Speciationistheevolutionofaspeciesfromanalreadylivingspecies.

Twogroupsofa
population.Evolveintodistrictspeciesasaresultofsomesortofbarrierthatpreventsgeneflow
betweenthe.Somethinglikeacanyon.Thiscommonlyoccurswhenspeciesformthemainland
colonizeislands.Naturalselectionelectstogofororagainsttraits.Couldleadtotheevolutionof
twodifferentspecies.
Examples:thetoadswhohadaroadblockingbetweenthemhadtwoseparateenvironments
andthuswereclassifiedastwoseparatespecies.theywouldnotmadeafterthatevent.Thisis
aslowprocess.
Othertypesofevolution:coevolution:theevolutionofonespeciesinfluencestheevolutionof
anotherspecies.Examples:predator/prey,floweringplants/pollinators.Theywillevolvea
defensemechanisminordertobeprotectedbyapredatorspecies,andthusthepredator
evolvesaswell.Conflictingbackandforth.
Parallelevolution:theymustshareacommonancestorandtheywillevolvesimilarlydespite
beingisolatedfromoneanother.Theywillevolvesimilarlydespitenotphysicallybeingcloseto
theother.Akawombatandgroundhog.
Convergentevolution:speciesthatdonotshareacommonancestorevolvesimilarlydespite
beingisolatedfromoneanotherlel:)example:wings:birdsandbatsevolvewings,eventhough
theydonotshareacommonancestor,theysharethattraitandprovidethesamefunction.
Lifehistorystrategies:)
Lifehistory:looksatlifetimepatternsinreproductionandgrowth,example:speciesoverall,sand
ageneralideaofwhataspecieswilldo,akareproduce,grow
Generalizedlifehistorycycle:
Birth,(bulkofgrowth/development)prepreproduction,reproduction,(survival)postreproduction,
death,reincarnation,2ndlife,2ndreproductio dea
n, th,heaven:)(^^)*:..o()o. .:
*:)
Reproductionstrageies:
Semelparity:breedonlyonceduringyourlifetime.Mayliveseveralyearsbeforereproducing
(Yuccas)
AlsosomethingcalledBigBangreproduction:example:commonininsects,invertebrates
look...ifyouhadoneshot...oroneopportunity...to
seizeeverythingyoueverwanted...one
moment...wouldyoucaptureit...orjustletitslip?YO:)
THEREISVOMITONMYSWEATERALREADY.MOMSSPAGHETTIIAMNERVOUSBUT
ONTHESIRFACEILOOKCALMANREADYTODROPBALLSBUTIKEEPON
FORGETTING:))))))
DRAKE:)
UUSED2CALLMEONURCELLFONEokthankshoneythatwasreallynice
iteroparity:breedmultipletimesduringthelifespan:muchvariationoccursinthenumberof
reproductiveeventsandinthenumberofoffspringperevent.ex:commoninmammals,trees
haveafewlargeroffspringratherthanmanysmallones.
Offspringwillbehadwhentheyhavemoreofapossibilitytosurvive,i.e.Reproducinginspring,
humanscanreproducewhenever
Reproductivestrageies:
Environmentaluncertainty:favorsiteroparity,survivalofjuvenilesifpoorandunpredictable,
selectionfavorsrepeatedreproduction,longreproducelife,spreadtheriskoveralongerperiod
www.reddit.com/r/bigmen/submission/wojak.png
Environmentalstability:favorssemelparity,moreenergycanbedevotedtooffspringproduction
ratherthanmaintenance
2/16/2016
unstableresource:sinceconditionsandresourceschangemoreoften,thenitislessstable,aka
iteroparityisfavored
MatingSystems:
Monogamy:onemaleandonefemalemateexclusivelywithoneanother:)foratleasta
breedingseason,thereforeitisnotalwaysforlife.Itjustworksforabreedingseason.Thisis
commoninbirdS.thisisrareandnotascommoninmammals,asitisonlytenpercent.
Polygamy:meansyouhavemultiplepartners.
Polygyny:onemalemateswithmultiplefemales,butonefemalemateswithonlyonemale.
MusthavebothcomponentstomakethisDefinitionwork.femalesaskmusttakecareofthe
young.Example:90percentofmammalsfollowpolygyny.
Resourcebasedpolygamousrelationship:malesholdcontrolofaccesstotheresource,and
controlwhoelsehasaccess.Ifthefemalewantsaccesstotheresource,theyneedtoputout.
Example:orangerumpedhoneyguidefeedsonbeeswax,andmalesdefendthewax.
Therefore,thebeeswaxwillcometothefemalehoneyguideifsheexchangessex.
Harembasedpolygamy:thereisadominantmalewhoisincharge,akathereisanalphamale
whoprovidesprotection.Itshowsoffitsprowessbydefeatingallothermales.Thisalphamale
protectsthefemales,andallfemaleswanttomatewithhimsincehisgeneticsprovesupreme
duetohisabilitytobeatupallothermales.Though,oneshouldbeconcernedaboutgenetic
driftsincetheothermalesgeneticsarenotbeingpassedon.Usually,theAlphamaledoesnot
stayalphamaleforlong.
Thisiscommoningroupsorherds,they.Haveprotectionfrompredators,example:elephant
seals,lions.
Polyandry(Oppositeofpolygyny):onefemalemateswithmanymales,malesmatewithone
female.thisisrareinbirds,veryrareinmammals,andcommoninfish.Example:bees.
Example:Arctictsunderesandpiperlaysfive20eggclutchesofeggsin40days.Themales
stayandincubatethemwhilethefemalecangoandmatewithmalesinthemeantime.
matingsystemsincludedby:
thespatialdistributionofbreedingfemales
thetemporaldistributionofbreedingfemales:
monogamousrelationshipsresultfromallfemalesbecomingsexuallyreceptiveatthesame
time
whenfemalereceptivenessisspreadoutoverweeksormonths,thereismuchmore
opportunityformasstomatewithmorethanonefemale...polygynycanresult.
Alsoinfluencedbywhocaresfortheyoung
thelongerthatthefemaleisreproductivelyviable,thenthatwillfavormorepolygamist
relationshipsfromaspatialperspective.Itseasiertofindamateiftheyarenottoofaraway
fromotherpartners.
Humansfallunderpolygyny.
lifehistorystrategies:lifehistorystrategiesmakeupacontinuumthatencompasseswhatare
calledrselectedspeciesatoneendandKselectedspeciesattheother.
Note:rselectedalwayscontainsalowercaser,inthesamevein,Kisalwaysuppercasein
Kselected
AfiringstoMacArthurandWilson,suchstrategiescanbeconsideredacontinuum.
Nowwithrselected:speciestendtohaveshortlifespan.Theyhave:
highratepercapitapopulationgrowth
tendtodispersewell
quicklycolonizedanarea
existindisturbedhabitats
growquickly
reachreproductiveageearly
devotelargeamountsofenergytooffspringproduction
semelparous
poorcompetitiveabilities
Example:weeds,insects,fruitflies,dandelions
KSELECTED:
longerlifespans
populationsincreaseslowlytowardthecarryingcapacity(K)oftheenvironment
lowreproductiveallocations
tendtobeiteroparus
notgoodcolonizers
growslowly
nondisturbedhabitatsarefavored
reachreproductiveagelate
highcompetitiveability
offspringarebiggerthanrselectivespecies
largeamountsofenergydevotedtogrowthandmaintenance
longlivedandproduceoffspringrepeatedlyeveryyearwhilemature
Example:oaktree