15:46).
"... l huyt cha chn ai ht..." (Lu 23:53). Ci huyt ny nm "... ni Ngi b ng inh... trong
vn..." (Gi 19:41).
Gio s Alford, mt hc gi ngi Hy Lp a ra nhn xt v nhng bng chng trong nhng
ghi chp ca cc sch phc m rng:
"Ch c Mathi ni rng l ngi mt ca Gisp. Ging th ni rng ngi m trong vn, ni
Ngi b ng inh. Ngoi tr Mc, tt c u cho rng l mt ngi m mi. Ging khng m ch rng
ngi mt l ca Gisp..." 4/298, 299.
 V Gisp ngi Arimath th ng ni "L do ng ta t thi hi y v n gn v s chun b biu
l s vi vng" 4/298, 299.
T li bnh lun ca Alford c th kt lun l nhng bng chng "m chng ta xc nh v ngi m
theo nhng d liu c cung cp y l: (1) khng phi l mt ci huyt thin nhin m l
mt ci huyt do con ngi o trong . (2) khng phi l ci huyt o xung t nh kiu m
ca chng ta, nhng c o ngang hoc gn nh th, vo trong b mt ca tng " 4/298, 299.
5E. Nu khng c mt ngi m nh th th ti sao ngi Do Thi xin Philt cho lnh canh ngi
m?
"n ngy mai (l ngy sau ngy sm sa), cc thy t l c v ngi Pharisi cng nhau n Philt
m ni rng: Tha Cha, chng ti nh ngi gian di ny, khi cn sng, c ni rng: Khi ba ngy th
ta s sng li. Vy xin hy ct ngi canh m cn thn cho n ngy th ba ko mn n n ly
trm xc i, ri ni vi chng rng: Ngi t k cht sng li. S gian di sau s t hn s gian di
trc. Philt ni vi h rng: Cc ngi c lnh canh hy i canh gi theo cc ngi. Vy, h i, nim
phong m Ngi li, ct lnh canh gi, ly lm chc chn lm" (Mat 27:62-66).
Tht vy, s tht ca vn r rng nh Gio s Mayor ni kh r: "Nu xc ca Cha ch b
nm vo mt ngi m tp th khng cn quan tm n th khng c l do g cc k th ca Ngi lo
ngi s c tin n ra l xc Ngi b cp ly" (The Mission and Message of Jesus, trang 215).
6E. Chng ta ngh g v cuc thm m ca nhng ngi n b sau ngy Sabt?
"Sau ngy Sabt, ngy th nht trong tun l, lc tng tng sng, c Mari Malen v Mari khc
n thm m" (28:1).
"Ngy th nht trong tun l, sng sm, mt tri mi mc, ba ngi n ni m" (Mac 16:2).
"Ngy th nht trong tun l, khi m sng, cc ngi n b y ly thuc thm sa son em
n m Ngi" (Lu 24:1).
"Ngy th nht trong tun l, lc rng ng, tri cn m m, Mari Malen ti m, thy hn lp
ca m di i" (Gi 20:1).
Nu Cha Jesus khng tht s c chn trong m ca Gisp th nhng ghi chp v mt cuc
thm m nh th ny khng c thut li trong cc sch phc m.
7E. Chng ta ngh g v vic thm m ca Ging v Phier khi nghe cc b thut li?
"Du vy Phier ng dy, chy n m, ci xung m dm, ch thy vi lim trn t, on v
nh, l lng cho vic xy ra" (Lu 24:12).
"Phier vi mn khc bn bc ra, i n m. C hai u chy, nhng mn kia chy mau hn
Phier v n m trc. Ngi ci xung, thy vi b di t, nhng khng vo, Simn Phier theo
n, vo trong m, thy vi b di t, v ci khn lim trm u c Cha Jesus chng cng mt ch
vi vi, nhng cun li ring ra mt ni khc. By gi, mn kia n m trc, cng bc vo,
th thy v tin" (Gi 20:3-8).
Nhng bng chng nh th ny b ngi ta b qua.
8E. Trong tc phm Therefore Stand, Wilbur Smith vit v gi thuyt ca Guignbert nh sau:
"ng ta chi b nhng s kin m 4 sch phc m cp, rng thi hi ca Cha Jesus
c t trong ngi m ca Gisp ngi Arimath. Chi b iu ny nhng ng li khng a ra
c bng chng no tng phn m ch ni nhng iu ra t s tng tng ca ng ta. Tht vy,
ngi ta c th ni nhiu iu v thi hi ca Cha Jesus khng ch theo suy ngh ca mnh m thi
nhng cn phi theo s xc nh c trc (khng phi l nhng nh kin lch s nhng l nhng
nh kin trit hc).
R rng nhng bng chng t lm r iu nhng gio s Guignbert khng chu chp
nhn nhng bng chng v bng chng khng ph hp vi quan im ca ng rng php l l
iu khng th c c. Mc d c nhng bng chng th ny, nhng khng v th m v gio s ngi
Php ny li khng nu ra kt lun ca mnh. Tht vy, nh Smith ni v thuyt ca ng y rng:
"Theo s nghin cu 4 ti liu lch s m chng ta ang c, 4 ti liu m ngi ta, gi l cc sch phc
m, th chng ti bc b gi thuyt ca ng ta, v n hon ton khng c nn tng lch s, do n
khng ng xem xt thm na."
3C. S CHN CT
Trong khi bn tho v vic chn ct Cha Jesus trong ngi m ca Gisp ngi Arimath, Wilbur
Smith vit: "Chng ta bit r v s chn ct Cha Jesus hn s chn ct ca bt k mt nhn vt no
trong sut lch s c i. Chng ta bit qu nhiu v s chn Ngi hn ht bt k mt nhn vt no
trong Cu c, trong cc vua Babyln, trong cc Pharan ca Ai Cp, trong cc trit gia Hy lp v trong
cc Ssa c thng khi hon. Chng ta bit ngi em xc Ngi xung khi cy thp t, chng ta
bit mt s iu v vic khm lim xc Ngi, vi lim, chng ta bit v ngi m chn xc Ngi, tn ca
ngi c ngi m l Gisp ngi lng Arimath, thm ch chng ta cn bit ngi m nm u
na, trong mt khu vn gn ch Ngi b ng inh, bn ngoi nhng bc tng ca thnh ph. Chng
ta c 4 bn tng thut ni v s chn Ngi, tt c u n khp rt k l, bn tng thut ca Mathi,
mt mn ca Christ, c mt khi Ngi b ng inh, bn tng thut ca Mc, mt sch m
ngi ta cho rng c vit trong vng 10 nm t khi Cha thng thin. Bn tng thut ca Luca,
mt ngi bn ca S Phaol, mt s gia ln, bn tng thut ca Ging, ngi cui cng ri khi
cy thp t, cng vi Phier, l nhng ngi u tin trong 12 s trng thy ngi m trng vo
ngy phc sinh" 58/370,371.
Trong tc phm Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, s gia Alfred Edersheim cung cp nhng
chi tit v s chn ct theo phong tc Do Thi:
"Khng ch nhng ngi giu c v ngay c nhng ngi c trung bnh cng c m ring cho
mnh, c kim v chun b rt lu trc khi ngi ta cn n, c xem nh mt ti sn ring c
tha k. Trong nhng huyt, m o trong nh vy, xc cht c t vo, c xc du thm
bng mt dc v l hi. Sau mt thi gian, ngi ta li xc xc bng bi hng, du hoa hng v nc
hoa hng. Xc cht c mc qun o v mt thi gian sau, nu c th c th qun li bng vi lim
theo lut php qui nh. "Ngi m" hoc c "c trong " hoc l mt "huyt" t nhin hoc
nhng hm m c xy tng rt ln vi nhng hc tng dc theo 2 bn" 19/318,319.
V s chn Cha, Edersheim ni: "Sp n ngy Sabt thnh, v v do phi gp rt, thc p
Gisp an tng thi hi ca Cha Jesus trong ngi m mi c trong ca mnh, cha h chn ai..."
"Thp t c h xung t, nhng chic inh th bo c nh ra v chic o c ci ra.
Gisp cng vi nhng ngi i vi ng "qun" thi hi thnh "bng vi gai mn" v vi vng a thi
hi n ngi m c trong , trong khu vn gn . Mt ngi m hoc mt ci huyt
(Meartha) nh th c nhng hc (Kukhin) t ngi cht vo. Chng ta nn nh rng ngay li vo
"ngi m" - cng nm trong tng y - c mt "ci snh" rng 9 foot vung nhng ngi a m
ng v nhng ngi khing lm nhng th tc sau cng cho ngi cht" 19/617.
Edersheim tip tc nhn xt: "...mt ngh vin cng hi khc l Nicem... lc y cng n mang
theo "mt trm cn" mt dc v l hi, trn li thm phc m mi ngi Do Thi u bit l dng
cho vic xc du hay chn ct.
"Chnh trong "ci snh" ca ngi m, s p xc vi vng nu c th ni nh th - xy ra".
19/617
Trong thi i ca Cha Jesus vic dng mt s lng ln du thm p xc cht l hp vi
phong tc, c bit l vi nhng ngi c qu mn".
Michael Green ni nh sau v vic chun b chn Cha Jesus :
"Xc cht c t ln trn mt phin , c qun cht bng nhng mnh vi, ri y thuc
thm. Phc m ging cho Chng ta thy khong 70 cn Anh c dng n v chc l . Gi sp l
ngi giu c, v r rng ng mun chuc li tnh nht nht ca mnh trong sut lc Cha Jesus cn
sng bng cch ng t chc cho Ngi mt m tang rnh rang. D ln nhng s lng thuc thm
ny cng ch dng. Gio s Gamalin, mt ngi ng thi vi Cha Jesus, khi ng cht c
mai tng vi 80 cn thuc thm". Flavius Josephus, s gia Do Thi vo th k th nht, c cp n
m tang ca Aristobulus, " b git lc cha c 18 tui, v gi chc v t l c ch c mt nm"
(Antiquities of the Jews, XV, iii, 3)".
 Trong m tang ca ng ta, Herod " mun lm cho tht linh nh bng cch chun b rt ln mt
ngi m chn xc ca Aristobulus v ban cho mt lng ln du thm v chn theo ng rt nhiu
trang sc". (trch Antiquities of the Jews, XVII, Viii, 3).
Gio s James Hastings ni v nhng tm vi lim c tm thy trong ngi m trng ca Cha
Jesus Christ rng "Vo thi Chrysostom (vo th k th 4 sau CN), c mt iu ng ch l mt dc
l mt loi thuc dnh cht vo thi hi n ni vi lim khng d g ri ra c" (Joan. Hom. 85)
17/507.
Merrill Tenney (trong tc phm The Reality of the Resurrection, nh xut bn Moody, 1963),
gii thch v tm vi lim nh sau: " chun b cho vic chn ct theo phong tc Do Thi, th ngi ta
phi ra v lm cho xc cht nm ngay ngn, sau dng dy vi gai, rng khong mt foot buc cht
thi th t nch n mt c. Mt lng thuc thm c v dnh vo gia tm vi qun hoc trong ch
gp ca vi. N va p xc va nh xi mng lm cho vi qun dnh vo ci bc cng ngoi. T
Ging dng l "gi li" (ting Hy Lp l edesan) hon ton ging vi t dng trong Lu 23:53 m tc gi
vit l ngi ta ly "vi gai m bc" xc Ngi. Vo rng sng ngy th nht trong tun l xc ca Cha
Jesus bin mt nhng vi lim vn cn ..." 63/117.
Trong tc phm The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, gio s George B. Eager ni v
s chn Cha rng: "C mt s ph hp kht khao gia mt tp tc nh th vi iu khon trong lut
php Mise (Phu 21:23) ("thy n ch treo trn tr hnh cch m, song phi chn trong ni ngy
, v k no b treo t b c Cha Tri ra s. Nh vy, ngi chng lm u t m Gihva c
Cha Tri ngi ban cho ngi lm sn nghip") (So vi Ga 3:13 "ng Christ chuc chng ta khi
s ra s ca lut php, bi Ngi nn s ra s v chng ta - v c li chp: ng ra thay l k b
treo trn cy g"). Cng bi chu theo s thc y ca lng nhn o chn tht, Gisp ngi Arimath
i n Philt, xin xc Cha Jesus mai tng cng ng ngy m Ngi b ng inh (Xem Mat 27:58)
29/529.
Gio s Eager nhn xt thm: "Cc gio s v dn bn x Syri cho chng ta bit rng ra xc vn
cn l phong tc (so snh vi Gi 12:719:40Mac 16:1Lu 24:1), buc tay v chn bng vi lim,
thng l vi gia (Gi 19:40), ph mt hoc buc li bng khn (11:44b). Ngi ta cn t trong vi
qun xc thuc thm v nhng th khc lm chm li s thi ra... Ngi ta ni rng sau khi chn
Cha Jesus, Nicem mang theo "mt trm cn mt dc ha vi l hi" v h "ly xc Cha
Jesus, dng vi gai v thuc thm gi li, theo nh tc khm lim ca dn Giua", v rng Mari
Malen v 2 ngi n b khc mang thuc thm xc xc Ngi (Mac 16:1Lu 23:56)" 29/529.
Henry Latham ni nhng chi tit sau v s chn Cha: "T nhng ti liu c ng tin cy, chng
ta c th thy rng thi hi c em i chn khng cn n quan ti hay mt loi o quan no. Thi hi
c nhng ngi a m khing i bng vai. Thi hi c mc cho mt b qun o thng, c
ct cht bng nhng dy vi lim c l gi thuc thm, hoc c qun li bng vi gai. Tin s
Edersheim ni "Cn mt ca xc cht th khng b ph li" (quyn 1 trang 556). Theo nhng tc l cn
ang tn ti, ti tin rng c v mt trn ca hai b vai cng c trn nh khun mt.
"c trong Gi 19:38-41, chng ta thy rng Nicem v Gisp ngi Arimath chun b cho
vic chn Cha qu vi vng. Ti tng rng l ra l phi qun 3, 4 ln vi gai v mi lp phi tm rt
nhiu thuc thm, v u phi c qun khn v ct cht li. Khi t thi hi vo m, ci u nn nm
phn nh ln ca tm ging nh mt ci gi.
"By gi ti xin ni n thuc thm. Khng c mt sch phc m no, k c Tin lnh Ging ni
rng c thuc thm trong m. Theo ti, iu ny l mt c im y ngha. Theo lun im ca
ti, thuc thm nm gia nhng lp vi gai lim. Theo Thnh Ging, s lng thuc thm do Nicem
mang n chun b chn xc l rt ln, lm cho ti c nhn xt nh sau: s lng tuy nhiu nhng
c t quan trng hn mt iu, m iu ny hnh nh c nhng ti liu ng tin cy nht xc nhn,
rng thuc thm b kh v do ri xung t rt nhiu nu thi hi c t th thng ng
hoc nu vi lim c tho ra. S lng mt trm cn d lm cho chng ta thy qu ln. y ci
c gi l "l hi" l mt loi cy thm phc c gi hoc nghin thnh bi nh, cn mt dc l
nhng ming bng cht nha thm, c trn vi bt l hi. V vy khi trn li n l tp tc xc
xc, hi do nh cam tng. Mt tc dng ca cht ny l lm cho bt l hi bm cht vo xc cht ngay
lp tc m khi lng ca n vn cn nguyn. u v tc cng c xc bng loi cht ny. Ti khng
thy rng loi thuc thm dng b c xc ln mt v u. Tuy nhin khi xc ca Cha chng ta c
chun b vi vng chn nn khng c th gi xc thuc hay lm mt cch t m v hong hn ang
bung xung v ngy Sabt n. Ch cn rc bt thm ny trn khp xc cht. C l v th m nhng
ngi n b c lm li s thiu st ny, v vo sng cha nht h mang theo cam tng hoc
mt t cht do ny lm trn th tc p xc. Ging ch ni n mt dc v l hi nhng Luca th
ni rng cc ngi n b sa son thuc thm v thuc do (thuc m) v trong Mc th chng ta
thy l "h mua thuc thm ng i xc xc Cha" (Mac 16:1). C l h khng c lm xo trn vi
lim nhng ch dng cht m ny xc ln u v c thi" 31/35-37.
4C. TNG
V tng chn li vo m ca Cha Jesus, A.B. Bruce ni: "Ngi Do Thi gi n l tng
Gloal" 6/334.
H.W. Holloman, trch li ca G.M. Mackie rng: "Li vo trung tm ngi m c mt tng
ln, hnh trn canh gi, c th ln trn mt ci rnh khot gia trc li vo m" 27/38.
Gio s T.J. Thorburn cho rng tng ny c dng " bo v, chng li ngi hay th d".
ng cn nhn xt thm rng "Tng ny thng c nhng ngi nghin cu v Talmud ni n.
Theo Maimonides, kt cu ex lingo, alia Materia cng c dng n. V kch thc to ln ca mt
tng nh th, tin s Thorburn bnh lun: "Cn phi c nhiu ngi mi di chuyn c n". Khi
ngi ta ln tng chn li vo ngi m ca Cha Jesus, h c ngn chn s trm cp, c l tng
ny ln hn mt tng thng c s dng" 65/97,98.
Tht vy, v khi lng thng k ca tng , Thorburn nhn xt: "Mt li ch thch trong Cod.
Bez (mt cu c vit trong ngoc nm trong Mac 16:4, c tm thy trong mt bn chp tay th k
th 2 (Codex Bezae trong Th vin Cambridge)) c ni thm rng "Khi t Ngi nm , Gisp
ln mt tng chn m li, mt tng m 20 ngi khng ln ni". Ngi ta nhn ra c tm
quan trng v s nhn xt ca Tin s Thorburn khi h xem xt cn thn cc lut l v vic sao li cc
bn chp tay. Theo lut , nu mt ngi sao chp mun nhn mnh vic din gii ca ring mnh th
phi vit ngoi l ch khng c vit vo trong vn bn. Do , ngi ta c th kt lun rng, iu
vit thm vo trong vn bn Kinh Thnh c sao li t mt bn Kinh Thnh khc gn vi thi
Cha Jesus hn, c l l mt bn chp tay ca th k th nht. V vy cu ny c mt ngi chng
kin thut li, ngi ny rt kinh ngc v tng khng l c ln li chn m Cha Jesus. Gilbert
West i hc Oxford cng ni ln tm quan trng ca phn Bezea Codex ny trang 37-38 ca tc
phm Observation on the History and Evidences of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ 65/1,2.
Gio s Samuel Chandler ni: " y, tt c nhng ngi chng kin u ng rng, khi cc
ngi n b n th tng b ln i hoc b di i. Cc ngi n b khng th lm iu ny, i
vi h, tng qu ln khng th di chuyn c" 9/33.
Gio s E.Edersheim, mt C c nhn ngi Do Thi, mt ngi hiu bit tng tn v ngun
gc lch s cc thi i Tn c, ni nh sau v s chn Cha:
"H Ngi c an ngh trong mt ci hc ca mt ngi m mi c trong . V theo phong
tc, khi i ra h ln mt "tng ln", gi l Golel - lp li i vo m, v theo l thng, da vo
l mt tng nh hn, gi l Dopheg. Chnh ch tng ny c t da vo tng kia vo
ngy hm sau, d l ngy Sabt, cc k cm quyn Do Thi n ng n, nu c mt s ln xn no
d nh nht cng s b pht hin ngay" 19/618.
Gio s Frank Morison (trong tc phm Who Move the Stone?, Faber and Faber, 1967), bnh
lun v vic thm m Cha ca Mari v nhng ngi bn ca b vo sng sm ngy Ch nht rng:
"Vn lm th no ln tng ny i l mt iu lm cc b rt lng tng. t nht l c 2 ngi
trong s h chng kin cnh chn ct v bit i khi mt s iu. Tng qu ln v c khi lng
ng k l mt s kh khn ln lao ca h. Do khi chng ti tm thy trong nhng ti liu c nht
ca Phc m Mc rng "Ai s ln tng trc ca m cho chng ta?", th chng ti cm thy rng mi
bn tm ca cc ngi n b v tng khng ch l mt vn c tnh cht tm l m l mt yu t
lch s r rng trong tnh hung xy ra ngay lc h i n m" 44/76.
Morison gi tng ti ngi m ca Cha Jesus l mt chng nhn thm lng, bn vng trong ton
b tnh tit cu chuyn - v c nhiu s kin v tng ny cn c nghin cu v r sot cn thn"
44/147.
 "Trc tin chng ta hy bt u xem kch thc v c im ca n... Khng cn nghi ng g
na... tng ny rt ln v tt nhin l rt nng. S kin ny c tt c cc tc gi u xc quyt v
c m ch n. Mc ni rng hn "ln lm". Mathi th ni rng l "mt hn ln". Phier
ni "v hn th ln". Ni khc khoi ca cc ngi n b l lm th no ln tng i cng l
mt bng chng thm v iu ny. Nu tng ny khng c mt khi lng ng k th ba ngi n
b hp sc li c th di n i c. Do chng ta chp nhn mt iu ng lu , rt r rng rng t
ra tng cng c mi khi lng no m t cc ngi n b khng th ln n i c. Tt c
nhng iu ny u c mt ngha r rng i vi vn ..." 44/147.
5C. S NIM PHONG NGI M
Mat 27:66 chp "Vy h i, nim phong m Ngi li, ct lnh canh gi, ly lm chc chn lm".
A.T. Robertson ni rng phng php nim phong tng trc m Cha Jesus "... c l l mt dy
thng vt ngang qua tng ri nim phong hai u dy nh trong Da 6:17 ("Ngi ta bn em n
mt hn chn ni ca hang, v vua ng n mnh cng n cc i thn na, hu cho khng c iu
g thay i c v anin"). S nim phong c thc hin vi s hin din ca cc lnh canh La M,
nhng ngi phi li vi nhim v bo v du nim ca chnh quyn La M. H c ht sc ngn
cn s n trm v s phc sinh (Bruce). Nhng h tht bi, li cn cung cp thm bng chng v
mt ngi m trng v s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus (Plummer)" 52/239.
A.B. Bruce nhn xt: "Mnh phn t (nim phong tng - Sealing the Stone) l mt s vic
thm vo cho thy mt s phng xa hn, nim phong tng vi mt si dy vt ngang, nim li
hai u. Nhng k c danh gi ang c sc ngn chn mt v trm v - s phc sinh" 6/35.
Henry Summer Maine: "... mt thnh vin ca Hi ng ti cao n , trc y l Ph Gio s v
lut hc v Lut dn s Middle Temple, l mt Gio s do Hong gia b nhim v lut dn s i
hc Cambridge, ni n uy quyn v mt php lut ca du nim phong La M. ng cho thy rng
n tht s "c xem l hnh thc c gi tr" 37/203,204.
Trong lnh vc lut hc, Gio s Maine ni tip "Chng ta c th nhn xt rng nhng du nim
ca chc th La M v nhng ti liu quan trng khc, khng nhng c xem nh l du ch v s
hin din v ng ca cc bn k kt, m n cn l mt ci gt ci tht s m trc khi xem bn
trong ngi ta phi g n ra" 37/203,204.
Cng mt cch cho s nim phong ngi m ca Cha Jesus, du nim phong La M c ng vo
sau l c ngn chn bt k s c ph hoi no i vi ngi m. H ai c ln tng khi li vo
ca ngi m th s lm hng du nim phong v do phi gnh chu cn thnh n ca lut php La
M.
Gio s Henry Alford ni: "Du nim phong l mt loi dy hoc dy bng vt ngang qua tng
ch ming hang v c nim cht 2 u dy vo bng t st" 4/301.
Marvin Vincent nhn xt "H nim phong tng trc s hin din ca lnh canh v sau
lnh canh li canh gi. Lnh canh chng kin s nim phong l mt iu quan trng. Vic nim
phong din ra bng vic ging mt si dy ngang qua tng ri gt cht hai u dy vo bng t
st nim. Hoc nu tng ca m b ng cht bng mt cy n bt ngang th trng hp ny,
cy n s c nim phong vo tng " 67/147.
Gio s D.D. Whedon ni: "Do khng th m ca m khng ph du nim phong, mt hnh
ng vi phm chng li ngi ch ca du nim ny. Lnh canh s ngn chn nhng hnh ng gian
di ca cc mn , v du nim s ngn cn s thng ng ca lnh canh. V vy, trong Da 6:17 chp:
"Ngi ta bn em n mt hn chn ni ca hang, v Vua ng n mnh cng n cc i thn na,
hu cho khng c iu g thay i c v anin" 70/343.
John Chrysatom, Tng Gim mc ca thnh Constantinophe vo th k th t, vit nhng nhn
xt sau v mc an ton m ng ghi nhn c ngi m ca Cha Jesus: "D sao i na, chng
ta hy xem nhng li lm bng chng cho mi mt s kin ny. Nhng li l nh th ny: "Chng
ti nh ngi gian di ny, khi cn sng (nh vy by gi Ngi cht ri) c ni rng: Khi ba ngy
th ta s sng li. Vy xin hy ra lnh nim m (nh vy Ngi b chn), ko mn n n ly trm
xc i". V vy nu ngi m b nim phong th khng c mt s gian di no y c. Khng th no
c c. Do bng chng v s phc sinh ca Ngi l khng th chi ci c bi nhng iu chng
ta t ra trn. V nu ngi m b nim phong th khng c mt s gian di no xy ra c. Nhng
nu khng c mt s gian di no, m ngi m trng rng, th r rng Ngi sng li, rnh rnh,
hin nhin. Lm th no chng li quyt tm ca h khi h u tranh cho l phi?" 10/525.
6C. S CANH GC NGI M
1D. Mat 27:62-66 tng thut nh sau: "n ngy mai, l ngy sau ngy sm sa, cc thy t l c
v ngi Pharisi cng nhau n Philt, m ni rng: Tha Cha, chng ti nh ngi gian di ny, khi
cn sng c ni rng: Khi ba ngy th ta s sng li. Vy xin hy ct ngi canh m cn thn cho n
ngy th ba, ko mn n n ly trm xc i, ri ni vi chng rng: Ngi t k cht sng li. S
gian di sau s t hn s gian di trc. Philt ni vi h rng: Cc ngi c lnh canh, hy i canh
gi theo cc ngi. Vy, h i, nim phong m Ngi li, ct lnh canh gi, ly lm chc chn lm".
Bnh lun v on Kinh Thnh ny, trong tc phm Did Jesus rise from the Dead? (Nh xut bn
Zondervan, 1965), Albert Roper a ra li nhn xt sau:
"Di s lnh o ca nhng thy c Anne v Caiphe, on i biu nhng ngi lnh o Do
Thi n gp Philt yu cu nim phong ngi m chn Cha Jesus, v mt i lnh canh La M
phi n tr quanh . iu ny cho chng ta thy s s hi ca h rng nhng ngi bn ca Cha
Jesus c th n cp xc Ngi vo ban m cho rng s phc sinh xy ra.
"Philt bng lng yu cu ny v ni "Cc ngi c lnh canh, hy i canh gi theo cc ngi".
H i, thp tng theo, l nhng lnh La M khong 10 n 30 ngi, di s ch o ca h,
nim phong ngi m ca Gisp ngi Arimath bng nhng du mim phong ca quc La M,
ngoi ra cn ng mt con du ca chnh quyn m phi l mt t chc ti c ln mi dm lt b. Do
chnh nhng k th cung nhit ca Cha Jesus v tnh sp t trc mt s phn ng khng b
bc c v s gii thch sau ca h v s phc sinh - mt s gii thch khng ng v khng th
no ng vi nhng g gii thch v (iu )..." 53/23,24.
Gio s Albert Roper ni tip: "ng u i lnh canh l mt i trng do Philt ch nh, c th
cho l ngi m Philt tin cy hon ton. Theo truyn thuyt, tn ng ta l Petronius.
"Do , tht l hp l khi cho rng nhng ngi i din cho quc ny l nhng ngi c tin
cy thc hin bn phn canh gc ngi m tht nghim nht v trung thnh nh khi h tha hnh
lnh ng inh. H khng c mt cht ch g khc v nhim v h c giao. Nhim v v mc ch
duy nht ca h l tuyt i thi hnh nhim v ngi lnh ca quc La M, mt quc m h
t ht lng trung thnh. i vi h, nim phong La M c ng vo trc ngi m ca Gisp
cng khng thing ling g hn tt c nhng trit l ca dn tc Israel hoc tnh thing ling ca tn
iu c xa ca h. Nhng ngi lnh, ang thn nhin bt thm chic o khoc ca nn nhn ang
cht, khng phi l loi ngi d b nhng ngi Galil nht nht ny la gt hoc l nhng ngi liu
lnh ng m b mt u" 53/33.
2D. C nhiu tranh ci v mt vi t trong cu Kinh Thnh Mat 27:65 "Cc ngi c lnh canh".
Vn ch nhng t ny ni n nhng "Lnh canh trong n th" hay "lnh canh La M".
Gio s Alford ni rng nhng t c th c dch hoc l (1) Li ni trnh by: "Cc ngi c",
nhng vn l h c lnh canh g? v nu h c th ti sao li n Philt? C l chng ta phi hiu mt
s i qun c thit lp theo s sp xp ca h trong sut bui l - nhng dng nh khng c mt
ghi chp no v mt tc l nh th, hoc (2) theo li mnh lnh... vi ngha... hy ly mt nhm ngi
lm mt i canh gc.
Mgr. E. Le Camus ni "Mt s ngi ngh rng y Philt mun ni n nhng ngi c chc v
ca n th, nhng ngi m thy c c, trong cng vic n th v l nhng ngi h c th dng
trong vic bo v ngi m. Nh vy s d dng hn trong vic gii thch s tham nhng ca i lnh
canh ca n th hn l s tham nhng ca i lnh canh trong qun i La M khi h b xi gic phi
ni rng h ng m khi canh gc. Tuy nhin t... "Koustodia" vay mn t ting Latinh, v dng
nh m ch i lnh canh La M, v vic cp n thy i... (28:14) lm cho kin ny c u th
hn".
 A.T. Robertson, mt hc gi ni ting ngi Hy Lp, ni rng cm t "C lnh canh" (echete
Koustodian) l mt mnh lnh hin ti "v m ch n" i lnh canh ca qun i La M ch khng
phi nhng lnh canh ca n th" 52/239.
Robertson nhn xt thm: "Thut ng Latin Koustodia c trong bn ch tho Oxyrhynchus vo
nm 22 sau CN" 52/239.
Gio s T.J. Thorburn nhn xt: "Nhn chung ngi ta cho rng Mathi mun chng ta hiu rng
lnh canh c ni n c bao hm c nhng ngi lnh La M... Tuy nhin... cc thy t l cng c mt
i lnh canh n th ngi Do Thi, c l khng c ngi La M cho php thc hin nhng nhim
v ngoi gii hn ca h. Do li p ca Philt hoc c hiu l "hy ly mt i lnh canh i" hoc
"Cc ngi c mt i lnh canh" (mt hnh thc t chi lch s nu li yu cu l phi c nhng ngi
lnh La M), c th c hiu c hai ngha. Nu nhng ngi lnh canh l ngi Do Thi th c th gii
thch rng Philt b qua mt iu s sut. Trong 28:14 chp "Nu iu y thu n tai quan tng
c th chng ta s khuyn gii ngi v lm cho ngi khi lo s", nhng cu ny li dng nh
nghch vi quan im ny..." 65/179,182.
A.B. Bruce ni v t "Cc ngi c" nh sau:
"... C l y l mt mnh lnh ch khng phi mt li trnh by - Cc ngi c lnh canh, mt s
sn sng ng ca mt ngi cho rng khng cn lm v iu , nhng li khng phn i g lm
hi lng h, trong mt vn nh" 6/335.
Arndt v Gingrich (trong tc phm A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, nh xut bn
i hc Chicago, 1952) trch nhng ngun ti liu sau, trong t "Koustodian" dng ch lnh
canh, c tm thy:
"POxy, 294,20 (22ad); PRyl, 189,2; BGU 341,3; Cf. Hahn 233,6; 234, 7w. lit. Lat. loanw., custodia,
cng trong rabb.)..." 5/448.
H nh ngha n l "mt i canh (a guard) bao gm nhng ngi lnh" 27:6628:11... "hy ct
mt i lnh canh" 27:65.
Gio s Harold Smith, trong tc phm A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels (James Hasting, Ed.,
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909), cung cp cho chng ta mt s thng tin v lnh canh La M:
"LNH CANH - 1. Bn RV ni n t "Koustodian" (ting Latinh l custodia) 27:65-6628:11. Bn AV
l "Watch"; l nhng ngi m cc thy t l c v cc ngi Pharisi xin c ni Philt canh gc
ngi m. Vic cn s cho php ca Philt v s s hi b ng ta trng pht (28:14) cho chng ta thy
rng i lnh canh ny khng phi l i lnh canh n th ngi Do Thi m l nhng ngi lnh
trong qun i La M, ng Girusalem, c th cng l nhng k canh gc cy thp t... T "cc
ngi c" c l l mt mnh lnh nh "Hy ct mt i lnh canh" vy".
Lewis v Short chp nh sau trong t in Latinh "Custodia c ngha l canh gc, canh phng
(watch) bo v (guard), trng nom, ch (care), s che ch (protection) thng dng s nhiu trong
qun i ch "nhng ngi lm cng vic canh gc, bo v, lnh canh".
Vn mch trong Mathi 27 v 28 hnh nh lm vng thm quan im cho rng chnh "i lnh
canh La M" c dng bo v ngi m ca Cha Jesus. Nu Philt bo h dng "lnh canh ca
n th" th ng ch cn tng h i l xong, sau lnh canh phi bo co vi cc thy t l c ch
khng bo vi Philt. Nhng nu Philt cp cho h mt "i lnh canh La M" bo v ngi m th
lnh canh s bo co vi Philt ch khng bo vi cc thy t l c. im then cht nm trong cc cu
11 v 14 ca on 28.
Trong cu 11 ni rng lnh canh n thut li vi cc thy t l c. Thot tin, dng nh nhng
lnh canh ny bo co vi cc thy t l c. Nhng nu lnh canh bo co vi Philt th h s b x t
ngay lp tc, nh s c gii thch di y. Cu 14 xc nhn quan im cho rng h l lnh canh La
M v bo co trc tip vi Philt.
"Nu iu y thu n tai quan tng c, th chng ta s khuyn gii ngi v lm cho cc ngi
khi lo s". Nu h l "lnh canh ca n th" th ti sao li s Philt nghe? Khng c mt bng chng
no cho thy ng ta c quyn xt x h. Tc gi cm thy y l iu s xy ra: H l "lnh canh La M"
m Philt ch nh bo v ngi m, vi mc ch l lm hi lng v gi ha kh vi hng gio phm.
Trong 27:64, cc thy t l c thn trng yu cu mt "i lnh canh La M": "Vy, xin hy ct ngi
canh m cn thn...".
Nu cc thy t l mun b tr lnh canh n th m th h khng cn xin lnh ca quan tng
c lm iu . Khi iu xy ra, cc ngi lnh La M chy n cc thy t l c xin che ch,
v h bit rng nhng thy t l ny c nh hng trn Philt v cu h khi b x t: "... Chng ta s
khuyn gii ngi v lm cho cc ngi khi lo s" (28:14b).
3D. Qun lut ca ngi La M
V k lut ca lnh canh La M, George Currie ni "Theo lut, s trng pht cho ti b v tr l t
hnh (Dion. Hal. Antiq. Rom. VIII. 79). Bi din thuyt ni ting v s nghim nht qun lut ca S gia
Polybius cho thy rng vic s hi s trng pht s khin cho lnh canh cng ch hn n bn phn,
c bit l canh phng ban m. Theo Polubius, ngi m t nhng g m ng ta c dp c thy
tn mt th iu ny l ht sc quan trng. Bi din thuyt ca ng c nhiu ngi s dng n"
14/43,44.
Gio s Currie trch li ca Polibius rng: "Hnh pht bt chy gia hai hng ngi v b nh
lin tip bng di cui l mt hnh pht dnh cho ti s st lc gc m, ti n cp, ti lm chng di v
ti xc phm thn th ngi khc; ti o ng s b t hnh v tnh hn nht cng c cp n"
14/43,44.
Currie ni tip "Vegetius ni rng hng ngy cc thi th La M lun quan tm n tnh nghim
khc ca k lut (Military Institutes, 11.9). V Vegetius khng nh rng k lut ca qun i La M
nhng ngy u (vo thi ca ng Christ) th nghim khc hn vo thi ca ng" 14/43,44.
Ni n li bnh lun ca Vegetius v qun i La M, Currie ni rng "H thng m ng ta m t
cho thy s trng pht ht sc nghim khc. Khi ngi ta thi kn trumpet l mt du hiu tuyn b
mt s trng pht 11.22. S quan tm hng ngy n tnh nghim khc ca k lut l bn phn ca cc
thi th qun i (11.9)" 14/49,50.
Currie cho thy rng "Theo cc tc gi vit tm tt v b lut Justin 49.16, th c 18 ti trong qun
i c th b x t l: o ng (3.11;- 5.1-3), lm mt hoc vt b v kh (-3.13), bt tun trong thi
chin (-3.15), trn tri (-3.17), lm binh bin (-3.19), khng bo v s quan hoc b n (-3.22), trn
qun dch (-4.2), git ngi (-4.5), t tay ln cp trn hoc xc phm n tng lnh (-6.1), l ngi
lm gng m b chy (-6.3), c nh phn bi em np cho ch (-6.4;-7), dng gm lm cho mt
ngi lnh b thng (-6.6), t hy hi thn th hoc toan t st m khng c l do hp l (-6.7), b
trc m (-10.1), c hnh ng xc phm hoc m i trng khi b trng pht (-13.4), b tri canh
(-13.5) v gy ri lon, mt trt t (-16.1)" 14/49,50.
Theo lch s qun i La M, Gio s Currie a ra mt s v d sau phn nh mc k lut
ca i qun ny "Trong mc 418: Ngi mang c hiu i tt li trong khi chin u s b chnh tay v
tng git cht. Trong mc 390: Ng trong khi lm nhim v s b nm t trn ni Capitolium xung
(Sch tm tt 49.16 -3.6;-10.1). Trong mc 252: Tnh s sut, s b nh v ging cp. Trong mc 218:
Tnh l nh, s b trng pht. Trong mc 195: tt hu, s b nh bng v kh... Ch c t "nghim
khc" mi miu t c cc kiu hnh pht ni trn" 14/33.
Currie bnh lun thm: "Trong s 102 hnh pht c nu ra th c 40 hnh pht l t hnh. iu
ny cho thy, so vi cc qun i hin nay, th r rng hnh pht trong qun i La M l rt nghim
khc". Currie ni rng qun i La M l mt "cng c dng chinh phc v thng tr". V tnh
nghim khc ca n, ng vit: "Valerius Maximus... a mt li nhn xt sc bn v qun lut v hc
thuyt qun s rng n (l nguyn do chnh ) m rng s chinh phc v sc mnh ca quc La
M" (11.8 phn gii thiu v 11.9 phn gii thiu).
Trong tc phm "Life in the Roman World of Nero and St.Paul" (Nh xut bn Macmillan, 1917),
T.6. Tucker m t sinh ng v v kh m mt ngi lnh La M phi mang:
"Trong tay phi, anh ta phi cm mt ci mc La M ni ting. y l mt loi v kh to ln, di
trn 6 foot k c thn kim bng thp sc bn v ci cn g. Ngi lnh c th dng n nh mt li l
hoc phng n i nh lao hoc xp l c. Tay tri l mt ci thun ln. C nhiu loi thun. Loi ph
bin l loi hai bn c un li vo pha trong ging nh mt phn ca xy-lanh, di khong 4 foot,
rng khong 2 1/2 food. Mt loi khc th c su cnh ging hnh mt vin kim cng nhng nhng
ci nh ca vin kim cng c o vung ri. i khi n cng c hnh oval. Theo ch dn, th
n c lm bng liu gai hoc bng cy, ph bng da, c chm tr huy hiu bng kim loi, c th l
huy hiu li tm st ni ting. Thun c cu to c quai cm hoc c dy eo trn vai phi. Ngoi
ci khin ra, ngi lnh cn phi eo mt cy gm bn hng bng mt si dy eo qua vai tri, mt
loi v kh dng m hn l chm, di n 3 foot. Mc d s b tr v kh ny lm chng ta thy bt
tin nhng bn nn nh l khi tay phi khng cn cm mc na th cy gm mi c dng n v
do trc khi s dng th cy gm u a d dng pha bn tri nh c dy eo. Ngi lnh cn
mang mt ci dao gm tht lng bn tri" 66/342-344.
4D. i lnh canh La M l g?
Trong Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, gio s William Smith cho chng ta bit s
ngi trong "i lnh canh" La M. Theo tin s Smith, l mt trung i (theo s phn chia ca qun i
La M) gm 120 ngi hoc 60 ngi" c trang b ... cho quan, ngi m nhng ngi lnh ny theo
st ... 2 lnh canh ... trong s 4 ngi, c nhim v canh gc, trc tri v sau, gia m k binh.
Chng ta nn ch , 4 l s lng thng thng ca mt i canh La M ... Mt trong bn ngi phi
lun canh gc, nhng ngi khc c ngh ngi nhng s sn sng ngi dy ngay khi c ting ci bo
ng u tin" 18/250,251.
Gio s Harold Smith ni rng "Thng th mt i canh gm 4 ngi (Polyb. VI 33), lun phin
nhau canh gc trong khi nhng ngi khc ngh ngi bn cnh bo ng ngay khi c ng tnh
nh nht; nhng trong trng hp ny, s lng lnh canh ng hn" 17/694.
Gio s Whedon ni v i canh ny rng: "Canh gc vic ng inh Cha Jesus c l l mt i
lnh canh 4 ngi (Gi 19:23) ..." 70/343.
5D. Lnh canh n th l g?
S gia Do Thi, Alfred Edersheim (trong tc phm The Temple: Its Ministry and Services, nh xut
bn Wm. B. Eerdman, 1958), cho chng ta bit mt s iu v "lnh canh n th": "Vo ban m
ngi ta ct t cc lnh canh ra 24 trm canh cc cng v cc snh. Trong s ny, ch ring chi phi
Lvi th chim 21 ch, cn 3 ni trong cng th do ngi Lvi cng cc thy t l phi hp nhau. Mi
i canh gm c 10 ngi, nh vy tng cng l 240 ngi Lvi v 30 thy t l c nhim v canh gi
v m. Ban ngy lnh canh n th c ngh, nhng sut m khng c ngh, trong khi ngi La
M chia 4 ngi mt i, th ngi Do Thi ch chia 3; i 4 ngi l i canh vo bui sng" 20/147-
149.
Trong cun The Mishnah (Do Herbert Danby dch, nh xut bn i hc Oxford, 1933) c ni v
i canh n th nh sau: "Cc thy t l canh gi ba ni trong n th:
Ngi Lvi canh gi 21 ni: 5 i 5 cng ca vch thnh n th, 4 i 4 gc bn trong ca
vch thnh, 5 i 5 ca ca hnh lang n th, 4 i 4 gc bn trong ca hnh lang, 1 i phng
dng ca l, 1 i ch ci mn v mt i pha sau np thi n" 42/Middoth.
Gio s P. Henderson Aitken chp rng: "Bn phn ca vin i trng coi cc vch thnh n
th" l gi gn trt t trong n th, thm cc trm canh sut m xem lnh canh c n tri ng
gi ng lc, v c tnh to hay khng. Ngi ta cho rng vin i trng v cc s quan cp di u
do cc "quan cai" s dng... trong Exo 9:2 v Nehemi.
6D. K lut ca lnh canh n th
Alfred Edersheim m t v mt k lut gt gao m lnh canh n th phi chu: "Sut m v
"i trng n th" i tun canh. Khi ng ta n, lnh canh phi ng dy cho vi mt thi n
cn. H lnh canh b pht hin ng gc lc thi hnh nhim v th s b nh hoc qun o ca ngi
s b t. chnh l mt s trng pht. Cng vy, y cng l li rn bo chng ta l nhng k canh
gi n th l "Phc cho nhng k tnh thc v gi gn o xng mnh" (Kh 10:15)" 20/147-149.
Tc phm Mishnah cng cho chng ta thy cch c x ginh cho nhng k ng gc trong khi canh
gc nh sau:
"i trng ca n th thng hay i tun mi trm canh vi cy uc rt sng trong tay v nu
lnh canh no khng thc dy v ni rng "Tha i trng, chc bnh an" th chng t rng ngi
ng gc. ng ta s ly gy nh ngi lnh canh v c quyn t qun o anh ta. V h s ni "C
ting n o g trong sn n th vy?" l ting n ca mt ngi Lvi no ang b nh v b t
qun o v c ng gc trong lc canh" R. Eliezer B. Jacob ni: "C mt ln n h pht hin cu ti ng
gc v t chy o qun ng y" 42/Middoth.
Tc phm The Jewish Encyclopedia bnh lun v "nhng ni thing ling ni trn trong n th"
rng nhng k ang canh gc nhng ni "cng khng c php ngi xung cng khng c
ng. Vin i trng i canh mun thy mi ngi u tnh to, nu thy t l no ng gc s b
trng pht v i khi cn t o ng ta cnh co nhng ngi khc" (Mid. K.1)" 32/81.
7D. Kt lun:
Mgr. E. Le Camus ni n tnh trng an ninh cht ch c xit cht ti ngi m ca Cha Jesus
"Cha h c mt phm nhn no c quan tm nhiu sau khi b t hnh. V cng cha h c mt
ngi b ng inh no li vinh d c mt i lnh canh gi c" 8/396,397.
Gio s G.W. Clark kt lun: " ngn chn s phc sinh, con ngi c ht sc dng k hoch v
s khn ngoan ca mnh thc hin mi s v do h to ra cc phng php phng".
7C. CC MN CHY TRN
Mat 26:56 cho chng ta thy s nht s ca cc mn . Khi Cha Jesus b bt trong vn
Ghtsman th "... ht thy mn b Ngi m trn i".
Trong Mac 14:50 chp "By gi mi ngi b Ngi m trn i".
Gio s George Hanson nhn xt: "Bm sinh, h cng khng phi l nhng ngi gan d hoc l
ngi nhn xa thy rng. V bi tnh nht s , khi thy h b bt th "tt c b Ngi" v trn i,
mc mt mnh Ngi i din vi s mnh ca Ngi" 24/24-26.
Gio s Albert Roper (trong tc phm Did Jesus rise from the Dead? Nh xut bn Zondervant,
1965) c ni n s khm nm ca Simn Phier trc li ch giu ca a t gi trong sn ca cc
thy t l c, v vic ng ra s m chi rng ng khng bit "ngi m ngi ang ni" 53/50.
ng ni rng "chnh s s hi ng khinh c nhn mnh c an ton lm cho Phier chi
ng m ng thc lng yu mn. Chnh s s hi hn nht lm cho ng tr thnh k phn bi ng
ku gi ng b li c tr nn tay nh li ngi" 53/52.
V tnh cch ca cc mn , Roper bnh lun:
"H l nhng ngi Galil, phn ln l nhng ngi nh c, t nhiu g h cng l nhng k xa l
vi thnh th v li sng thnh th. H ln lt tr thnh mn ca ngi thy tr tui ngi
Naxart, v h cng hin cuc i h theo li sng ca Ngi. H vui mng v cung knh theo Ngi
cho n khi cuc khng hong xy ra. Khi Ngi b bt ngoi vn Ghtsman th tt c b chy,
nhng ngn uc rc sng, nhng ting la n o, nhng ting lch cch ca gm gio lm h s
hi. "Cc mn n mnh trong nhng nh tr v khng ai bit g v h c cho n tng sng ngy
th 3, Malen em n cho h mt tin kinh ngc. n lc c hai mn - v ch c 2 m thi -
to bo mo him xem liu tin tc m Mari em n cho h l do b thut li hoc, nh theo h
ngh, ch l "chuyn v vn". Mi thi ca cc mn ch l mt s s hi hn nht v mt s t v
ch k".
Alfred Edersheim (trong tc phm The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, nh xut bn Wm. B.
Eerdmans, 1962) t cu hi: "Nhng tng g v mt ng Christ cht li trn ngp trong suy
ngh ca Gisp, ngi Arimath, trong Nicem, trong cc mn ca Cha Jesus cng nh trong cc
v s v trong nhng ngi n b m o?"
V ng tr li cho cu hi ny: "H tin rng Ngi cht. H khng hy vng rng Ngi s t k
cht sng li - t ra l cng theo ngha c th chp nhn ca chng ta v iu ny. C rt nhiu bng
chng v iu ny lc Ngi cht - Vi lng du thm an tng do Nicem mang n, vi s du
thm m nhng ngi n b chun b (c hai u c ngn chn s thi ra ca xc cht), trong
ni bun ru ca nhng ngi n b trc ngi m trng, trong ngh ca h cho rng ngi ta
mang xc Ngi i v trong chnh cu ni ny: "V h cha hiu li Kinh Thnh rng c Cha Jesus
phi sng li t trong k cht" 19/623.
2B. QUANG CNH SAU KHI CHA PHC SINH:
 1C. NGI M TRNG:
W. J. Sparrow-Simpson cho chng ta thy rng chnh ngi m trng khng lm cho cc mn
tin. V Ging c ni "...ngi thy v tin" (Gi 20:8). Nhng iu ny c l l do h nh li rng Christ
ni trc v s phc sinh ca Ngi. Bng chng v ngi m trng khng lm cho Mari Malen,
hoc mt ngi n b no hoc chnh Phier c c c tin" 17/506.
Chnh s hin ra ca Cha Jesus sau khi phc sinh xc quyt vi cc mn ca Ngi rng Ngi
tht s t k cht sng li. Ngi m trng ch l mt s kin lch s, chng minh rng khng ai khc
hn l chnh Jesus ngi Naxart phc sinh bng tht v huyt" 17/506.
J. N. D. Anderson (trong t Christian Today, s ra ngy 29/3/1968 - c php s dng), mt lut
s v gio s v php lut phng ng ca Vin i hc London, hi rng:
"Bn c thy rng vic cp n ngi m trng trong cc sch phc m l cung cp cho cng
ng cc C c nhn nhng s kin m h mun bit khng? Theo ghi chp trong sch Cng v,
trong mt bui ging cng khai cho nhng ngi cha tin Cha, nhn mnh rt nhiu n s phc
sinh ch khng phi ni n ngi m trng. Ti sao vy? Theo ti ch c mt cu tr li duy nht: Ngi
m trng khng phi l im em ra bn ci. Mi ngi, c th ln bn, bit rng ngi m trng
rng. Vn duy nht ng bn ci l ti sao n li trng v ngi m trng minh chng c
iu g" 2/4-9.
Trong tc phm Christianity: The witness of History, nh xut bn Inter-Varsity, Downers Grove,
III cho php s dng) ni tip:
"Ngi m trng vn cn ng , mt tng tht, lm mt yu t quan trng lm bng chng
cho s phc sinh. Nu bn cho rng ngi m cng khng tht s trng rng, nh mt s ngi
ni, th bn tht l bch. C mt s kin lch s l ngay t nhng ngy u tin, cc s lm cho
nhiu ngi Girusalem phi tin o, d c b chng i, l bi h tuyn b mt tin mng rng
Christ t mt phn sng li - H lm iu trong mt ni cch ngi m khng xa. H ai nghe h
ni u c th n ving ngi m v quay li ch trong thi gian bng gia ba n tra v bui ung tr
chiu. Do c th no cho rng cc s thnh cng nu trong ngi m ca Gisp vn cn thi hi
ca ngi m h cho rng Cha sng, ang b thi ra? C th no mt tp on thy t l v nhng
ngi Pharisi bng bnh li c cm kch bi li tuyn b phc sinh m thc ra li chng c phc
sinh g c, ch l mt s ip v s sng li thuc linh c din t bng nhng ngn t la di v mt
s sng li tht s t m phn?" 1/95,96.
Paul Althus (trong tc phm Die Wahrheit des Kirchlichen Osterglaubens, trang 22,25), c
Wofhart Pannenberg trch dn trong tc phm "Jesus - God and Man", (nh xut bn Wesminster,
1968) ni: "Ti Girusalem, ni Cha b ng inh v b chn, khng lu sau khi Ngi cht, ngi ta
tuyn b rng Ngi sng li. iu ny i hi rng, gia vng cng ng C c nhn u tin
ny phi c mt ngi c mt bng chng ng tin cy cho s kin ngi m b b trng". S cng b v
s phc sinh "Khng th duy tr Girusalem trong mt ngy, mt gi no c nu s trng rng ca
ngi m khng c xem nh mt s kin lm mi ngi phi quan tm" 47/100.
Gio s E.H. Day bnh lun:
"Nu c ngi xc nhn rng ngi m ny tht s khng trng rng th nhiu nan phi b
cht vn. Chng hn ngi phi lm sng t vn v sao li dy ln mt s truyn ming r rng
nh th m khng h b cht vn, vn v nhng bn tng thut cn k c ni n nhng li truyn
ming ny, vn v s tht bi ca ngi Do Thi khi chng minh rng s phc sinh khng xy ra
bng cch a thi hi ca Christ ra hoc bi mt s khm xt chnh thc ngi m lm mt bng
chng a ra, chng t cho s quan tm ca h" 15/25,26.
Mt lut s ngi Anh, ng Frank Morison, (trong tc phm "Who moved the Stone, Faber and
Faber, 1958), bnh lun rng:
"Trong tt c nhng ti liu v nhng g cn li v cuc tranh lun xa xa cn truyn li cho chng
ta, th chng ta khng thy c ch no cho thy c mt ngi ng n no li xc nhn rng thi hi
ca Cha Jesus vn cn trong ngi m. Nhng ti liu ny cho chng ta bit l do ti sao thi hi
khng c trong m. Vic xem xt li tt c nhng ti liu c xa ny cng lm cho chng ta c mt s
tha nhn vng chc l ngi m ca Cha Jesus Christ trng rng. Chng ta c th no cng khai
chng i nhng bng chng ly tch v vng vng ny khng? V phng din c nhn, ti ngh l
khng. Nhng chui s kin trng hp nhau l qu r rng" 44/115.
Michael Green (trong tc phm Man Alive, nh xut bn Inter-Varsity cho php s dng, Downers
Grove, III), trch dn mt ngun ti liu rt xa xa, c lm chng v ngi m trng ca Cha Jesus.
Mu bng chng ny "... c gi l bi vn Naxart, theo tn ca a phng pht hin ra n. l
mt ch d ca quc, thuc triu i ca Tiberius (14-37 sau CN) hoc triu i Claudius (41-54 sau
CN). l mt li cng kch kch lit, c k kt vi nhng trng pht nng n nhm ngn chn vic
cp n nhng ngi m trng lan sang Rma di hnh thc b bp mo i nhiu (C l Philt
bo co: v r rng ng ta bo co l ngi m b trm). V dng nh ch d ny l mt phn ng
ca quc" 22/36.
Green kt lun: "Khng cn nghi ng g na, vo ngy phc sinh u tin, ngi mt ca Cha Jesus
trng khng tht s" (22/36.
Mat 28:11-15 thut li mu toan ca nhng ngi c quyn lc Do Thi c mua chuc
nhng lnh canh La M h ni rng cc mn ca Cha Jesus ly trm xc Ngi. Tc phm "The
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church" (Ed. James Hastings, T. and T. Clark, 1918) bnh lun:
"Mt k hoch gian ln cho thy rng cc k th ca C c gio nhn nhn ngi m trng rng
- mt s tha nhn by t rng bng chng v mt ngi m trng l "qu r rng khng th chi ci
c" Theological Essays ca i hc Cambridge, H.B. Swete xut bn, London, 1905, trang 336)"
16/340.
W.J, Sparrow-Simpson (trong tc phm A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, Charles Scribner's
Sons), vit: "S trng rng ca ngi m c nhng k i lp tha nhn v cc mn xc
quyt. Nhng iu cc tn lnh canh thut li v s kin ny l mt k hoch gian ln (8:11-15). Tt
nhin s buc ti ca ngi Do Thi nhm chng li cc s chng t rng ngi m trng rng.
iu m ngi ta cn l mt s gii thch"... Vic ngi Do Thi tha nhn rng ngi m trng rng
lm lan ra nhng s bn tn ca ngi Do Thi v iu ny"
Sparrow-Simpson trch mt v d ng h iu ny "... mt quan im v ngi m trng vo
th k 12 c mt c quan tuyn truyn ca ngi Do Thi chng C c gio tung ra. Cu chuyn
k li rng khi n hong bit c cc trng lo git Cha Jesus v chn Ngi, v Ngi sng li
th b ra lnh cho h trong vng 3 ngy phi tm ra thi hi hoc l h phi cht". Lc by gi Judas ni:
"Hy n y v ti s ch cho cc ng thy ngi m cc ng ang tm kim: Chnh ti ly ci xc
khi m, v ti s cc mn ng y s trm xc i mt, v ti giu ng y trong vn ca ti v
khi mt dng nc chy ngang qua ". Cu chuyn gii thch ci xc c tm ra nh th no
(Toledoth Jesu, xem Baring Gould, Lost and Hostile Gospels, trang 88).
Simpson kt lun: "Khng cn phi nhn xt cng thy rng s tuyn b to bo v vic tm ra thi
hi l mt chuyn hoang ng thi trung c, nhng nhng li tuyn b y li rt cn thit nh
gi nhng s kin ny, rng h chp nhn ngi m trng, nhng li chi b s phc sinh"
17/507,508.
Ernest Kevan trch dn nhng g ng m t sau y nh l mt bng chng v "... s kin hin
nhin v ngi m trng. Ngi m trng rng v nhng k th ca Christ khng th no chi b iu
c" 30/14.
ng qu quyt rng "... S kin v ngi m trng ging mt n tr mng ln tt c nhng gi
thuyt c ngi ta to ra chng li bng chng ca cc C c nhn. y l mt tng m tt c
nhng gi thuyt gi to phi vp ng. Do khng c g ng ngc nhin khi chng ta thy rng khi
cp n ngi m trng th nhng nh tranh lun i lp c tnh ln trnh".
W.J. Sperrow-Simpson cp n Julius Wellhausen (trong tc phm Das E.Matt. trang 150),
mt hc gi ni ting ngi c, c nhiu ngi bit n trong thng tng ph bnh ca ng v
Cu c, ng cho chng ta mt li chng sau y v s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ "Phi tha
nhn rng thi hi ca Cha Jesus cng bin mt khi ngi m cng vi s phc sinh v iu ny,
khng th no gii thch c bng nhng c s t nhin".
Ti sao ngi m ca Cha Jesus li khng tr thnh mt ni tn nghim?
 J.N.D. Anderson nhn xt rng "Khng c mt kin no lu li cho chng ta ngy nay cho rng
ngi m tr thnh ni tn nghim hay ni hnh hng vo thi k Hi Thnh u tin. iu
c nhiu ngha. Ngay c nhng ngi tin Cha cng khng n ving m v h bit chc rng
thy ca h t k cht sng li. Th cn nhng ngi nghe Ngi ging dy, thm ch cn bit n
php l cha bnh ca Ngi m khng gia nhp cng ng C c gio th sao? Dng nh h cng
bit rng thi hi ca Ngi khng cn na, v h cng cho rng vic ving m l v ngha" 1/97.
Trong tc phm "Who moved the Stone?" ca mnh, Frank Morison a ra mt nhn xt th v:
"Trc tin cn phi ch n mt s kin tuy nh nhng y ngha l khng c mt ch no trong
sch Cng v, hay trong cc th tn hoc trong cc ti liu ngy kinh ca thi i u tin li ni n
mt ai by t lng knh trng v ngi m ca c Cha Jesus Christ. Tht l c bit v s im
lng tuyt i v ni thing ling nht ny trong k nim ca C c gio. C ngi n b no ly
hnh nh ca Thy h lm mt vt k nim thing ling, hoc mt mt thi gian n ving ni thnh
khng? Phier, Ging, Anhr c bao gi cm thy cn lm cho ni y tr thnh ch tn nghim cho
ngi thy v i ca h khng? C phi chnh Saul, d c nh li s kiu ngo v t tn trc y ca
mnh, ng cng khng thc hin mt cuc hnh hng nc mt n nn v s t chi danh Cha
ca mnh khng? Nu nhng ngi ny tht s bit rng Cha c chn th qu l mt iu
v cng k l" i vi s ph bnh v s phc sinh, ti tin chc rng s im lng l thng ny ca thi
lin quan n lch s mi y v ngi m ca Cha Jesus, to ra mt cm gic bn khon lo lng"
44/137.
2C. VI LIM
Theo on Kinh Thnh sau, Ging cho thy ngha ca vi lim nh mt bng chng ni v s
phc sinh:
"Phier v mn khc bn bc ra i n m, c hai u chy, nhng mn kia chy mau hn
Phier, v n m trc. Ngi ci xung, thy vi b di t nhng khng vo. Simn Phier theo
n, vo trong m, thy vi b di t, v ci khn lim trm u c Cha Jesus chng cng mt
ch vi vi, nhng cun li ring ra mt ni khc. By gi, mn kia n m trc, cng bc
vo, th thy v tin. V chng hai ngi cha hiu Kinh Thnh rng c Cha Jesus phi t k cht sng
li. on hai mn tr v nh mnh" (Gi 20:3-10).
Nhn xt v iu Ging tng thut, J.N.D. Anderson (trong bi "The Resurrection of Jesus Christ"
ng trn t Christianity Today s ngy 29/3/1968), ni v ngi m trng rng: "... Dng nh ngi
m khng tht s trng rng. Bn hy nh li on Kinh Thnh m Ging tng thut ni n Mari
Malen chy n gi Phier v Ging, ri c hai cng chy n m nh th no ri ch. Ging tr
hn nn chy nhanh hn Phier, v n m trc. ng ci xung, "h nhn" vo (ti tin rng y l
ngha tht ca t Hy Lp), v thy vi lim v khn trm u. Sau Simn Phier theo n, dn d
i thng vo, Ging theo sau. H thy vi lim v khn ph khng nm ch vi lim nhng c cun
li mt ni khc. y dng nh t Hy Lp c ni rng vi lim nm mt ch ch khng b ri
vi khp m. Nhng thi hi u v ni Cha nm th trng rng - Cn tm khn trm u khng
nm ch vi lim nhng c cun li ring ra mt ch, m ti cho rng, tt c c xp gn
li, v ch c thi hi l bin mt. Chng ta thy rng khi Ging chng kin iu , ng khng cn
bng chng g thm ca con ngi hay thin s. ng thy v tin, v bng chng ca ng y vn cn
lu li cho chng ta ngy nay" 2/7,8.
Cyril of Alexandria (376-444) ni rng, t ch thy vi lim c cun li nh th lm cho cc
s c tng rng Cha phc sinh (Migne, 7.683).
Gio s E. H. Day ni v s tng thut ca Ging rng "Qua s tip xc ca chnh c nhn mnh,
Ging by t tt c nhng bng chng, khng ch bng mt thy m cn bi mt s quan st cn
thn.... Vic 2 mn chy n m, th t n m v vo m; Vic Ging ci xung nhn qua li vo
thp ca ngi m v thy vi lim, trong khi Phier, bo dn hn, bc vo m trc; t chnh xc...
"theorei" c dng ni n s quan st cn thn ( y c l cng c ni n s khm xt)
nhng tm vi lim; s m t v tr tm vi lim v khn trm, mt s m t khng rm r nhng ht
sc t m trong vic la chn t ng; vic Ging n sau v bi nhn thy vi lim nh th nn ng
tin. Chc chn nhng iu ny cho thy rng s m t trn, khng g khc hn, l s m t ca mt
ngi thc s chng kin, v trong tr nh ca ngi y quang cnh ny vn cn sng ng. i vi
ngi , quang cnh ngi m trng v vi lim b b li l cao im ca nim tin v sng"
 John R. W. Stott (trong tc phm Basic Christianity, nh xut bn Inter-Varsity cho php s dng,
Downers Grove, III), c nhn xt nh sau:
"Chnh s kin ng ch m thut li cho chng ta bit rng thi hi ca Cha Jesus bin
mt th n cng cho chng ta bit rng vi lim vn cn li. Chnh Ging nhn mnh v s kin
ny, v vo bui sng xc ng y, ng cng vi Phier chy n m. on Kinh Thnh m ng
tng thut v s kin ny (20:1-10) cha nhng im r rng v kinh nghim mt thy tai nghe
ny. ng chy nhanh hn Phier, nhng khi n m, ng khng dm vo su hn cho n khi Phier
n v bc vo. "By gi, mn kia n m trc, cng bc vo, th thy v tin". Vn l: ng
thy g m lm cho ng tin? Cu chuyn thut li cho thy khng phi l thi hi b mt nhng l
s hin din ca nhng tm vi lim, v c th l tnh trng vn cn ngn np ca ngi m".
"... Trong 19:38-42 cho chng ta thy rng trong khi Gisp n Philt xin xc Cha Jesus, th
Nicem "em theo 100 cn mt dc ha vi l hi. Sau h "ly xc Cha Jesus, dng vi gai v
thuc thm gi li, theo nh tc khm lim ca dn Giua". V on Kinh Thnh ny chp rng khi h
dng vi gai "bng" quan xc Ngi th h cng rc b hng liu vo trong nhng np gp.
"Gi s by gi chng ta c mt trong m khi s phc sinh tht s xy ra. Chng ta s thy iu
g?... Chng ta s ngc nhin thy rng thi hi bin mt... cng vi 100 cn hng liu, tng c
dng p xc, b ly i mt, cn vi lim l ra phi rt xung, r xung th by gi ang nm
ngay ngn. L ra phi c mt khong trng gia vi lim thn th v khn trm u, v tr ca mt v
c. Cn chnh khn trm u v c bng theo dng cho ch thp, l ra phi cn dng hnh lm th
by gi ch l mt ci khn nhu nt, khng c ci u trong .
"Mt cuc nghin cu cn thn v s tng thut ca Ging cho thy ch c 3 c im v nhng
mnh vi lim b vt b m Ging thy. Th nht, ng thy vi lim "ang nm". T ny c lp
li hai ln, ln th nht n c t trong mt cu ting Hy Lp, vi v tr nhn mnh. Chng ta c th
dch l "ng thy vi lim ang nm (hoc "b rt xung")". Th hai, tm khn trm u "khng cng
mt ch vi vi nhng ... ring ra mt ni khc". C l cu ny mun ni rng tm khn c
cun li v nm vo trong gc. N vn cn nm trn phin nhng cch vi lim mt khong kh r.
Th 3, tm khn trm ny "Khng nm ... nhng c cun li ..." T cun ny c dch l "xon" li.
Bn Kinh Thnh Authorized Version dch l "qun li" v bn Revised Standard Version dch l "cun
li". C 2 bn dch khng ng lm. ng ra t ny m t mt dng trn m tm khn trng cn gi li.
"Tht khng ly g lm kh tng tng ra quang cnh hin ra trc mt hai v s lc h n
m: mt phin , vi lim rt xung, lp ngoi ca vi lim u v mt khong cch gia vi lim v
khn trm. Khng c g l "khi h thy v tin". Ch nhn qua nhng mnh vi lim ny cng chng
minh cho mt s tht v mt ng ni n s phc sinh. Khng c con ngi no ng chm, s
m hay sp xp chng c. N ging nh mt con nhng ang lt xc tr thnh con bm bay ra.
"Tnh trng ca nhng tm vi lim dng lm bng chng r rng, minh bch v s phc sinh
li c lm vng chc thm vi s kin Mari Malen (ngi quay li m sau khi em tin cho
Phier v Ging), " ci xung nhn vo trong m, thy hai v thin s mc o trng, mt v ngi ng
u, mt v ngi ng chn, ch xc c Cha Jesus nm". C th cho rng iu ny c mun ni
hai v thin s ngi trn phin , v nhng tm vi lim nm gia hai v. C Mathi ln Mc u c ni
thm rng mt trong hai v ni "Ngi khng y u v Ngi sng li ri, theo li Ngi phn.
Hy n, xem ni Ngi nm". D c gi c tin thin s hay khng th vic m ch ni Cha Jesus
nm, c v tr ngi v li ni ca hai thin s nhn mnh, t nht cng xc quyt quan nim ca tc
gi 4 sch phc m rng: v tr ca vi lim v ci xc khng cn l mt bng chng trng hp v s
phc sinh ca Ngi" 60/52-54.
Henry Latham ni: "i vi ti, dng nh r rng l s tng thut ca thnh Ging ni v mt
s bin i i vi hai v s bi nhng g h thy..." Ti sao? 31/45.
Latham (trong tc phm The Risen Master, Deighton, Bell and Co., 1904) m t nhng g m cc
mn thy trong m ca Cha Jesus: "... Nhng mnh vi lim nm trn phn thp hn ca
phin . Chng vn nm ngay ngn nh khi Gisp v nhng ngi khc bc n quanh xc
Cha, ch c iu l nhng tm vi lim ny ang nm ngay ngn, c gp li v ci xc bin mt.
phn cao hn ca phin , tn u cng, l tm khn qun quanh u Cha. N khng nm ngay
ngn nhng hi nh ln mt cht, vn cn dng xon nh khi ngi qun quanh u Cha. Khng c g
cho thy l c bn tay ca con ngi nhng vo: thi hi c p trong mt dc v l hi tn
thnh bt, nhng by gi khng cn mt cht no. Hng liu vn cn c gi trong vi lim v
khi t thi hi ln phin , ngi ta b n vo gia nhng tm vi lim. T quang cnh ny, mt
iu g truyn vo lng ca Phier v Ging. D sao i na. chng ta cng c th thy rng, khi
h i ra khi m, tm lng h khc lc h mi n m. Ti ngh rng mt n tng no n
vi h khi h chm ch nhn nhng g trc mt rng "c Cha Tri ni " 31/34.
Gio s Latham vit v tm vi ph trn u ca Cha Jesus, rng: "Nhng t "chng cng
mt ch vi vi" cho ti thy mt vi iu ... N cho ti bit rng tt c vi lim nm chung mt
ch. Nu tt c vi lim u nm chung mt ch trn phn thp hn ca phin th ngha cu ny
qu r rng, nhng nu vi lim nm ch ny mt ming, ch kia mt ming nh b nm i cch ba
bi th ni rng tm khn lim "Khng nm chung vi vi lim" l khng c ngha g c, v "vi lim"
khng nm mt v tr c th no. Chng ta li ch vic a ra t "nm" khi n hon ton khng cn
n. Tm khn lim khng nm bp xung nh nhng tm vi lim v c l Thnh Ging ghi
nhn s khc bit ny" 31/44.
Latham ni tip "... Tm khn lim, dng qun quanh nh u Cha Jesus, vn cn nm trn...
phin cao. ngi ta thy n c "cun li ring ra mt ni khc" 31/36.
Tin s Latham ni rng: "T "cun li" l ti ngha, ti cho rng tm khn cun li ny c dng
nh mt chic nhn, ging mt ci khn cun b bung ra, khng c phn tm" 31/36.
Gio s Henry Latham kt lun:
"Nhng tm vi lim nm - hi x xung t mt cht, nhng vn cn c gp li nhiu
ln nhng khng c mt cht hng liu no rt ra. Cng vy, tm khn lim ang nm trn mt ci b
thp ging nh ci gi k u xc cht. N c qun li ging nh mt u tc gi v c nm ring
mt ni. S yn tnh ca quang cnh ny dng nh mun ni ln mt iu g . N mun ni vi
nhng ai nhn thy, v n cng mun ni vi ti, l k lm sng li iu trc mt ging nh nh
sng ban mai t ngoi ca chiu vo. Nhng g n ni, ti c th tm tt nh th ny: Chnh Cha Jesus,
ngi Naxart phi chu trch nhim v nhng thay i ny v Ngi i ri. Cn chng ti - vi lim,
hng liu, tm khn - l nhng th thuc v t, vn cn nm li y" 31/11.
3C. V TR CA TNG .
Nhng t Hy Lp c dng m t tng trong nhng on ni v ngi m l rt c ngha.
Mat 27:60 - dng t "kulio" ngha l "ln". Mac 16:3-4 - dng cng mt t gc l "kulio" nhng thm
gii t "ana", ngha l "ln" hay"hng ln". Mc dng t ny y chc l v trc li vo m c mt
con dc hoc hi nghing. Lu 24:2 cng dng t "kulio", nhng li thm vo mt gii t khc vi Mc,
t "apo" c ngha l "cch xa, phn cch" (dng vi ngha v xa). Tng trong mt v tr nh
vy, th theo ngha ch xa, n c m t l rt xa ngi m (t Hy Lp c dng ch c ngi
m). Gi 20:1 - dng mt t Hy Lp hon ton khc m t v tr ca tng trn mt con dc cch
xa ngi m (khng phi ch cch xa li vo) Ging dng t "airo" c ngha l "nhc ln v em i".
Ti sao li c di chuyn mt hn ln nh vy?
4C. DU NIM PHONG.
Gio s A.T. Robertson bnh lun: "Du nim phong c ng trc s chng kin ca lnh canh
La M, nhng ngi phi li bo v du hiu ch uy quyn v sc mnh ca quc La M".
D.D. Whedon ni: "Do , khng th m ca m li khng lm hng du nim phong. l mt ti
phm chng li uy quyn s hu ca con du" 70/343.
Khi tng c ln i, du nim phong b ph hng. Mt ngi hoc mt s ngi chu trch
nhim v vic ph du nim phong th c l ch l quan tng c hoc nhng k i din cho ng ta.
Tht vy, trong thi im Cha phc sinh, ai cng phi s vic ph du nim phong.
5C. LNH CANH LA M
Mathi nhn xt nh sau:
 "V ny, t rng ng d di, v c thin s ca Cha trn tri xung, n ln hn ra m ngi
trn. Hnh dong ca thin s ging nh chp nhong, v o trng nh tuyt. V , nhng lnh canh
s hi, run ry, tr nn nh ngi cht" (Mat 28:1-4).
"Trong khi hai ngi n b i ng, th c my tn lnh canh vo thnh thut li cho cc thy
t l c bit mi vic xy ra. Cc thy bn nhm li cng cc trng lo ng bn lun, xong ri th
h cho nhng lnh nhiu tin bc, m dn rng: Mn n n lc ban m, khi chng ti ng
ng, m ly trm n i. Nu iu y thu tai quan tng c, th chng ta s khuyn gii ngi, v lm
cho cc ngi khi lo s. My tn lnh ly bc, v lm theo nh li. Ting y n ra trong dn
Giua cho n ngy nay" (Mat 28:22-15).
Hiu c nhng ngi lnh canh ny l ai s lm cho on tng thut trong Mathi 28 rt c
ngha.
Quang cnh xy ra vo lc Cha phc sinh rt ng s khin cc tn lnh vm v ny "tr
nn nh ngi cht" (28:4).
Gio s Roper (trong tc phm Did Jesus rise from the Dead? nh xut bn Zondervant, 1965)
m t v cc tn lnh canh nh sau: "H khng quan tm nhiu n nhim v giao cho h. Mc ch
v nhim v duy nht ca h l th hin mt cch cng ngt bn phn ca h, l nhng ngi lnh, i
vi quc La M, mt quc m h cng hin i mnh. Du nim phong ca quc La M vo
tng trc ngi m ca Gisp, i vi h, khng th no thing ling hn nn trit l ca dn tc
Ysrael hoc bi tn iu ca h. H ... bnh thn bc thm ly chic o khoc ca nn nhn sp
cht..." 53/33.
T.G. Tucker m t kh chi tit v o gip v nhng v kh m ngi i trng ang eo. Bc
tranh m ng a ra l mt c my ngi dng nh trn" 66/342-344.
V lnh canh La M xin xem phn "lnh canh".
Thomas Thorburn (trong tc phm The Resurrection Narrative and Modern Criticism, Kegan Paul,
Trench, Trubner and Co., Ltd., 1910), cho chng ta thy nhng tn lnh ang canh gc lm vo mt
tnh trng him ngho. Sau khi tng b ln i v du nim b ph hng, coi nh h b a ra ta
n binh. Thorburn vit: "Nhng ngi lnh ny khng th vin dn l do l h ng gc, v h bit
chc rng hnh pht dnh cho ti ny l x t - v lut ny lun c hiu lc nghim khc" Thorburn
tip tc "Cc tn lnh ny khng c cch no hn l trng cy vo s gip thin ch ca cc thy t
l. Thi hi (chng ta c cho l nh th) bin mt v ti s sut ca h, d vi bt k l do no
(ngay c di nhng tnh hung bnh thng), cng phi b x t (so vi Cong 12:19)" 65/179-182.
6C. CHA JESUS SNG LI - S HIN RA SAU KHI NGI PHC SINH
1D. Tm quan trng ca cc ln hin ra.
Gio s C.S. Lewis (trong tc phm Miracles, The Macmillan Co., 1947), c ni v tm quan trng
ca cc ln hin ra ca Cha sau khi Ngi phc sinh rng: "S kin u tin trong lch s C c gio l
c mt s ngi ni rng h chng kin s phc sinh ca Cha. Nu h qua i m khng ni cho
mt ngi no tin "phc m" ny th s chng bao gi c phc m no c ghi chp li c" 35/149.
J.N.D. Anderson vit v bng chng ca cc ln hin ra rng: "Cch quyt lit nht m ngi ta
dng bc b bng chng v cc ln hin ra ca Cha l h cho rng nhng cu chuyn ch l
nhng chuyn hoang ng, hon ton gi di. Nhng, theo ti bit, ngy nay khng mt nh ph bnh
no cn c thi . Tht vy, l mt quan im khng th chp nhn c. Bn hy ngh n s
ngi chng kin, trn 500 ngi. Bn hy th suy ngh v t cch ca nhng chng nhn. l
nhng ngi cng hin cho th gii ny nhng bi ging o c hay nht m ngi ta tng
bit, v ngay c k th ca h cng lm chng rng h cng sng mt cuc i o c nh th. Bn
cng hy suy ngh n mt iu v l v mt tm l l khi nhm trn mt phng cao, h ch l mt
nhm ngi t oi, nht gan, b tht bi, v ch vi ngy sau h tr nn mt hi on m khng c
mt s bt b no khin h phi nn lng, ri sau h c thuyt phc v p t ln th gii ny
khng g khc hn l mt cu chuyn hoang ng ng thng hay sao. iu khng c ngha g
c" 2/5,6.
 John Warwick Montgomery (trong tc phm History and Christianity, Downers Grove, III.60515:
nh xut bn Inter-Varsity, 1964, c php s dng), nhn xt rng:
"Nn nh rng, khi cc mn ca Cha Jesus rao bo s phc sinh th chnh h l nhng ngi
chng kin, v nhng ngi c lin quan n nhng s kin vn cn sng. Vo nm 56 sau CN,
Phaol c vit l trn 500 ngi thy Cha Jesus sng li v phn ln s ngi vn cn sng (ICo
15:6). iu ny ph v iu m ngi ta tin l cc C c nhn u tin to ra mt chuyn ba
t ny gia nhng ngi d dng b bc n bng cch to ra thi hi ca Cha Jesus" 43/19.
Bernard Ramm (trong tc phm Protestant Christian Evidences, nh xut bn Moody, 1953), vit:
"Nu s phc sinh khng xy ra th phi chp nhn li ph bnh rng Phaol la di cc s
khc v vic Cha hin ra tht s cho ng thy, v n lt mnh, ng b cc s khc la di
rng Cha hin ra vi h. B bc nhng bng chng trong cc th tn v iu ny trong khi n c
mt gi tr ng tin cy th tht l mt iu kh khn lm sao!" 51/203.
2D. Nhng s hin ra ca ng Christ vi nhng c nhn:
Cho Mari Malen Gi 20:14Mac 16:9
Cho nhng ngi n b m v Mat 28:9,10
Cho Phier Lu 24:34ICo 15:5
Cho cc mn i n thnh Em-ma-t Lu 24:13-33
Cho cc s lc Thma vng mt 24:36Gi 20:19-24
Cho cc s , lc Thma c mt 20:26-29
Cho 7 ngi h Tibrit 21:1-23
Cho 500 tn trn ni Galil ICo 15:6
Cho Giac 15:7
Cho 11 s Mat 28:16-20Mac 16:14-20Lu 24:33-52Cong 1:3-12
Lc Ngi thng thin 1:3-12
Cho Phaol 9:3-6ICo 15:8
Cho tin Cong 7:55
Cho Phaol trong n th 22:17-2123:11
Cho Ging o Btm Kh 1:10-19
7C. CC K TH CA CHRIST KHNG A RA MT LI B BC NO V S PHC SINH
1D. H im lng.
Trong Cong 2:1-47, Luca thut li bi ging ca Phier vo ngy l Ng tun. Ngi Do Thi
khng a ra mt li bi bc no v nhng li tuyn b dn d ca ng v s phc sinh ca ng
Christ. Ti sao vy? Bi v bng chng v ngi m trng vn cn bt k ai mun phn bc u c
th kim tra c. Tuy nhin ai cng bit rng thi th Cha Jesus khng cn trong m na.
Trong Cng v 25, chng ta thy Phaol b t Ssar. Phtu "ngi ni ta n v truyn dn
Phaol n. Phaol mi n, th c cc ngi Do Thi thnh Girusalem xung vy bc ngi, ly
nhiu c nng m tha, nhng chng tm c chng"... Phc m Phaol rao ging l g m khin
nhng ngi Do Thi phi tc gin? H ln trnh iu g trong nhng li co ti ca h? Trong khi
gii thch tnh trng ny cho Vua crpba, Phtu m t im then cht ca tnh trng ny l c lin
quan n "... mt tn Jesus cht kia m Phaol quyt rng cn sng" (25:19).
Ngi Do Thi khng th no gii thch c v ngi m trng.
H c tn cng c nhn Phaol nhng ln trnh bng chng khch quan v s phc sinh. H
gim s chi ra v vn v cng trnh bn bc v bng chng thm lng ca ngi m trng.
 S im lng ca ngi Do Thi li l ting ni ln hn ca cc C c nhn, nh Fairbairn ni:
"S im lng ca ngi Do Thi c ngha nhiu hn li ni ca cc C c nhn" (Fairbairn, Studies in
the Life of Christ, 357.
Gio s Day ni rng: "S phn bc s si, mt s ph nhn c tc ng v s kin phc sinh, l ra
ging mt n tr mng ln C c gio V nu c nh vy th h c c hi phn bc"
15/33-35.
W. Pannerberg, trch dn li ca J. N. A. Anderson, rng: "Nhng cuc lun chin u tin ca
ngi Do Thi chng li cc s ip ca cc C c nhn v s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus, m nhng
cuc lun chin cn c lu li cht t. Trong cc sch phc m, khng c ni ln c rng
ngi m ca Cha Jesus vn cn nguyn vn. L ra nhng k lun chin Do Thi phi quan tm n
vic bo tn mt s tng thut nh th. Nhng, hon ton ngc li, nhng li tng thut li
lm cho cc k chng i C c gio tha nhn rng ngi m ca Cha Jesus l trng rng. N t gii
hn vic gii thch s kin ny theo cch ring ca n..." 1/96.
Hi Thnh c t nn tng trn s phc sinh, v bc b s phc sinh l hy dit mi hot ng
ca C c gio. Tuy vy, qua sut th k th nht, thay v phi i ph vi mt s phn bc nh th
th cc C c nhn ch b e da, nh p, v b git cht v c c tin. Nu h tm ra c thi hi
ca Cha Jesus th vic lm cho cc tn phi nn lng s n gin hn nhiu, nhng iu s khng
bao gi thc hin c.
John. R.W. Stott ni rng s im lng ca k th ca Cha "cng l mt bng chng hng hn v
s phc sinh cng nh s lm chng ca cc s ".
2D. H ch giu.
1E. Athens.
Khi Phaol ni vi ngi Athens v Christ th h khng bin bc g v li ging ca ng, m: "Khi
h nghe v s sng li ca k cht th mt s ngi bt u ch giu" (17:32). H ch ch giu iu
v h khng th hiu c lm th no m ngi cht li c th sng li c. Thm ch h cng khng
mun bo v quan im ca h na. H ch ni "ng c ln xn vi ti v nhng s vic , ti mt
lm ri".
Ti sao Phaol bit c rng s v tn Hy Lp khng ging vi s v tn Girusalem? Bi v
Girusalem, s kin v ngi m trng l khng th chi ci c (n vn cn cho ai mun xem xt),
trong khi Athens, bng chng th xa qu cho nn khng ai bit g v ngi m trng c. Chnh cc thnh
gi ca Phaol khng t h kim chng c s vic, hay ni ng hn l h gp rc ri trong s
kim tra, nn h ch mun giu ct vi thi l l. Thi ca h c xem nh l mt s t st c
tr thc.
2E. Trc mt crpba v Phtu Ssar.
Phaol ni vi Vua crpba v mi ngi ngi trong ta rng, ng Christ, "bi s sng li ca
Ngi t trong k cht ... th trc nht truyn rao nh sng ra cho dn Do Thi v ngi ngoi. V
trong khi Phaol ang ni t v, th Phtu ni ln "Hi Phaol, ngi lng tr ri, ngi hc bit
nhiu qu n ni ra in cung". Nhng Phaol ni "Ti chng phi lng tr u, tha quan ln Phtu,
ti ni l nhng li tht v phi l. Vua (crpba) bit r cc s ny; v ti bn lng tu v tin rng
chng c iu no vua khng bit; v mi vic chng lm ra cch chng vng u. Tu Vua crpba,
vua c tin cc ng tin tri chng? Ti bit tht vua tin . V vua crpba phn cng Phaol rng:
Thiu cht na ngi s thuyt phc ta tr thnh mt C c nhn" (26:23-28).
V mt ln na, cng nh ti Athens, Phaol li gp nhng ngi cha tin. S ip ca ng vn c
l "S sng li ca Ngi t trong k cht" (26:23), v cng li mt ln na. Khng c mt bng chng
no c a ra i ph vi s b bc. Ch c Phtu a ra mt li ch giu. Phaol bo v mnh
khi ng tuyn b l nhng li "tht v phi l" (26:25). Phaol nhn mnh tnh cht r rng ca
s vic khi ng ni "mi vic chng lm ra cch chng vng u" (26:26). ng dng bng chng
thuyt phc crpba v Phtu. Nhng ging nh ngi Athens, Phtu ch ci nho. S vic ny xy
ra Ssar, mt ni khng c ai bit g v ngi m trng. Phi c mt chuyn hnh trnh n
Girusalem mi xc nhn c s kin ny.
 3B. S KIN LCH S VNG CHC.
Ngi m trng l mt bng chng thm lng v s phc sinh ca Christ m chng ai b bc c.
Ngi La M v ngi Do Thi khng th kim ra c thi hi ca Cha Jesus v cng khng gii thch
c thi hi y i u, nhng h vn khng tin. Khng phi v thiu bng chng, nhng d c
bng chng, con ngi vn chi b s phc sinh.
Gio s E.H. Day (trong tc phm On the Evidence for the Resurrection, Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, 1906), vit: "Trong ngi m trng , C c gio lun tm thy mt bng
chng quan trng gii thch tnh hp l ca nim tin. Cc C c nhn chng bao gi nghi ng s
kin l vo ngy th ba, ngi ta pht hin ra ngi m trng rng. Cc on Kinh Thnh trong 4
sch tin lnh u nhn mnh iu . Sc nng ca bng chng ny khng trn nhng ngi
theo truyn thuyt nhng trn nhng ngi hoc chi b vic ngi m trng, hoc gii thch s bin
mt ca xc Cha theo thuyt duy l" 15/25.
Smith trch li ca gio s James Denney (trong tc phm Jesus and the Gospel, New York,
1909 trang 130, 131) rng: "... Ngi m trng khng phi l sn phm ca mt tinh thn bin gii ng
nghch, mt tinh thn khng ph hp vi bng chng v s phc sinh m theo Cha hin ra vi
cc mn v em h vo mt i sng mi c thng... l iu cn bn, c lp v v t trong li
lm chng ca cc s " 58/374.
4B. NHNG S KIN TM L VNG CHC.
1C. I SNG CA CC MN C BIN I
1D. John R.W. Stott ni rng: "C l s bin i ca cc mn Cha Jesus l mt bng chng ln
lao nht v s phc sinh..." 60/58,59.
2D. Tin s Simon Greenleaf (trong tc phm The Testimony of the Evangelists, nh sch Baker,
1965), mt lut s i Hc Harvard, ni v cc mn rng: "Do nu Cha Jesus khng tht s
t k cht sng li v nu h khng bit r rng s kin ny nh bit r mt s kin no khc, m h
vn c kin quyt xc nhn nhng l tht ny th l iu khng th no c c"
"Chc chn l khng c mt cuc chin tranh qun s no li c mt gng mu v tnh trung
kin, nhn ni anh hng v mt lng dng cm khng nao nng nh vy. H c l do cn thn xem
xt nn tng c tin ca h v nhng bng chng v nhng s kin ln lao v nhng l tht m h
xc quyt.
3D. Paul Little (trong tc phm Know Why you believe, nh xut bn Scripture, 1971), hi: "C
phi nhng con ngi tng gp phn bin i mt cu trc o c ca x hi, li l nhng k ni
di ti gii hay nhng k in b ngi ta la di? Tin mt trong hai iu ny cn kh hn tin s kin
phc sinh, v khng c mt cht bng chng no ng h cho iu ny" 36/63.
4D. Chng ta hy nhn xem i sng bin i ca Giac, em trai ca Cha Jesus. Trc s kin
phc sinh, ng xem thng tt c nhng g m anh ca ng bnh vc. ng ngh rng nhng li
ging dy ca ng Christ l mt li t ph lm phng hi danh gi gia nh. Du vy sau s kin
phc sinh, ngi ta thy Giac cng vi cc mn khc rao ging tin lnh ca Cha h. Th tn ca
ng m t mi quan h tt p ca ng vi ng Christ. ng t xng mnh l "ti t c Cha Tri
v c Cha Jesus Christ..." (Gia 1:1). Cch gii thch v s bin i trong i sng Giac l do Phaol
a ra trong ICo 15:7 "Sau Ngi (Cha Jesus) hin ra cho Giac...".
5D. George Matheson (trong tc phm The Representative Men of the New Testament, Hodder v
Stoughton, 1904) ni rng "S nghi ng ca Thma xut pht t ch ng tin rng s cht ca Cha
Jesus l s khai t nc ca Ngi - "Chng ta hy i cng cht vi Ngi" - Lc ng ni nhng li ny
cng l lc ng khng c hy vng g v s phc sinh ca ng Christ c. Khng c ai li ngh nh vy
nu ngi cn hy vng vi gi sau li gp li ngi cht . Vo lc , Thma t b ht mi
nim tin sng sut ca mnh. ng khng nhn thy mt kh nng no cho Cha Jesus c. ng khng tin
vo quyn nng vt l ca Cha Jesus. ng c in tr rng, i vi Ngi, nhng lc lng no bn
ngoi th gii l qu mnh m v s bp Ngi" 39/140.
 6D. Nhng Cha Jesus lm cho Thma bit Ngi. Kt qu ny c chp trong tin lnh Ging,
lc Thma reo ln rng "Ly Cha ti v c Cha Tri ti" (Gi 20:28). Sau khi thy Cha ca mnh t
m m sng li, Thma thay i hn, v ng tip tc thay i cho n khi t o.
7D. S m t sau y v s bin i xy ra trong i sng cc v s l mt bc tranh thi v:
"Vo ngy Cha b ng inh, lng h trn ngp s bun thm nhng vo ngy th nht trong
tun l, h trn ngp s vui mng. Vo ngy Cha b ng inh, h tuyt vng. Vo ngy th nht
trong tun l, lng h rc chy nim tin v s hy vng. Khi tin tc v s phc sinh n ln u, h hoi
nghi v kh tin, nhng mt khi xc quyt th h chng h nghi ng g na. L do g to nn s
bin i ng ngc nhin nh vy trong nhng con ngi ny ch trong mt thi gian ngn ngi? S
bin mt ca thi hi ni m m chng h thay i tm linh v c tnh ca h. Ba ngy khng to ra
mt chuyn c tch nh hng n h nh vy. hnh thnh mt tp truyn c tch cng cn phi c
thi gian. Chnh s kin v tm l i hi mt s gii thch y . Bn hy th suy ngh v t cch ca
nhng chng nhn. l nhng ngi cng hin cho th gii ny nhng bi ging o c hay nht
m ngi ta tng bit, v ngay c k th cng lm chng rng h cng sng mt cuc i o
c nh th. Bn cng hy suy ngh n mt iu v l v mt tm l l khi nhm nhau phng cao,
h ch l mt nhm ngi nht gan, t i, b tht bi, nhng ch vi ngy sau h tr thnh mt hi
on m khng mt s bch hi no lm cho h phi nn lng - v ri sau h c thuyt phc v p
t ln th gii ny, khng g khc hn, l mt cu chuyn hoang ng, ng thng hay sao. iu
khng c ngha g c".
2C. NHNG CUC I C BIN I QUA 1900 NM LCH S
Nh Cha Jesus Christ bin i i sng ca cc mn Ngi, th tri qua 1900 nm, cng c
nhiu ngi nhn c kinh nghim nh vy. Nhng bng chng v nhng cuc i c thay i xin
xem chng "S duy nht v kinh nghim C c".
3C. S PHN QUYT
S kin tm l v nhng cuc i c bin i l mt bng chng ng tin cy tin s phc
sinh. chnh l mt bng chng ch quan cho s kin khch quan rng Cha sng li vo ngy th
ba. V ch c mt Cha Jesus Christ sng mi c mt quyn nng bin i nh vy trong i sng ca
con ngi.
5B. NHNG S KIN X HI VNG CHC
1C. S THNH LP HI THNH C C
10. Nn tng cn bn cho vic thnh lp Hi Thnh l s rao ging v Cha phc sinh.
Cong 1:21-22 "Vy, ni nhng k theo cng chng ta trn lc c Cha Jesus i li gia chng
ta, t khi ging lm php bp tm cho n ngy Ngi c ct ln khi gia chng ta, phi c mt
ngi lm chng cng chng ta v s Ngi sng li".
2:23-24: "Ngi y b np theo nh trc v s bit trc ca c Cha Tri, cc ngi
mn tay c c m ng inh Ngi trn thp t gi v git i. Nhng c Cha Tri khin ngi
sng li, bt t dy tri ca s cht v n khng th gi ngi li di quyn n.
3:14-15 "Cc ngi chi b ng Thnh v ng cng bnh m xin tha mt k git ngi cho
mnh. Cc ngi git Cha ca s sng m c Cha Tri khin t k cht sng li, v chng ta l
ngi lm chng v iu ".
3:26 "c Cha Tri dy y t Ngi ln, ri trc ht sai ngi xung ban phc cho cc ngi
xy li khi ti c mnh".
4:10 "Ht thy cc ng, v c dn Israel iu kh bit, y l nhn danh c Cha Jesus Naxart,
ng m cc anh ng inh trn thp t gi, v c Cha Tri khin t k cht sng li, y l
nh Ngi m ngi ny c lnh mnh v ng trc mt cc ng.
5:30 "c Cha Tri ca t ph chng ta khin c Cha Jesus sng li, l ng m cc ng
treo ln cy g v git i.
 10:39-41 "Chng ta tng chng kin v mi iu Ngi lm trong x ngi Giua v ti thnh
Girusalem. Chng ta treo Ngi ln cy g v git i. Nhng ngy th ba, c Cha Tri khin
Ngi sng li, li cho Ngi c t ra. Chng hin ra vi dn chng, nhng vi nhng k lm chng m
c Cha Tri chn trc, tc l vi chng ta, l k n ung cng Ngi, sau khi Ngi t trong k
cht sng li.
13:29-39 "H lm cho ng nghim mi iu php v Ngi ri, th h Ngi xung khi thp t gi
m chn trong m. Song c Cha Tri lm cho Ngi t k cht sng li. Nhng k theo Ngi t x
Galil ln thnh Girusalem c thy Ngi lu ngy, v hin nay iu lm chng v Ngi gia dn
chng. Cn chng ti, th rao truyn cho anh em tin lnh ny v li ha ban cho t ph chng ti rng
c Cha Tri bi khin c Cha Jesus sng li th lm ng nghim li ha cho chng ta l con
chu ca t ph, y nh chp trong sch thi thin on th hai rng: Con l con trai ta, ngy nay ta
sanh con. Ngi lm cho c Cha Jesus sng li, ng nay khi tr v s h nt na, y v iu
m Ngi phn rng: Ta s thnh tn gi cng cc ngi li ha Thnh phn vi avt. Li trong
cu khc, cng c phn rng: "Cha chng cho ng Thnh Ngi thy s h nt u. V, vua avt lc
cn sng, lm theo ch c Cha Tri, on qua i; ngi c tr v cng cc t ph mnh, v
thy s h nt, nhng ng m c Cha Tri khin sng li, chng c thy s h nt u. Vy
hi anh em, kh bit rng nh ng m s tha ti c rao truyn cho anh em. Li nh Ngi m h
ai tin th c xng cng bnh v mi iu theo lut php Mise chng c th c xng cng bnh".
17:30-31 "Vy th, c Cha Tri b qua cc i ngu mui , m nay biu ht thy cc ngi trong
mi ni u phi n nn v Ngi ch nh mt ngy, khi Ngi s ly s cng bnh on xt th gian,
bi ngi Ngi lp, v c Cha Tri khin Ngi t k cht sng li, lm chng chc v iu
cho thin h.
26:22-23 "Song nh n c Cha Tri bo h, ti cn sng n ngy nay, lm chng cho cc k
ln nh, khng ni chi khc hn l iu cc ng tin tri v Mise ni s n, tc l ng Christ
phi chu thng kh, v bi s sng li trc nht t trong k cht, phi rao truyn nh sng ra cho
dn s v ngi ngoi.
2D. Hi Thnh l mt s kin lch s.
Gii thch v s tn ti ca Hi Thnh y l do c tin ca Hi Thnh ni s phc sinh. Tri qua
sut nhng nm u tin, s thit lp nn Hi Thnh phi chu nhiu s bch hi t pha ngi Do
Thi v La M. Nhiu ngi phi chu tra tn, git chc v c Cha ca h v ch v h bit rng Ngi
t k cht sng li.
Wilbur ni rng ngay c nhng k duy l nh tin s Guignebert (trong tc phm Jesus, New York,
1935 trang 536) cng b buc phi nhn nhn rng: "s khng c C c gio nu nim tin ni s phc
sinh khng c hnh thnh v cng c...
Ton b nn tn thn hc v s cu chuc v nhng s ging dy ch yu ca C c gio t trn
nim tin ni s phc sinh, v trn trang u tin ca cc bn tin iu c c cn phi vit cu ny ca
Phaol "Nu ng Christ khng sng li th ging dy ca chng ti l lung cng v c tin anh em
cng v ch". Theo quan im lch s r rng , th nim tin ni s phc sinh chc chn l iu khng
km phn quan trng... Bi nim tin , nim tin ni Cha Jesus v cc s ip ca Ngi, tr thnh
yu t nn tng cho mt tn gio mi m, sau khi rao ging, tr thnh i th ca Do Thi gio v
thng tr c th gii" 55/20-21.
Paul Little ch ra rng Hi Thnh c thnh lp vo khong nm 32 sau CN v iu khng phi
l mt s ngu nhin m c l do thch ng. Ngi ta ni rng cc C c nhn thnh Antit lm
o ln th gii vo nhng ngy u tin ca lch s Hi Thnh (17:6). L do gii thch s nh hng
ny l s phc sinh" 36/62.
Smith trch dn li ca H.D.A Major, hiu trng trng Ripon Hall, Oxford, rng: "Nu s ng
inh ca Cha Jesus t du chm ht cho kinh nghim ca cc mn Ngi v Ngi th tht kh c
th hiu c rng, lm th no m Hi Thnh c c li c th tn ti c. Hi Thnh t nn
tng ca h trn nim tin rng Cha Jesus l ng Msi. Mt ng Msi b ng inh th khng phi l
ng Msi. Ngi l ng b Do Thi gio khc t v b c Cha Tri ra s. Nhng bi chnh s
phc sinh ca Cha Jesus, nh Phaol tuyn b trong Ro 1:4, th Ngi c xc nhn l Con ca
c Cha Tri quyn nng" (The Mission and Message of Jesus, New York, 1938, trang 213) 58/368.
 Straton trch dn li ca Kenneth S. Latourette (trong bi vit: Our Lord's Resurrection, tp ch
Christianity Today, s ngy 31/3/1968), rng "Chnh nim tin quyt ni s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus
ko cc mn Ngi ra khi s tuyt vng do s cht ca Ngi, v em h vo s tn ti bt dit
ca mt phong tro do chnh Ngi khi xng. Nhng v nim tin su sc ca h rng ng b ng
inh t k cht sng li, rng h thy Ngi v ni chuyn vi Ngi, nn i vi h, s cht ca
Cha Jesus v ngay chnh Cha Jesus l iu khng th no lng qun c" (History of Expansion of
Christianity, Harper, New York, 1937, quyn I, trang 59" 61/3.
2C. HIN TNG V NGY CHA NHT CA C C GIO
Ngy ngh v th phng nguyn thy ca ngi Do Thi l ngy th by v h ni rng c Cha
Tri hon tt cuc sng to ca Ngi v ngh vo ngy th by. iu c chp trong lut thnh
ca h. Ngy Sabt l mt trong nhng nn tng ca Do Thi gio. Mt trong nhng iu sng knh
trong sinh hot ca ngi Do Thi l vic gi ngy Sabt. Cc C c nhn gp nhau th phng
vo ngy th nht trong tun l theo lch Do Thi, cm t s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus. Tht vy, cc
C c nhn ny thnh cng trong vic thay i ngy ngh v th phng c k, thuc v thn hc
ny thnh ngy ch nht. Nhng xin hy nh rng CHNH H L NGI DO THI! nn h bit iu g
s xy ra nu h sai lm. C l y l mt trong nhng quyt nh ln lao nht m khng h c mt tn
gio no ca con ngi li lm c. Lm th no chng ta c th gii thch c s thay i s th
phng t ngy th 7 thnh ngy Cha nht nu khng phi l s phc sinh? 22/51.
J.N.D. Anderson nhn xt rng phn ln cc C c u tin c ngun gc Do Thi v c gn b
cung nhit vi ngy Sabt ca h. Do phi c mt iu g c ngha rt ln mi c th thay i
tp tc ny, v ch c s phc sinh mi lm c iu ny! 2/9.
3C. HIN TNG V CC THNH L CA C C GIO
1D. S b bnh - Cong 2:46Gi 6:1-71Mat 26:26Mac 14:22Lu 22:19ICo 11:23,24. Ba n ti ca
Cha l mt s tng nh v s cht ca Ngi nhng khi c trong Cong 2:46, chng ta thy rng l
lc vui v. Th th nu khng c s phc sinh th lm th no vui v c??? Nh li ba n a
Ngi n ch b phn bi v ng inh l mt ni au n khng chu ni. Th th iu g bin ni
au n ca bui tic cui cng thnh ba n thng cng vui mng trn khp th gii?
Michael Green (trong tc phm Man Alive, nh xut bn Inter-Varsity cho php s dng) nhn
xt: "Trong bui tic thnh ny, h gp Ngi. Ngi khng cht v ra i nhng cn ang sng y.
Vi s thc v hin din ca Ngi, h k nim s cht ca Ngi cho n khi Ngi tr li (ICo
11:26). T cng ng C c u tin ny v t Hi Thnh ni ting Aramaic nguyn thy, chng ta c
c mt li cu nguyn ngn trong bui tic thnh (16:22 v Didache, 10). l cu Maranatha,
ngha l "Ly Cha chng ti, Xin hy n!". Lm th no c th gii thch c thi ca cc C c
nhn u tin ny khi h gp nhau k nim ba n ti ca Cha h, tr khi Ngi tht s t k
cht sng li vo ngy th 3" 22/53.
2D. S BP TM - Co 2:12Ro 6:1-6
Cc C c nhn khi u mt nghi l khc l bp tm. y l im m h dm lm khc vi Do
Thi gio. Ngi Do Thi th vn tip tc l ct b, cn cc C c nhn th lm theo mng lnh ca
Cha h, l lm bp tm. Mt ngi phi bit n nn ti, tin rng Cha sng li v chu bp tm. Th
th bp tm tng trng cho iu g. C s hi nghi ng v iu ny! Phaol gii thch rng mt ngi
chu bp tm l c lin hip vi Cha Jesus Christ trong s cht v s phc sinh ca Ngi. Khi ngi
y bc vo trong nc, l ang cht bn tnh ti li c, v khi bc ra khi nc, l d phn s sng
phc sinh ca Cha Jesus Christ. Trong C c gio khng c g c hn nhng nghi l thnh ny nhng
h c trc tip lin hip vi s cht v s phc sinh ca ng Christ. Lm th no gii thch c
bp tm ca C c nu s phc sinh chng h xy ra?
4C. HIN TNG LCH S V HI THNH
Do , s thnh lp Hi Thnh l mt hin tng lch s m ch c th gii thch c bi s phc
sinh ca Cha Jesus. Nhng Thnh l m Hi Thnh ang tun theo cng l mt bng chng lin tc
cho ngun gc ca Hi Thnh. L.L. Morris (trong tc phm the New Bible Dictionary, nh xut bn
Wm. B.Eerdmans, 1962), c li bnh lun v nhng tn hu u tin, nhng ngi chng kin s
phc sinh ca Christ rng: "H l nhng ngi Do Thi v ngi Do Thi th c mt thi kin quyt
trong vic duy tr nhng truyn thng tn gio ca h. Nhng, nhng ngi ny gi ngy ca Cha,
mt ngy k nim s phc sinh trong tun, thay v phi gi ngy Sabt. Vo ngy ca Cha, h d l
tic thnh, khng phi l s k nim v mt Christ cht, nhng tng nh, cm t v nhng n
phc m Cha sng v c thng ban cho h. Mt thnh l khc ca h l bp tm, l s nhc nh
cho tn bit rng h c ng chn vi Christ v ng sng li vi Ngi (Co 2:12). S phc sinh
l ngha ca tt c nhng g h lm" 45/1088.
5A. NHNG NGY THUYT C BA RA GII THCH S PHC SINH
(H khng ca s h khng, h khng ca s h khng, thy u h khng - Tr 1:2).
Sau y l mt ti liu c su tp ni v nhng s gii thch khng thc t v s phc sinh ca
ng Christ. V ln lt mi gi thuyt s chu mt s phn bc thch hp.
J.N.D. Anderson, mt lut s ngi Anh (trong tc phm Christianity: The Witness of History, Nh
xut bn Inter-Varsity, 1970), hon ton nhn thc c tm quan trng ca nhng bng chng chnh
xc trong vic phn quyt s ng n ca mt trng hp. V bng chng m lch s ni v s phc
sinh, ng vit: "im cn c nhn mnh y l bng chng phi c xem xt ton b. D dng thy
rng s c mt s gii thch cc b cho mt mt ny hoc cho mt mt kia ca nhng thnh phn
to nn bng chng. Nhng mt s gii thch nh th l khng c gi tr tr khi n ph hp vi nhng
phn khc trong bng chng . C mt s gi thuyt, m nu xt tng gi thuyt mt th thy ph hp
vi mt phn ca bng chng nhng chnh chng th li khng lin kt cht ch c vi nhau thnh
mt m hnh c th chp nhn c, nn khng th a ra mt li gii thch no ph hp vi tng th
c".
Nhn xt ny c rt ra khi xem xt cc gi thuyt sau.
1B. Gi thuyt bt tnh.
1C. QUAN IM - CHRIST KHNG B CHT THT S TRN THP T M CH BT TNH.
Khi ngi ta t Ngi trong m ca Gisp ngi Arimath th Ngi vn cn sng. Sau nhiu ting
ng h, bi kh lnh ca ngi m, Ngi tnh li, ngi dy v i mt.
Gio s J.N.D. Anderson ni v gi thuyt ny rng "... thot tin gi thuyt ny c mt ngi
n ng tn Venturini a ra cch y khong 2 th k. Nhng nm gn y, gi thuyt ny c
mt nhm ngi theo o Muslims khng chnh thng, gi l Ahmadiya lm cho sng li di mt
hnh thc hi khc mt cht. Nhng ngi ny c c quan u no t ti Qadian, v c quan lnh o
ca h Anh quc, nm trong mt khu Lun n, gi l Putney.
"S gii thch ca h l nh th ny: ng Christ tht s b ng inh trn thp t gi. Ngi
chu mt s khng hong kinh khip, mt mu, b thng v bt tnh, nhng Ngi cha cht tht. s.
Vo thi , kin thc y hc khng hon chnh v cc s ngh rng Ngi cht. Chng ta c bit
rng Philt rt ngc nhin v Ngi cht ri. S gii thch ny khng nh rng Ngi c a xung
khi cy thp t trong trng thi bt tnh do nhng k ngh lm rng Ngi cht, v h t Ngi
trong m. S ngh ngi mt m trong ngi m lm Ngi tnh li hon ton, n ni cui cng Ngi
c th ra khi m c. Nhng mn ngu ngc ca Ngi khng th tin rng y ch l mt s hi tnh
m thi. H c khng khng cho rng y l mt s phc sinh t k cht" 2/7.
Gio s Kevan ni rng chnh gi thuyt bt tnh ny cng cho rng Ngi "hi tnh v nhng
hng liu p xc Ngi..." 30/9.
2C. S PHN BC.
Anderson i n kt lun: "... Gi thuyt ny khng chu ni s xt nghim..." 1/95.
W.J. Sparrow-Simpson ni rng gi thuyt ny "... by gi hon ton li thi..." 17/510.
Ti tin rng nhng im sau y s cho thy ti sao nhng ngi ny li i n kt lun nh vy.
1D. Theo s khm xt ca nhng ngi lnh, ca Gisp v ca Nicem th Christ cht trn
thp t.
 Paul Little ni v gi thuyt bt tnh rng: "Tht l rt c ngha khi thy rng khng c mt
tng no thuc loi ny li c lu truyn li gia vng nhng k phn i, tn cng vo C c
gio. Tt c nhng ti liu ban u u nhn mnh n s cht ca Cha Jesus" 36/65.
Gio s T.J. Thorburn a ra nhng iu sau y cho thy Christ chu kh nh th no di
tay Philt: "... S au n trong vn, s bt b lc na m, b i x tn bo trong snh ng ca
thy t l c v trng n ca Philt, chu mt cuc hnh trnh kit sc i li gia Philt v Hrt,
chu nhng trn roi ca lnh La M, cuc hnh trnh n i Ggtha, sut lc , bi s cng thng
sc lc, Ngi ng gc v kit sc, s tra tn khng khip ca vic ng inh v sau l ci kht v
cn st ko n" 65/183-185.
Thomas. J. Thorburn nhn xt "Tht kh m tng tng c, ngay c mt ngi lc lng nht,
sau khi chu tt c nhng iu ny li vn khng cht. Hn na, theo ti liu, th t khi no nn nhn b
ng inh, li c th cu sng c, ngay c vi nhng tnh hung thun li nht" 65/183-185.
ng kt lun: "Chng ta khng c li phn bc no v gi thuyt ny hay hn iu m Keim ni
(trong tc phm Jesus of Nazara, quyn VI, trang 330) rng: "y l iu kh c th chp nhn hn ht.
Mt Jesus yu ui, ng thng - tht kh c th gi cho mnh ng thng ni, kh ln trn, kh ci
trang v cui cng cht - Jesus ny li l i tng c tin, l ngun cm ng tn dng, l s
c thng ca cc mn Ngi, l mt ng chinh phc sng li, v l Con ca c Cha Tri. Tht
vy, gi thuyt ny ngy cng tr nn ng khinh, l bch v ch ng b i" 65/183-185.
Kevan trch li ca gio s F. Godet ni rng: "Trc khi b ng inh, Cha Jesus chu nhiu
au kh c th xc ln tm hn. Ngi tri qua s au kh trc khi cht trong vn Ghtsman.
Ngi chu s au n kinh khng qua nhng trn n ca ngi La M, nhng vt so hn su trn
lng tng ng vi s t hnh. Sau h ly inh ng vo tay v chn Ngi. Cht sc lc cn li
mn dn i qua 6 gi ng h chu nhng ni au kh khng khip. B cn kht thiu t, v bi
hon ton kit sc, cui cng Ngi trt linh hn trong mt ting la ln sau cng, c cc sch phc
m ghi li. Mt ln na, mt tn lnh La M li ly gio m vo hng Ngi. Khng c thc phm hay
thc ung, khng c mt ai bng b cc vt thng hoc chia x nhng ni kh au ca Ngi, Ngi
tri qua trn mt ngy v 2 m trong m m. Nhng vo sng ngy th 3, Ngi li hin ra, sng ng
v sng chi!" 30/9,10.
J.N.D. Anderson nhn xt v gi thuyt ni Cha Jesus khng cht nh sau: "Vng... gi thuyt
y rt kho lo, nhng n khng chu ni s xt nghim. bt u, dng nh chng ta cn phi ly
mt s im hon ton qu quyt rng Cha Jesus cht. Chc chn vt gio m bn hng Ngi c
nhiu ngha. Nhng theo s tranh lun, gi s ngi khng cht hon ton th sao. Thc ra bn c th
no tin rng, nm ht gi ny qua gi kia trong mt ngi m x Palestin vo thi im phc sinh,
m khng c mt s chm sc thuc men no, trong khi vo ban m th rt lnh, c th no lm cho
Ngi tnh li hay ch cho thy mt s kt thc khng th trnh khi v mng sng mong manh ca
Ngi? Bn c th no tin rng Ngi s t thot ra khi hng my mt vi lim vi sc nng ca c trm
k hng liu, ln xa mt tng m 3 ngi n b khng th nhc nhch c v i b my dm
ng vi i chn b thng?" 2/7.
Nh John R.W. Stott hi: Chng ta c th no tin rng "Sau nhng ni kh s, au n ca vic
xt x, s ch giu, nh p v b ng inh m Ngi vn c th sng st 36 ting ng h trong ngi
m thiu m cng, khng thc phm v s chm sc y t? Chng ta c th no tin rng Ngi c th
c ht sc thc hin k cng ca mt siu nhn bng cch di chuyn tng chn trc ngi m i
m khng lm no ng nhng tn lnh canh La M khng? Chng ta c th no tin rng Ngi hin ra
vi cc mn bng hnh nh yu ui, bnh tt, i kht m li c th gy cho h n tng rng Ngi
nh bi s cht chng? Chng ta c th no tin rng Ngi c th tip tc rao ging rng Ngi
cht v sng li, c th sai h i khp th gian v ha s vi h n ngy sau rt sao? Chng ta c th
no tin rng Ngi c th sng n mt ni no trong 40 ngy, sau t ngt hin ra v cui cng
bin mt m khng c li gii thch no chng? S c tin nh vy cn k l hn c s v tn ca
Thma" 60/48,49.
V nhng ngi duy l hin i chi b s phc sinh ca Christ th E. Le Camus c vit:
"H ni: Nu Ngi sng li th Ngi khng cht v nu Ngi cht th Ngi khng sng li". "C
2 s kin, u chc chn, lm sng t song ny. S kin th nht l vo bui chiu th su, Cha
Jesus cht, v s kin th hai, Ngi sng li hon ton v hin ra vo ngy cha nht v nhng
ngy sau .
"Vic Ngi cht vo chiu th 6 th khng c ai nghi ng c k c Cng hi, ta n La M hay
trn i Ggtha. Chnh Philt ngc nhin khi bit Ngi cht qu sm, nhng s ngc nhin ca ng
ch to ra thm mt bng chng mi lm vng thm s xc quyt ca ngi xin ly xc Ngi.
"Do , nhn k b ng inh trn cy thp t, c bn ln th, u thy r rng Ngi cht. xc
nh cho r hn, vin i trng ly gio m Ngi, nhng thi hi ca Ngi khng cn cm gic na.
T ch vt thng, mu v nc chy ra, chng t mt s phn hy rt nhanh ca nhng nguyn t
sng. H ni rng chy mu l rt nguy him n tnh mng trong trng hp bt tnh. y iu ny
khng lm Ngi cht, v Ngi cht ri. iu ny xy ra chng t rng Ngi cht trc mt
lc ri. iu ny khng xy ra cho nhng k th quan trng nht ca Ngi, nh cc thy t l c,
nh h s nghi ng ca h v s cht tht s ca Ngi. iu m h lo s nht l v pha cc s , v
h c th m mu di xc Cha i, ch h khng lo s g v pha Cha Jesus, k m h thy rng
cht ri. Ngi c em xung khi cy thp t v khi thy Ngi khng c du hiu no cn sng do
vt m ca ngn gio, by gi Ngi nm im, lnh ngt trong i tay yu thng bng m, em Ngi
i, tm lim Ngi, bc Ngi li ri t Ngi trong m, sau h bao bc Ngi bng ni au kh v tnh
yu ca h. Chng ta c th no tng tng ra c mt s bt tnh no hon ho hn iu ny hay
mt iu g c sp xp hp l hn khng? Chng ta c th ni thm rng: tht vy, iu ny t
l mt s kt liu t ngt nht ca mt con ngi, tnh thing ling ca n qu phi thng v nh
hng ca n qu tt p. y l mt s trng hp khng th c c! N cn l lng hn c s phc
sinh!
2D. Cc mn Ngi thy l Ngi hi tnh li.
David Friedrich Strauss, mt nh hoi nghi - chnh ng khng phi l mt tn ca s phc sinh -
nhng ging mt n tr mng ln nhng ai cho rng Cha Jesus ch ngt i ri tnh li. y l
nhng g ng vit: "Tht khng th c mt ngi no, sng d cht d, li c th bc ra khi m,
c th b i quanh qun trong bnh tt v yu ui, trong khi cn phi c s chm sc y t, bng b,
cn lm cho khe mnh v n cn u dng, mt con ngi, cui cng khut phc s au kh ca
mnh, li c th gy cho cc mn ca mnh mt n tng rng mnh l k chinh phc s cht v m
m, vua ca s sng, mt n tng ch th hin cui chc v tng lai ca h. Mt s phc sinh nh
vy ch lm yu i n tng m Ngi li cho h trong s sng v s cht, m cng lm ch l mt
ting ku bi thng, khng th no lm cho h c bin i t au kh thnh hng say, khng th
no lm cho s knh trng tr thnh s th phng" 62/412.
M t s hin ra ca Cha Jesus vi cc mn , William Milligan (trong tc phm Resurrection 7
Our Lord, The Macmillan Co., 1927), ni rng h "... khng phi l nhng ngi bnh tt nhng l
nhng ngi khe mnh, lc lng v c chun b gp rt cho mt cng vic ln lao m c d
nh r rng". ng ni tip "s tuyt vng nhng ch cho hy vng, s thi lui nhng ch cho
s c thng, s kit sc nhng ch cho s n lc mnh m, kin tr".
ng ni tip : "Nhng ni s hi ban u ca cc mn b s vui mng, s gan d v s hng
hi xua tan. Chng ta thy rng khng th no m lng thng xt, thng cm vi s au kh v c
mun gip li c to ra do s hin ra ca mt k bt tnh v kit sc v au n, mt ngi
lin tc bt tnh t chiu th su n sng cha nht, mt ngi ch mi c hi phc thi"
41/76,77.
Gio s E.H. Day ni "Trong nhng li tng thut v nhng ln hin ra ca ng Christ phc sinh
th khng c mt du vt g v s yu th cht nh vn thng nghe ni, nu Christ sng li t mt
ci cht tht s. Tht vy, ngc li vi s mong i, cc mn thy trong ngi thy phc sinh
ca h khng phi l mt ng hi phc li sau nhng au n kinh khng, nhng chnh l Cha ca
s sng, l ng c thng s cht, l ng khng cn b tri buc, khng b gii hn v vt l nh h
bit trong khi Ngi cn thi hnh chc v" 15/49,50.
3D. Nhng ngi a ra thuyt bt tnh cng ni rng, khi tnh li, Cha Jesus thc hin mt k
cng thot ra khi nhng tm vi lim qun cht ly thn th Ngi, v Ngi ra i m khng
lm xo trn g c.
 Merrill C. Tenney (trong tc phm The Reality of the Resurrection, nh xut bn Moody, 1913)
gii thch v nhng tm vi lim rng: "Theo phong tc Do Thi, chun b chn thi hi, th ngi ta
phi tm v lm cho n thng ra v sau ct cht t cc ngn tay cho n mt c bng nhng di dy
vi gai, rng khong 1 foot. Cn hng liu, thng l cht do cng, c t gia nhng lp qun
hay lp gp. N c tc dng va lm cht bo qun va ging nh cement lm cho nhng lp qun
bng vi dnh vi lp ph cng bn ngoi... Ging dng t "buc li" (ting Hy Lp l edesan) l hp
vi t dng trong Lu 23:53 l "cun li... bng vi gai...".
"Vo ngy th nht trong tun l, thi hi ca Cha Jesus bin mt nhng vi lim vn cn ...
"Nhng tm vi qun nm ch l v tr ca ci u, cch xa vi nhng tm khc bng khong
cch t ngn tay n c. Hnh dng ca thi hi th vn cn r rng trong lp vi nhng xc v xng
th bin mt... Lm th no ci xc thot c ra khi nhng lp vi qun, v khi c qun cht
quanh ci xc, nhng lp vi qun ny khng lng nhng ch cong ca ci xc?"
4D. James Rosscup (trong tc phm Talbot Theological Semnary Notes), ni rng "Nhng ngi
theo gi thuyt ny ni rng ng Christ ang trong mt tnh trng rt yu ui m li c th ln
tng trc ca m i - mt tng m cc s gia ni rng phi cn c nhiu ngi mi ln ni -
bc ra khi m m khng h lm cho mt tn lnh no git mnh c (nu ni theo nhng ngi ny l
cc tn lnh ng gc nhng chng ta bit chc l h khng ng gc), ri bc qua cc tn lnh v
trn thot" 73/3.
Gio s E.H. Day nhn xt im ny rng: "Tht vy, iu khng th no chp nhn v mt vt l
(c th) ca gi thuyt ny l qu r rng. Cho d chng ta c bc b vic canh m (theo nh Ch ngha
ph bnh cho rng c nhng tnh tit khng hp l) th vn kh m cho rng Ngi va mi tnh li sau
cn ngt li c th ln hn trc ca m i. iu tht qu sc.
Nu Ngi c nh ln tng i th cng tht l v l khi cho rng Ngi nh lui c cc tn
lnh La M. Nhng ngi canh gc nh vy tht chng kh khn g nh bi "mt ngi d sng, d
cht khi bc ra khi m" nh Strauss m t Cha Jesus. Hn na, ti ng gc s b x t, nn chc
chn l nhng tn lnh canh rt tnh to.
5D. Nu Cha Jesus ch tnh li sau mt cn bt tnh th on ng di m Ngi i "ti mt
ngi lng tn l Em-ma-t, cch Girusalem 7 dm" (Lu 24:13) l mt iu khng th c.
Gio s Day ni rng "Trong tnh trng ca mt ngi va mi hi phc sau mt cn bt tnh v
thng tch v kit sc th vic thc hin mt chuyn i b di v sau l hin ra cho cc mn
Girusalem l iu khng th no c c" 15/49,50.
V im ny, Gio s E.F. Kevan bnh lun nh sau: "Bng i chn b xuyn thng v ch hai
ngy sau, Ngi li c th i b m khng gp kh khn g gia lng Em-ma-t v th Girusalem.
Ngi rt nng ng, ang ba n, t nhin Ngi bin mt khi hai mn ng hnh vi Ngi, ri khi
h tr li Girusalem bo tin mng cho cc mn th h li thy Ngi . Ngi i trc h.
Cng vi s hot ng nhanh chng nh vy, t nhin Ngi hin ra trong phng cc mn ang
nhm li... C th no nhng hnh ng ny li l ca con ngi c a xung khi thp t trong
tnh trng d sng, d cht, c nm trong m vi mt sc lc cn kit hon ton khng?
Khng th no c" 30/9,10.
6D. Nu Cha Jesus ch tnh li sau mt cn bt tnh th Ngi phi gii thch tnh trng ca Ngi cho
cc mn ch. Nu c im lng th Ngi ch l k ni di v la di, ri cc mn Ngi rao ging
mt s phc sinh m tht ra ch l mt cu chuyn huyn thoi.
E. Le Camus vit "Hn na, chng ti cho rng nu Cha Jesus ch bt tnh, Ngi khng th cho
ngi ta tin rng Ngi cht. Thay v th hin nh mt ngi t k cht sng, Ngi ch nn ni rng
Ngi may mn c sng st. Tht vy, ti y cng nh trong c Kinh Thnh, chng ta phi i din
vi hai iu kh khn ny: Hoc Jesus l Mt Con Ngi duy nht, Con Ngi ca c Cha Tri, hoc
Ngi l tn ti phm kinh tm nht. Nu Ngi t t ra nh mt ngi t k cht sng li, trong khi Ngi
khng c nh th, th Ngi phm ti la di v phi b lng tri ca loi ngi t chi" 8/485,486.
Paul Little cho rng mt gi thuyt nh vy i hi chng ta phi tin rng "ng Christ phm
ti ni di trng trn. Cc mn Ngi tin v rao truyn rng Ngi cht nhng sng li. Cha
Jesus khng lm g dp b nim tin ny nhng li cn khch l na" 36/66.
 John Knox (trong tc phm The Man Christ Jesus, trang 13), mt hc gi Kinh Thnh, Straton
trch li ng rng: "Khng th no c c mt con ngi bnh thng t k cht sng li m li
lm ny sinh mt phong tro C c.... Ch c con ngi Jesus mi l l do chnh ng ca iu "
61/3.
Nu Cha Jesus khng t m m sng li th Ngi khng h d phn vo s gy ra iu di tr
. Khi ngi ta xem xt n phm cht khng t vt ca Ngi th mt lun iu nh vy s b cng kch
khng d dt.
7D. Nu Christ khng cht vo lc ny th Ngi cht khi no? di nhng tnh hung ra sao?
Gio s E.H. Day ni rng: "Nu gi thuyt ny c chp nhn th phi dp b ht cch sch phc
m, sch Cng v v c s thng thin gii thch s chm dt t ngt cc cuc hin ra ca Ngi l
do Ngi hon ton xa lnh h sng v cht trong s n dt, li cho h hng lot nhng n
tng gi di v thn v ca Ngi v s truyn gio ca h ra khp th gii" 15/50.
William Milligan (trong tc phm The Resurrection of Our Lord, The Macmillan Company, 1972)
ni rng nu Christ ch b bt tnh trn thp t v sau c hi phc th "hn l Ngi phi i n
mt ni vng v no n dt, m ngay c nhng mn thn cn nht cng khng bit. Trong khi
th Hi Thnh ca Ngi li ang ln ln quanh Ngi, lm rng ng th gii v nhng nn tng ca
n v gia nhng s kh khn, n a ra mt trt t mi v nhiu iu. Trong khi Hi Thnh phi
chu nhiu cuc tranh lun gay gt, b bao bc bi nhiu s cm d, b a vo nhng s th thch,
tm li l b t vo mt tnh trng c th khin Hi Thnh trng cy hon ton vo chnh Ngi th Ngi
li khng c mt , th gi cn li ca Ngi trong mt ni m chng ta khng c th m t bng
mt t ng no khc hn l ch n c nhc nh, ri cui cng Ngi cht m khng ai bit l
u, khi no v ra sao! Khng c mt tia sng no xuyn thng mn m c. Chng ta bit rng nhng
C c nhn u tin ny c nhiu chuyn c tch phong ph nhng li khng c ly mt chuyn no
gip chng ta c!"
3C. Kt lun:
George Hanson (trong tc phm The Resurrection and the Life, William Clowes and Sons, 1911)
ni mt cch chn tht v thuyt bt tnh rng: "Tht kh m tin rng gi thuyt ny li l mt s gii
thch tha ng ca ch ngha duy l th k 18". Bng chng a ra qu nhiu iu tri vi gi
thuyt ny n ni ngy nay n tr nn li thi.
2B. THUYT LY TRM.
1C. QUAN IM - CC NH LNH O TN GIO TR TIN CHO NHNG NGI LNH
(MUA CHUC H) H NI LO.
1D. Mathi thut li cu chuyn sau y nh l mt gi thuyt thnh hnh vo thi i ca ng,
nhm gii thch s phc sinh ca Christ.
"Trong khi hai ngi n b i ng, th c my tn lnh canh vo thnh thut li cho cc thy
t l c bit mi vic xy n. Cc thy bn nhm li cng cc trng lo ng bn tnh, xong ri, th
h cho nhng tn lnh nhiu tin bc, m dn rng: Mn n n lc ban m, khi chng ti
ang ng, m ly trm n i. Nu iu y thu n tai quan ln, th chng ta s khuyn gii ngi, v
lm cho cc ngi khi lo s. My tn lnh ly bc v lm theo nh li. Ting y n ra trong dn
Giua cho n ngy nay" (Mat 28:11-15).
2D. V thuyt ly trm xc c chp trong Mathi rt ph bin gia vng ngi Do Thi trong
mt thi gian, cng c chp trong nhng tc phm ca Justin Martyr, Tertullian v nhng ngi
khc.
Gio s Thorburn (trong tc phm The Resurrection Narrative and Modern Criticism, Kegan Paul,
Trench, Trubner and Co.), c nhn xt nh sau:
Trong tc phm Dialogue Against Trypho 108 ca Justin, ngi Do Thi c ni v "mt Jesus no
, mt k la di ngi Galil, k b chng ta ng inh, nhng vo ban m cc mn ca hn
trm xc hn khi m, l ch ngi ta chn hn khi c tho xung khi cy thp t. By gi h
la di ngi ta bng cch qu quyt rng hn t k cht sng li v v tri" 65/91,92. "Cng vy,
Tertullian (Apology 21) ni: "Ngi m hon ton trng rng ngoi tr vi lim ca k cht.
Nhng cc nh lnh o Do Thi dng nh dnh lu ti vic loan truyn khp ni mt iu gian di
v li ko mt dn tc tng thn phc h khi nim tin . H ni rng xc ca ng Christ b cc
mn Ngi ly trm". V vi mt ging ch giu, ng ni (De Spectac 30). "y l ng m cc mn
Ngi b mt cp i ni rng Ngi t k cht sng li, hoc do ngi lm vn em i mt
vn rau dip ca ng ta khng b m ng ngi ving thm lm cho hng i" 65/191,192.
"Chng ta thy cu ny c lp li trong nhng tc phm ting Do Thi thi trung c (Jewish
book in Eisenmenger, i. trang 189 ff...). Reimarus cng lp li chnh cu chuyn . ng ni "Cc mn
ca Cha Jesus xoy c xc ca Ngi trc khi em chn 24 ting ng h, v ti ni chn ct
h din v hi kch ngi m trng, ln la tuyn b cng khai v s phc sinh cho n ngy th
50, l lc s thi ra ca xc cht xong u " 65/191,192.
"Nhng li ni v tranh lun v gi thuyt qu xa ny c Origen gii p hon ton (Contr.
Cels.)" 65/191,192.
3D. John Chrysotom thnh Antioch (347-407 sau CN) ni v thuyt ly trm rng:
"Tht vy, chnh iu ny hnh thnh nn s phc sinh, ti mun ni v iu h ni, l cc
mn trm xc Ngi. Nhng ngi ny xc nhn rng thi hi khng cn , cn vic trm xc
th khng th no tin c v h canh chng rt k, c du nim phong, cn cc mn th nht nht.
Do bng chng v s phc sinh l khng th chi ci c.
2C. S PHN BC
1D. Ngi m trng phi c gii thch bng mi cch. Gio s E.F. Kevan ni rng khng nht
thit l ngi m trng chng minh cho s phc sinh nhng n li a ra hai iu. Kevan vit "Hai
iu l: Hoc ngi m trng l mt tc phm thin thng hoc l mt tc phm ca con ngi". C
hai iu ny phi c xem xt mt cch khch quan v iu no c xem l ng n nht th phi
c chp nhn. 30/14
Kevan vit tip: "Gii t iu th khng kh tuy nhin c quyt nh cho mt trong hai iu
s l th ny: K th ca Cha Jesus khng c l do g di xc ngi i. Cc bn ca Cha Jesus khng
c th lc lm iu . Theo cc ngun ti liu ng tin cy th l ra. Xc ngi vn cn , v quan
im cho rng cc mn trm xc Ngi l khng th chp nhn c. Do quyn nng m
em Cu Cha ra khi m m phi l mt quyn nng thin thng" 30/14.
Le Camus cho rng: "Nu Cha Jesus, ng nm trong m vo th Su m Cha nht khng cn
th hoc l Ngi b ngi ta di i hoc Ngi ra i bng chnh sc lc ca Ngi. Khng c s
la chn no khc. Ngi c b ngi ta di i khng? Ai di? Bn hay th? C mt i lnh canh gc
Ngi, do h khng c nh lm cho Ngi bin mt. Hn na s thn trng ca h khng th gii
thch c iu ny. Ch c cch d nht h gii thch nhng iu v s phc sinh ny l cc mn
ba chuyn. i vi h, cch khn ngoan nht l canh gc Ngi lm bng chng h c th tr li
cho mi li cht vn rng "xc cht y, hn khng h sng li".
"Cn i vi cc bn b ca Ngi th h cng khng c nh v cng khng c th lc m
di xc Ngi i" 8/482.
Wilbur Smith (trong tc phm A Great Certainty in this hour of World Crisis, nh xut bn Van
Kampen, 1951), ni "... Nhng ngi lnh ny khng bit lm th no gii thch ngi m trng.
H b Cng Hi dy cho phi ni g v b h mua chuc thut li cu chuyn ba t ny" 55/22,23.
A.B. Bruce (trong tc phm The Expositor Greek New Testament, Hodder and Stoughton, 1903)
nhn xt: "Mt bn bo co c gi i khp ni cho rng s bin mt ca thi hi c gii thch.
V ngi ta cng c ni rng li gii thch c a ra th cc ngi lnh bit l gi di".
6/337,338.
2D. Vic cc mn trm xc Cha khng l mt li gii thch hp l v ngi m trng.
1E. Li chng ca cc tn lnh canh khng b cht vn. Mathi chp: "Mt s tn lnh canh vo
thnh thut li cho cc thy t l c bit mi vic xy n" (Mat 28:11).
Gio s R.C.H. Lenski (trong tc phm Interpretation of St. Mathew's Gospel, Nh xut bn
Wartburg, 1943), nhn xt rng tin tc v s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus c truyn n cc thy
t l c bi chnh h chng kin, "chnh cc ngi lnh canh gc l chng c khng th no bt
b c". Li chng ca lnh canh c chp nhn l s tht hon ton. H bit nhng ngi lnh
canh khng c l do g ni lo. 34/1161,1162.
Wilbur Smith (trong tc phm Therefore Stand, nh sch Baker, 1965), vit: "Trc ht cn
phi ch rng nhng nh lnh o Do Thi chng h cht vn s bo co ca cc tn lnh canh. Chnh
h khng i ra xem ngi m c trng hay khng v h bit rng n trng. Nhng tn lnh canh
chng bao gi li h mi vi cu chuyn y na tr khi n lc h nhn thy phi thut li nhng g
xy ra mt cch tht s, minh bch. Cu chuyn m cc nh lnh o Do Thi bo cc tn lnh thut li
l cu chuyn gii thch v sao ngi m tr nn trng rng" 58/375,376.
Gio s Albert Roper ni v Anne v Caiphe rng "S gii thch gi nhn, gi ngha ca h v vic
xc Cha bin mt khi m ni ln lun iu gi di ca h, nu khng ti sao h li kim cch mua
chuc li chng gi di ca cc tn lnh?" 53/37.
Bi khng cht vn li bng chng xc thc ca bn lnh, nn nhng ngi Do Thi ngm ngm
xc nhn rng ngi m ca Cha trng rng. Cu chuyn ba t ca h rng cc mn trm
xc Cha ch l li bo cha khng tha ng, c a ra v khng cn cch no tt hn c.
2E. Ngi ta dng nhiu bin php bo v ngi m chng li s trm cp. i vi cc mn
, bt k k hoch trm m no cng kh m vt qua c nhng bin php phng ny.
Gio s Albert Roper (trong tc phm Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? Nh xut bn Zondervan,
1965), ni "Cng bng m ni, chng ta ang ng trc mt li gii thch, m i vi mt tr c
bit suy ngh, th khng th v khng gii thch g c; mt cch gii quyt m khng gii quyt g
c. Khi cc thy t l c xi gic Philt ra lnh "canh m cho n ngy th ba", th c th kt lun
rng ngi m rt l "bo m". T iu ny, chng ta rt ra kt lun rng nhng bin php c s
dng ngn chn nhng bn b ca Cha Jesus ly trm xc Ngi vn l mt bng chng chc chn
rng h khng th v khng h trm ly xc" 53/34.
Tc phm Encyclopedia ca Fallow c chp "Cc mn khng th chng li quyn lc La M.
Lm th no m nhng ngi lnh c trang b v kh, ang canh gc, li c th chu thua mt vi
ngi nht nht?" 49/1452.
V nhng ngi n m Cha Jesus vo tng sng cha nht, Chrysostom vit: "H cho rng
khng ai c th em Ngi i trong khi nhiu ngi lnh ang ngi bn cnh, tr khi Ngi sng li"
10/527.
3E. S chn nn v tnh nht nht ca cc mn l mt cuc tranh lun kh ch trch v h khng
th t nhin tr thnh dng cm v dm i mt vi ngi lnh m v du nim phong. H khng
c ng c no hnh ng nh th c.
Wilbur Smith ni: "... Cc mn m b Cha chy trn khi Ngi gp kh khn th h khng c
lng dng cm, cng chng c mt sc mnh th cht no tin ln chng li cc ngi lnh"
55/22,23.
Smith ni tip "... Cc mn ny khng cn tm trng u m i ra i din vi nhng ngi
lnh, nh bi ht cc lnh canh cp xc i. Theo ti ngh, nu h th lm th, h s b git, nhng
chc chn h khng cn tm trng no m lm nh th. Vo m th 5 ca tun , Phier t
chng t mnh l mt k nht nht, khi mt a t gi qu ng trong sn ca cung in cc thy t l
c, buc ti ng l thuc ng ngi Naxart ang b nh ti kia, th ng ln trnh, ng chi
Cha, ra s v th tht. iu g xy ra vi Phier ri ch trong vi ting ng h, bin i
ng t k nht nht tr thnh k dm xng ra nh nhng ngi lnh La M?" 58/376,377.
V thuyt ly trm, Fallow vit trong b bch khoa ca ng rng "C l h khng lm th, hay
ni chc chn hn h (cc mn ), khng th no (cp xc Cha Jesus c).
"H d nh ly xc nh th no? L nhng ngi nht nht, bc nhc, b chy ngay khi
Ngi b bt, ngay c Phier, ngi can m nht, cng run ry trc li ni ca a t gi v
chi rng khng bit Ngi n 3 ln? Nhng ngi c phm cht ny th liu c dm chng li uy
quyn ca quan tng c khng? Liu h c dm chng li quyt nh ca cng hi, chng li lnh canh,
thng ni nhng ngi lnh c trang b v kh nguy him khng? Nu Cha Jesus Christ khng sng
li (Ti ni theo li nhng ngi v tn) th Ngi la di cc mn bng o vng v s phc sinh.
Lm th no m cc mn khng pht hin ra s la di c? Liu h c dm ph thc chnh
mnh mt cch mo him trng cy vo s gip ca ngi m tn nhn nh la lng c tin,
nh d ca h khng? Nhng chng ta c cho rng h lp k hoch di xc i khng, h thc
hin iu nh th no? 49/1452.
Gio s A. Roper ni: "Khng c mt ngi no trong m mn t oi m li dm bo ng g
du nim phong ngi m d cho khng c mt ngi lnh La M no ang canh gi . ngh cho
rng mt ngi no trong s h lm xong mt cng vic nh vy trong khi c cc bin php
phng nghim nht, th tng tht l khng tng" 53/37.
4E. Nu cc tn lnh ang ng th lm th no h thy c cc mn ang trm xc?
Li bnh lun sau y v thuyt trm xc li thy xut hin trong b bch khoa ton th ca
Fallow "Thnh Augustine ni: "C 2 trng hp: Hoc h thc hoc h ng. Nu h thc th ti sao h
chu ngi ta ly xc i? Cn nu h ng th lm th no h bit cc mn trm xc? ri h
li dm khai rng cc xc b trm?"
A.B. Bruce c ni v nhng lnh canh La M rng "... H hon ton bit rng h khng ng gc
lc ang gc v khng c mt v trm no xy ra c. S la di v c cc thy t l tr tin nhiu l mt
s t st. Mt na ny ph hng na kia. Lnh gc ng gc th khng th bit chuyn g xy ra"
6/337,338.
Gio s David Brown (trong tc phm A Commentary Critical, Experiment, and Practical on the
Old and New Testament, Nh xut bn William. B. Eerdmans, 1948), nhn xt: "Nu c iu g
cn n hon chnh bng chng v tnh xc thc ca s phc sinh th phi l s ng nghch ca
cch gii thch m cc tn lnh a ra do b mua chuc. Vic cho rng ton b lnh gc u ng ht l
khng th no c c. H ng gc trong lc m cc nh lnh o Do Thi cn lo lng v tnh trng
bt n ca ngi m l iu ht sc kh chp nhn..." 12/133.
Paul Litle (trong tc phm Know Why you Believe, nh xut bn Kinh thnh, 1971) ni v gi
thuyt do ngi Do Thi ba t ny rng: "H cho cc tn lnh nhiu tin v bo h rng hy ni l
cc mn ca hn n lc ban m, khi chng ti ang ng, m ly xc hn i. Cu chuyn qu
gian di n ni Mathi cng khng cn phi phn bc. Nu bn ni rng lc bn ang ng, ngi hng
xm n nh bn v trm mt tivi ca bn th bn nghe c c khng? Ai bit iu g xy ra lc mnh
ang ng? Bng chng nh th ny ch ng ngi ta giu ct".
5E. Nhng tn lnh khng ng gc lc canh gc - Lm nh vy l ng ngha vi b t hnh. Gio
s A.B. Bruce vit: "Hnh pht bnh thng cho ti ng gc lc canh gc l t hnh. C th no nhng
tn lnh b mt s tin ln no thuyt phc lm liu nh th khng? D nhin h c th ly tin
ri b i, ci nho k cho tin, ri bo tht li vi tng ca h. Cc thy t l c th ngh mt iu
g khc na khng? Nu khng, h c th xut mt k hoch nghim trng khng? Vn c nhiu
kh khn" 6/337,338.
Wilbur Smith trch li ca Edward Gordon Selwyn (Mc "The Resurrection" trong tc phm
"Essays Catholic and Critical, London, 1926, trang 318), nhn xt v kh nng c th ng gc ca lnh
gc: "Tt c u ng gc khi c b tr thc hin mt mc tiu phi thng l ng ci
xc b trm mt, l iu khng ng tin, c bit l nhng tn lnh canh ny ang trong mt qun i
c k lut nghim khc nht th gii. Nu ngi lnh canh no ng gc lc thi hnh nhim v th s b
t hnh. Nhng y nhng tn lnh canh ny khng b xt x, cng khng b khin trch, cng khng
ti h, bc bi nh ng phi c v khng hon tt vic gn gi ci xc...
Vic cc nh lnh o Do Thi khng tin nhng g h hng dn v mua chuc bn lnh ni
cng l iu tt nhin. V nu th th ti sao cc mn khng b bt v b khm xt ngay tc khc? V
nu cc mn b gn cho l hnh ng nh th th l mt ti trng chng li cc th lc hin
hnh. Ti sao h khng b buc phi giao ci xc li? Hoc trong trng hp h khng th t bo cha,
th ti sao h khng b trng pht v ti phm ca h?... Chng ta khng tm thy u ni rng cc
nh lnh o toan lm sng t vn .
William Paley, mt nh thn hc v mt trit gia ngi Anh vit: "Ti ngh rng tin s
Townshend (Dis-upon the Res. trang 126) rt ng khi nhn xt rng cu chuyn v cc tn lnh
cho thy mt s thng ng v vn ny: - "Cc mn ca hn n vo ban m, lc chng ti
ang ng, ri ly trm xc hn i". Trong trng hp ny, h khng th no tha nhn ti khinh sut
ca h nu khng c mt s bo m trc l s c che ch v khng b trng pht 46/196.
6E. Tng trc ngi m rt ln. Cho d cc tn lnh ng gc v cc mn c trm ci xc i, th
ting n do ln tng gy ra cng lm cho h thc dy.
Gio s Wilbur Smith ni "Tht vy, hn l cc tn lnh s b nh thc bi vic ln tng nng
n v vic ly trm xc Cha i" 55/12,23.
David Brown vit: "... c th cho rng nhiu mn n m vi y kh nng ph du
nim phong, ln tng nng v ly xc em i ch vi iu kin cc tn lnh ny ng ngon v rt lu
n ni mc k nhng cng vic n o ang xy ra ngay st bn mnh, m cng khng tnh gic"
12/133.
7E. Vi lim l mt bng chng thm lng ni ln rng gi thuyt ly trm xc l khng th c
c.
Merrill Tenny (trong tc phm The Reality of the Resurrection, nh xut bn Moody, 1963)
nhn xt: "Khng c k trm no li cun nhng tm vi lim li theo khun mu nguyn vn ban u
ca n v h khng c thi gian lm nh vy. H s nm vi lim mt cch ba bi em ci xc
trn chy. Ni lo s b pht hin khin h hnh ng cng gp rt, cng tt" 63/119.
Gio s Albert Roper ni:
"Mt s ngn np nh vy tri ngc vi s bng b v s ly trm xc. Nu mt ngi c th b
pht hin, th hn ta s hnh ng vi v v chc chn l khng thao tc trong thi bnh tnh, thnh
thi v c ngn np. Khng phi nh nhng hnh ng ti c m chng ta quen thuc, l k phm php
thng hnh ng rt cn trng li mt hin trng ht sc ngn np, gn gng, lm lc hng
nhng g chng cp hoc ph hoi. Tri li, k trm ln thng li s ln xn, khng ngn np.
Theo tnh cht ca cc vt li, nhng hnh ng nh vy khng th c thc hin vi thao tc
bnh tnh c. Hnh ng ca h phi vi vng v khng th no c s gn gng c. S ngn np
trong ngi m do Ging lm chng, ni ln rng s buc ti cc mn nh xc Cha l v l"
53/35-37.
Gregory of Nyssen, cch y 150 nm bnh lun v nhng s kin ny. ng ni: "Cch bi tr vi
lim trong m, tm khn qun u Cha khng nm cng ch vi vi lim nhng c qun li
ring ra mt ch, khng chng t s khip s v vi v ca nhng tn trm v do bc b gi
thuyt cho rng ci xc b ly trm" (c trch trong Whitworth) 71/64,65.
Chrysostom, mt tc gi vo th k th 4, cng vit ging nh vy: "Th cn nhng tm khn
c dn dnh bng mt dc c ngha g, v Phier thy n ang nm mt ni. V nu h c nh ly
trm, th h khng ly ci xc trn, khng phi ch l mt s tn trng m khng b chm tr v
mt th gi tho ra, v cng khng lm cho bn lnh thc gic bt h. c bit l mt dc, mt
dc liu dnh rt cht vo thn th v qun o, do , ci vi lim ra khng phi l chuyn d, v
li lm nh vy cn rt nhiu thi gian. V vy gi thuyt v mt v trm l khng th c. "Cn g na?
H h khng bit s ni gin ca ngi Do Thi sao? l no h li mun lm cho s gin d ca ngi
Do Thi trt ln h? Nu Ngi khng sng li th h c c ch li g u? 10/530,531.
Simon Greenleaf, mt gio s lut ni ting ca i hc Harvard ni: "Vi lim nm ngn np
mt ni v tm khn c xp li mt ni, cho thy r rng ngi m khng b cp v ci xc
khng b mt bn tay bo ng no r vo. i vi bn cp, qun o v nhng hng liu ny qu
hn l ci xc trn. t ra chng cng khng cn phi gy rc ri khi qun nhng tm vi li. Tnh trng
ny cng cho thy rng nhng ngi bn Ngi khng ly ci xc i v nu h lm vy th h cng
chng vi lim li lm g. Tt c nhng nhn xt ny lm ny sinh trong lng Ging mt nim tin
rng Cha Jesus t k cht sng li" 23/542.
Henry Latham, ngi m t rt hay v vi lim, nhn xt rng vi lim nm mt ch v
ng cng nhn xt thm v "... mt trm cn hng liu. Hng liu ny kh. S lng ny rt ln,
v nu vi lim c tho ra th b nh hng v l hi s ri xung phin hoc xung nn, thnh
mt ng l l. Khi cn trong m, Phier m t cho Ging rt c th nhng g ng thy, v chc
chn Phier khng b qua im ny. ng Beard c ni n vi lim rng n nng ln vi lim,
nhng ng qun mt iu - v i vi ti iu rt c ngha - rng nu vi lim b tho ra th
hng liu phi ri xung v rt d thy. Khng c ti liu no ni v hng liu, ng h cho quan
im rng hng liu vn cn nm gia cc lp vi lim nh lc ban u. N bin mt" 31/9.
8E. Cc mn khng di xc Cha i.
Wilbur Smith (trong tc phm Therefore Stand, nh sch Baker, 1965) nhn xt: "...Cc mn
hon ton khng c l do g em ci xc c chn ct mt cch trng vng i ch khc. H
khng th lm g cho xc ca Cha h hn ngi ta lm. Gisp, ngi Arimath, khng h bo h
di ci xc khi ni chn ban u v khng c ai gi chuyn c. Nu h lm nh th, khng phi
knh trng Cha, cng phi l h c cch bo qun ring, m ch v mc ch la di ngi khc, ni
cch khc, l v mc ch ln lt a vo cc dn tc Palestine mt s gi di v Cha Jesus. D cc
mn c l g i na h theo Cha c 3 nm, h khng phi l nhng k ni di, ngoi tr Giua
cht ri. H khng phi l nhng ngi hn h, c bn cht di tr. Tht khng th no tin c
rng 11 v s ny, sau khi sng chung vi Con Thnh ca c Cha Tri, chnh l ng tng
qu trch s la di v tn cao s cng ngha, sau khi h nghe Ngi rao ging v mt tin lnh tn
cao s cng ngha m trc h cha tng c nghe ni no trn th gii ny, th by gi li
ng vi nhau tham d vo mt m mu hn h nh vy" 58/377.
9E. Lc y h cha nhn ra l tht v s phc sinh, nn h khng c lm cho iu y tr thnh
s tht. (Xem Luca 24).
Nh John F. Whitworth, trong tc phm "Legal and Historical Proof of the Resurrection of the
Dead", nhn xt "...Hnh nh h khng hiu rng Ngi phi sng li vo ngy th 3. Chc chn l h
rt ngc nhin khi thy Ngi sng li. Tm trng ny ph nhn tng cho rng h c nh
ly trm xc to n tng l Ngi sng li". Gio s A.B. Bruce (trong tc phm The Training of
The Twelve, nh xut bn Kregel, 1971) vit: "V mt lng tm m ni, cho rng cc mn c
kh nng ly trm xc i, th h cng khng h ngh n iu , hoc c nh v iu . H cng
khng c tinh thn u lm iu ny. Lng h nng nh ch, v khi h hay rng xc b trm, th
h ra nh xc cht. Do ng c ly trm xc l iu khng h tc ng ln h. Trm xc i
rao ging mt nim tin v s phc sinh sao! H c quyn li g rao ging mt nim tin m chnh h
khng h c? "V h cha bit li Kinh Thnh rng Ngi phi t k cht sng li v h cng khng nh
rng thy ca h ni v iu ny trc khi Ngi cht" 7/494.
10E. James Rosscup ni "Cc mn l nhng ngi ng knh. H khng ln lt a s di gt
cho nhn loi. H em ht qung i cn li cng b s ip v s phc sinh v h l nhng k
nht nht c bin i thnh nhng ngi can m. H sn sng i din vi bt b, t y, nh
p, cht thm thit, v khng ai trong h chi Cha hoc chi b nim tin rng Christ sng li".
Paul Little, khi bn bc v thuyt v trm, nhn xt "Hn na, chng ta phi i din vi mt iu
khng th v mt tm l v o c. Trm xc Cha l mt hnh ng hon ton xa l vi phm cht
ca cc mn v ca tt c nhng g chng ta bit v h. iu c ngha l h l th phm ca mt
s la di c , v phi chu trch nhim v ci cht lm ln ca hng ngn ngi. Tht kh m tin
rng, cho d c mt vi mn m mu v thnh cng v trm, m h li chng h ni vi ngi
khc" 36/63,64.
Khi bnh lun v tng cho rng cc mn trm xc Cha, J.N.D. Anderson, mt lut s
ngi Anh, ni "iu ny hon ton tri vi nhng g chng ta bit v h: s ging dy rt c o c
ca h, phm cht i sng ca h, s vng vng ca h trong kh au v bt b. Tht khng th no
gii thch c s bin i k diu ca nhng con ngi trn chy trong chn nn, mt tinh thn
tr thnh nhng chng nhn m khng mt i th no c th bt mm h c" 1/92.
V gi thuyt v trm, Kevan vit "Chnh y, ngay c nhng k phn i quan im C c,
cng phi tm li thot, v Strauss (1808-1874), mt nh hoi nghi, phn i gi thuyt cho rng cc
mn c s gi di. ng cho rng iu ny l mt hnh ng khng th v mt o c". Strauss
ni: "Cc s gi phi bit rng cc mn tin chc rng Cha Jesus sng li" (Leben Jesu, 1864,
trang 289) 30/9.
Wilbur Smith ni: "Ngay c nhng hc gi ngi Do Thi chnh thng hin nay cng hon ton bc
b iu ny, k c chnh Klausner, ngi khng h chp nhn iu , nhn nhn rng cc mn
rt ng knh trng n mc h khng th c mt cht gi di no nh vy c" (Jesus of Nazareth; His
Life, Times and Teaching, New York, 1925, trang 414) 55/22,23.
C phi "s trm xc" lm cho Phier dng cm b bc k th trong Cong 4:8 khng? "By
gi, Phier y dy Thnh Linh, ni rng: Hi cc quan v cc trng lo, nu ngy nay chng ta b tra
hi v lm phc cho mt ngi tn tt, li hi chng ti th no ngi c lnh, th ht thy
cc ng, v c dn Ysran u kh bit, y l nhn danh c Cha Jesus Christ Naxart, ng m
cc ng ng inh trn thp t gi, v c Cha Tri khin t k cht sng li, y l nh Ngi m
ngi ny c lnh mnh, hin ang ng trc mt cc ng. Jesus ny l hn b cc ng xy nh
b ra, ri tr nn hn gc nh. Chng c s cu ri trong ng no khc, v di tri, chng c
danh no khc ban cho loi ngi, chng ta phi nh m c cu" (4:8-12).
Wilbur Smith gii thch: "Quyn nng ca c Cha Tri ging xung Phier vo ngy l ng
tun v vo hm , trong mt bi ging, m phn ln bi ging ni v l tht ca s phc sinh,
lm cho 3000 ngi tr li vi Cha. C mt s tht ny: t nht Phier cng ging nhng g m ng
tin: rng c Cha Tri khin Cha Jesus t k cht sng li. V mt lng tm, bn khng th no
rao ging s gi di vi mt quyn nng nh vy. Cc mn tip tc rao ging v s phc sinh cho
n khi th gian ny b lt v c c tin ni l tht vinh hin ny. Khng, cc mn khng th
v khng h trm xc Cha chng ta" 58/377,378.
Tt c cc mn , ngoi tr Ging, u tun o. H b bch hi v h ngoan cng trung
thnh vi nim tin v li rao ging ca h. Nh Paul Little vit: "Ngi ta s cht v nhng g h cho
l chn l mc d tht ra n c th sai lm. Nhng h khng bao gi chu cht v nhng g h bit l gi
di". Nu cc mn trm xc Cha Jesus th h bit rng s rao ging ca h v Cha phc sinh l
gi di. Nhng h "vn c xem s phc sinh l nn tng h rao ging, dy d, sng v - rt ngha l
- cht". Do gi thuyt v v trm xc l hon ton v l" 36/64,62.
Ti ng vi John R.W. Stott rng gi thuyt v vic cc mn trm xc Cha "l nghe khng
c v tht. N qu gi di v hon ton khng th c c. Nu c g l r rng trong cc sch Phc
m v Cng v th chnh l s chn tht ca cc s . Nu bn cho l c, th h c th b la di ch
h khng phi l k la di. K o c gi v ngi tun o khng c cng bn cht" 60/50.
3D. Gi thuyt cho rng ngi Do Thi, ngi La M hoc Gisp, ngi Arimath di xc Cha
i cng khng hp l g hn gi thuyt v v trm.
1E. Ngi Do Thi c di xc Cha i khng?
J.N.D. Anderson (trong tc phm "The Resurrection of Jesus Christ", tp ch Christianity, s ngy
29/3/1968) ni: "Trong vng 7 tun ngn ngi (sau khi Cha phc sinh), nu tt c cc ti liu ng
tin, th ti khng thy mt l do no cc tc gi C c phi ba ra mt iu no trong 7 tun -
by tun m c Girusalem si ng ln v s rao ging iu khp thnh ph. Cc thy t l c rt
bi ri v iu . H ni rng cc mn ang c lm cho huyt ca nhng ngi ny trn h. h
ang b co buc v ng inh Cha vinh hin. V h sn sng lm bt c iu g bp cht d
gio nguy him ny t trong trng nc" 2/6.
Nu nhng ngi Do Thi ra lnh di xc Cha i, th ti sao khi cc mn ang rao ging v
s phc sinh Girusalem, h li khng gii thch rng:
"Dng li. Chng ti chuyn xc i ri. ng Christ khng sng li t k cht u".
Nu s bc b nh vy khng thnh cng th ti sao h li khng gii thch chnh xc ni h
ci xc?
Nu h li tht bi th ti sao h khng ly ci xc, t trn mt chic xe, ri ko chy khp trung
tm Girusalem? Mt hnh ng nh th chc s hy dit C c gio ngay - khng phi l trong ni,
m ngay trong bng m.
William Paley, mt nh thn hc v trit gia ngi Anh ni: "...R rng l, nu c th tm thy
c ci xc, th ngi Do Thi em n ra lm mt li gii p ngn gn nht, hon ho nht cho
vn . V mc d phng nga, mc d chun b v c bo trc, nhng khi s kin Cha phc
sinh c rao ra, nh n c rao ra ngay lp tc, khi cc mn cng khai xc quyt iu ,
 lp nn tng cho s ging dy ca h trong danh Ngi, em nhiu ngi n vi o Ngi, th ngi
Do Thi vn khng a c ci xc ra lm chng..." 46/196-198.
John Whitworth vit v s im lng ca ngi Do Thi v ni t xc nh th ny: "Khi s kin
v trm c rao bo cho ht thy ngi Do Thi bit, th cng khng thy ai ni n vic xt x
cc s Girusalem c, ngay c khi h cng khai tuyn b s phc sinh ca thy h. Mc d trc
h cng b ti trm xc, v h ph bin bo co ny, th cng khng h thy cc mn
phi np pht v ti v cng khng thy h nh to vi nhau o tu khi s buc ti ca Cng
hi. V chng bao lu, s vic b bc b nh l mt iu v l, khng th gi lu c" 71/66.
2E. Ngi La m c di ci xc i khng?
Li th ca quan tng c l phi gi ci xc trong m. Quan tm chnh ca Philt l duy tr mi s
trong trt t. Chuyn ci xc i s gy nn mt s khch ng ngoi mun t pha ngi Do Thi v
C c nhn.
J.N.D. Anderson ni v Philt rng: "ng ta rt bi ri v s ging dy k l . Nu ng sai
ngi chuyn ci xc i, th vic ng khng thng bo cho cc thy t l c h b bi ri l iu
khng th c c" 2/6.
Philt ch mun c trt t.
3E. Gisp ngi Arimath c di xc Cha i khng?
Gisp l mt mn b mt v nu nh vy th ng khng th no di xc i m trc ht, khng
hi kin cc mn khc.
Nu Gisp mo him di xc Cha i m khng hi kin ngi khc th sau , lc m s
ip phc sinh cng khai rao ging, th ng phi ni cho cc mn khc bit iu ng lm ch.
4E. Kt lun: Nhng s kin trn phn bc gi thuyt cho rng xc Cha b di i. Nh
George Hanson (trong tc phm The Resurrection and the Life, William Clowers and Sons, 1911),
ni: "c tin n s ca cc C c nhn vo s phc sinh khng th snh c vi s c tin ca
nhng k hoi nghi, ch chp nhn nhng iu ba t r di, khng th c, hn l chp nhn nhng
bng chng lch s chc chn, r rng. Nhng iu kh khn ca nim tin c l ln, nhng s ngu xun
ca nim v tn cn ln hn" 24/24.
3B. GI THUYT O GIC.
1C. QUAN IM - TT C NHNG S HIN RA CA CHA SAU KHI PHC SINH CH L GI
THIT. IU THC S XY RA L NH TH NY: NGI TA B O GIC.
2C. S PHN BC.
10. S hin ra ca Christ c quan trng khng?
C.S. Lewis (trong tc phm Miracles, The Macmillan Co., 1947), ni: "Trong nhng ngy u
tin ca C c gio, mt "s ", trc ht phi l ngi c xc nhn l chng kin s phc
sinh. Ch vi ngy sau khi Cha b ng inh, c 2 ng vin c tin c vo ch trng do s phn bi
ca Giua to ra. iu kin ca h l h phi bit Cha Jesus cch c nhn, c trc v sau khi Ngi
cht, v c th a ra bng chng trc tip v s phc sinh khi ni vi mi ngi" (Cong 1:22). Mt vi
ngy sau, Phier ging bi ging u tin ca C c gio v ng cng tuyn b tng t. "c
Cha Jesus ny, c Cha Tri khin sng li, v chng ta thy u lm chng v s " (2:32).
Trong bc th u tin gi cho ngi Crinht, Phaol t nn tng quyn s ca ng trn cng
mt l do - "Ti khng phi l s sao? Ti h khng nhn thy Cha Jesus sao?" 25/148,149.
2D. S c vn g xy ra nu nhng s hin ra ca Cha ch l nhng o gic?
V nh ngha ca Lewis, nu quan im cho rng tt c cc s hin ra ca Cha ch l o gic l
ng th gi tr ca chc v s s l s khng.
Theo li ca Gresham Machen, nu iu l ng th c ngha l "...Hi Thnh C c t nn
tng trn nhng kinh nghim bnh hon ca mt s ngi no trong th k u tin ca thi i
chng ta. iu c ngha l, nu c mt nh thn kinh ni ting khm cho Phier v nhng ngi
khc th chng bao gi c Hi Thnh C c c" (E.F. Kevan trch trong tc phm The Resurrection of
Christ") 30/10,11.
J.N.D. Anderson, khi ni v bng chng ng tin ca cc s , ... " ni rng n ng hay ng ty
thuc vo gi tr php l ca s lm chng ca h..." 1/100.
3D. o gic l g?
Gio s Wilbur Smith ni: "nh ngha thch hp nht v o gic m ti c c l nh ngha ca
Weiss: " ngha khoa hc ca t ny y l (???)nhng khng c mt i tng tng ng bn ngoi.
Thn kinh th gic khng b kch thch bi sng nh sng bn ngoi hoc nhng chn ng ca ether,
nhng li b kch ng bi nhng l do tm l bn trong. ng thi n tng th gic ny c ngi
kinh nghim o gic ny chp nhn y nh th n "khch quan" hon ton, cui cng ngi y tin
rng, i tng ca o gic ca mnh l thc s" (Johannes Weiss: The History of Primitive
Christianity. Bn dch ting Anh, New York, 1937, 1-28)
4D. Nhng s hin ra ca Cha sau khi phc sinh c phi l o gic khng?
o gic khng phi l iu cc mn kinh nghim. Nhng bng chng trong c Tn c u
tri ngc vi gi thuyt ny.
Nh Hillyer Stratton ni (trong tc phm "I believe: Our Lord's Resurrection", tp ch
"Christianity Today" ngy 31/3/1958): "...Nhng ngi d b o gic chng bao gi tr thnh nhng
ngi anh hng v o c c. Hiu qu v s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus trong nhng cuc i c
bin i vn cn tip tc, v hu ht nhng chng nhn u tin u i n ch cht v s rao ging
cho l tht ny" 61/4.
5D. Gi thuyt o gic ny khng hp l v n ngc li vi nhng lut l v nguyn tc m cc nh
tm thn hc cho rng ph hp vi bnh o gic.
1E. Ni chung, ch c mt loi ngi no mi b o gic. 2/4-9; 36/67-69, 48/97-99.
H l nhng ngi c m t l "thn kinh qu cng thng", tng tng cao siu v d b khch
ng.
S hin ra ca Cha khng gii hn cho nhng ngi thuc loi b tm thn.
John R.W. Stott (trong tc phm Basic Christianity nh xut bn Inter-Varsity) ni:
"... C nhiu tm trng ...
"... Mari Malen ang khc ...
"... Nhng ngi n b s hi v kinh ngc ...
"... Phier c tm trng thng hi ...
"... Thma ang hoi nghi ...
"... Hai mn v lng Em-ma-t ang bi ri v nhng s kin xy ra trong tun ...
"... V cc mn Galil c nh tr li ngh nh c ...".
"Khng th no xem nhng s hin ra ny ca Cha nh l nhng o gic ca nhng tm t b ri
lon".
2E. o gic c to nn bi s kt hp gia tim thc ca c nhn vi kinh nghim qu kh
ca ngi 2/4-9; 36/67-69, 48/97-99.
1F. o gic c tnh cht c nhn v hon ton ch quan.
Trong tc phm Psychopathology of Perception, Heinrich Kluerer trch li ca mt nh sinh vt
hc v thn kinh ni ting ni: "Trong lun n gc v sinh vt hc thn kinh v o gic, Raoul
Mourgue i n kt lun rng tnh hay thay i l c im thng xuyn nht ca hin tng o
gic v nhng hin tng lin h. Theo ng, o gic khng phi l mt hin tng tnh nhng l mt
tin trnh ng, tnh khng n nh ca n phn nh chnh tnh khng n nh ca nhng yu t v
nhng iu kin dnh dng n ngun gc ca n. (Neurobiolgie de l'hallucination Bruxelles, Lamertin,
1932)" 50/18.
 2F. S hin ra ca Christ c nhiu ngi nhn thy. Thomas J. Thorburn qu quyt: "Hon
ton khng th tin c rng vi s lng 500 ngi, c tm tr v tnh kh lnh mnh mc trung
bnh, vi mt s lng khc nhau, vo nhng ln khc nhau, trong nhng tnh hung khc nhau,
kinh nghim c nhng n tng cm gic v th gic, thnh gic, khu gic - m nhng kinh nghim
ny li ch hon ton da trn s o gic ch quan. Chng ti cho rng y l iu v l v nu gi
thuyt nh vy c p dng th l mt s kin "siu nhin trong lch s, lp tc s b bc b nh
mt s l gii khng y v bun ci" 65/158,159.
Wilbur Smith trch li ca Thedore Christlieb (trong tc phm Modern Doubt and Christian
Belief, trang 493, 494) rng; "Chng ti khng ph nhn rng khoa hc c cho chng ta bit nhng
trng hp m c tp th u cng lc nhn thy nhng o gic, nhng lun lun theo sau l mt s
khch ng khng lnh mnh v tm thn cng nh tnh trng bnh hon v c th, c bit l do
nhng tc ng v thn kinh. C th cho rng mt hoc nhiu mn , trong tnh trng bnh hon
ny, iu cng khng c ngha l tt c u nh vy. Chc chn h l nhng ngi c tnh kh v th
cht khc nhau, nhng ln lt tng ngi u ri vo tnh trng bnh hon ny, khng ch l nhng
ngi n b d xc ng, nhng ngay c Phier, mt ng ph cng trng, vng vng, ngi chc
chn khng h ht hong, bi ri nh ngi khc, ngay c Giac, hai mn v lng Em-ma-t, ngay c
Thma, ngi im tnh, v hay nghi ng, ngay c 11 mn trong cng mt thi im, v hn 500
ngi ang nhm li. Tt c nhng ngi ny b xem l t nhin ri vo mt s t la di no
v ng ch l, ti nhng thi im v khng gian khc nhau, trong nhng cng vic khc nhau (vo
bui sng m, cuc ni chuyn trn ng i, gia nhng ngi bn thn tn ang lm vic trn h);
v chc chn l tm trng ca h rt khc nhau v suy ngh bn trong ca h hng v nhng iu tht
thng nht. V c th no ht thy nhng ngi ng thanh rao bo nhng o nh ny cho th
gii, xem nh l nhng s hin ra thc t v th xc ca mt Christ sng? Hoc nu h lm nh vy
th c th no n ch thun l mt s t la di v mt s c la di? Sau , chc chn mt s ngi
trong h phi t hi mnh mt cch nghim tc rng liu iu tng tng m h thy c phi l
mt s tht khng. Schleiermacher ni mt iu rt ng rng: " H ai cho rng cc mn la di
chnh h v lm ln iu bn trong vi iu bn ngoi, buc ti h v s bnh hon tm thn, lm
mt hiu lc li chng thun khit ca h v Christ, v lm nh th chnh Christ chn cch lm
chng , th nhng ngi khng bit nhng g c trong con ngi. Hoc nu chnh Ngi c nh
rng h phi lm ln nhng s hin ra bn trong vi nhng s nhn thc bn ngoi, th Ngi l tc
gi ca s phm ti, v nu iu ny hp vi phm cht cao qu ca ngi th tt c nhng t tng o
c u tiu tan" 58/396,397.
3E. Theo 2 bc s ni ting v tinh thn, L.E. Hinisie v J. Shatsky (trong tc phm Psychiatric
Dictionary nh xut bn i hc Oxford, 1948), "(o gic) l mt tri gic sai lm, mt phn ng sai vi
mt s kch thch v cm gic..." 26/280.
"...Nhng trong mt ngi bnh thng, nim tin gi to ny thng lm cho ngi y mun kim
tra thng xuyn mt cm gic, hoc nhiu cm gic khc i n ch gii thot v lm cho ngi y
tin rng ch l o gic" 26/280.
Nhng s hin ra ca Christ khng th no l s tri gic "sai lm" c:
Wilbur Smith vit v nhng nhn xt ca Luca. ng m t Luca nh l "mt ngi quen vi s
cn nhc k cng v bt k iu g m ng ang nghin cu. M u cun sch th hai ca mnh, sch
Cng v cc s , Luca ni rng, sau khi Ngi chu au n, "Ngi ly nhiu bng c" hay l "nhiu
bng c khng th sai lm", t ra mnh l sng".
Smith ni tip: "...Loi bng chng m khoa hc hin i v ngay c nhng nh tm l hc, dng
lm nn tng xc nh tnh c thc ca mt i tng di s xem xt k lng, cng chnh l loi
bng chng m cc sch phc m dng khi ni n s phc sinh ca Cha Jesus, y l nhng iu
c thy bng mt phm nhn, c s bng i tay phm nhn v c nghe bng tai phm nhn.
y l iu m chng ta gi l bng chng theo li kinh nghim" 58/389,390.
W.J. Sparrow-Simpson (trong tc phm The Resurrection and the Christian Faith, nh xut bn
Zondervan, 1968), ni rng: "Nhng s hin ra ca Ngi Thy sng li c l c phn tch
theo nhng gic quan phm nhn m h cn n nh th gic, thnh gic, xc gic. Nhng hin
tng khc c th c phn loi mt cch thch hp theo s phn chia ny" 59/83.
 Sparrow-Simpson ni tip: "Trc tin l th gic. L t nhin, y l iu trc tin thu t
c s ch . N c m t trong cc sch phc m vi nhng t ng khc nhau:
"Cha Jesus gp h" (Mat 28:9)
"H thy Ngi" nhng vic thy ny cng bao gm nhng ngi nghi ng (28:17)
"H bit Ngi" (Lu 24:31)
"H ... cho rng h thy thn" (24:37)
"Hy xem tay chn ta: tht chnh ta. Hy r n ta, v hy xem - thn th khng c tht xng, m
cc ngi thy ta c". ng phn vy, Ngi gi tay v chn ra cho xem" (24:39).
"Bn sch phc m u ni iu ny: "Ti thy Cha" (Gi 20:18).
"Ngi gi tay v sn mnh cho mn xem" (20:20).
"Cc mn thy Cha" (20:20).
"Nu ta khng thy du inh trong bn tay Ngi" (20:25).
"V ngi thy ta" (20:29).
"Nhng khng mt ngi mn no dm hi rng: Ngi l ai? V bit qu rng y l Cha"
(21:12).
"V hin n vi cc s trong 40 ngy" (Cong 1:3).
"Sc li cun m Cha phc sinh t ra trong nhng s hin ra ny l du hiu ca nhng vt
thng m Ngi phi chu trong s au kh ca Ngi.
"Luca ni n tay v chn (Lu 24:29-40)
"Mathi khng ni n g c.
"Ging ni n "Tay ngi v sn Ngi" (Gi 20:20-25,27) 59/183,184.
"Nhng s hin ra ca Christ phc sinh c thut li cng nh nhng s li cun v xc gic.
"Nhng t nhn mnh nht v kha cnh ny l trong sch Luca: "Hy r n ta v hy xem -
thn th khng c tht xng m cc ngi thy ta c" (Lu 24:39).
"Mn dng cho Ngi mt ming c nng, Ngi nhn ly v n trc mt cc mn "
(24:42,43).
Gio s Thomas Thorburn ni: "...Theo phc m Mc, "o gic" ngi m l mt kinh nghim v
thnh gic: Thin s bo cc ngi n b i bo iu ny cho cc mn " (Mac 16:5-7).
"Cng vy trong phc m Mathi (ng rt nhiu s kin t trong phc m Mc), th cc ngi
n b va thy, va nghe va s Ngi na" (Mat 28:9,10) 65/133.
4E. Nhng o gic thng b gii hn khng gian v thi gian m n xy ra. 2/4-9; 36/67-69;
48/97-99.
Thng th o gic c thy:
Ti mt ni c khng kh luyn tic qu kh hoc ti mt thi im no lm cho ngi ta
trong mt trng thi gi nh.
Nhng thi im v ni chn v nhng ln hin ra ca Cha khng to nn mt bng chng no
gi o gic c. Khng c mt s kin tng tng no do mi trng xung quanh quen thuc to ra.
John R.W. Stott nhn xt rng: "... mi trng thun li bn ngoi khng dnh dng g n..."
Stott ni tip: "Nu nhng ln hin ra ca Cha xy ra ti mt hoc 2 ni no , m bi nhng k
nim v Cha lm cho nhng ni tr nn thing ling..." v nu "... tm trng ca h l tm trng
mong mi, ch trng..." th "... s gi cho chng ta s nghi ng..." 60/57.
Stott kt lun: "Nu ch c s hin ra trn phng cao thi, th s khin cho chng ta nghi ng v
cht vn. Nu 11 s nhm hip li ni c bit , ni m Cha Jesus c nhiu thi gian
vi h khi Ngi cn trn t, v h ni ny trng tri, v h ang su no, nui tic v nhng
thng ngy k diu qua, nh li li ha v s tr li ca Ngi, ri t hi rng liu Ngi c tr li
khng v hy vng Ngi s tr li, cho n lc s nhit thnh ch mong ca h c s hin ra t
ngt ca Ngi ct t, th chng ta tht s e s rng h b o gic nh la" 60/57.
Kevan trch li ca W. Robertson Nicoll (trong tc phm The Church's One Foundation, trang
146), c ni "Chng ta nn nh rng cc mn khng ch cho rng h thy Cha m cn tr
chuyn vi Ngi na, nhng cuc tr chuyn ny xy ra trong nhiu tnh hung khc nhau, v c nhiu
ngi chng kin" 30/10,11.
James Orr rt quan tm n yu t thi gian v ng cho rng nhng s hin ra ca Cha "khng
phi l nhng s thong hin nhng l "nhng cuc tr chuyn ko di"" (tc phm The Resurrection
of Jesus, trang 145, do Ramm trch dn) 51/186.
Chng ta hy xem xt k v nhiu ni, nhiu lc c s hin ra: Mat 28:9,10. S hin ra vo sng
sm cho nhng ngi n b m.
Lu 24:13-33. S hin ra vo bui chiu trn ng n Em-ma-t.
24:34ICo 15:7 - Hai ln tr chuyn c nhn gia thanh thin bch nht.
Gi 21:1-23 - Bui sng sm, bn h.
ICo 15:6 - Trn ni Galil cho 500 ngi.
Tht vy, thi gian v khng gian v nhng ln hin ra ca Cha l mun mu, mun v. iu ny
thch thc nhng gi thuyt cho rng nhng s hin ra ch l o gic.
5E. o gic ch xy ra vi nhng ngi c tinh thn mong i, hy vng, khin cho c mun ca h
thng tr c suy ngh 2/4-9; 36/67-69; 48/97-99.
1F. Nhng nguyn tc sau y l nhng c im ca s o gic. Gio s William Milligan ni rng
Ch th ca o gic phi c m t c im "bi nim tin ni tng m n din t, v mt s
mong mun cung nhit rng tng , bng mi cch, phi tr thnh thc t" 41/93-95.
1G. " c mt kinh nghim nh th ny ngi ta cn phi c mt s ham mun cung nhit,
mnh m tin rng h s din t mt iu g m thc t khng c, v bit gn cht thc t vi s
tng tng ca h" 36/68.
2G. "Gio s E.H. Day nhn xt rng: "... Vic mt s lng ln ngi nhn thy nhng o gic v
nhng hin tng phi thng mt cch ch quan trong cng mt lc vi nhau, th cn phi c mt s
"chun b tm l" trong mt thi gian rt di.
3G. Paul Little (trong tc phm Know Why you believe, nh xut bn Thnh Kinh, 1967), vit:
"Chng hn, c mt ngi m mt mt a con trai trong chin tranh, v b nh, b thng i lm
v lc 5g30 mi bui chiu l nh th no. Mi chiu, b ngi trn gh , trm ngm, thng nh.
Cui cng, b cho rng b thy con trai b ca bc ra v ni chuyn vi b. Vo lc ny b
mt s lin lc vi thc t" 36/68.
2F. Trong trng hp nhng s hin ra ca Cha sau khi phc sinh khin nhng mn ca Ngi
phi c c tin ngc li vi ch ca h.
W.J. Sparrow-Simpson vit: "Do , hin tng ny tha nhn rng, ng ra nhng s hin ra ca
Cha c tc ng mnh m ln s ch ca tm tr t bn ngoi hn l c to ra t bn trong"
59/88.
Alfred Edersheim ni rng: "... Nhng o gic nh vy l do mt s mong c trc v s kin ,
m theo chng ta bit, s kin ny tri vi s tht" 19/626.
Gio s E.H. Day (trong tc phm On the Evidence for the Resurrection, Society for promoting
Christian Knowledge, 1906), phn i thuyt o gic rng: "... Chng ta c th thy c s chm
chp ca cc mn trong vic i n s tin chc, m ch c s l lun hp l khng th lay chuyn
c ca cc s kin mi a h n c s tin chc " 15/53,54.
V vic thiu "S chun b tm l", Day nhn xt rng:
 "S hin ra u tin ca Cha cho thy nhiu mn ang trong tm trng tinh thn khc nhau,
nhng khng h thy h c tm trng ch mong, trng i, hay sn sng gp Ngi" 15/53,54.
V "... c tin ca h b lung lay bi s kt thc bi thm ca mt ci cht ti nhc, mt ci cht
gi cho h nh mt cu rt sng ng trong lut php Do Thi "K no b treo t b c Cha Tri ra
s" (Phu 21:23). Gi thuyt v nhng o gic ny dng nh c v hp l nu gia vng cc mn , c
mt ngi khng chu tin iu ti t nht ny. Nhng nim hy vng ca cc mn tan v n
mc hi phc li th rt chm" 15/53,54.
Paul Little, trong tc phm "Know Why You Believe", gii thch rng tinh thn chung ca cc
mn khng ging nh nhng g m ngi ta thy trong nhng nn nhn b bnh o gic. ng ni:
"Vo bui sng Cha nht phc sinh u tin, Mari em hng liu n m. Ti sao vy? xc xc
ca Cha, ngi m b yu mn. R rng, b khng h hy vng rng s thy Ngi sng li t trong k
cht. Tht vy, thot tin khi nhn thy Cha, b tng lm l ngi lm vn! Cui cng khi Cha hin
ra vi cc mn , h hong s v ngh rng h ang gp ma" 36/68,69.
Alfred Edersheim (trong tc phm The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, Nh xut bn Wm. B.
Eerdmans, 1962), nhn xt rng "... S tng thut trong sch Luca cho thy rng "thuyt o gic"
l khng th chp nhn c. Chng ta thy rng, s hin ra ca Christ phc sinh, khc xa vi s c
mong ca h, lm h s hi. H cho rng l ma. Cha lm h yn lng, bo h s vo Ngi v
"ma th khng c xng v tht, cn ta th c" 19/628.
Edersheim ni tip: "Reuss (Hist. Evang. trang 698), nhn xt rt hay rng: Nu gio l cn bn
ny ca Hi Thnh l kt qu ca mt iu ba t, th chng ta thy rng phi c mt s ht sc thn
trng nhng s tng thut v s kin ha hp vi nhau mt cch chnh xc v ng n nht"
19/628.
C.S. Lewis (trong tc phm Miracles, The Macmillian Company, 1947), cho rng: "... Bt k mt gi
thuyt o gic no cng phi phn tch cho c s kin ny (nu s kin ny l mt s ba t th
l mt s ba t t hi nht a vo trong tm tr con ngi), l s kin l o gic khng pht
hin ra Cha Jesus ngay trong ba ln Ngi hin ra khc nhau (Lu 24:1-53Gi 20:1521:4). Thm ch cho
rng c Cha Tri cho php mt o gic thnh xy ra ging dy nhng l tht m c
ngi ta tin c ri, v nu dng nhng phng php khc ging dy cn d hn na, v chc chn o
gic ny lm cho nhng l tht b lu m hon ton, th liu chng ta c hy vng rng Ngi c t c
mc ch qua o gic ny khng? C phi Ngi l ng to nn nhng khun mt mt cch qu vng
v n ni Ngi khng lm ni mt hnh nh ca chnh Ngi ngi ta c th nhn ra c hay
khng?" 35/153.
V s hin ra ca Cha cho cc mn , T.J. Thorburn vit rng: "... Nu ch l mt s tng
tng ch quan, bt ngun t mt lot nhn thc khng thc t trong nhng ngi khc, th chc chn
truyn thuyt s li cho chng ta nhiu ti liu hn ni v iu ..." 65/29-31.
6E. o gic thng ti din qua mt thi gian di vi mt s u n d nhn thy 2/4-9; 36/67-
69; 48/97-99.
Hoc l n s ti din thng xuyn hn cho n khi c mt cn khng hong xy n hoc n xy
n tht thng cho n khi mt hn.
Chng ta hy ch n nhng nhn xt sau y v nhng ln hin ra ca Cha.
Gio s C.S. Lewis vit: "Tt c nhng iu ghi chp u cho thy rng nhng s hin ra ca Cha
i n ch chm dt hn. Mt s ngi cho rng l mt s chm dt t ngt sau su tun, k t
lc Ngi cht... mt o gic th c th bin mt nhng mt thc t khch quan th phi i n mt ni
no - Hn l phi c mt iu g xy ra" 35/152.
ng kt lun: "Nu l mt o gic th l mt o gic la di, gian tr c h thng nht
c ghi chp li. Nhng nu l s tht th c mt iu g xy ra vi n sau khi n ngng hin
ra. Nu bn khng chp nhn c s thng thin th khng th c iu g thay th vo y c"
35/152.
Trong tc phm Dictionary of the Apostolic Church ca Hastings c chp rng: "Gi thuyt ny
khng ph hp vi s kin rng cc o gic ny t nhin i n ch kt thc. Sau 40 ngy, khng
thy c s ghi chp no ni v s hin ra ca Cha na c, ngoi tr vi thnh Phaol, mt i tng
v trng hp ngoi l. Do , iu khng phi l mt s tng tng c. Nh Keim ni
"Nhng thn linh m con ngi gi ln khng bin i nhanh nh vy" (Jesus of Nazara, VI.357)
16/360.
Gio s Kevan hi "Nu nhng s hin thy v Cu Cha phc sinh ch l nhng o gic th ti sao
nhng o gic li t ngt chm dt? Sau s thng thin, ti sao ngi ta khng thy rng ch c
nhng ngi khc vn cn nhn thy o gic ? Theo lut pht trin, Tin s Mullins ni "L ra
nhng o gic tr nn mt iu thng xuyn xy ra sau khi c 500 ngi nhn thy, nhng by
gi o gic nhng ch cho mt chng trnh truyn b phc m r rng, thng tr" (Why is
Christianity true? trang 201).
3C. CHNG TA C TH RT RA KT LUN G?
John R.W. Stott (trong tc phm Basic Christianity, c s cho php ca Nh xut bn Inter-
Varsity, Downers Grove, III), vit: "Nhng mn ny khng phi l nhng ngi nh d c tin
nhng l nhng ngi thn trng, hoi nghi v "chm tin". H khng d g b o gic, cng khng c
nhng s hin thy k l no thuyt phc c h. Ni tm li... Chng ta buc phi ng vi Tin s
Sanday, ngi ni rng: "Khng c mt hin tng ma qui no, khng c mt o gic no m
tng lm chuyn ng th gii ny nh vy".
4B. NHNG NGI N B V SAU L MI NGI N LM MT NGI M KHC
1C. QUAN IM.
Kirsopp Lake, tc phm "The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, New York:
6.P. Putnam's sons, 1907, trang 250-53). Gio s Lake ni: "C mt vn nghim trng c th to
nghi ng l liu nhng ngi n b c chc rng ngi m m h n thm chnh l ngi m m
Gisp, ngi Arimath chn Cha khng. Vng ph cn quanh Girusalem y dy nhng ngi m
, v nu khng cn thn ch th kh m phn bit c ci ny vi ci kia. Nu h n gn m lc
chn ct khng th khng ng tin... C l h ng xa nhn v Gisp, ngi Arimath ch l
mt ngi i din cho ngi Do Thi ch khng phi i din cho cc mn . Nu vy, h kh c kh
nng phn bit gia ngi m ny vi ngi m gn . Do , vic h c th n lm m cng nn
tnh n, v iu ny rt quan trng v n a ra mt s gii thch t nhin s kin rng, thay v thy
n ng, h li pht hin l n m... "Nu khng nh th th tt c nhng tnh hung dng nh
cng ph hp vi iu . Nhng ngi n b n m vo bui sng sm. H cho rng l ngi
m m h thy chn Cha. H ngh rng s thy ngi m ng kn nhng h li thy n m. C
mt ngi n ng tr... on c mc ch chuyn i ca h, c bo cho h bit rng h
nhm ch. ng ta ni: "Ngi khng c y u, hy xem ni Ngi nm", v c l ng y ch cho h
n ngi m bn cnh. Nhng ngi n b hong s v ngi ta pht hin ra mc ch chuyn i
ca h v h b chy..."
2C. S PHN BC.
Cuc ving thm m ca nhng ngi n b vo bui sng Cha nht l mt trong nhng s kin
xc thc nht trong Tn c. Gi thuyt ca Kirsopp Lake lm cho tnh cht ca s kin lch s ny
tr nn mt iu khng tht.
Frank Morison, mt lut s ngi Anh, ni: "Cu chuyn mo him ca cc ngi n b trong
Phc m Mc l ti liu xc thc u tin nht m chng ta c c. Cu chuyn ny c Mathi v
Luca lp li. N cng c chnh Mari Malen xc nhn trong tin lnh Ging, n cng c trong ngy
kinh Phc m Phier, v c l c ngha hn l n c trong nhng mu ti liu c, c lp v c
Luca ghi li trong on Lu 24:13-34.
Gio s Lake chp nhn rng vic cc b n thm m l s kin lch s, nhng trong s suy on
ca ng v nhng g xy ra m lm ln.
1D. Nhng ngi n b ny cn thn ch n ni chn xc Cha 72 ting trc .
"C Mari Malen v Mari khc , ngi i ngang huyt" (Mat 27:61).
"V Mari Malen cng Mari m Jesus, u thy ch tng Ngi" (Mac 15:47).
 "Cc ngi n b t x Galil n vi c Cha Jesus, theo Gisp, xem m v cng xem xc Ngi
t th no" (Lu 23:55).
Bn c ngh rng bn hoc ti, hoc nhng ngi n b ny hoc bt k mt ngi c tr khn
no li c th mau qun ni chn ngi mnh yu qu nht, ch mi sau 72 ting ng h khng?
2D. Nhng ngi n b thut li nhng g h thy cho cc mn v sau Phier v Ging
cng thy rng ngi m trng rng.
"Vy ngi chy tm Simn Phier v mn khc, l ngi c Cha Jesus yu, m hi rng:
Ngi ta di Cha khi m, chng hay Ngi ti u. Phier vi mn khc bn bc ra, i n
m. C hai u chy, nhng mn kia chy mau hn Phier, v n m trc. Ngi ci xung, thy
vi b di t, nhng khng vo. Simn Phier theo n, vo trong m, thy vi b di t, v ci
khn lim trm u c Cha Jesus chng cng mt ch vi vi, nhng cun li ring mt ni
khc. By gi, mn kia n m trc, cng bc vo, th thy v tin" (Gi 20:2-8).
iu ny c chng t rng Phier v Ging cng n lm m khng?
Paul Little nhn xt: "... Cho rng Phier v Ging cng nhm ln l iu v l..." 36/65.
3D. Hn na li c mt thin s, ang ngi trn tng v ni "Hy n xem ni Ngi nm"
(Mat 28:6).
Thin s cng lm ln sao?
Wilbur Smith ni rng " c ng h thuyt lm m ny, mt s ngi c ni rng, nhng li
thin s ni tht ra c l "Cc ngi nhm ch ri, hy li y xem ni t xc Cha" 58/381,382.
"Tri qua 1900 nm nghin cu Kinh Thnh Tn c, thi i tinh vi, hin i ca chng ta phi
tm ra iu trong cc ghi chp ca cc sch phc m. Khng c mt ti liu ng tin cy no v bt
k mt sch phc m no, li chp nhn mt s gii thch r di nh th.
4D. Nu nhng ngi n b n lm m (mt ngi m trng) th Cng hi phi i n ngi m
tht ch thi hi ra (nu Cha Jesus khng sng li). iu ny s lm cho cc mn phi cm ming
mi mi!
5D. C cho rng ngi n b, cc mn , nhng ngi La M v nhng ngi Do Thi u n
lm m th c mt iu rt chc, m nh Paul Little ni "... Chc chn Gisp, ngi Arimath, ch
nhn ca ngi m , s ng ra gii quyt vn " 36/65.
6D. Trong tin lnh Mc c chp: "on, h vo ni m, thy mt ngi tr tui ngi bn hu, mc
o di trng, th tht kinh. Song ngi ni cng h rng: ng s chi, cc ngi i tm c Cha Jesus
Naxart, l ng chu ng inh, Ngi sng li ri, chng cn y. Hy xem ni tng xc Ngi"
(Mac 16:5-6).
Vic Gio s Lake trch Mac 16:6 l khng trn ngha. ng ch trch phn m ngi tr tui ny ni
v b qua phn then cht ca cu chuyn. Cu ni "Ngi sng li ri" khng c trong cu trch ca
Lake v iu ny. Chng ta hy ch s so snh sau:
Ca Lake Thc t
"... Ngi khng y, hy n xem ni tng xc Ngi..."
"... Ngi sng li ri, Ngi khng y, ny y l ni tng xc Ngi".
J.N.D. Anderson ni v s trch dn sai lm ca Lake rng "... D sao i na, ti cng chng xem
iu l li bo cha uyn bc...".
Nu iu c trch l ng th gi thuyt ca Lake khng ng vng c!
7D. Anderson a ra mt vn khc cho nhng ai theo thuyt ca Lake: Khi nhng ngi n
b chy n cc mn th cc mn l ra lm mt trong hai iu ny: H n m xc minh
li bo ca nhng ngi n b. Hoc h bt u cng b v s phc sinh ngay lp tc.
Tuy nhin, s rao ging nh vy khng xy ra cho n 7 tun sau .
 Anderson ni: "Ti khng th thy c bt k mt l do no cc tc gi C c ba ra ch gin
on 7 tun . Ngi ta buc chng ta phi tin rng nhng ngi n b khng k cu chuyn ny
cho cc mn trong mt thi gian kh lu. Tao sao li khng k? V c l cc mn chy trn v
x Galil ri". V im ny, Frank Morison (trong tc phm Who moved the Stone? Faber and Faber,
1967) ni rng "S ph thuc ca nhng ngi n b vo cc ngi n ng lm cho im then
cht nht ca gi thuyt Lake b lng tng".
Morison kt lun my vn chnh:
"Gio s Lake buc phi gi nhng ngi n b ny li Girusalem cho n sng Cha nht v
ng tin chc rng tht s h c i n m.
"ng cng b buc phi cc mn ra khi Girusalem trc rng ng ngy cha nht v ng
cho rng cc b im lng.
"Cui cng, lm cho iu ny ph hp vi vic sau h k li cu chuyn, vi tt c nhng
kt qu hp l v r rng, th ng thy rng cn phi gi cc b li Girusalem trong nhiu tun trong
khi cc mn quay tr v nh h, gp c nhng kinh nghim no , v tr li th " 44/10.
8D. John R.W. Stott ni n thi ca nhng ngi n b. H khng b m mt v nhng
git nc mt thng nh, nhng h c mt mc ch no cho cuc ving m lc sng sm. Stott
ni: "H mang theo hng liu lm cho trn vic xc xc Cha, v 2 ngy trc , ngi ta lm
vi vng v c ngy Sabt sp n. Nhng ngi n b nhit tnh v tho vt ny khng phi l loi
ngi d b la hoc d b nhim v m h n lm".
9D. y khng phi l ngha a cng cng m l mt ming t ring chn ct. khng c
ngi m no khc h phi nhm ln. V im ny Wilbur Smith ni: " tng ny v cng k d
n ni gio s A.E.J. Rawlinson, trong bi bnh lun ca ng v Phc m Mc, cm thy cn phi ni
v kin ca Lake rng "Vic nhng ngi n b ny n lm m v nh mt ngi ngoi ch h
n ngi m tht l mt iu hiu sai, l mt s gii thch duy l, hon ton xa l vi tinh thn ca li
tng thut trong Thnh kinh" (St. Mark, With Introduction, Commentary and Additional Notes,
London 1927, trang 243).
10D. Merrill Tenney (trong tc phm The Reality of the Resurrection, nh xut bn Moody, 1963),
ni rng: "Lake khng gii thch ti sao "ngi tr tui" (Mac 16:5) li c mt ti ngha trang
cng cng hoc ti khu vn ring vo gi " 63/115,16.
ng hi "ng c no em ngi khch l n ?" 63/115,116.
"Nu ng ta khng phi l khch l, nhng l mt trong cc s mun n xem xt, iu tra th
ti sao s hin din ca ng ta lm cc ngi n b s hi" 63/115,116.
Tenney bnh lun thm rng "Lake da trn ghi chp ca Mc cho rng ngi n ng y ngi
trong m (cu 5), v vy ng ta chc l khng th ni c rng h lm m... tr phi Cha Jesus
khng cn na. H c th thy ni Ngi nm nhng xc Ngi bin mt" 63/115,116.
11D. Mt s ngi cho rng "ngi tr tui" l ngi lm vn. Nhng Frank Morrison ni
rng: "... Mc d c v duy l, nhng gi thuyt ny c mt yu im k l" 44/97.
"... Nu tri ti n mc m nhng ngi n b phi n lm m th cng khng th no ngi
lm vn dy lm vic. Cn nu tri sng v qu tr ngi lm vn i lm th cc ngi
n b khng th nhm ln c. Mt gi thuyt ch cn c trn vic lm cho ng b 2 s ngu nhin
rt ng nghi ng. Tuy nhin, y ch l mt phn ca nhng iu khng th c trong gi thuyt ny
v mt phn ca nhng kh khn v mt suy lun quanh gi thuyt ".
Cng vy, nu ngi tr tui ny l ngi lm vn th ti sao nhng thy t l li khng xc nhn
nhng li chng ca ng cho thy xc Cha vn cn trong m? 44/101,102.
ng ta khng phi l ngi lm vn, nhng l mt thin s t trn tri xung.
AI cng bit rng ngi m ca Cha trng rng - vn l lm th no m n li trng nh vy?
12D. Chng ta ngh g v thuyt ca gio s Lake cho rng ngi ta n lm m?
 George Hanson ni: "Nu ti c bt k mt s nghi ng no v s phc sinh th sch ca Gio s
Lake cung cp cho s hoi nghi ca ti mt s phn tc dng b ch nht. Sau khi c xong quyn
sch , ti cng thy r hn bao gi ht kin m De Wette din t trong tc phm "Historical
Criticism of the Evangelical History" (trang 229) ca ng, rng: "Mc d c mt s en ti khng th
xua tan c, nhng cn c trn cch th hin v trnh by th s phc sinh l iu khng th nghi ng
c" 24/8.
Wilbur Smith trch dn li phn quyt ca mt hc gi ngi Anh, gio s Morse, rng: "Vic
nu ra gi thuyt v cc ngi n b n lm m, khng xut pht t mt bng chng no nhng
xut pht t lng khng tin tnh siu nhin v ngi m trng ca Cha chng ta" ("The Narratives of
the Resurrection of Jesus Christ" trong t Hibbert Journal, thng 4/1939, XXXIX - 319). 58/382.
6A. KT LUN: NGI SNG LI, THT VY NGI SNG LI.
Trong tc phm "History and Christianity (Nh xut bn Inter-Varsity cho php s dng, 1964,
Downers Grove, III), John Warwich Montgomery c ni: "Nhng ti liu u tin v cuc i v chc
v ca Cha Jesus cho chng ta mt n tng rng con ngi ngy i y khng phi lm
nhiu "iu tt" cho chnh mnh nhng gy nhiu phin toi cho chnh mnh.
"V im ny cng rt ging vi Socrates: C 2 u lm cho nhng ngi ng thi tc in ln
n ni cui cng c 2 u chu cht. Nhng Socrates chm chc mt s t ngi Athen bng cch
i hi h phi "t bit mnh" - tc l hy kim sot cuc sng bung th ca mnh - Cn Cha Jesus
lm cho ngi cng thi tc gin v Ngi c lin tc buc h c thi suy ngh v Ngi nh th no".
"Cc ngi ni ta l ai?" "Cc ngi ngh g v ng Christ?" "Ngi l Con ca ai?". y l nhng
iu m Cha Jesus hi". 43/12.
ng Christ lm sng t Ngi l ai. Ngi ni vi Thma rng: "Ta l ng i, l tht v s sng.
Chng bi ta th khng ai c n cng Cha" (Gi 14:6).
S Phaol ni rng ng Christ, "bi s sng li ca Ngi t trong k cht, c t ra l con c
Cha Tri c quyn php" (Ro 1:4).
Simon Greenleaf, mt gio s lut ni ting ca i hc Harvard (trong tc phm Testimony of the
Evangelists, nh sch Baker 1965), ni rng: "iu m C c gio i hi con ngi y l h nn
trung thc vi chnh mnh, h nn i x vi nhng bng chng ca s vic ny nh h i x vi
nhng bng chng ca nhng iu khc v h hy th xt x n nhng ngi tham gia v nhng
bng chng nh h ang lm vi nhng ngi ng thi khi xt x nhng cng vic, nhng hnh ng
ca h trang cc cuc xt x ca con ngi. Hy cho nhng bng chng c t i chiu, so snh
ln nhau, v vi nhng s kin v hon cnh. Hy ngi ta tra xt nhng li lm chng y nh th
ang ng trc ta trong vai b co. Nhng ngi lm chng cng phi chu mt s s thm vn
nghim khc. Ti tin chc rng kt qu s l mt s xc quyt khng cht nghi ng v tnh chnh trc,
s chn tht v thm quyn ca nhng bng chng " 23/46.
Nh G.B. Hardy (trong tc phm Countdown, nh xut bn Moody, 1970), ni: "y l ti liu
trn vn nht:
M ca Khng T - Cn c xc bn trong.
M ca Pht Thch Ca - Cn c xc bn trong.
M ca Mohammet - Cn c xc bn trong.
M ca Cha Jesus - TRNG RNG
By gi, quyt nh thuc v bn. Bng chng t ni ln ri. N ni rt r rng:
THT VY CHA JESUS CHRIST SNG LI. TI C THA LNG
Cch y nhiu nm, cuc i ca ti ging nh iu m Thomas Aquinas m t rng mi ngi
u c mt kht vng khng ngui v hnh phc. Ti mun c hnh phc. Ai li khng mun c
hnh phc?
 Ti khng thch c n v ti thng t hi "Ti l ai?" Nu lc y c ai cho ti thuc phin chc
ti cng s liu mt phen, v ti tht vng, v ti tht s tm kim cu tr li cho s tht vng v
trng tri ca mnh.
Thot tin, ti cho rng cu tr li chc l tn gio. V th ti n nh th. Nhng ti chng h
tm thy c iu g c th bin i cuc i ti c. Ti l ngi rt thc t, v nu khng c g hiu
qu, ti s vt b n. V vy ti t b tn gio.
Sau ti quyt nh rng hc thc phi l cu tr li v tt c nhng nh lnh o ca chng ta
u l nhng ngi c hc. Ti vo i hc, ni chuyn vi sinh vin v nhiu vn , nhng chng ti
cng chng c gii php g c. Mc d cc gio s c th ni vi ti lm th no lm cho cuc sng
tt hn nhng h khng th cho ti bit lm th no sng tt hn.
Th ri ti ngh rng cu tr li c th l thanh th. V vy ti ng c vo chc v ch tch sinh
vin nm th nht. Chng ti mua mt s phiu v ti c c. Tht l vui thch khi c bit mi
ngi cc trng i hc, thi hnh nhng quyt nh, bo ngi khc phi lm iu ny, iu n.
Nhng sau mt vi tun, s phn khi cng bt u qua i mt. Cc sinh vin tm n ti vi nhng
nan ca h v ti ni "Cc bn i, ti khng gip cc bn c, ti cng c nan ca ring ti".
Nhng cng vo khong thi gian , ti thy c mt s sinh vin v gio s c v khc l. Hnh
nh h ang sng vt ln trn hon cnh, khng b gnh nng bp.
"Hnh phc" ca ti lun da trn hon cnh. Khi mi s c v m p, ti cng vui v. Nhng khi
mi s tr nn ti t, ti cng cm thy ti t. Nu bn gi ca ti yu ti, ti c trn 9 tng my,
nu c y chia tay vi ti, ti ri xung t.
V vy, sau mt thi gian, ti hi h tht gin d: "iu g bin i cuc i ca cc bn?" Mt
c gi tr ngc nhn ti v ch ni 2 ch "Jesus Christ".
Ti nhn chm c y v ni "C i, ng ni vi ti nhng iu v vn y. Ti chn ngy tn
gio v ti chn ngy nh th. ng ni vi ti v tn gio". Nhng chc l c y c c tin rt vng
vng, v c ta ni: "Tha ng, ti khng ni vi ng v tn gio. Ti khng ni vi ng v nh th. Ti
ang ni vi ng v con ngi Jesus Christ". Sau ti xin li c ta.
Nhng sinh vin ny ch ra cho ti thy rng C c gio khng phi l tn gio nhng l mt s
quan h. iu ng chm n ti v ti lun yu mn mi quan h ca ti vi ngi khc.
Th ri bn c bit iu g xy ra khng? H thch thc ti tra xt k v nhng li xc nhn
Cha Jesus l Con c Cha Tri! Bn thn mn, ti ngh rng y l mt tr a (Ti tng tng l
mi C c nhn u c 2 b c; mt ci tht lc v mt ci kia ang i tm). Nhng nhng ngi
ny li c tip tc thch thc ti, v vy ti nhn li.
Kt qu l, ti tm thy nhng s kin v bng chng v Cha Jesus Christ m ti cha tng
bit. Ti thng lng nghe cc gio s ging dy nhng bi hc v nhn vn ngo mn, v nu h
khng tin C c gio th bn s khng bt ti phi tin o . Nhng ti thy rng ti ang t b
Christ v c khuynh hng hoc s khinh sut ca h.
Tht vy, trong ti c mt s xung t kinh khng. V l mt sinh vin lut, ti tin rng c Cha
Tri ving thm hnh tinh ny qua con ngi Jesus, rng Ngi chu cht trn thp t v ti li
loi ngi, rng Ngi t k cht sng li v hin nay cn ang sng. Nhng ch ti khng chp
nhn nhng g m lng ti ni. Ti ang l mt k khng thnh tht.
Mi khi ti gp nhng ngi C c hnh phc th s xung t trong ti cng tr nn ti t. C
bao gi bn c gia nhng ngi hnh phc trong khi chnh bn b bun kh cha? iu
khng gy n tng cho bn sao? Vng, iu nh ng ti v chng bao lu ti bit, ti phi
quyt nh bi v ti khng th ng m na. Ti bit ti phi thay i tm tr ca ti hoc phi ci b
tm tr c k ca mnh.
Ti c 2 s la chn. Ti c th mi Cha Jesus bc vo i ti lm Cu Cha v lm ch. Hoc
ti c th t chi Ngi.
Ti rt sung sng v ti c nhy bn lng nh tnh trng ca ti. Tri qua 19 nm, ti
khng hi lng v cuc i mnh, v y l mt s ngi tm thy cu tr li cho cuc i h trong
c Cha Jesus Christ. Ti quyt nh rng nu ti khng nm th c Cha Tri th ti l mt k ngu
ngc. Ti nhn thc rng ti l ngi duy nht trn i ny m Cha Jesus cht th cho.
Vo lc 8.30 mt bui ti thng 12, ti tip nhn Cha. Ti bit rng, ti phi i n im ny
m thi.
Thot tin, ti phi bit chc l cc bn ti khng theo di. C mt ln duy nht chng bt gp ti
qu gi, l lc ti ang iu chnh tivi, nhng ti hm , ti qu gi xung v cu nguyn: "Cm t
c Cha Jesus, v Ngi cht th con trn thp t gi". Sau ti ni vi c Cha Tri rng ti bit
ti l ti nhn, l con ngi thng b vn t lm cho sai lc. Ti thng ngh rng ti li ch l ni di,
git ngi, v o c... Nhng iu cn bn nht v ti li l thi xa cch c Cha Tri. V vy
ti xin Ngi tha th cho ti.
Ri ti cu nguyn "Ly Cha Jesus, con xin mi Ngi vo cuc i con lm Cu Cha v lm
Ch. Con t b ca con chp nhn mun ca Ngi". Cui cng, bi c tin, ti cm t Ngi v Ngi
ng tr trong lng ti.
Khng c g xy ra c. Khng c mt tia chp no t tri chiu xung c. Ti cng chng c mc ra
i cnh no v ti cng khng lao i mua mt cy n hc. Nhng ch trong 6 thng n 1 nm, c
cuc i ti c thay i.
Ti bt u nhn thy nhng thay i trong khong 6 n 8 ngy. Trong u c ti lun c nhiu
bi ri v ti phi lun mt ni no hoc vi mt ngi no . Ti khng th mt mnh ti vi
nhng suy ngh ca ti c. Tm tr ti dng nh ang mt trng thi ri rm. Nhng khi ti
quyt nh giao ph cho Cha, th trong lng ti c s bnh an v yn ngh. Khng phi l trong ti
khng cn nhng xung t, nhng ti c nng lc i ph vi nhng xung t . Ti c s
bnh an. Tht kh m t iu , chnh bn hy th i th s bit.
Ti c tnh xu l thng hay ni nng. Nhng sau khi tr thnh C c nhn, ti nh mt
tnh . C mt ln, bng nhin ti rt bnh thn v cc bn ti nhn thy iu . Nhng nhng k
th ca ti cn thy c iu sm hn na.
Ti cn c tnh cm th. khng phi l mt ci g biu l bn ngoi nhng l mt s p
bn trong. Ti khinh b ngi da en, da vng, da v da trng. Ti sao vy? V h ai khc vi ti th
k l mi e da cho ti. Ti thy khng an ton.
Nhng ngi m ti ght hn c l ba ti. i vi ti, ng y l mt ngi nt ru quy ph xm
lng. Nhng bn b hc trung hc ca ti thng hay giu ct v ng y v xem ng y nh mt thng
ngc trn ph. Ti ci nhng trong lng th ang khc. Thnh thong khi chng ti c ng ngi, ti
tri b ti li trong nh kho v bo ti n l ng y ku cu ln. Thm ch ti cn c u c ng
y bng cch b thuc c vo chai ru.
Nhng khi ti tr thnh C c nhn, tnh yu ca c Cha Tri thay th cho s cm ght
ca ti, v tnh yu mnh m n ni ti c th nhn thng vo mt ca ba ti v ni: "Ba i, con yu
ba". iu lm ng rung ng tht s.
Su thng sau, ti b mt tai nn xe hi rt nghim trng. Khi ba ti n phng thm ti, ng hi
"Con i, lm sao m con c th thng c mt ngi cha nh ba?". Ti ni "Tha ba, cch y 6
thng, con khng th lm c iu . Nhng by gi, bi c Cha Jesus Christ, con c th yu ba v
tt c mi ngi".
Ti gii thch cho ba ti, Christ thay i ti nh th no t trong ra ngoi. V 45 pht sau, ba
ti qu gi xung v dng i sng ng cho Cha. Khi ng ngc ln, ng l mt ngi c bin
i tht s. iu ny ging nh c ai vi n cng tc v bt bng n sng ln. Sau ng ch
s n chai ru c mt ln na thi.
13 thng sau, ba ti mt. Nhng trong nhng thng ngn ngi ny, bi s thay i trong cuc i
ca ba ti, rt nhiu ngi vng v nhng vng ln cn chu dng hin cuc i h cho ng
Christ.
y l l do ti sao ti tin rng c Cha Jesus Christ l mt nh cch mng v i nht tng
sng trn t ny. y l l do ti sao ti tin rng s u t ln lao nht m ti c th lm l chia x
c tin ca ti cho cng nhiu ngi cng tt.
 Trc y ti thng hot ng v c s bt an ca mnh, nhng by gi ti hot ng v mt l do
khc: s bnh an trn ngp. Ti c tha lng.
Josh McDowel
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