HIGH INTEGRITY PROTECTION SYSTEMS (HIPS) FOR FLARE LOAD MITIGATION

Angela E. Summers, Ph.D., P.E., President, SIS-TECH Solutions, LP

Flare Reduction with High Integrity Protection Systems (HIPS), ISA EXPO 2003, Research Triangle Park, NC: Instrumentation,
Systems, and Automation Society, Houston, Texas, October 20-23, 2003.

The American Petroleum Institute (API) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provide criteria for
the protection of vessels and pipelines from excess pressure. In conventional design, a Pressure Relief Valve (PRV)
is used as the primary means of protection, and a flare is used to safely combust the gases relieved during an
overpressure event. Although conventional, the use of a PRV is sometimes an unattractive proposition, particularly
where the pressure relief involves a large flare load.

API 521 and Code Case 2211 of ASME Section VIII, Division 1 and 2 allow the use of an SIS in lieu of a PRV as long
as the SIS meets or exceeds the protection that would have been provided by the PRV. As an SIS, the design must
follow the safety lifecycle provided in the United States standard ANSI/ISA 84.01-1996 or the international standard
IEC 61511. The required risk reduction results in the need for high SIS safety availability; therefore, these systems
are often called High Integrity Protection Systems (HIPS).

Code Requirements
Until August 1996, ASME required the installation of pressure relief devices on all pressure vessels for compliance
with Section VIII, Division 1, para UG-125(a) Section VIII, Division 2, para, AR-100. With the approval of ASME
Code Case 2211, ASME acknowledged that overpressure protection should be provided by the most appropriate
engineered option. The Code Case is intended to enhance the overall safety and environmental performance of a
facility. It is not intended as a blanket approval of the operation of pressure vessels without pressure relief valves.
While no specific performance criteria are included in Code Case 2211, the use of HIPS must result in an installation
as safe or safer than conventional design.

HIPS can be used to provide overpressure protection if a quantitative or qualitative risk analysis of the proposed
system is made addressing credible overpressure scenarios. It must be demonstrated that the proposed system is
independent of the potential causes for overpressure; is as reliable as the pressure relief device it replaces; and is
capable of completely mitigating the overpressure event.

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Recommended Practices
API recommends a number of practices for addressing pressure relieving systems in the petroleum production
industry. For example, API 521 provides assessment and design methods for determining relief loads based on a
credible overpressure scenarios. These relief loads are used for individual vessel relief valve sizing and for main
flare header sizing that includes the simultaneous venting of all affected vessels. The fourth edition of API 521
allows credit for a favorable response of the instrumented systems. Despite API 521 permitting design alternatives,
API 521 Part 2.2 recommends the use of HIPS only when the use of a pressure relief device is impractical.

HIPS Justification
Successful implementation requires examination of applicable regulations and standards, including local codes and
insurer requirements that may mandate the use of pressure relief devices. The justification must be based on a
hazard analysis of each potential overpressure scenario, following a structured, systematic approach, using a
multidisciplinary team. It should document the event propagation from the initiating cause to the final consequence
(also referred to as the overpressure scenario). The analysis must examine operating (e.g. start-up, shutdown, and
normal operation) and upset conditions that result in overpressure. The Causes of Overpressure provided in API
Recommended Practice 521 should be reviewed to ensure that the analysis is complete.

In the hazard analysis, the process risk is evaluated in terms of frequency and consequence. The mitigated risk is
determined by assessing the initiating cause frequency and risk reduction provided by any independent protection
layers, such as HIPS. If the mitigated risk is less than the risk tolerance criteria, the scenario is a candidate for
removal from the relief device and flare loading calculations.

Safety Requirement Specification

A safety requirement specification (SRS) describes how and under what conditions the SIS will mitigate each
overpressure scenario, including a functional logic description with trip set points and device fail-safe state. Only
those scenarios that can be successfully mitigated by the SIS can be considered for removal from the flare loading
calculations. Careful consideration must be given when removing a scenario, because if the assumptions used to
justify its removal are incorrect, the vessel or pipeline may be under-protected. For example, in hydrocarbon
applications, the fire case scenario cannot be removed from the sizing calculations due to the inability of HIPS to
mitigate the cause of overpressure.

The process dynamics must be evaluated to ensure that the HIPS response time is fast enough to prevent
overpressure of the vessel or pipeline. The response time must be evaluated by considering the time it takes to

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sense that there is an unacceptable process condition; the scan rate and data processing time of the logic solver;
and the time required for the final element action to influence the system pressure. The required closure speed must
be determined for each installation. The valve specification must include the acceptable leakage rate, since this
affects downstream pressure and relief loading. The valve actuator must provide sufficient driving force to close the
final element under the worse case, upset pressure condition.

The SRS also includes documentation of the safety integrity requirements, including the Safety Integrity Level (SIL)
and anticipated testing interval. At a minimum, the target SIL for the HIPS should be equivalent to the performance
of a pressure relief device. Reliability information for a single-valve relief system is provided in Guidelines for
Process Equipment Reliability Data by the Center for Chemical Process Safety. Table 1 provides a summary of this
data, which shows substantial uncertainty in the failure to open on demand. Additionally, the failure modes of the
PRV and the SIS are different. A PRV that fails to operate at the set pressure may nevertheless operate at a higher
pressure, whereas an SIS is more likely to fail completely. The failure to open on demand uncertainty coupled with
the difference in the failure modes results in most users setting an SIL 3 target for the SIS.

Table 1. Pressure Relief Device Failure to Open on Demand

Pressure Relief Device Type Failure to Open on Demand
Lower Mean Upper
Spring Operated 7.9E-06 2.12E-04 7.98E-04
Pilot Operated 9.32E-06 4.15E-03 1.82E-02

As Safe or Safer Verification

The HIPPS must provide an installation that is as safe or safer than the pressure relief device that it replaces. In
order to document that this has been achieved, the HIPS design should be quantitatively verified to ensure it meets
the required PFDavg. HIPS are SIL 3 SIS and are often the only layer of protection against the overpressure event.
Consequently, many users require that an independent, third party perform the evaluation of the appropriateness of
the design and the determination of the PFDavg.

HIPS Example
Plant personnel were working on a major unit expansion that involved debottlenecking one of the process units. The
initial design showed favorable capital cost relative to the increased plant production. A Layer of Protection Analysis
(LOPA) was performed to identify various overpressure scenarios associated with the proposed expansion. One
scenario involved a pipeline supplying gas to the process unit. The pipeline had a pipe specification change from

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750-psig to 150-psig. During normal operation, the process pressure was reduced using a pressure control valve. If
this pressure control valve failed, the downstream process pressure exceeded the 150-psig pipe specification,
resulting in a potential release of a large volume of gas within the process unit. To prevent pipeline rupture, a
Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) was located downstream of the pressure control valve. The PRV was designed to
safely relieve the pressure to a flare system.

Flare loading was then calculated and a serious problem became immediately apparent. The flare system could not
handle the load of the expanded process unit. The largest load was determined to be the pipeline PRV. The cost of
expanding the flare system was very high, since the flare header and flare would need to be replaced.

The team began evaluating various options. One option was to relieve the pipeline pressure to the atmosphere
rather than to the flare system. Unfortunately, the PRV was located too close to the process unit for safe relief of the
large gas volume. The team considered relocating the relief point to reduce the safety risk, but the environmental
department vetoed this approach. The release would result in excessive emissions and potential off-site impact. The
team then examined the use of a HIPS and determined that the cost was favorable. Consequently, the decision was
made to install a HIPS in order to remove the pipeline relief scenario from the flare load case.

LOPA had determined that there were no SISs assigned an SIL higher than SIL 1. The HIPS required SIL 3. Based
on these results, the design team decided to utilize relays for the HIPS and a less costly PES for the other SISs.
Further, the team reasoned that the use of the separate relay system would eliminate potential common cause faults
between the main unit SIS and the HIPS. By placing each HIPS in a separate relay system, the design was
mimicking the separation provided by the independent pressure relief device.

The HIPS design initially incorporated dual (1oo2) pressure transmitters, triplicated relays (packaged SIS-HIPS), and
dual block valves. Transmitter diagnostics were provided by sharing the analog signal between the relay system and
the Basic Process Control System (BPCS). The BPCS was then used to generate a deviation alarm. Each block
valve was actuated using a simplex solenoid. Figure 1 shows a simplified drawing of the initial design.

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DCS DCS
PT-1 PT-2

HIPS Logic Solver

(Relay Package)

S S
IAS IAS

PT-1 PT-2 Vent Vent

Block Valve 1 Block Valve 2

Figure 1. The initial design for the HIPS

This architecture required a one-year testing interval to achieve a PFDavg in the SIL 3 range. Since the refinery unit
was on a five-year turnaround schedule, provisions for on-line testing had to be provided. This included the
installation of a bypass line and bypass valve (car sealed closed) and a bypass for each transmitter input signal.
Further, this architecture had a predicted mean time to failure spurious (MTTFspurious) of 7 years. This MTTFspurious
was considered unacceptably high by operations management due to the potential production losses.

Consequently, the architecture was changed as follows:

2003 pressure transmitters

Triplicated relays (packaged SIS-HIPS)
ASCO RCS, normally closed version, used for valve actuation and partial stroke testing
Double block valves

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The revised architecture is shown in Figure 2.

DCS DCS DCS

DCS
PT-1 PT-2 PT-3

HIPS Logic Solver

(Relay Package)

ASCO ASCO
2002D IAS 2002D IAS
SOV SOV
PT-1 PT-2 PT-3
Vent Vent

Limit Limit
Switch Switch

Block Valve 1 Block Valve 2

Figure 2. Final design for the pipeline HIPS

Transmitter diagnostics were still provided by generating a deviation alarm in the BPCS. The additional transmitter
provided an architecture that could be tested without bypass. The use of the ASCO RCS provided for monthly,
automatic testing of the solenoids and partial stroke testing of each block valve without bypass.

The revised architecture achieves a PFDAVG in the SIL 3 range with annual testing of the pressure transmitters,
monthly solenoid testing, monthly partial stroke testing of the block valves, and five-year full stroke testing of the
block valves. Since full-stroke testing was extended to unit turnaround, full flow bypass lines and valves were
eliminated, yielding substantial reduction in capital cost. The MTTFspurious was also improved to more than 200 years,
significantly reducing the potential of a spurious trip.

Advantages and Disadvantages of HIPS

HIPS are becoming the option of choice to alleviate the need to replace major portions of the flare system in existing
facilities when adding new equipment or units. If the header and flare system must be enlarged, significant downtime
is incurred for all of the units that discharge to that header. The capital and installation cost associated with HIPS is
attractive when compared to the downtime or equipment cost of flare modification. Another benefit is that the

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process unit will not flare as much as a process unit designed for full flare loading. In some areas of the world, this is
becoming important as regulatory agencies place greater restrictions on flaring of process gases.

The main disadvantage of HIPS is the careful documentation, design, operation, maintenance, and testing to ensure
standards compliance. Specific regulatory and enforcement jurisdiction requirements must be determined. In some
instances, approval of local authorities is required. Regulatory and standards requirements must be understood by
all parties, including facility management and instrumentation and electrical, operations, and maintenance personnel.

Any justification for HIPS must be thoroughly documented through a hazard analysis, which identifies all potential
overpressure scenarios and demonstrates that the HIPS can adequately address each scenario. The user must
verify that HIPS will work from a process standpoint and that the HIPS design results in an installation as safe or
safer than a conventional design. The effectiveness of the system is highly dependent on the field design, device
testing, and maintenance program. When a pressure relief device is not installed or is undersized based on
conventional design, the HIPS becomes the last line of defense, whose failure potentially results in vessel or
pipeline rupture.

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Bibliography

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Pressure
Vessels, United Engineer Center, New York, NY

American Petroleum Institute (API), RP 521, Guide for Pressure Relieving and Depressuring Systems, Washington,
DC

Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data, Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, NY, NY, 1989.

Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA), ANSI/ISA S84.01-1996, Application of Safety Instrumented
Systems (SIS) for the Process Industry, Research Triangle Park, NC

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 61508, Functional Safety of

Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety Related Systems, Geneva, Switzerland

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 61511, Functional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systems for the
Process Sector, Geneva, Switzerland

Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS)Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Evaluation Techniques, ISA TR84.00.02, 2002.

Summers, A.E., High Integrity Pressure Protective Systems, Instrument Engineers Handbook, 3rd edition, CRC
Press, New York, New York.

Summers, A.E., Using Instrumented Systems For Overpressure Protection, Chemical Engineering Progress,
November 1999.

Windhorst, Jan C.A., Over-pressure Protection By Means of A Design System Rather Than Pressure Relief
Devices, CCPS International Conference and Workshop on Risk Analysis in Process Safety, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, Atlanta, GA, October, 1998.

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Houston, Texas 77034