6/25/2016 TheAryanInvasionTheory:TheFinalNailinitsCoffin

TheAryanInvasionTheory:
TheFinalNailinitsCoffin
(FromaChapterin"AdvancementsofAncientIndia'sVedicCulture')
byStephenKnapp

TheAryanInvasionTheory(AIT)istheideathattheVedicpeoplewerenotindigenoustotheareaofnorthernIndia,butwereinvadersfromthe
CaucasusMountainregionthatdescendedonIndiaaround1500BCE,andthenwrotetheVedicliteratureandforcedthenativestoaccepttheir
culture.InwritingthischapterIwanttoemphasizethatthisbookisnotabouttheAryanInvasionTheory(AIT),butweshouldatleastincludeone
chapteronittoshowitsplaceindiscoveringtherealhistoryofthedevelopmentofancientIndiaandtheoriginsofVedicculture.Indoingso,I
acknowledgetherehavealreadybeenvolumeswrittenonthiscontroversialtopic,andonwheretheoriginalhomelandoftheIndoAryansmightbe.
Soanyonecanreadanyofthosebooksuntiloneisnauseatedwithvariousviewpoints,butthatisnotwhatwearegoingtodohere.Goingintoalong
dissertationabouthowallthetheoriesweredevelopedandwhatevidencetheyfoundisthelastthingIwanttodo.Forallbutthespecialist
researchersandreaders,itwouldmakeforanextremelytediousbook,atleastmoresothansomemayfeelitisalready.So,weareonlygoingto
summarizesomeofthemostrecentandconcludingresearchthatisavailabletoday.
LetusrememberthattheideathattheVedicAryanscamefromoutsideofancientIndiaandenteredtheregiontostartwhatbecametheVedic
civilizationisaforeignidea.Therewasneveranyrecord,eitherhistorical,textualorarcheological,thatsupportsthispremiseforanAryaninvasion.
Therealsoisnorecordofwhowouldhavebeentheinvaders.Thefactisthatitisatheorythatcamefrommerelinguisticspeculationwhichhappened
duringthenineteenthcenturywhenverylittlearcheologicalexcavationhadyetbeendonearoundIndia.
Therehavebeenmanyresearcherswhohavetriedtostudythelinguisticsofthepeopletogatheranindicationofwheretheoriginalhomelandof
theVedicAryanswasactuallylocated.ThiswasdonetoeithertrytoupholdorrefutetheideaoftheAryanInvasionTheory.Inmybook,Proofof
VedicCulturesGlobalExistence,Idealtwithlinguisticsandwordsimilaritiestoadegree,butthistopic,inspiteofalltheresearch,study,andbooks
writtenonwhateverfindingsweremade,hasdonelittletoabsolutelyestablishwithclaritytheoriginalhomeoftheVedicAryans.
SomescholarshavealwaysfeltthatthelinguisticevidenceisnotsufficienttodrawdefiniteconclusionswherethehomelandoftheVedicAryans
waslocated.
Linguisticsamongstsomescholarshavealwaysbeenaspeculativeprocess,atbestarrivingatvariousconjecturesabouttheoriginsofparticular
culturesandlanguages.Othershavebeenevenmoredismissiveoftheideaofreconstructingahypotheticallanguagebasedonwordsthatremain
presentinspokenlanguagesthousandsofyearslater.Thus,intryingtounderstandtheVedicAryansandwheretheirhomelandmayhavebeenby
analyzingsomehypotheticalProtoIndoEuropeanlanguagethatstillhasnotbeenidentifiedseemsratherdoubtful.Atbest,itmayprovidesome
basichypothesis,whichinrealitymaybemostmisleading.Thisalsoseemstosaythatthereislittlereasontoholdthefieldoflinguisticsinsucha
highdegreeofrespect,consideringallthebooksthathavebeenwrittenthatseemtousethisprocesstodeterminesomanyconclusions,or
conjectures,onthehomelandoftheVedicAryans.
Asafurthercommenttothisissue,G.P.Singhrelates,"They(proponentsoftheAryanInvasionTheory)aredividedintheiropinionregarding
theexactlocationofthesaidcommonhome,thereasonforwhichisnotfartodiscover.ThespeakersofAryanlanguageshavebeenclubbed
togetherasanAryanracewhichneverexistedassuch.ThephilologicalandethnologicalexplanationsregardingtheidentificationofanAryan
languagewithanAryanraceareconflicting.Thesimilaritiesofafewwordsdonotnecessarilyconstituteaproofofcommonoriginoftheirspeakers,
rathertheyindicatecomminglingandsocioculturalcontactsandfellowship.ThetheoryofacommonhomeofmembersofasocalledAryanfamily
whetherinAsiaorEuropecannotbeacceptedmerelyontheevidenceoflinguisticpaleontology...TheAryaninvasionofIndiaisamythandnotthe
truth.TheAryanswereneitherinvadersnorconquerors.TheywerenotthedestroyersoftheHarappancivilizationbutoneofitsauthors."1
Thisdoesnotmean,however,thatwecannotstilluselinguisticstohelprecognizethemanysimilaritiesofculturesbytheclosenessofwords,in
bothspellingandmeaning,thatareusedinthelanguagesofvarioustraditions,orwhereandhowfartheVedicandSanskritinfluencehastraveled,
andhowvariousculturesmayhavesharedtraditionswitheachother.ButtosupplyproofofwheretheVedicpeopleoriginated,thatisnotpossible.
Plus,todaywehavesomuchmoreresearchandarcheologicalevidencethattellsfarmorethanthestudyoflinguistics,whichwillcertainlyleadusto
thecorrectconclusionaboutthismatter.
Uptilltoday,thereisstillnoculturefromthetimeofancientIndiathatcanbesaidtohaveoriginatedoutsideandtheninvadedorbroughtthe
VedicculturetotheinteriorofIndia.Moreevidencewillbegivenaswediscussthistopic.Butfornow,whatthismeansisthatifwelookattheancient
ruins,oragriculturalpractices,artifacts,orsocialactivities,itcanberecognizedthattheywereallbasedonindigenoustechniquesandtraditions.
TheyarenotlinkedtoanythingthatwouldhavecomefromoutsideofIndia,althoughjusttheoppositeisthecase.Moreover,wecanseeamigration
fromIndiatothewestoreveneastward.
Traditionally,aswefindintheManusamhita(2.1718),VedicculturewasfoundedbythesageManubetweenthebanksoftheSarasvatiand
DrishadvatiRivers.AndtheSarasvatiRiverwasthemainriverintheRigVeda,which,accordingtomodernlandstudies,wasamassiveand
importantriveratthetime(before1900BCE).OnlyafterthisdidtheemphasisshifttothesacredGanga(Ganges)River.Thiswouldindicatethatthe
VedictraditionisindeedaproductoftheareaofancientIndia.
TherewasalsonorealdividebetweennorthandsouthIndiaintermsofthesocalledinvadingAryansinthenorthandtheDravidiansofthe
south.AsexplainedbyDavidFrawley,"DravidianhistorydoesnotcontradictVedichistoryeither.ItcreditstheinventionoftheTamillanguage,the
oldestDravidiantongue,totherishiAgastya,oneofthemostprominentsagesintheRigVeda.Dravidiankingshistoricallyhavecalledthemselves
AryansandtracetheirdescentthroughManu(whointheMatsyaPuranaisregardedasoriginallyasouthIndianking).Apartfromlanguage,
moreover,bothnorthandsouthIndiashareacommonreligionandculture."2
Arecentlandmarkglobalstudyinpopulationgeneticsbyateamofinternationallyreputedscientists(asreportedinTheHistoryandGeography
ofHumanGenes,byLucaCavalliSforza,PaoloMenozziandAlbertaPiazzo,PrincetonUniversityPress)revealsthatthepeoplewhoinhabitedthe
Indiansubcontinent,includingEurope,concludesthatallbelongtoonesingleraceofCaucasiantype.Thisconfirmsonceagainthattherereallyisno
racialdifferencebetweennorthIndiansandsouthIndianDravidians.
OtherscholarsandresearchersarealsogivinguptheideaoftheAryanInvasionTheory.AsfurtherexplainedinthebookOriginofIndian
Civilization,basedontheresultsoftheconferenceofthesamename,itwasdescribedthat,"Whilenotincompleteagreement,yetforProfessor
WitzelandEltsovtoacknowledgethattheHarappanandVediccivilizationswereconcurrent,isanimportantlandmarkinthedebateontheIndic
civilization.Prof.WitzelalsostatedforthefirsttimetomanyintheaudiencethatheandhiscolleaguesnolongersubscribetotheAryanInvasion
Theory(AIT).Prof.WitzelofHarvardagreedwiththescholarspresentthattheAryaninvasiontheoryisanineteenthcenturyconceptandaspent
forcetoday.Hesaid,nobodyintherightmindbelievesinsomethinglikeAryanInvasionTheory."3

THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEARYANINVASIONTHEORY

Beforethe1857uprisingitwasrecognizedthatBritishruleinIndiacouldnotbesustainedwithoutalargenumberofsupportersand
collaboratorsfromwithintheIndianpopulation.Recognizingthis,itwasinfluentialmenlikeThomasBabbingtonMacaulay,who,asChairmanofthe
EducationBoard,soughttosetupaneducationalsystemmodeledaftertheBritishsystem,which,inthecaseofIndia,wouldservetounderminethe
Hindutradition.Whilenotamissionaryhimself,MacaulaycamefromadeeplyreligiousfamilysteepedintheProtestantChristianfaith.Hisfatherwas
aPresbyterianministerandhismotheraQuaker.HebelievedthattheconversionofHindustoChristianityheldtheanswertotheproblemsof
administeringIndia.HisideawastocreateaclassofEnglisheducatedelitethatwouldrepudiateitstraditionandbecomeBritishcollaborators.In
1836,whileservingaschairmanoftheEducationBoardinIndia,heenthusiasticallywrotehisfatherabouthisideaandhowitwasproceeding:
"OurEnglishschoolsareflourishingwonderfully.TheeffectofthiseducationontheHindusisprodigious...Itismybeliefthatifourplansof
educationarefollowedup,therewillnotbeasingleidolatoramongtherespectableclassesinBengalthirtyyearshence.Andthiswillbeeffected
withoutanyeffortstoproselytise,withoutthesmallestinterferencewithreligiousliberty,bynaturaloperationofknowledgeandreflection.Iheartily
rejoiceintheproject."

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Sothepointwasthatreligiousconversionandcolonialismweretogohandinhand.EuropeanChristianmissionswereanappendageofthe
colonialgovernment,withmissionariesworkingsidebysidewiththegovernment.Inthiscase,wecouldaskifovertheyearsmuchhasreally
changedinthepurposeoftheChristianmissionsinIndia.
ThekeypointhereisMacaulaysbeliefthat"knowledgeandreflection"onthepartoftheHindus,especiallytheBrahmanas,wouldcausethem
togiveuptheirageoldbeliefinanythingVedicinfavorofChristianity.ThepurposewastoturnthestrengthofHinduintellectualsagainsttheirown
kindbyutilizingtheircommitmenttoscholarshipinuprootingtheirowntradition,whichMacaulayviewedasnothingmorethansuperstitions.Hisplan
wastoeducatetheHindustobecomeChristiansandturnthemintocollaborators.Hepersistedwiththisideaforfifteenyearsuntilhefoundthe
moneyandtherightmanforturninghisutopianideaintoreality.
HeneededsomeonewhowouldtranslateandinterprettheVedictextsinsuchawaythatthenewlyeducatedIndianelitewouldseethe
superiorityoftheBibleandchoosethatovereverythingelse.UponhisreturntoEngland,afteragooddealofefforthefoundatalentedbut
impoverishedyoungGermanVedicscholarbynameFriedrichMaxMullerwhowaswillingtotakeonthearduousjob.Macaulayusedhisinfluence
withtheEastIndiaCompanytofindfundsforMaxMullerstranslationoftheRigVeda.ThoughanardentGermannationalist,MaxMulleragreedfor
thesakeofChristianitytoworkfortheEastIndiaCompany,whichinrealitymeanttheBritishGovernmentofIndia.Healsobadlyneededamajor
sponsorforhisambitiousplans,whichhefelthehadatlastfound.
ThefactisthatMaxMullerwaspaidbytheEastIndiaCompanytofurtheritscolonialaims,andworkedincooperationwithotherswhowere
motivatedbythesuperiorityoftheGermanracethroughthewhiteAryanracetheory.
Thiswasthegenesisofhisgreatenterprise,translatingtheRigVedawithSayana'scommentaryandtheeditingofthefiftyvolumeSacred
BooksoftheEast.Inthisway,therecanbenodoubtregardingMaxMullersinitialaimandcommitmenttoconvertingIndianstoChristianity.Writing
tohiswifein1866heobserved:
"It[theRigVeda]istherootoftheirreligionandtoshowthemwhattherootis,Ifeelsure,istheonlywayofuprootingallthathassprungfromit
duringthelastthreethousandyears."
TwoyearslaterhealsowrotetheDukeofArgyle,thenactingSecretaryofStateforIndia:"TheancientreligionofIndiaisdoomed.Andif
Christianitydoesnottakeitsplace,whosefaultwillitbe?"ThismakesitveryclearthatMaxMullerwasanagentoftheBritishgovernmentpaidto
advanceitscolonialinterests.Nonetheless,hestillremainedanardentGermannationalistevenwhileworkinginEngland.Thishelpsexplainwhyhe
usedhispositionasarecognizedVedicandSanskritscholartopromotetheideaofthe"Aryanrace"andthe"Aryannation,"atheoryamongsta
certainclassofsocalledscholars,whichhasmaintaineditsinfluenceevenuntiltoday.

MAXMULLERDENIESHISOWNTHEORY

ItwasinthenineteenthcenturywhenMaxMullertriedtodatetheVedasto1200BCE.ThenheacceptedtheSutraliteraturetothesixthcentury
BCEandassignedadurationofjust200yearstoeachoftheperiodsofVedicliterature,namelytheAranyakas,BrahmanasandVedas.Butwhenhis
contemporaryscholars,likeGoldstucker,WhitneyandWilson,raisedafussaboutthis,hehadtoregressandstated(inhisPrefacetotheRgveda):"I
haverepeatedlydweltonthemerelyhypotheticalcharacterofthedates,whichIhaveventuredtoassigntothefirstperiodsofVedicliterature.AllI
haveclaimedforthemhasbeenthattheyareminimumdates,andthattheliteraryproductionsofeachperiodwhicheitherstillexistorwhichformerly
existedcouldhardlybeaccountedforwithinshorterlimitsoftimethanthosesuggested."4
Thisindicateshisadmissionthathereallydidnotknowandhewasexpressingnothingbutconjecture.Thisisnotexactlyascholarlyaction.But
stillbeingpressedbyhiscontemporaries,hefinallyadmitteditinapublicationin1890(PhysicalReligion)andreflectedtheresponsibilitybysayingno
onecanfigureitout:"Ifnowweaskhowwecanfixthedatesoftheseperiods,itisquiteclearthatwecannothopetofixaterminumaqua.Whether
theVedichymnswerecomposed[in]1000or1500or2000or3000BC,nopoweronearthwilleverdetermine."5
AlthoughMaxMullerwastheonewhocleverlycameupwiththeAryanInvasionTheory,helaterworkedtobringouttheSacredBooksofthe
Eastseries,whichhelpedpromotethespiritualwisdomoftheEasttothegeneralpublicinEurope.Later,thoughaGermanbybirth,hewasliving
comfortablyinEnglandwhenin1872,aftertheGermannationalistsfinallyachievedunification,hemarchedintoauniversityinGermanoccupied
France(Strasbourg)anddenouncedtheGermandoctrineofthesuperiorAryanrace.ItwasatthistimethathebegantoclarifythatbyAryanhe
meantlanguageandnotarace.Thiswasinstarkcontrastwithhispreviousviews,whichhadallbeenwelldocumented,andwhichkeptfollowinghim
sincepoliticiansandpropagandistskeptusinghisconclusionsasauthorityfortheirownraceideas.Atlast,hestatedclearlyin1888:
"IhavedeclaredagainandagainthatifIsayAryan,Imeanneitherbloodnorbones,norskullnorhairImeansimplythosewhospeaktheAryan
language...TomeanethnologistwhospeaksofAryanblood,Aryanrace,Aryaneyesandhairisasgreatasinnerasalinguistwhospeaksofa
dolicocephalicdictionaryorofbrachycephalicgrammar."6
JustashehadpreviouslybeenaproponentoftheAryanracetheoryforthefirst20yearsofhislife,heremainedanopponentofitforthe
remaining30yearsofhislife.However,inspiteofthisfact,westillfindIndianscholarswhostillholdontoMullerspreviousviews,howeverinaccurate
theymayhavebeen,intheirownconclusionsonIndiashistory.

THEDAMAGEDONEBYTHEARYANINVASIONTHEORY

ThepremiseoftheAryanInvasionTheory(AIT)wasusedasaperfecttool,especiallybytheBritish,todividetheHindusocietyandthestateof
India.TheNorthIndian"Aryans"werethenpitagainsttheSouthIndian"Dravidians,"alongwithhighcasteagainstlowcaste,mainstreamHindus
againsttribals,Vedicorthodoxyagainsttheindigenousorthodoxsects,andlatertoneutralizeHinducriticismoftheforcedIslamicoccupationofIndia,
since"HindusthemselvesenteredIndiainthesamewayasMuslimsdid."Eventoday,thetheoryhasstillbeenusedasthebasisforthegrowthof
secularistandevenMarxistforces.
TheproblemwithallofthisisthatpeopleofIndiandescent,especiallytheyouth,whentheyhearallofthisAryanInvasiontheorynonsense,they
begintolosefaithintheirowncountry,cultureandhistory,andespeciallyintheVedictraditionandepics.Theythinkitisalljuststories,fiction,or
evenalie.Butthatisnotthecaseatall,whichiswhyitisimportanttoshowwherethistheorycamefrom,whatitspurposewas,andwhyweshould
throwitawayandtakeasecondandmuchdeeperlookatwhattheVedictraditionhastooffer,andhowitwasactuallythesourceofmuchofthe
worldsadvancementinsomanyareas.
EveninIndiatodayitisoftenthecasethatschoolsteachtheWesternviewsofIndianhistoryandevenuseEuropeantranslationsofthegreat
Vedictexts.ChildrenaretaughtthattheircultureisinherentlyinferiortotheWesterndevelopments,andthatHinduismisarchaic,outdated,with
nothingtoofferpeopletoday.Therefore,inthisview,IndianstudentsshouldnolongervaluetheirowncultureandinsteadlooktowardtheWestfor
everythingtheyneed.Butthisnotionisabsolutelyfalse.TheydonotknownhowmuchtheWesternyouthlookstowardIndiaforitsspiritual
inspiration,andareusingtheancientIndianandVedictraditions,suchasyoga,Jyotish,Vastu,Ayurveda,andtheVedicphilosophytoreachtheir
highestpotentialandwellbeing.Theywouldnotdothatiftheywerenotexperiencingthebenefitsofit.Infact,itisallbecomingincreasinglypopular
becausethereismorecuriosity,inquiry,andneedtofindsomethingofsubstanceratherthanbeingcontentwiththeshallownatureofWesternsociety
anditsvalues.
PartoftheproblemtodayisintheeducationalsystemofIndia,andeverywhereforthatmatter,thatstilloftenprojectstheideathatthenative
IndianswereundevelopedandpushedoutoftheareathatwastakenoverbytheinvadingAryans,whothenpushedtheirlanguage,culture,and
religionontothepeoplewhoremained.ThosewhowentsouthtoavoidtheinvadingAryanswerecalledtheDravidians.TheBritishmissionaries,even
asearlyas1840,wentontousethistheoryasameanstopersuadepeopleofSouthIndiatorejecttheVedictradition,sinceithadbeenforcedon
thembyinvaders,andacceptChristianity.Byusingthetypical"divideandrule"policythattheBritishwereknownfor,theyhelpedcreateaschismin
thepeopleofIndiawhichgavethembettermeanstocontrolandmanipulatethemundertheguiseofgivingthembacktherespecttheyhadalways
deserved.Ofcourse,iftheybecameChristiantheywoulddeserveevenmorerespect,asportrayedbythemissionaries.So,theAryanInvasion
Theory,whichhadoriginallybeendevelopedbyaChristiancertainlycontinuedtoservetheChristianinterestswell,unbeknownsttothepeoplewho
falselyacceptedtheDravidianidentity.Inthisregard,ChandrasekharendraSaraswatisummeditupverynicely:"Theirconclusionswouldpermitthem
toregardtheancientrishisasprimitivemeninferiortothemoderns...theiranalysisofourreligioustextswasmotivatedbythedesiretoshow
Christianityasabetterreligion."7
Thus,therealtruthwaskepthiddensotheiragendacouldbeserved.ButwasnotthatthewholepurposebehindtheAryanInvasionTheory
fromthestart?Afterall,asN.S.Rajaramhassuccinctlyrelated,"EnglishtranslationsoftheRigveda...representamassivemisinterpretationbuilton
thepreconceptionthattheVedasaretheprimitivepoetryofthenomadicbarbarians.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth."8
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Evenoflate,therehavebeenleadersinTamilNaduwhohavepromotedthisDravidianidentity,andgavereasonswhytheyshouldreject
Hinduism,whichisbutanimpositiononthenatives.Ofcourse,now,throughtheuseofgenetics,ithasbeenproventhatthereneverwasany
division,exceptinnameonly,betweentheVedicAryansandthenativeDravidians.Theywereallpartofthesamenativeandindigenousfabricof
ancientIndiancivilization.Anyotherdivisionswereallbuthypotheticalandtheoryonly.Butthiswaspartofthedamagethatsuchmentalspeculation
hadcaused.Anditstillgoeson.Thatiswhybooksandinformationsuchasthisneedstobespread,sothatthetruthofthemattercanfinallybe
displayedforalltosee,andtheunitytohelppreserveandprotectthetruthofthedepthandprofoundnatureoftheVediccivilizationcanbeproperly
understood.

OBJECTIONSTOTHEARYANINVASIONTHEORY

AsarcheologistsB.B.Lalexplains,itwasMortimerWheelerwho,afterreportingafewskeletonsbeingfoundatMohenjodaro,saidthatthe
peopleofMohenjodarohadbeenmassacredintheinvasionoftheregion.However,theskeletonshadbeenfoundatdifferentstratigraphiclevelsof
thesitesomefromintermediatelevels,latelevels,andalsofromthedepositsthathadaccumulatedatthesiteafteritsdesertion.Thisshowedthat
Wheelerwaswronginhisassessment.Recentskeletonswouldhavebeennowherebuttheuppermostlevels.
Thus,theconclusionwouldhavetobethatnoevidencewhatsoeverofaninvasionhasbeenfoundatanyofthehundredsofHarappansites.
Furthermore,atmostofthesesites,thereisampleproofofcontinuityofhabitation.Anoutsideinvasionalsomeansthepresenceandentryofanew
people,butnosuchevidenceexists.AdetailedstudyofhumanskeletalremainsbyHemphillandhiscolleagues(1991)showedthatnonewpeople
arrivedbetween4500800BCE,duringwhichthe"Aryaninvasion"wassaidtohavehappened(around1500BCE).Therefore,noevidenceforan
invasionexists,andcertainlynotbyanyAryans.
Furthermore,whennewinvadersarrive,placenamesofsometownsandriversremainfromthepreviouspeoplewhooccupiedthearea.Butno
DravidiannamesexistsforanysuchobjectsintheentireareaonceoccupiedbytheHarappans.9
AnotherpointisthatbeforetheVedaswerewritten,ithadbeenanoraltradition.However,anoraltraditionofthiskindofphilosophyandculture
cannotbemaintainedbyapeopleinconstantmovementfordecadesifnotcenturiesovermanythousandsofmiles,whichiswhattheAryanInvasion
Theoryproposes.SuchatraditionastheVedicculturecouldbepreservedonlybyasedentarypeoplewheretheoldergenerationwouldhavethe
necessarytimetopassthecommunalloretotheyoungergeneration.10
Infact,aswehaveestablishedinProofofVedicCulturesGlobalExistence,theVedictextsmakenomentionofanymigrationatall.Surely,if
thathadhappenedtherewouldhavebeensomenarrationofit,orhistoryofapreviouslocation.Butnothingexistslikethat,noranylanguage
previoustotheVedicculturethatexistedintheGangeticplainsaswouldbeexpected.
TherearemanyreasonswhycommonsensecantellyouthattherecouldnothavebeenanyinvasionintoAryavrata(India)byVedicAryans
fromoutside.ThequestionisthatiftheAryansweresupposedtoberamblingbarbarians,asviewedbysome,yetwereabletodevelopsucha
sophisticatedlanguage(Sanskrit)andcompositions(theVedas),thenhowdidtheynotleaveinthecountriestheyleftbehindarichculturethatshows
theirpreviousdevelopments?Whathappenedtotheirdescendantswhoshouldhavekepttheremnantsoftheircultureandlanguage?Whywerenot
similardevelopmentsmadebythosewhoremainedinEasternEurope?AndwhathappenedtothepreSanskritlanguageandcultureoftheareathat
theAryansinvaded,ifthatiswhathappened?Noanswershavebeenfoundregardingthesepoints.
Furthermore,asDr.B.B.Lalrelates,"LetitbesquarelystatedthattheearliestbookoftheAryans,theRigVeda,doesnotmentionanyofthe
speciesofcoldclimatetreesenumerated.Ontheotherhand,allthetreesmentionedintheRigVeda,suchastheAshvatha(FicusreligiosaL.),
Khadira(AcadiacatechuWild),Nigrodhas(FicusbenghalenisL.),donotbelongtoacoldclimatebuttoatropicalone.Likewise,theRigVedicfauna,
comprisingsuchspeciesasthelion,elephant,peacock,alsobelongtoatropicalclimate.Further,duringtheRigVedicperiodtheSarasvatiwasa
mightyriver,butitgraduallydriedup.Theevidenceofarcheology,hydrologyandradiocarbondatesshowsthattheSarasvatidrieduparound2000
BCE.AllthisprovesthattheRigVedaantedatedthemagicfigure.Again,theRigVedicgeographycoverstheareafromtheGangaYamunaonthe
easttothewestoftheIndus.Likewise,thearcheologicalevidenceshowsthatpriorto2,000BCEitwastheHarappanCivilizationthatflourishedin
thisregion.Thus,thetextualandarcheologicaldatacombinetoestablishaperfectspatialcumchronologicalonenessbetweentheRigVedicand
Harappancultures.Andsince,asdemonstratedinthisbook,theHarappanswerethesonsofthesoil,itsquarelyfollowsthattheRigVedicpeople
wereindigenous."11
Wealsoneedtounderstandfromwhatfrivolousbasiscametheterm"Aryanrace."Thepeoplewhocreatedthisterm,andtheAryanInvasion
Theoryitself,werenotbiologists,archeologists,orscientists,thoughsomeofthemlateradoptedthis.Buttheywereonlylinguistsofquestionable
qualifications.Evenin1929,SirJulianHuxley,oneofthegreatnaturalscientistsofthetwentiethcenturyrelated(inOxfordPamphlet,No.5,OUP:
p.9):
"In1848,theyoungGermanscholarFriederichMaxMuller(18231900)settledinOxford...About1853heintroducedintotheEnglishlanguage
theunluckytermAryanasappliedtoalargegroupoflanguages.
"Moreover,MaxMullerthrewanotherappleofdiscord.Heintroducedapropositionthatisdemonstrablyfalse.Hespokenotonlyofadefinite
Aryanlanguageanditsdescendants,butalsoofacorrespondingAryanrace.TheideawasrapidlytakenupbothinGermanyandinEngland."12
Partoftheproblemwasamisinterpretationofthewordaryan.WiththeAIT,itwasmeaningaraceofpeople,orevenaseparatelanguage.But
thewordaryawasalwaysmeanttobeusedasanhonorifictitleforsomeonewholeadapurelife,whowasonthepathforattainingapureand
spiritualconsciousness.Aryaactuallymeansclearasinlightconsciousness,notasalightskinnedpersonofanotherseparaterace.AnAryaninthis
casemeantanethical,socialandspiritualidealofawellgovernedlife,forsomeonewhowasnoble,straightforwardinhisdealings,wascourageous,
gentle,kind,compassionate,protectoroftheweak,eagerforknowledge,anddisplayedrespectforthewiseandlearned.Thus,everythingthatwas
oppositeofthis,suchasmean,cruel,rude,false,ignoble,wasconsiderednonaryan.
Huxley,regardingthescientificviewatthetime(1939),saidthefollowing:"InEnglandandAmericathephraseAryanracehasquiteceasedto
beusedbywriterswithscientificknowledge,thoughitappearsoccasionallyinpoliticalandpropagandistliterature...InGermany,theideaofthe
AryanracereceivednomorescientificsupportthaninEngland.Nevertheless,itfoundableandverypersistentliteraryadvocateswhomadeit
appearveryflatteringtolocalvanity.Itthereforesteadilyspread,fosteredbyspecialinterests."
Inthisregard,N.S.Rajaramexplains:"ThosespecialconditionsweretheriseofNazisminGermanyandBritishimperialinterestsinIndia.
WhilebothGermanyandBritaintooktotheideaoftheAryanrace,thecoursestakenbythisracialtheoryinthetwocountrieswerequitedifferent.Its
perversioninGermanyleadingeventuallytoNazismanditshorrorsistoowellknowntoberepeatedhere.TheBritish,however,putittomore
creativeuseforimperialpurposes,especiallyasatoolinmakingtheirruleacceptabletoIndians.ABBCreportadmitted(6October,2005):
"It[AIT]gaveahistoricalprecedenttojustifytheroleandstatusoftheBritishRaj,whocouldarguethattheyweretransformingIndiaforthe
betterinthesamewaythattheAryanshaddonethousandsofyearsearlier."13
ThiswasthewaytheBritishcouldjustifytheirpresenceinIndiaasanewandimprovedbrandofAryansthatweredoingthesamethingthatthe
presentIndianswhowerethepreviousinvadingAryanshaddoneinthepast.Thus,theAryanInvasionTheorywasperpetuatedbyspecialinterests
ratherthanbytruehistoricalevidence.Insuchacase,whenthetruthfinallybecomesapparent,suchfalsenotionshavetodwindleandfade.Thatis
whyIhavewrittenabouthowthosewhobelieveinthefalsehistoryofIndiaarebutadyingbreed.Themodernarcheologistssimplydonotbelieveor
seeenoughevidencetoaccepttheAryanInvasionTheory.Thus,itbecomesselfevidentthattheVedicculturewaspartoftheindigenoustraditionof
Indiaallalong,andnotbroughttoIndiabyanyoutsideinvaders.

MISLEADINGDATESOFTHEARYANINVASIONTHEORY

WhentheideafortheAryaninvasionwasdevelopedbyMaxMuller,hewasformulatingdatesbasedonhisfamiliarityandloyaltytotheBiblical
tradition,whichtriestoestablishthattheworldwascreatedin4004BCE.Therefore,whateverdateshecameupwithhadtofitintothisschemeof
things.So,asweknow,hedecidedthattheAryanshadtohaveinvadedIndiain1500BCE,andthendevelopedtheRigVedathereafterin1200
BCE.ThismeansthatsuchcalculationsarebasedonfaithintheBible,and,accordingly,agroupoflinguisticallyunifiedpeoplemusthavebeen
existingaroundtheCaspianSeabeforeinvadingIndia.ItisthisBiblicalreferencethatformedthefoundationofthesedatesofMaxMullersforthe
AryanInvasionTheoryandwhentheRigVedamayhavebeenwritten.Theseweremerelyassumptions,manyofwhichhavebeenleftuncontested,
especiallyoutsideofIndia,upuntilafewdecadesago.
Furthermore,Dr.NarahariAchar,aphysicistfromtheUniversityofMemphisclearlyshowedwithastronomicalanalysisthattheMahabharata

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Wartookplacein3067BCE,seriouslychallengingtheoutside"Aryan"originofVedicpeople.14Therefore,ifweaccepttheyear3102BCEasthe
dateforthebeginningofKaliyuga,and3067BCEasthetimefortheMahabharatawar,thissurelymeansthathumansocietyitselfhadbeenin
existenceformany,manyyearsbeforetheChristiandateof4004BCEasthedateforthecreationoftheworld.Thiswouldmakethe4004BCEdate
ofcreationandthestoriesthatgowithitcompletefiction.
Therealproblemwiththisisthatthesedatesof1500BCEfortheinvasionoftheAryanforcesand1200BCEforthecreationoftheRigVeda
havebeenpropagatedinbothschoolandcollegebooksformanyyearsasiftheyarethesubstantiatedtruth.However,evenMulleradmittedmany
timeslaterinhislifethatthesedateswerearbitraryinnature,ormerelyguessesgroundedonhisownviewofthings,whichwereprecariousopinions
basedonhisallegiancetotheBible.Hehadwritteninadmission,"IneedhardlysaythatIagreewitheveryoneofmycritics.Ihaverepeatedlydwelt
ontheentirelyhypotheticalcharacterofthedatesthatIventuretoassign[totheVedicliterature]....WhethertheVedichymnswerecomposed1000,
1500or2000or3000BC,nopoweronearthwilleverdetermine."
Aswehaveseen,itisthefindingsinarcheologyandthestatementsandhistorywithintheRigVedathathavecontradictedthedatesofthe
fictionalAryanInvasionandtheideaofaninvasionitself.Forexample,theRigVedahasdescribedtheancientandgloriousSarasvatiRiver,whichis
knowntohavedrieduparound1900BCE,andwasprobablyalreadyintheprocessofdryingupbackin3000BCE.Thiscouldnothavebeenwritten
byanyinvaderswhoenteredIndiaaround1500BCE.Howcouldtheyhavedescribedworshipingariverthathadalreadyceasedtoexist500
hundredyearsearlier?Thisisimpossible.Itwouldbelikeahauntingghoststory,stilltalkingaboutthingsthathaddisappearedmanygenerations
ago.
ThisindicatesthattheRigVedahadtohavebeeninexistencewhiletheSarasvatiRiverwasinherprime.Thisalsomeansthatthedatesthat
manyWesternscholarshaveassignedfortheformationoftheRigVedaarealsoinerrorbyprobably2000yearsormore.Ofcourse,itwasMax
MullerwhowaspaidbytheBritishGovernmenttowriteanegativeinterpretationoftheVedastounderminetheviewHindusthemselveshadfortheir
ownscripture,sohemayhavealsobeenunderpressureforhisemploymentifhedidnotprovidesuchviewpoints.Nonetheless,hehadhisown
ambitions,aswasoutlinedinalettertohiswifein1866abouthiseditionoftheRigVedahaving"agreatextentonthefateofIndiaandthegrowthof
millionsofsoulsinthatcountry.Itistherootoftheirreligionandtoshowthemwhatthatrootis,Ifeelsure,istheonlywayofuprootingallthathas
sprungfromitinthelastthreethousandyears."
Well,hispurposedidnotwork,butcertainlycreatedamajordistractioninfindingthetruthofthematter,which,fortunately,therehavebeen
manyscholarsthathavenowshowntheinaccuracyoftheviewsthathadoriginatedfromMaxMullershypothesisandguesswork.

THESARASVATIRIVERINTHERIGVEDA

TheSarasvatiRiverismentionedintheRigVedaover60times,withthreehymnsthatmakeSarasvatithesubject,namelyinbook6,hymn61,
andbook7,hymns95&96.ThemostnotedversefromtheRigVedathatreferstothemightySarasvatiriveranditscivilizationis7.95.1.12,which
states:

prakshodasadhayadasasra
eshasarasvatidharunamayasipuh
prababadhanarathyevayati
vishvaapomahinasindhuranyaha

"Pureinhercoursefromthemountainstotheocean,aloneofstreamsSarasvatihathlistened."
Thus,itstandstoreasonthattheSarasvatiacquiredthisstateofreverenceduringitsprimeandnotafteritstarteddryingup.Inotherversesthat
describeher,wefinditsaidintheRigVeda(7.36.6)sheistheholiestandgreatestofallrivers,thebestofthesevenrivers,andMotheroftherivers
andtheSindhuRiver.Thenagainsheisthebestofthesevenrivers(6.61.910),andisfedbythree,fiveorsevenstreams(6.61.12),andnourishes
alloftheVedicpeople,andflowsthroughthemountainsandcrushesboulderslikethestemsoflotusflowers(6.61.2),andthatSarasvatiwasthebest
ofmothers,thebestriverandbestgoddess(6.41.16).
Forfurtherinsightintothis,wecanseehowtheRigVedadescribedtheSarasvatiRiver.SomeoftheSanskritwordsusedtodescribethe
SarasvatiintheRigVedaarenaditama,ambitama,anddevitama,whichmeanbestriver,bestmotherandbestgoddess(2.41.16)itisswollenand
fedbythreeormoreriverspinvamanasindhubhih(6.52.6)itisendless,swiftmoving,roaring,mostdearamonghersisterriverstogetherwithher
divineaspect,itnourishesthetribes(6.61.813).In7.95.2itissaidgiribhyahasamudrat,itflowsinapurecoursefromthemountainstotheocean.
Then7.96.2and10.177mentionstopraytotherivergoddessforsustenanceandgoodfortune,and10.64.9callsuponher(andSarayuandIndus)
asgreatandnourishing.Thus,thedescriptionsindicatealiveandflowingriverofgreatimportance,flowingfromtheHimalayastotheocean.15
TheRigVeda(10.75.5)alsoindicateswheretheSarasvatiwaslocatedbylistingthemainnorthernriversinorderfromtheeast,inwhichcase
placestheSarasvatibetweentheYamunaandtheShutudri(modernSutlej),asfoundintheverse:

imammegangeyamunesarasvatishutudristomamparushnya
asiknyamarudvridhevitastyaarjikiyeshrinuhyasushomaya

"Ganga,Yamuna,Sarasvati,Shutudri(Sutlej)Parushni(Ravi)Asikni,Manuvridha,Vitasta,Arjikiye,Shrinuhya,andSushomaya."
ManygreatVedicrishiswerealsomentionedintheRigVedaashavingaconnectionwiththeSarasvatiRiver,suchasVasisthaandJamadagni
(7.96.3),Gritsamada(2.41.16),andBharadvaj(6.61).AlsokingslikeDivodas(6.61)andBharatassuchasDevavatandDevashravas(3.23)are
mentionedinconnectionwiththeSarasvati.AlsooftheRigVedaaretheclanofthePuruswhoresidedalongtheSarasvati,inwhichitsays,
"Sarasvati,onbothwhoseplantladenbanksthePurusdwell."(7.96.2)16
TheimportanceoftheSarasvati,ashereindemonstrated,cannotgounnoticed.BesidesreferencestotheSarasvatiRiverintheRigVeda,we
canfindsomeintheAtharvaVedaaswell.Onereference(6.30.1)referstoIndraploughingthebanksoftheSarasvatitocultivatebarley,whichwas
notonlyoneoftheitemsforofferingintothefireduringtheyajnaritual,butwasalsooneoftheearlieststaplefoods.
Duringsacrifices,wefind(AV5.27.9)SarasvatiasthegoddesswasinvokedalongwithgoddessesIda,MahiandBharathi.Theninhymns(AV
7.68and18.1.41)sheiscalledtoacceptoblationsduringtheritual.Wealsofind(AV7.57.1)whereVamadevawasshakenduetotheapathyand
derogatorywordsofthepeople,andinvokesSarasvatitoreducetensionandcleansethemind.Inasimilarway,wefind(AV19.40.1)whereSarasvati
ispraisedinordertoovercomefrailtiesofthemind.

PROOFOFTHESARASVATIRIVER

WhilesurveyingthecourseoftheSarasvatiRiver,geologistSirAurielStein(18621943)concludedthattherewasindeedsuchariverthathad
driedupwhenthecourseoftheSutlejchanged,anddiscontinuedbeingthemaincontributoryoftheSarasvatiRiver.Thus,astheSarasvatibeganto
dry,thecitiesandresidentsthatdependedontheriveralsohadtomove.Withthesatelliteimagesmadethroughearthsensingsatellitesfrom1978
byNASA(NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration)andtheISRO(IndianSpaceResearchOrganization)thatrevealedtheancientriver
courses,theseshowthattheSarasvatiwasachannelthatrangedfromsixtoeightkilometerswide,andupto14kilometersinsomeparts.Thus,the
greatnessoftheSarasvatiRiver,asdescribedintheRigVeda,wasverified.
ThiswasfurtherconfirmedbyanaerialsurveyconductedbytheAmericanLandsatsatellitein1990thatshowedadriedtractof1000miles
wheretheSarasvatiwouldhaveflowedfromtheHimalayastotheSourashtriancoast.Thischangedthewaymanyresearchersviewedthisissue.
Thiswaslaterfollowedupin1996bytheIndianremotesensingsatelliteoftheIndianSpaceResearchOrganization,thecolorimagesofwhichalso
clearlyshowedmarksofapalaeochannelaswideas3kmto12kminthesamestretch.
Furthermore,in1998,therewere24wellsdugbytheCentralGroundWaterCommissionalongthedrybed,allofwhichproducedpotablewater
butone.Alsoin1998,afterthePokhranatomictest,theBabaAtomicResearchCenter(BARC)drilleddown70metersforsubsoilwatertoconfirm
thattheaquifershadnotbeenaffectedbyradioactivematerialandfoundthatthewaterwasofHimalayanoriginfromasfarbackas14,000years.
ThisdiscoveryoftheSarasvatialsosolvedthereasonwhytherewerealluvialdepositsintheGulfofCambay,discoveredin1869by
archeologistAlexRogue.ItwasoddbecausetherewasnoknownriverthatflowedfromtheHimalayasatthetime.17

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THEDEMISEOFTHESARASVATI

TheRigVedadescribestheSarasvatiRiverasamightyflowingriver.Soifweknowthatitdriedupcompletelyaround2000BCE,andhadto
havebeenintheprocessofdryingby3000BCEorbefore,thentheRigVedahadtohavebeenwrittenbeforeitstartedtodryup.Thereisnothingin
theRigVedaabouttheSarasvatidiminishinginanyway.However,wedofindintheMahabharatawheretheSarasvatiwasdecreasingtoashorter
course,suchasin3.130.36.7.476.37.149.34.81and9.36.12.
TheMahabharata(ShalyaParva,3655)alsodescribestheSarasvatiinrelationtoBalaramaspilgrimage,whichHetooktooccupyHimself
ratherthanparticipateinthewaratKurukshetrawithHisbrotherLordKrishna.ItstatesthattheSarasvatiwasstillsignificantinitsholiness,butfrom
itsoriginitflowedonlyforafortydayjourneybyhorseintothedesertwhereitdisappeared.Allthatwasleftweretheholyplacesthatusedtobeonits
banks(asalsomentionedin3.80.843.88.2&9.34.158).TheMahabharataalsodescribesthegeographicallocationoftheriver,sayingthatitflows
nearKurukshetra(3.81.125).SimilarinformationalongwiththeplacewheretheSarasvatidisappears,Vinashana,isfoundintheManusamhita
(2.21).
AllofthisalsoindicatesthattheRigVedahadtohaveexistedwellbefore2000BCEbecauseitisdescribedthereinthattheSarasvatiwasa
mightyflowingriverduringtheRigVedictimes,beforeitfinallydriedin2000BCE.AccordingtotheRigVeda(10.75.56),theVedicpeopleoccupied
theareafromtheGangaintheeasttotheIndusinthewest.AndaswehaveestablishedinProofofVedicCulturesGlobalExistence,theHarappan
civilizationwasapartoftheVediccultureintheformofitscontinuanceanddiversity,orregionalvariations.Infact,theRigVedawasalreadyin
existencebeforetheHarappanCivilizationcameintoitsprime.
FromotherresearchwehavefoundthatthewholeoftheSarasvatiRiverhaddriedbyabout2000to1800BCE,andwasatbestafewsmall
lakes.ButthesiteoftheHarappanCivilizationcalledKalibangan,thatsitsalongthebankoftheSarasvati,afterhydrologicalinvestigations(Raikes
1968),revealsthatitwasabandonedbecauseofthedryingupoftheriver.AndthishappenedbecauseoftheriseoftheBataMarkandaTerracein
theHimalayas(PuriandVerma1998).EventhePanchavimshaBrahmana(15.10.16)mentionsthedryingupoftheSarasvati.Radiocarbondates
alsoshowthatKalibanganwasabandonedaround2000BCE.18
ResearchexplainsthatthedemiseoftheSarasvatiRiverwascausedbythelackofwaterithadpreviouslyreceivedfromtheYamuna,which
hadchangeditscoursetofloweastwardintotheGanga.ThentheSutlejalsoturnedsouthwest,whiletheglacialmeltalsodecreased,allofwhich
greatlyweakenedtheflowoftheSarasvati.ThisresultedintheSarasvatidisappearingintothedesertataplacecalledVinashana,orSamanta
panchakaintheMahabharata,beforeitreachedthesea.19
This,alongwiththeworlddroughtthatwasknowntohavehappenedaround2200to1900BCE,contributedtodryinguptheSarasvatiand
DrishavatiriversandtothedisappearanceoftheHarappanorIndusValleyCivilization.ItalsocreatedtheThardesert.Afterthismanypeoplewere
forcedtoabandonthisareaandwhatevertownsandcitiesflourishedthereatthattime.Thismassiveworldwidedroughtnotonlyimpactedthe
Harappancivilization,butisalsoknowntohaveaffectedorendedthecivilizationsofnotonlyEgypt,butalsooftheSumerAkkadregionsin
Mesopotamia.AllofthiscausedadeteriorationoftheVedicbondinthisarea,andariseinsmallpoliticalgroupsknownasJanapadas,whichis
describedintheBuddhistandJainliterature.SanskritalsolostinfluencewhilePrakrits,regionallanguages,likePaliandArdhamagadhiwereused,
aswefindintheBuddhistandJaintextsofthatera.
AsfurtherexplainedbyN.S.Rajaram,itwassometimearound3000BCEwhentheYamunaRiverchangeditscourseandstarteditsflowinto
theGangaRiver.Thismayhavebeenduetoearthquakesorsomethingsimilar.That,ofcourse,weakenedtheflowoftheSarasvatiRiver,whereinit
soondisappearedintothedesertataplacecalledVinashana.SomearcheologistshaveidentifiedthisplaceasKalibanganinRajasthan,whichisalso
whereHarappanandpreHarappansettlementshavebeenfound,aswellassignsofpossibleearthquakesinthearea.Thiscorrespondsto
descriptionsfoundintheJaiminiyaBrahmanaandtheMahabharata.
ThelowerpartoftheSarasvatiRiverwasstillfedbytheSutlejandotherriversforsometime,whichcontinuedtoflowthroughtheThardesert
andsupportsomeoftheHarappansettlementsinRajasthan,SindhandCholistantotheRannofKutch.However,theSutlejlateralsochanged
course,sothisstretchoftheriveralsodriedupinstagesfrom2200to1900,whenitisknowntohavedisappearedcompletely,puttinganendto
whateverwasleftoftheHarappansocietyinthatarea.ThismeansthattheHarappancivilizationcametoanendbynaturalcauses,notanyinvaders,
andthenmovedfarthereastintotheGangeticplains.SomeHarappanpeoplemayhavealsomovedwestwardintoWestAsiawherethecontributed
tothegrowingtribesthere.SomeoftheKassiterulersseemedtohavebeenofIndianoriginwhoestablishedanempirethere.
SinceMohenjodaroandHarappawerefirstdiscoveredin1922,numerousothersettlementshavebeenuncovered,whichnownumberover
2500,whichstretchesfromBaluchistantotheGangaandbeyond,anddowntotheTaptiValley.Allofthiscoversnearlyamillionandahalfsquare
miles,allofwhichhavebeenresearchedbyarcheologists.And75%ofalloftheseareconcentratedaroundthedriedupSarasvatiRiverbed.
However,thisalsomeansthatitwasnotaninvasionthatforcedtheabandonmentofthesetownsandcities,butitwasthedryingupoftheSarasvati
River,whichwasacatastrophethatleadtoanoutflowofpeoplegoingindifferentdirectionsfromheretoresettleelsewhere,especiallyintothe
Gangeticplain,butalsoincludingwestwardintoIran,Mesopotamiaandotherareas.
Evenamostrecentstudy,asreportedinTheDailyMailinLondon,combiningthelatestarchaeologicalevidencewithstateoftheartgeoscience
technologiesprovidesevidencethatclimatechangewasakeyingredientinthecollapseofthegreatIndusorHarappanCivilizationalmost4000
yearsago.
LiviuGiosan,ageologistwithWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution(WHOI)andleadauthorofthestudypublishedtheweekofMay28,2012,
intheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,"WereconstructedthedynamiclandscapeoftheplainwheretheInduscivilization
developed5200yearsago,builtitscities,andslowlydisintegratedbetween3900and3000yearsago.Untilnow,speculationsaboundedaboutthe
linksbetweenthismysteriousancientcultureanditslifegivingmightyrivers...Weconsideredthatitishightimeforateamofinterdisciplinary
scientiststocontributetothedebateabouttheenigmaticfateofthesepeople,"Giosanexplained.
Asthereportrelated,theresearchwasconductedbetween2003and2008inPakistan,fromthecoastoftheArabianSeaintothefertileirrigated
valleysofPunjabandthenorthernTharDesert.TheinternationalteamincludedscientistsfromtheU.S.,U.K.,Pakistan,India,andRomaniawith
specialtiesingeology,geomorphology,archaeology,andmathematics.BycombiningsatellitephotosandtopographicdatacollectedbytheShuttle
RadarTopographyMission(SRTM),theresearcherspreparedandanalyzeddigitalmapsoflandformsconstructedbytheIndusandneighboring
rivers,whichwerethenprobedinthefieldbydrilling,coring,andevenmanuallydugtrenches.Collectedsampleswereusedtodeterminethe
sedimentsorigins,whetherbroughtinandshapedbyriversorwind,andtheirage,inordertodevelopachronologyoflandscapechanges.
Thenewstudysuggeststhesameconclusionsashadpreviouslybeenarrivedatbyotherresearchers,thatthedeclineinmonsoonrainsledto
weakenedriverdynamics,andplayedacriticalrolebothinthedevelopmentandthecollapseoftheHarappanculture,whichreliedonriverfloodsto
fueltheiragriculturalsurpluses.
Fromthenewresearch,acompellingpictureof10,000yearsofchanginglandscapesemerges.Beforetheplainwasmassivelysettled,thewild
andforcefulIndusanditstributariesflowingfromtheHimalayacutvalleysintotheirowndepositsandlefthigh"interfluvial"stretchesoflandbetween
them.Intheeast,reliablemonsoonrainssustainedperennialriversthatcrisscrossedthedesertleavingbehindtheirsedimentarydepositsacrossa
broadregion.
ThenewresearcharguesthattheSarasvati(GhaggarHakra)wasprimarilyaperennialmonsoonsupportedwatercourse,andthataridification
reducedittoshortseasonalflows.Therefore,theconclusionoftheirresearch,inthisregard,isthattheslowdryingoftheSarasvatiRiverwasthe
primaryreasonforthemovementoftheIndusValleyCivilizationfromtheregion,notinvaderswhotookoverthearea.By3900yearsago,theirrivers
drying,theHarappanshadanescaperoutetotheeasttowardtheGangesbasin,wheremonsoonrainsremainedreliable.20

LOCATIONOFVINASHANA

ItissaidthattheplaceofVinashanaiswheretheSarasvatiRiverstoppedflowing.However,noteveryoneissureofexactlywhereitwas
located.SomehistoriansandarchaeologistslocateitnearBharner,othersnearKalibanga,andothersinRajasthan.Butthepopularconventionofthe
listsofholyplacesinthePuranaslocatesitintheKurukshetraregion,Samantapanchaka.WhereasthePadmaPurana(18.247)seemstolocatethe
siteofVinashanaasfardownstreamasPushkaranya.TheSkandaPurana(NagaraKhanda,164.39)appearstosaythattheflowoftheSarasvati
wentundergroundafteritreachedPushkararanyainherwestwardflow.
AsrelatedinNewDiscoveriesAboutVedicSarasvati,"PushkararanyaofKurukshetrawastheforestarealocatedclosetopresentJindor
Jayantika.StillthisplaceisfamousasPokharan.Thereisapond,whichisknowneventodayasapondwhereDuryodhanahidhimselfafterbeing
defeatedbyBhimainmacefighting.SoitiscrystalclearfromthisreferencethatVinashanaislocatedinHaryanaitselfandnotRajasthan."

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"Sridharasvani(c1400AD)citedbyC.Rayachaudhuri21inhisglossonBhagavataPurana(1.9.1)locatesVinashanainKurukshetraitself.The
factisthatduringtheageofcompositionoftheBrahmanasandSutras,whenthesacrificialcultwasatitsclimax,thenameofVinashanastucktoone
particularlocality,whichalmostconstantlyremainedhummingwithallsortsofsacrificialactivity.Aswehavealreadydescribed,Beri,closetoBisan,
beingsuchaholyplace,thegeographicalidentificationofVinashanaoftheKurukshetraregionwiththeareaofBisannearBeriofRohtakwillnotbea
farfetchedone."22
TheBhagavataPurana(10.79.23)furtherdescribesVinashanaastheplacewhereBalaramawenttoforestallthemaceduelbetweenBhimaand
Durodhana,whichgivesmorecredencetothewhereaboutsofVinashana,sincethemacedueltookplaceintheregionofKurukshetra.Plus,modern
BisaninRohtakisaplaceclosetoPokaraninJindwhereDuryodhana,accordingtotradition,issaidtohavehidhimselfafterhisdefeatintheduel.
ThisisalsointheregionwhereBhismafellafterthe18daysofbattleinthewarofKurukshetra,whichisafamousplacenearKurukshetra.

THEARGUMENTOFNOHORSEINHARAPPA

InanalyzingthecultureoftheHarappans,oneoftheargumentshasbeenthattherewasnohorse,andthatnohorseboneshavebeenfound
there.ThisistojustifytheideathatthehorsewasnotindigenoustotheregionandwasbroughtintotheareabyinvadingAryans.However,whenwe
researchtheHarappanseals,wefindwhatiscalledtheHorseSeal,whichmeansthehorsehadbeenapartoftheHarappanculture.Furthermore,
horseboneshavebeenfoundatalllevelsatseveralHarappansites.Furthermore,whendecipheringtheseals,thewordashva(aSanskritwordfor
horse)isacommonlyoccurringwordontheseals.Therefore,theideaofahorselessHarappancultureisafallacythathasbeenprovedwrongby
evidence.23HorseremainshavealsobeenfoundinplaceslikeKoldihwaandMahagaraintheinteriorofIndiadatingbackto6500BCE.
AsfurtherelaboratedbyB.B.Lal:"Astudyofthehorseanatomyshowsthatthereweretwotypesofhorsesintheancientworldthatwestillfind
today.ThereisanIndiantypethathasseventeenribsandaWestandCentralAsianhorsethathaseighteenribs.TheRigVedichorse,asdescribed
intheAshwamedhaorhorseofferingoftheRigVeda,hasthirtyfourribs(seventeentimestwofortherightandleftside).(RigVeda1.162.18)This
showsthattheRigVedichorsedidnotcomefromCentralAsiabutwastheSouthAsianbreed.TheRigVedichorseisbornoftheocean,which
indicatessouthernconnections.(RigVeda1.163.1)"
Asfurtherexplained,"RelativetotheideasomepeoplehavethattherearenohorseremainsatHarappa,SirJohnMarshallwhoexcavated
HarappaandMohenjodarogavemeasurementsofthehorseremainshehadfoundatMohenjodaro(seehisMohenjodaroIndusCivilization,Vol.II,
pages6534).Clayhorsefigurines,liketheterracottahorse,havealsobeenfoundfromLothal.Inthisregard,notedarcheologistB.B.Lalstates24:
"EventhemuchtoutedargumentabouttheabsenceofthehorsefromtheHarappanCivilizationhasnovalidityinthelightofthenewevidence
regardingitspresence.Thenotedinternationalauthorityonthepalaeontologyofthehorse,SandorBokonyioftheArchaeologicalInstitute,Budapest,
afterdulyexaminingthefaunalremainsconcerned,haddeclaredasfarbackas1993thatthedomesticnatureofSurkotadahorse(aHarappansite
inKachchh)isundoubtful"25
Furthermore,SirJohnMarshall,DirectorGeneraloftheArchaeologicalSurvey,whenexcavatingHarappaandMohenjodaro,recordedthe
presenceofwhathecalledthe"Mohenjodarohorse":
"Itwillbeseenthatthereisaconsiderabledegreeofsimilaritybetweenthesevariousexamples,anditisprobabletheAnauhorse,theMohenjo
darohorse,andtheexampleofEquuscaballusoftheZoologicalSurveryofIndia,areallofthetypeoftheIndiancountrybred,asmallbreedofa
horse,theAnauhorsebeingslightlysmallerthantheothers."26
Thisisquiteprominentevidencefortheexistenceofthehorse.However,theideathatifthehorsewasnotalreadypresentintheHarappan
area,thatitwasbroughtintoancientIndiabyinvadingAryans,thenitwouldhavetobeproved,whichisnotactuallypossiblebecausetheRigVeda
(1.162.18)alsodescribesthehorseashaving34ribs,withasimilardescriptionintheYajurVeda,whiletheCentralAsianhorseas36ribs.This
showsthatthenativeIndianhorsehasbeeninIndiaformanyhundredsofyears.Thisshouldclearlynullifythewholeargumentofnohorseinthe
Harapparegion,alongwithanotherfactorusedtotrytojustifytheAryanInvasionTheory.
Thethingaboutthehorseisthatitwasagreatlyprizedandvaluableanimal.So,theremaynotbemanycircumstancesthatwouldallowfor
horsebonestobefound.However,theSanskritwordforhorse,ashva,isfound215timesintheRigVeda.Also,manypersonalitieshadnames
connectedwiththewordaswell.Thus,thehorsewashighlyvalued.
TheconclusionsofwhethertheinhabitantsofHarappawereVedicAryansornotwerebasedonexcavationsin193040whentheywerenotso
complete,andwhentheyfoundfewremainsofhorsesattheHarappanIndussites,whichgavewayfortheargumentofnohorseinHarappa.
However,nowthatnumeroussitesalongtheIndusandthedriedSarasvatiRiverhavebeenexcavatedmorethoroughly,bonesofdomesticated
horseshavebeenfoundatvariouslocations.Dr.S.R.Rao,therenownarcheologist,informsusthathorseboneshavebeenfoundfromthe"Mature
Harappan"and"LateHarappan"levelsofthesesites.Manyotherscholarshavealsounearthednumerousbonesofhorsesofbothdomesticatedand
combatanttypes.Thus,ifanyscholarstillclingstotheideathattheIndusValleyinhabitantscannotbeconnectedtoorwerenotapartoftheVedic
Aryanculturebecauseofnohorseremains,thentheyhavenotupdatedtheirresearch.Thisalsoclarifiesthefactthatthiscivilizationwasindeeda
partoftheVedicculture.
Besidestheevidenceforhorsebonesbeingfoundatplacesalreadymentioned,EdwinBryantdescribesadditionalplaceswherethebonesof
horseshavebeenfound."ThereportclaimingtheearliestdateforthedomesticatedhorseinIndia,ca.4500BCE,comesfromafindfromBagor,
Rajasthan,atthebaseoftheAravalliHills(Ghosh,1989).InRanaGhundai,Baluchistan,excavatedbyE.J.Ross,equineteethwerereportedfroma
preHarappanlevel(GuhaandChatterjee1946,315316).Interestingly,equineboneshavebeenreportedfromMahagara,nearAllahabad,wheresix
sampleabsolutecarbon14testshavegivendatesrangingfrom2265BCEto1480BCE.(Sharmaetal.1980,220221).Evenmoresignificantly,
horsebonesfromtheNeolithicsiteHallurinKarnataka(15001300BCE)havealsobeenidentifiedbythearchaeozoologistK.R.Alur(1971,123).
ThesefindingsofthedomestichorsefromMahagaraintheeast,andHallurinthesouth,aresignificantbecausetheywouldseeminconsistentwith
theaxiomthattheAryansintroducedthedomesticatedhorseintotheNorthwestofthesubcontinentinthelaterpartofthesecondmillenniumBCE...
"IntheIndusValleyanditsenvirons,SewellandGuha,asearlyas1931,hadreportedtheexistenceofthetruehorse,EquuacaballusLinnfrom
MohenjoDaroitself,andBholanath(1963)reportedthesamefromHarappa,Ropar,andLothal.EvenMortimerWheeler(1953)identifiedahorse
figurineandacceptedthatitislikelyenoughthatcamel,horseandasswereinfactallafamiliarfeatureoftheInduscaravan.Anotherearlyevidence
ofthehorseintheIndusValleywasreportedbyMackay,in1938,whoidentifiedaclaymodeloftheanimalatMohenjoDaro,Piggott(1952,126,130)
reportsahorsefigurinefromPerianoGhundaiintheIndusValley,datedsomewherebetweenEarlyDynasticandAkkadiantimes.Bonesfrom
Harappa,previouslythoughttohavebelongedtothedomesticass,havebeenreportedlycriticallyreexaminedandattributedtoasmallhorse
(Sharma199293,31).Additionalevidenceofthehorseintheformofbones,teeth,orfigurineshasbeenreportedinotherIndussitessuchas
Kalibangan(Sharma199293,31)Lothal(Rao1979),Surkotada(Sharma1974),andMalvan(Sharma199293,32).Otherlatersitesincludethe
SwatValley(Stacul1969)Gumla(Sankalia1974,330)Pirak(Jarrige1985)Kuntasi(Sharma1995,24)andRangpur(Rao1979,219)."27
InspiteoftheseconsiderablefindingsofthehorseinancientIndia,manyarcheologistsignoredthemandkeptpointingbacktotheideathatthe
truedomesticatedhorsewasneverknowntotheHarappans.ThisonlykepttheconfusionoftherealdatefortheHarappansandhistoryoftheIndus
ValleyCivilizationincirculation,whenactuallyitwassomethingthatwouldhelpshowthatitwasanindigenoussociety.

THEURBANORRURALARGUMENT

AnotherargumenthadbeenthattheHarappansocietywasnotpartoftheAryanCivilizationbecauseHarappawasurbanwhiletheAryanswere
ruralpastoralists.Therefore,theyhadtobetwoseparatesocieties.However,B.B.Lalexplains:"Justastherewerecities,townsandvillagesinthe
Harappanensemble(asthereareeventodayinanysociety)therewerebothruralandurbancomponentsintheVedictimes."28
S.P.GuptaalsosharesasimilarthoughtonthisthathelpsmakeitmoreclearthattheHarappanorIndusCivilizationwasmerelyanoutgrowth
andapartoftheVedicculture:"OnceitbecomesreasonablyclearthattheVedasdocontainenoughmaterialwhichshowsthattheauthorsofthe
hymnswerefullyawareofthecities,citylife,longdistanceoverseasandoverlandtrade,etc...itbecomeseasierforustoappreciatethetheorythat
theIndusSarasvatiandVediccivilizationsmayhavebeenjustthetwocomplementaryelementsofoneandthesamecivilization.Andthis,itis
importanttonote,isnotapresuppositionagainstthecattlekeepingimageoftheVedicAryans.Afterall,ancientcivilizationshadboththe
components,thevillageandthecity,andnumericallyvillagesweremanytimesmorethanthecities.InIndiapresentlytherearearound6.5lakhsof
villagesbuthardly600townsandcitiesputtogether....Plainly,iftheVedicliteraturereflectsprimarilythevillagelifeandnottheurbanlife,itdoesnot
atallsurpriseus."29
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DECIPHERINGTHEINDUSSEALS

ManyscholarshavesuggestedthatthefinalclueinunderstandingthelocationoftheIndoAryanswouldbeifandwhentheIndusSealscouldbe
deciphered.WiththebookofN.JhaandN.S.Rajaram,TheDecipheredIndusScript:Methodology,Readings,Interpretations,itwouldseemthata
bigstepinthatdirectionhasbeenmade,ifnotcompleted.
Withthisnewinformation,itwouldseemtocorroboratethenotionthatinrealitytheVedicAgewasdevelopedbeforetheIndusValley
Civilization.Manyscholarspreviouslyhavetriedtoseparatethetwocompletely,sayingthattheIndusValleyCivilization,suchasplaceslikeHarappa
andMohenjodarowerenotapartoftheVedicculture,butthatisnotaccurate.Theyindeedwereapartofit,andtheirsealsrepresentedaformofthe
Vediclanguage.Thiswouldalsoindicatethatalargelyindigenouscivilizationmusthavebeenflourishingathousandyearsbeforewhatbecamethe
developmentofDynasticEgyptandMesopotamia.
TheSarasvatiIndusValleyCivilizationwasprobablyinitsprimeabout3100to1900BCE.ButifweacceptthedatesthatweregivenbyMuller
andhisfollowers,thatVedicculturedidnotstartuntil1500BCE,thenthatiswhymanyarethosethatsayHarappaandMohenjodarocouldnothave
beenpartoftheVedicAryans.Thisbringsustowhatiscalled"FrawleysParadox",forasDavidFrawleypointsout,itgivesusahistorywithouta
literaturefortheHarappans,andaliteraturewithouthistory,archeologyorgeographyfortheAryans.Thismakesnosense.Howcantherebeone
withouttheotherforanydevelopedcivilization?
Therefore,itbecomesmoreapparentthattheVedicliteratureisfarolderthanmostthought,andtheHarappanswereapartoftheVedicculture.
AndtheIndussealshelpmakethatclear.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheyear3067iswhenthewaratKurukshetratookplace.TheVedicAryans
werealreadywellestablishedandwereapartofthatwar.ThismeansthatmostifnotalloftheRigVedahymnshadalreadybeendevelopedby3500
BCE,notlater,thoughtheymayhavebeenwrittenorcompiledlater.TheHarappanshadtohaveparticipatedtosomedegreeinthatwar.Thiswas
alsoaboutthetimewhentheIndussealshadbeenformed.Infact,asN.S.Rajaramexplains,"theMahabharata,intheShantiParva,containsa
descriptionoftheetymologicaltextswhosecontentsarerecordedontheseals,aswellastheVedicsymbolismrelatingtotheimagesonthem...This
iswhatholdsthekeynotonlytothedecipherment[oftheseals],butalsotoanunderstandingofthecultureandcivilizationoftheHarappans."30
InthedecipheringoftheIndusscript,itwasfoundthattherearecloseconnectionsbetweenthestructureoftheIndusscriptandtherulesof
grammarandphoneticsdescribedinsuchprimaryworksonVedicSanskritastheRikPratishakhyaofShaunaka,andtheNighantubyYaska.This
helpedpavethewayforunderstandingtheseals.ManyofthewordsonthesealscanbetracedbacktotheNighantu.
Actually,severalinvestigatorsbeforethepublicationoftheworkofN.Jhain1996recognizedthatthelanguageontheIndusscripthadtobe
VedicSanskrit.N.S.RajaramhimselfhadconcludedthewritingswereconnectedwiththeSutras,basedonshortstatementsormeanings.Inthis
way,theIndussealshaveprovidedfurtherinsightsintotheoriginallocationandtimeperiodoftheVedicculture.

GENETICSSHOWANEASTTOWESTMOVEMENT

Fromthescientificperspective,Dr.ChandrakantPansepresentedapaperthatexplainedthatthetissueantigensofthenorthandsouthIndians
werecompletelydistinctfromthoseoftheEuropeans."ThestarklackofsimilaritiesinthegenepoolsoftheIndiansubcontinentandEurope,vividly
evidentinthemtDNAandtheMHCcomplex,destroysanyAryaninvasionnotions,andconfirmsthegeneticuniformityofpeopleoftheIndian
subcontinent."31
AnotheraspectforthedismissaloftheAryanInvasionTheorybasedongeneticswasreportedinTheHindunewspaperonJune24,2006.The
reportwasthatChairmanoftheIndianCouncilofHistoricalResearch,D.N.Tripathi,inBangaloreexplainedthatgeneticistsfromPakistanhad
collectedsamplesforgeneticsanalysisofthepeopleoftheIndiansubcontinentandsentthemtocellularandmolecularbiologylaboratoriesinthe
U.S.FromtheDNAtestsofthebloodsamplesfromthepeopleintheIndiansubcontinent,thescientistsconcludedthatthehumanracespreadoutof
Africa60,000yearsbeforeChrist.Theyhadsettledinthesubcontinentregion.However,fromthesetests,thegeneticistsconcludedthatpeopleliving
inboththenorthernandsouthernregionsofIndia,andthoseintheWestAsianregionwerefromthesamegenepool.Thisindicatedthatthehuman
racehaditsoriginsinAfricaandnotEuropeorCentralAsia,asclaimedbyafewhistorians,andthenwentprimarilytoandspreadoutfromancient
India.32
WhenaskedabouttheargumentofmanyhistoriansthatthelineageofpeopleinnorthIndiaistracedtotheAryansoutsideofIndiawholater
enteredorinvadedIndia,ProfessorTripathisaidthattestresultshadprovedthiswrong."Wehavetheresultsofstudies.Theconclusionofsome
historiansthatAryanscamehere1500yearsbeforeChristdoesnotholdwater."
AsfurtherexplainedinthisregardbyN.S.Rajaram,"Aparticulartraitthatwechooseascharacterizingapopulationgroupiscalledagenetic
marker.OnesuchmarkerthathasprovenusefulistheM17geneticmarker.ItiscommoninIndiaandinadjacentregions,butbecomesincreasingly
rareaswemovewestwardintoEurope.This,combinedwiththefactthatIndiancarriersofM17aregeneticallymorediversethanEuropeancarriers
showsthattheIndianpopulationisolderthantheEuropean."33
"NotingthatthemtDNAiscarriedbythefemaleline,whileYchromosomeispassedonthroughthemaleline,whatthismeansisthattheIndian
populationislargelyindigenousinoriginandhasreceivednegligibleexternalinput(geneflow)sincetheendofthelastIceAge(Holocene).This
meansthatvariousmigrationtheoriesliketheAryaninvasionin1500BCEsimplycannotbetrue."34
Furthermore,theOxfordgeneticistStephenOppenheimerisquiteclearonthisand,whilefocusingontheM17marker,explains:"...SouthAsia
islogicallytheultimateoriginofM17andhisancestorsandsureenoughwefindhighestratesandgreatestdiversityoftheM17lineinPakistan,India
andeasternIran,andlowratesintheCaucasus.M17isnotonlymorediverseinSouthAsiathaninCentralAsia,butdiversitycharacterizesits
presenceinisolatedtribalgroupsinthesouth,thusundermininganytheoryofM17asamarkerofamaleAryaninvasionofIndia."
"OneageestimatefortheoriginofthislineinIndiaisasmuchas51,000years.AllthissuggeststhatM17couldhavefoundhiswayinitiallyfrom
IndiaorPakistan,throughKashmir,thenviaCentralAsiaandRussia,beforefinallycomingtoEurope."35
HealsoexplainsthattheeastwardmovementofthosepeoplewiththeM17markertraveledfromIndiawestwardthroughKashmir,CentralAsia,
upintoRussiaandthenintoEuropeafter40,000BP(38,000BCE).Thus,aswehavebeensaying,allmigrationinthisregardhasbeenfromtheeast
westward.36
SotheconclusionisthattherecouldhavebeennothingcalledtheAryanInvasionassomepropose,andthatthetribalpeopleofIndiaare
ancestrallynodifferentthantherestoftheIndianpopulation.Therefore,anyonesayingsomethingdifferentisonlyproposingsuchforsomespecial
interestordivisivepurpose,and,thus,theyshouldnotbetrusted.Therearemanyofuswhohaveknownthis,butitcantakealongtimetocontinue
gatheringenoughevidencetopresentitinawaythatestablishesthetruth.Furthermore,thedivisionsinIndiaknownasthenorthernAryansandthe
southernDravidiansisalsoafallacybasedonconjecture,usednowonlytofacilitate"specialinterests"thatneedtodividepeopleforpolitical,
financialorotherreasons.
Inthisway,wecanunderstandthattheideathattheVediccultureandpeopleoftheareanowcalledIndiahavenotdevelopedoutofinvaders
whoaresaidtohavebroughttheculturetotheregion.TheideathattheVedicandDharmicculturewasbroughtoutoftheCaucasusandintoancient
Indiacannotbetakenseriouslywithoutlosingonescredibility.Ifanything,itistheEuropeanswhoaredescendantsofthemigrantsfromIndia,going
backasfaras40,000years,makingthemayoungerpopulationthanthemucholderIndianpopulation.
Allofthisalsopushesthedatesbackmuchfartherbyseveralthousandyearsthanthefoolishlyproposedguestimateof1500BCE.

CONCLUSION:
THERENEVERWASANYARYANINVASION

Thoughtherehavebeenmanyscholarsandresearcherswhohavewrittenandprovidedevidencethatestablishesthatthereneverwasan
Aryaninvasion,andthattheVedicpeopleanditsculturewereindeedoriginallyfromtheareaofIndia,NicholasKazanas,theGreekprofessor,was
themostrecenttoprovideevidenceandarticlesthatwerepublishedinacademicjournals,thusforcingtheacademicstotakeanotherlookatthis
issue.ThetheoryoftheAryaninvasionstillhasheldmuchinfluence,ifnotbiasandprejudice,atthewayacademicsviewthehistoryofIndia,whichis
somethingthatshouldhavechangedandbeencorrectedyearsago.Thus,afteryearsofpromotingtheAryanInvasionTheory,andthenrejectingit
afterhavingdonehisownresearch,Kazanasconcludes:
"TheAryanInvasionTheory,despiteits150yearlonglife,hasnorealsupportanywhereexceptcontinuedprejudice.Ithasnowbeensubstituted

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inasimilarshamelessframeofmind,bymigrationofanallegedcomplexand,tothearchaeologistoranthropologist,incomprehensiblenaturethisis
adeception,sincethearyanisationofNorthIndiaonsoanenormousascalecouldnotpossiblyhavebeeneffectedwithoutconquestandcoercion
forwhichthereisnotestimonyofanysort.Whythispreposterouspropositionshouldhaveacquiredthestatusofhistoricalfactamongserious
Indologistsisformeamystery.Theremayhavebeenracistprejudiceasmanywritersaver(Shaffer1984Leach1990Frawley1991,1994
Feuerstein1995Trautman1997Bryantchs12,13manyIndianwriterslikeTalageri2000,andIndianAmericanKak2000)thiswasperpetuatedby
mechanicalrepetitionratherthanlogicalconsideration.RenfrewtoowasrightperhapsinseeingnothingintheRigVedademonstratingthatthe
Indoaryanswereintrusivetothearea:thiscomesratherfromahistoricalassumptionaboutthecomingoftheIndoeuropeans(1989:182)...
"Insharpcontrast,alltheprimarymaterialsofahistorianagreeinshowingnoevidenceatallforanyentry.Onthecontrary,suchtestimonyas
hadbeenpreserved,earlyhistoricaldocumentationandlatertraditionstestifythatIndoaryansareindigenoustoSaptasindhu[landofsevenriversin
NorthernIndia].Thesetraditions(corroboratedbyforeignwritersofthe4thcentBC)affirmthattheIndoaryanshavebeeninSaptasindhusinceat
leastthe4thmillennium[BCE]thisisnowfullysupportedbyArchaeoastronomywhichplacesthegreatBharatawarat3067,aBrahmanatextc3000
2900andtheVedangaJyotishc1800.Giventhatarchaeologists,anthropologistsetall,specializingintheprehistoryofthatarea,affirm
unequivocallysince1980thatthelocalculturehasanuninterruptedcontinuitysincec7000(exceptforabreakintheskeletalrecordc4500),wecan
saythattheIndoaryanshavebeeninNorthIndiasincethattime.ThereisalsothefactthattheRigVedaknowsnothingofelementsintheIndus
SarasvatiCivilizationwhereasthelatertextshavetheseelementsmoreovereveninverylatehymnstheSarasvatiisalargeriversupportingthe
Aryansonitsbanks:thereforetheRigVedamustbelongtoaperiodbefore3000."37
Thisisanimportantpoint,thattheVedictextsmakenomentionofanyentryintotheregionbyoutsideinvaders,orthattheywereapartofa
cultureofinvaders.Plus,duetotheircontent,itcanbediscernedthattheyhadtohavebeenexistingbefore3000BCE.
IntheRigVeda(andlaterIndictexts)thereisnohintofanyinvadingAryascomingintotheSarasvatiorSaptasindhu,theareaoftheseven
riversinNorthIndiaandPakistan.A.B.Keith38wrote,"Itiscertain...thattheRigVedaoffersnoassistanceindeterminingthemodeinwhichthe
VedicAryansenteredIndia...thebulkatleast[oftheRigVeda]seemstohavebeencomposedratherinthecountryroundtheSarasvatiRiver."39
TheVedictextsfurtherrefertopeoplebeingexiledordrivenawayfromtheareaofnorthernIndia,suchasintheAitareyaBrahmana(8.33.6or
8.18)whichtellsofhowthesageVishvamitraexiledhis50disobedientsonssothat,inlaterperiods,mostofthosepeoplecalledtheDasyusare
knownasthedescendantsofVishvamitra.Therefore,theRigVedaprovidesnoreferenceforanAryanentryordisplacementofthenatives,butpoints
outhowAryansandDasyuswentwestwardfromtheareaofNorthernIndia.40
Therefore,theideathattheIndoaryansmigratedintothevastareaoftheSarasvatiregion,includingthePunjab,Gujarat,Haryana,andsoon,
backin1700to1500BCEatwhichtimethelocalnativeslearnedthecomplicatedlanguageoftheVedicAryans,afterwhichnumerousmountains,
rivers,etc.,suddenlyhadSanskritnamesissomethingyoumightfindinafairytaleratherthanrealhistory.Thereisnorealexplanationforthisto
havehappened[exceptthattheywereanindigenouspeople].41
Becauseofthesefactors,therehavebeenthosewhoalwaysspokeagainsttheideaofanAryanInvasion.Vivekanandawasonesuchstrong
opponentoftheAryanInvasionTheory.Heboldlychallengedinthisway(5:534535):"AndwhatyourEuropeanpunditssayabouttheAryans
swoopingdownfromsomeforeignland,snatchingawaythelandsoftheaboriginesandsettlinginIndiabyexterminatingthem,isallpurenonsense,
foolishtalk!InwhatVeda,inwhatSuktadoyoufindthattheAryanscameintoIndiafromaforeigncountry?Wheredoyougettheideathatthey
slaughteredthewildaborigines?Whatdoyougainbytalkingsuchnonsense?StrangethatourIndianscholars,too,sayamentothemandallthese
monstrousliesarebeingtaughttoourboys!...WhenevertheEuropeansfindanopportunity,theyexterminatetheaboriginesandsettledownwith
easeandcomfortontheirlandsandthereforetheythinktheAryansmusthavedonethesame!...Butwhereisyourproof?Guesswork?Thenkeep
yourfancifulideastoyourself.IstronglyprotestedagainsttheseideasattheParisCongress.IhavebeentalkingwiththeIndianandEuropean
savantsonthesubject,andhopetoraisemanyobjectionstothistheoryindetail,whentimepermits.AndthisIsaytoyoutoourpunditsalso,You
arelearnedmen,huntupyouroldbooksandscriptures,please,anddrawyourownconclusions."
DayanandaSarasvati(February12,1824toSeptember26,1883),thefounderoftheAryaSamaj(1875),wasanotherwhohadstrongwords
againstit:"NoSanskritbookorhistoryrecordsthattheAryascameherefromIran...Howthencanthewritingsofforeignersbeworthbelievinginthe
teethofthistestimony."
WecannotforgetAurobindowhohadvoicedhisopinionaboutthismanytimes,suchas:"TheindicationsintheVedaonwhichthistheoryofa
recentAryaninvasionisbuiltareveryscantyinquantityanduncertaininsignificance.Thereisnoactualmentionofanysuchinvasion."42
JimShaffer,awesternarcheologist,wasanothertostronglyprotesttheideaofanAryaninvasion.Inhisarticle,TheIndoAryanInvasions:
CulturalMythandArchaeologicalReality,heexplainshowhethinksafterallofhisworkandresearch:"Currentarchaeologicaldatadonotsupportthe
existenceofanIndoAryanorEuropeaninvasionintoSouthAsiaatanytimeinthepreorprotohistoricperiods.Instead,itispossibletodocument
archaeologicallyaseriesofculturalchangesreflectingindigenousculturaldevelopmentfromprehistoricorhistoricperiods...TheIndoAryaninvasion
asanacademicconceptin18thand19thcenturyEuropereflectedtheculturalmilieuofthatperiod.Linguisticdatawereusedtovalidatetheconcept
thatinturnwasusedtointerpretarchaeologicalandanthropologicaldata.Whatwastheorybecameunquestionedfactthatwasusedtointerpretand
organizeallsubsequentdata.Itistimetoendthelinguistictyrannythathasprescribedinterpretiveframeworksofpreandprotohistoriccultural
developmentinSouthAsia."43
Afterhavingdoneextensiveresearchintotheissueathand,NicholasKazanasexplainshowhecametohisownconclusions:"Havingheldand
taughtformorethan18years,butwithoutinvestigating,thereceiveddoctrinethattheIndoEuropeanbranchesdispersedfromtheSouthRussianor
PonticSteppe(asperMallory1997,1989Gimbutas1985,1970andothers),andthattheIndoAryanshadenteredSaptasindhuc1500[BCE],I
begantoexaminethesemainstreamnotionsthoroughlyandinc1997abandonedthem.Idecidedthatnoevidenceofanykindsupportedthemon
thecontrary,theevidenceshowedthatby1500[BCE]theIndoAryanswerewhollyindigenousandthattheelusiveIndoEuropeanhomelandwas
veryprobablySaptasindhuandtheadjacentareatheLandofSevenRiversinwhatistodayNWIndiaandPakistanthisareacouldwellhave
extendedasfarnorthwestastheSteppe.
"Apartfromtherecentgeneticstudies,whichatthetimewerenotsowellknownnorsosecure,thedecisiveevidenceformenowistheantiquity
ofSanskrit,indicatedbyitsinnercoherenceanditspreservationofapparentlyoriginalPIE[ProtoIndoEuropean]linguisticfeatures(likethedhatu,
fivefamiliesofphonemes,etc)andculturalelements.TheVediclanguageasseenintheRValone,despitemuchobviousattritionandseveral
innovations,haspreservedmanymorefeaturesfromtheputativePIE[ProtoIndoEuropean]languageandwiderculture.Thiswasduetoitswell
attestedandincomparablesystemoforaltraditionwhichpreservedtheancienttextsfairlyintactandcontinuedevenintothe20thcentury.Anoral
traditionofthiskindcannotbemaintainedbyapeopleonthemovefordecadesifnotcenturiesovermanythousandsofmiles,astheAITproproses.
Suchatraditioncouldbepreservedonlybyasedentarypeoplewheretheoldergenerationwouldhavethenecessaryleisuretopassthecommunal
loretotheyoungerone."44
KazanasalsobringsuptheargumentthateveniftheVedicAryanshadbeenmaintainingtheirlanguageandliteracyduringaninvasionor
migrationintotheSaptasindhuregion,whythenistherenomentionofitinanyoftheVedicliterature?Whywastherenomentionoftheirtravels,
mishaps,dangersinmeetingalienpeople,etc?Thereasonissimple:theydidnotmigrate,butweretheoriginalinhabitantsofthearea.
Theonlyreasonthathaskeptthisdefectiveanddeformeddoctrinealiveisthepersonalandpoliticalintereststhathadanagendatofulfillfor
theirownpurposes.Therehavebeenthose,astherestillare,whohaveapurposeindemeaningandbelittlingtheIndianVedictraditionanditsearly
history.Even,asoddasitmayseem,manyIndianscholarsalsodumbdowntheprofoundhistoryandnatureandtheearlyadvanceddevelopments
thatcameoutofancientIndia.Hopefullytheywillstopdoingthisandactuallytakeadeepinterestandresearchintotheirownculturetoseewhatit
reallyhadtooffer,andstilldoesoffertheworldoftoday.Whynot?Whatdotheyhavetolose?Thatisthetelltalequestion.
Therefore,asNicholasKazanassummarizes,whichIquotebecauseIcouldnotsayitbetterthanhedoes,"LetushopethatthenoxiousAITand
allnotionsrootedinitwillsoonerthanlaterendupintheonlyplacetheyshouldbethedustbinofhistory."45

SCHOLARSWHOBELIEVEINTHEFALSEHISTORYOFINDIAAREADYINGBREED

NowthatIndiahasbeenfreeforanumberofdecadesfromBritishrule,researchers,historians,andarcheologistscanallbegintotakeanew
lookatthetruehistoryofIndia.Wecanhaveamoreunbiasedviewofthenumerousnewfindingsthatkeepcroppingupthatgiveanincreasingly
accurateunderstandingofhowancientandhowadvancedwastheIndianVediccivilization.Nowmorethaneverthereisaseriouslackofsupport
andopposingevidenceforthetheoriesthatweremadepopularbytheBritish,suchastheAryanInvasionTheory,orthatitwastheinvadingMuslims

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whogaveIndiathegreatcontributionstoIndianart,music,orevenarchitecture.Withthenewerandmoreaccuratehistoricalfindings,manyofthese
ideasarefallingapartlikeahouseofcards.
Thesedaysthereismuchmoreevidencebeingpresentedbynewer,youngerandbolderresearchersthatshowthefalsityoftheseantiquated
ideas.Furthermore,therearealsomorequestionsthatarenolongeransweredbytheoldbeliefsaboutIndiashistoryandtheAryanInvasionTheory.
Thetheoriesoftheoldscholarsarebeingoverturned.
Wealsoseethatnewstudentsofarcheologyandhistoryarehesitanttoaccepttheseideasinthefaceofthenewerfindingsandevidencethat
keepbeingdiscovered,suchasthelatestdiscovery(January,2002)thatancientIndiancivilizationcoulddatebackto9,000yearsago.
IhaveeventalkedtosomestudentswhoareinformedaboutthetruthofIndianhistoryandarcheologywhoconfrontedtheirprofessorsaboutthe
outdatedinaccuraciesandovertlymisleadinginformationthattheywereteachinginschoolsanduniversities.Oneprofessoradmittedthatitwas
wrong,butshehadtoteachitbecauseitwasinthebookthecollegewasusingandthatiswhatshehadtoteach.
IhaveevenhadfriendsdiscusswitheducatedMuslimstheideathatmanyancientbuildingsofIndiawerenotbuiltbytheMusliminvaderswho
havebeengiventhecredit,butwereonlycapturedthem,andtheyreadilyagreedthatanyonewhoreallyknewtheirhistorywouldadmitthiswasthe
case.Therewasnoargumentwiththis.Indiahadthemathematics(ShulbaShastras)andarchitecturaltreatisesandabilities,alongwith
knowledgeablecraftsmen,tohavebuiltsuchstructures,whiletheinvadingMuslimsdidnotbringsuchknowledgeandfacility.Infact,thechronicleof
AlBiruni,whoaccompaniedMahmoudGhazni,relatesthesurpriseandaweoftheMusliminvaderstoseesuchbuildings.Thus,suchstructureshad
tohavealreadybeeninexistence.
Itisinterestingthatthecommonlaypersonsarequickertoseethelogicinthenewresearchfindingsandinconsideringthesenewarchitectural
discoveriesthantheacademicscholars.Theacademicianswhoclingtosucholdideastendnottowritemorebooksjustifyingwhattheyteach,but
seemtospendmoretimeontryingtodebunk,criticizeordiscreditthenewfindingsortheoriesthatseemmorerelevantandabletoanswerorputto
resttheageoldquestions.Justafewofthesequestionsinclude:WhereisthepreAryanlanguagethatexistedifthepeopleofIndiawerenotpartof
theVedicculture?WhatexistedinIndiabeforetheVedicculture,ifitwasbroughtbyinvaders?IftheVedicAryansinvadedtheIndusregionafter
1500BCE,thenhowisitthattheVedasglorifythegreatnessoftheSarasvatiRiverwhichisknowntohavedriedupnolaterthan1800BCE?How
didtheVedicAryansknowoftheSarasvatiRiveratall,unlesstheywerealreadythereandapartoftheadvancedVedicculturefromthousandsof
yearsago?HowisitthatArabicandEuropeancountrieswereabletomakeadvancementsinmathematicsonlyaftertheylearnedthenumericsystem
thatoriginatedinIndia,nowcalledtheArabicnumerals,withitsuniquesymbolofzero?Why,whenweseriouslylookatthewaytheareaofIndia,the
MiddleEastandEuropedeveloped,itappearsthattheadvancednatureofsocietycamefromIndiaratherthanfromoutside?Whenwereadinthe
PuranasoftheadvancedorganizationalnatureoftheVediccitiesandtheirfabulouspalacesandbuildingssuchasinDwarakaasfoundinthe
BhagavataPurana,whyshouldwethinkthatIndiahadnoamazingstructuresbeforetheMusliminvadersenteredthecountry?Shouldwethinkthat
ancientIndiansonlylivedinforestsandtents?Thatiswhatitseemsmanyacademicianswouldhaveusbelieve.Anyway,theseandotherquestions
havenotandcannotbeansweredbytheoldideasonIndiashistorysuchastheAryanInvasionTheory.
Soitisunfortunatethatmanyoftheseacademicsstillholdontotheseideasasthebasisoftheirviews.Thereasonwhysomeofthese
academicstakethissopersonallyisthattheyhavethemosttolose.Thebasisoftheirjob,ortheirownidentity,andtheirvaluetosocietyandthe
wholebasisofeverythingtheythoughttheyknewabouthistorybecomesthreatenedifitisprovedthatwhattheyhavebeenteachingisfalse.
Thefactofthematteris,unfortunately,andaswecanplainlysee,muchhistoricalanalysisisbutabigegotriptheoriesandopinionsmeantto
dolittlemorethansupportthepremiseofthesuperiorityofonecultureoveranother.Thereisaneedtotakeanewlookatreasonandcultural
developmentwithoutthissortofinterferenceofego.
Nowmorethaneverbeforetruthisprevailing,andthecorruptionoftheBritishandMuslimtheoriesandstoriesthathavebeenputforthto
demeanIndiaandtheIndianraceanditsVediccultureisbeingrecognizedonanincreasingscale.Forthisreason,theacademicsthatstillclingto
suchtheoriesastheAryaninvasionareadyingbreed.Maybethenwecanbefreefromtheirclosedmindedprejudicethatcamefromthetheories
andattemptedvalidationsmeanttodonothingbutsupportthepremiseofthesuperiorityoftheEuropeanandCaucasianracesoverthedarker
skinnedIndianpeople.
Eventually,truthprevails.AndafterafewhundredyearsofideasthatwerepurposelycontrivedtodemeanthecultureandhistoryofIndia,we
arenowlearningthatthetruthisquitedifferent,andIndiawasmoreadvancedthantheoldBritishtheoriesgiveitcredit.Andwecanseethatthese
oldtheoriesarefallingbythewayside.
ThethreattotheAryanInvasionTheoryiscomingasasurpriseonlytothosewhohavenotkeptupwith,oroutrightlyrejected,allthenew
evidencethatiscontinuallybeinguncovered,andallthenewquestionsthatcannotbesubstantiatedbysuchconceptsastheAryanInvasionTheory.
Thus,itisarevolutionthatisgoinginlikeaneedleandoutlikeaplowtoproposethattheAryanInvasionisbutafictionalaccount,andthatthe
MuslimswhoinvadedIndiamerelycapturedthemajormonumentsofIndiawithoutreallybuildingthem.
Astimegoeson,moreandmoreevidencewillaccumulatetoshowthetruthofIndiasVedichistory.Astheevidencemounts,theoldtheorieswill
slipawayandanyonestillclingingtosuchideasastheAryaninvasionorthefalsehistoryofIndiasarchitecturalwonderswillonlylookfoolish.Itis
takingsometimetorevealthistruth,butoutofalltheculturesoftheworld,itisIndiathathasbestwithstoodthetestsoftimeandremainstheoldest
livingcultureintheworld.AndthisisnotduetoremainingdependentontheviewsofoutsiderswhothinktheyknowIndiascultureandhistorybetter
thanIndians,orthosewhostillareinfluencedbythestoriesofIndiafrominvadersanddominatorswhodislikedorevendespisedIndiaanditspeople.
Nowisthetimeforthoseofusconnectedwith,orwhoappreciateIndiashistoricalandVedicculturetouniteandworktorevealthetrueand
advancednatureofIndiastimelessDharmictradition,anditsadvancements,whichwerealreadyinexistencebeforethecreditsofitswonderswere
attemptedtobetakenbyoutsiders.

CHAPTERNOTES
1.G.P.Singh,FacetsofAncientIndianHistoryandCulture.
2.DavidFrawley,TheMythoftheAryanInvasionofIndia,VoiceofIndia,NewDelhi,2002,p.43.
3.BalRamSingh,Editor,OriginofIndianCivilization,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010,p.15.
4.B.B.Lal,OriginofIndianCivilization,EditedbyBalRamSingh,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010.p.2324.
5.Ibid.,p.24.
6.MaxMuller,BiographiesofWordsandtheHomeoftheAryas,byLondon,1888,p.120.
7.ChandrasekharendraSaraswati,TheVedas,BharatiyaVidyaBhavan,Bombay,1988,p.16.
8.N.S.Rajaram,ThePoliticsofHistory,VoiceofIndia,NewDelhi,1995,p.xvi.
9.B.B.Lal,OriginofIndianCivilization,EditedbyBalRamSingh,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010.p.26.
10.Kazanas,OriginofIndianCivilization,EditedbyBalRamSingh,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010,p.57.
11.B.B.Lal,TheHomelandoftheAryans,EvidenceofRigVedicFloraandFaunaandArcheology,AryanBooksInternational,Delhi,pp.8588.
12.N.S.Rajaram,OriginofIndianCivilization,EditedbyBalRamSingh,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010,p.16667.
13.Ibid.,p.167.
14.OriginofIndianCivilization,EditedbyBalRamSingh,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010,p.17.
15.Kazanas,OriginofIndianCivilization,EditedbyBalRamSingh,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010,p.54.
16.Dr.DavidFrawleyandDr.NavaratnaS.Rajaram,HiddenHorizons,Unearthing10,000YearsofIndianCulture,SwaminarayanAksharpith,
Ahmedabad,India,2006,p.6465.
17.PrideofIndia:AGlimpseintoIndiasScientificHeritage,SamskritiBharati,NewDelhi,2006,p.7879.
18.B.B.Lal,OriginofIndianCivilization,EditedbyBalRamSingh,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010,p.34.
19.Dr.DavidFrawleyandDr.NavaratnaS.Rajaram,HiddenHorizons,Unearthing10,000YearsofIndianCulture,SwaminarayanAksharpith,
Ahmedabad,India,2006,p7071)
20.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article2151143/Climatechangewipedworldsgreatcivilisations4000yearsago.html.
21.C.Rayachaudhuri,StudiesinIndianAntiquities,Calcutta,1958,p.134.
22.Dr.RaviPrakashArya,NewDiscoveriesAboutVedicSarasvati,IndianFoundationforVedicScience,Rohtak,Haryana,India,2005,p.26.
23.N.JhaandN.S.Rajaram,TheDecipheredIndusScript,AdityaPrakashan,NewDelhi,2000,p.162.
24.Dr.DavidFrawleyandDr.NavaratnaS.Rajaram,HiddenHorizons,Unearthing10,000YearsofIndianCulture,SwaminarayanAksharpith,
Ahmedabad,India,2006,p.106.
25.B.B.Lal,HomelandoftheAryans:EvidenceofRigVedicFloraandFaunaandArchaeology,pp.8081.
26.SirJohnMarshall,MohenjoDaroandtheIndusCivilization,Vol.II,p.654.
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27.EdwinBryant,TheQuestfortheOriginsofVedicCulture,OxfordUniversityPress,2001,p.170171.
28.B.B.Lal,Colonialism,Nationalism,Ethnicity,andArchaeology,Parts1and2,ReviewofArchaeology18,no.2:114and3547,1997,p.285.
29.S.P.Gupta,TheIndusSarasvatiCivilization,PratibhaPrakashan,1996,p.147.
30.N.JhaandN.S.Rajaram,TheDecipheredIndusScript,AdityaPrakashan,NewDelhi,2000,p.31.
31.ChandrakantPanse,DNA,GeneticsandPopulationDynamics:DebunkingtheAryanInvasionPropaganda,ProfessorofBiotechnology,Newton,
Massachusetts.PaperpresentedattheThirdAnnualHumanEmpowermentConferenceatHouston,Texas,September,2005.
32.http://www.thehindu.com/2006/06/24/stories/2006062412870400.htm.
33.N.S.Rajaram,OriginofIndianCivilization,EditedbyBalRamSingh,CenterforIndicStudies,Dartmouth,USA,2010,p.171.
34.Ibid.,p.173.
35.StephenOppenheimer,OutofEden:ThePeoplingoftheWorld,Constable,London,2003,p.152.
36.StephenOppenheimer,TheRealEve:ModernMansJourneyOutofAfrica,Carroll&Graf,2003,p.152.
37.NicholasKazanas,IndoAryanOriginsandOtherVedicIssues,AdityaPrakashan,NewDelhi,2009,p.623.
38.A.B.Keith,TheAgeoftheRigveda,CambridgeHistoryofIndia,Vol.I,1922,pp.77113.
39.NicholasKazanas,IndoAryanOriginsandOtherVedicIssues,AdityaPrakashan,NewDelhi,2009.p.9.
40.NicholasKazanas,IndoAryanOriginsandOtherVedicIssues,AdityaPrakashan,NewDelhi,2009,p.1011.
41.Ibid.,p.243.
42.ShriAurobindo,TheSecretoftheVeda,ShriAurobindoAshram,Pondicherry,1971,p.24.
43.JimShaffer,TheIndoAryanInvasions:CulturalMythandArchaeologicalReality(inThePeopleofSouthAsia,7790.Ed.JohnLukacs,Plenum
Press,NewYork,1984,p.88.
44.NicholasKazanas,IndoAryanOriginsandOtherVedicIssues,byAdityaPrakashan,NewDelhi,2009,p.302.
45.Ibid.,p.328.

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