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APRIL 2012 Vol. 34 No. 4

REPAIR & RENOVATION

54 17 ICRI Recognizes Outstanding Repair Projects

43 A New Tool for Concrete and Masonry Repair

Strengthening with fiber-reinforced cementitious
matrix composites
by Antonio Nanni

51 Corrosion Protection inside FRP Wraps and Stay-in-

Place Forms
by David W. Whitmore and J. Christopher Ball

55 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Concrete

Changes to test method will enhance pavement designs
by Jussara Tanesi, Gary Crawford, Jagan Gudimettla, and
Ahmad Ardani

ALSO FEATURING

23 CRSI Hosts CRC Strategic Planning Session

24 ACI Concrete Specification Center

An addition to the Concrete Knowledge Center
by Mike Tholen and Matt Senecal

29 ACIs Annual Awards

Recipients recognized at the Spring 2012 Convention

61 Design Rules for Steel-Concrete Composite Columns:

1971 to 2011
by Richard W. Furlong

67 Detailing Corner
Connecting Pre-Tied Wall Curtains
Also, RFI 12-01 on circular tie detail hook requirements

87 Concrete Q & A
Modification Factors for Post-Installed Anchors

18

Concrete international APRIL 2012 3


Concrete international
PUBLISHER
John C. Glumb, CAE
(John.Glumb@concrete.org)
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Rex C. Donahey, PE, LEED AP
(Rex.Donahey@concrete.org)
ENGINEERING EDITOR
W. Agata Pyc
(Agata.Pyc@concrete.org)
MANAGING EDITOR
Keith A. Tosolt
(Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org)
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Kaitlyn J. Hinman
(Kaitlyn.Hinman@concrete.org)
ADVERTISING
Jeff Rhodes
Network Media Partners, Inc.
(jrhodes@networkmediapartners.com)
PUBLISHING SERVICES
MANAGER
Barry M. Bergin
EDITORS
Carl R. Bischof (Senior Editor),
Karen Czedik, Kelli R. Slayden,
Denise E. Wolber
GRAPHIC DESIGNERS
Gail L. Tatum (Senior Designer),
Susan K. Esper, Colleen E. Hunt,
Ryan M. Jay
PUBLISHING ASSISTANT
Daniela A. Bedward
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
http://www.concrete.org
Tel. (248) 848-3700
Fax. (248) 848-3150
4 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
April
23
departments
6 Educational Seminars
8 On the Move
9 News
14 ACI Committee Document
Abstracts
16 Industry Focus
73 Products & Practice
76 Product Showcase
The plinth, pier, arches, and spandrel
columns of the Conde McCullough 78 Calls for Papers
Bridge in Coos Bay, OR, were
recently restored. The repair of this 80 Meetings
historic structure received an Award
of Excellence in the Transportation
81 Spanish Translation Synopses
category in the International 82 Bookshelf
Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI)
2011 Project Awards competition. 83 Whats New, Whats Coming
This and other ICRI award winners 84 Bulletin Board
are described in the article starting
on p. 17. (Photo courtesy of ICRI.) 85 Advertisers Index
85 Public Discussion
86 Membership Application
Copyright 2012 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
headquarters office: P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094. Telephone: (248) 848-3700. Facsimile (FAX): (248) 848-3701.
Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, Mich. 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, Mich., and at additional mailing offices. Concrete
International has title registration with the U.S. Patent Trademark Office. Subscription rates: $161 per year (U.S. and
possessions); $170 (elsewhere) payable in advance: single copy price is $26.00 for nonmembers, $19.00 for ACI members, both
prepaid. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Concrete International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094. The Institute
is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended
to supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. Permission
is granted by the American Concrete Institute for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to
photocopy any article herein for the fee of $3.00 per transaction. Payments marked ISSN 0162-4075/97 should be sent directly to the
Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA. 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without
the express permission of the American Concrete Institute is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk copying should be
addressed to the Publisher, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute. Canadian GST #126213149RT
 American Concrete Institute
IN Ci President
Kenneth C. Hover
Board of Direction

Dennis C. Ahal
Directors
Ron Klemencic
Neal S. Anderson David A. Lange
Past President
Emmanuel K. Attiogbe Denis Mitchell
April 2012 Board Members
Khaled W. Awad Jack Moehle
David Darwin
James R. Harris David H. Sanders

I
Luis E. Garca
f there were a Conde McCullough Florian G. Barth Cecil L. Jones Joseph C. Sanders
fan club, a stylized version of this
months CI cover photo could serve Vice Presidents Executive Vice President
as its trademark. Although the image James K. Wight Anne M. Ellis Ronald Burg
provides almost no context, it captures
the essence of the concrete arches and Technical Activities Educational Activities Certification Programs
Committee Committee Committee
Art Deco detailing found in many of chair chair chair
McCulloughs Oregon Coast Highway David A. Lange David M. Suchorski G. Terry Harris
bridges. The ICRI 2011 Project Awards secretary staff liaison staff liaison
article (p. 17) provides a brief description Daniel W. Falconer Michael L. Tholen John W. Nehasil
of the restoration of one of McCulloughs
Sergio M. Alcocer Alejandro Duran-Herrera Khaled W. Awad
bridges, including the curious comment David J. Bird Frances T. Griffith Heather J. Brown
that Oregon Department of Chiara F. Ferraris Tarek S. Kahn Mark A. Cheek
Transportation (DOT) added table Ronald J. Janowiak Kimberly E. Kurtis Cesar A. Constantino
salt to the repair mortar Its not a Michael E. Kreger Thomas O. Malerk Jean-Franois Dufour
Kevin A. MacDonald John J. Myers Alejandro Duran-Herrera
typo. An explanation, along with more Antonio Nanni William D. Palmer Jr. J. Mitchell Englestead
photos of McCulloughs works, can be Hani H. Nassif Andrea J. Schokker Frances T. Griffith
found in the September 2008 issue of Jan Olek Lawrence L. Sutter Charles S. Hanskat
Michael M. Sprinkel Lawrence H. Taber Joe Hug
CI, in Cathodic Protection of Historic Pericles C. Stivaros David W. Whitmore Colin L. Lobo
Bridges, by Ray Bottenberg, pp. 37-41. Eldon Tipping Thomas O. Malerk
As the April issue of CI went to press, Ed T. McGuire
final preparations were being made for William D. Palmer Jr.
John J. Schemmel
the ACI Spring Convention in Dallas, Vinicio Suarez
TX. One of the many documents George R. Wargo
scheduled for review by the Technical
ACI Staff
Activities Committee was Code
Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg (Ron.Burg@concrete.org)
Requirements for Evaluation, Repair,
Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb (John.Glumb@concrete.org)
and Rehabilitation of Concrete
Structures, by ACI Committee 562, Certification and chapters: Professional development:
Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation John W. Nehasil, Michael L. Tholen,
Managing Director Managing Director
of Concrete Buildings. The document (John.Nehasil@concrete.org) (Mike.Tholen@concrete.org)
is already affecting the industry. As
Customer and member support: Sales and membership:
indicated in a News item on p. 9, Melinda G. Reynolds, Manager Diane L. Baloh, Director
students in the Concrete Industry (Melinda.Reynolds@concrete.org) (Diane.Baloh@concrete.org)
Management program at California Engineering: Strategic Development Council/
State University-Chico are investigating Daniel W. Falconer, Marketing, sales, and
industry practices that could be affected Managing Director industry relations:
(Daniel.Falconer@concrete.org) Douglas J. Sordyl,
by code-mandated measurements of Managing Director
items such as cross-sectional loss of Finance and administration:
(Douglas.Sordyl@concrete.org)
Donna G. Halstead,
reinforcing bars and surface moisture Managing Director Sustainability:
condition of concrete substrates. (Donna.Halstead@concrete.org) Kevin P. Mlutkowski, Director
Increased use of fiber-reinforced Publishing and event services: (Kevin.Mlutkowski@concrete.org)
cementitious matrix composites (p. 43) Rene J. Lewis, Director
and improved understanding of (Renee.Lewis@concrete.org)
material behavior (p. 55) will likely
add to the list of industry practices Sustaining Members
requiring assessment. The anticipated See pages 12-13 for a list of ACIs Sustaining Members.
code will surely be subject to review To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI Web site at
and future renovation to stay current. www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm.
Rex C. Donahey

Concrete international APRIL 2012 5

 2012 ACI
Educational
Seminars
seminars at-a-glance
For more information on ACI seminars,
visit www.concreteseminars.com
ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code
One-day seminar for structural engineers, specifiers, building
officials, contractors, architects, and inspectors interested
in keeping up with the latest information in concrete design
and construction. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) has
just published the latest edition of ACI 318, Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. This
seminar, which is cosponsored by ACI and the Portland Cement
Association (PCA), will cover all the major changes in this
new edition of the Code. A major portion of the revisions
are related to the addition of adhesive anchors in ACI 318
for the first time. In addition to the new anchor design
requirements, the seminar will cover adhesive anchor
evaluation requirements and new provisions requiring
certification of the anchor installer under certain circumstances.
Changes to reinforcing steel detailing requirements,
allowable grades, and coating types will also be covered.
Important topics, such as detailing for structural integrity
and designing using the latest in strut-and-tie modeling, will
be presented and discussed.
Troubleshooting Concrete Construction
One-day seminar for contractors, design engineers, specifiers,
government agencies, and material suppliers. This seminar
will provide attendees with solutions to problems with
concrete. The seminar will cover placing reinforcement,
preventing most cracks, making functional construction
joints, vibrating concrete properly, detecting delaminations,
and identifying causes of deteriorating concrete. Complimentary
CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT
Seminar attendees will receive 0.75 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) worth 7.5 Professional Development Hours (PDHs) for each day of
the seminar. Professional engineers can convert CEUs to PDHs to fulfill their continuing education requirements. ACI is a Registered
Provider with the American Institute of Architects and several state licensing boards.
publications include: ACI 301, ACI 302.1R, ACI 303R, ACI
303.1, ACI 308R, ACI 309.2R, and seminar lecture notes.
Concrete Repair Basics
One-day seminar for engineers, repair contractors, material
suppliers, maintenance personnel, and public works
engineers. Attendees will learn the best methods and
materials for economical and effective concrete repairs.
The seminar will cover causes and evaluation of problems
in deteriorating concrete, repair techniques, repair
materials, cracks and joints, protection systems, overlays,
and specifications for structures. Complimentary
publications include ACI 201.1R, ACI 224.1R, ACI 364.1R,
ACI 437R, ACI 546R, and seminar lecture notes.
Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
One-day seminar for designers, specifiers, architects,
engineers, contractors, building owners, and government
agencies. Participants will learn about setting expectations for
serviceability; sustainability; engineering considerations,
loads, soil support systems, and low-shrinkage concrete
mixtures with good finishability; minimizing problems with
curling, shrinkage, joints, and surface tolerances; placing
and finishing equipment; thickness design; designing for
shrinkage, joints, details, and reinforcing; curing; surface
treatments including polishing; requirements for plans and
specifications; preconstruction meetings; and problem
recognition and remediation. Complimentary publications
include: ACI 302.1R-04, ACI 302.2R-06, ACI 360R-10,
industry-related articles, and seminar lecture notes.
seminar dates and locations For additional dates and locations or more information on ACI seminars,
visit www.concreteseminars.com Dates are subject to change.

Please check seminar location and date

Troubleshooting Concrete Construction (TRO2) Concrete Repair Basics (REP2)
WAS Seattle, WAApril 11, 2012 NJS New Brunswick, NJApril 5, 2012
TNS Nashville, TNApril 18, 2012 PAS Philadelphia, PAJune 14, 2012
MAS Boston, MAMay 2, 2012
INS Indianapolis, INMay 16, 2012 ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code (3182)
GAS Atlanta, GAMay 23, 2012 NES Omaha, NEApril 4, 2012
MDS Baltimore, MDJune 6, 2012 PAS Pittsburgh, PAApril 10, 2012
ORS Portland, ORJune 13, 2012 LAS New Orleans, LAApril 12, 2012
OHS Cleveland, OHApril 25, 2012
Concrete Slabs-on-Ground (SLA2) FLS Ft. Myers, FLMay 1, 2012
ILS Chicago, ILApril 17, 2012 UTS Salt Lake City, UTMay 9, 2012
CAS San Francisco, CAApril 24, 2012 KSS Kansas City, KSMay 23, 2012
COS Denver, COMay 8, 2012 CAS San Diego, CAMay 31, 2012
NCS Charlotte, NCMay 15, 2012 TXS San Antonio, TXJune 12, 2012
WIS Milwaukee, WIJune 5, 2012 NYS Albany, NYJune 14, 2012

refund policy
Substitutions are accepted at any time. If your substitute qualifies at a different registration fee, a credit or surcharge may apply. If you cannot attend the seminar,
please notify the ACI Seminar Registrar at 248-848-3815 immediately. If you notify us 7 or more working days before the seminar, we will refund your registration
fee. If you notify us that you cannot attend within 3 to 6 working days before the seminar, we will issue you an ACI credit for the full amount of your registration fee
that you may redeem for any future ACI seminar, product, or service. If you notify us that you cannot attend less than 3 working days before the seminar date, we
will issue you an ACI credit minus a $75 administrative fee. Confirmed participants who do not attend are liable for the entire fee unless we are notified in advance
of the seminar date that you cannot attend. If ACI cancels a seminar due to insufficient enrollment, your registration fee will be refunded. ACI is not responsible for
any incidental or consequential damages such as nonrefundable airfare.

fees and sign-up One-day seminar

$597 Nonmember Registration Fee
$457 ACI National Member Registration Fee
$125 Full-Time Student
Registrations from nonmembers (except government agencies within the U.S.) must be accompanied by full payment or charged to VISA,
MasterCard, or American Express.
To qualify for the discounted ACI National Members Seminar Fee, please provide your ACI Member number next to your name.
Discounted student seminar fee is only for full-time students. Include current proof of enrollment with your registration.

Name ACI Member No.:

Title
Registration Fee: $
Company Address 1

Address 2 City, State, Zip

Phone Fax E-mail

payment register today

I am paying by check (payable to ACI) web: www.concreteseminars.com
Please charge to my ACI member account mail: American Concrete Institute
Current ACI national members only. Registration from all others must be accompanied by full payment, charged to a credit Member Services
card, or reserved by government or company purchase order (ACI federal ID# is 38-0296490). All payments must be in P.O. Box 9094
U.S. funds and issued from a U.S. bank.
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094
Please charge to: (circle one) VISA MasterCard American Express fax: 248-848-3801 (24 hours a day)
phone: Member Services
Signature:______________________________________________________________
248-848-3815
Expiration Date:_________________________________________________________ 8 a.m.-5 p.m. ET
I have a disability and may require accommodation
Account Number:________________________________________________________ in order to fully participate in the seminar.
On the
Move
Tim Breen is now Vice President of Sales for Precast
Specialties Corp., where he will be responsible for growing
the sales base within existing markets as well as expanding
to new markets. Breen has over 11 years of experience
stemming from his time as New England Sales Manager
for Unistress Corporation, which specializes in garage
structures and other precast projects. Breen received a
degree from Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, and is a
LEED AP. Bigwood Blackmon

Brokk AB appointed Peter Bigwood as Vice President,

Sales and Marketing, at its North American subsidiary,
Brokk Inc. Bigwood is responsible for growing the sales of
Brokks robotic demolition machines in the U.S. and
Canada. He has 25 years of experience in the industry, including
positions as President at Smalley Excavators, Inc.; Atlas
Copco Construction Tools, LLC; and Flip Screen USA.

John Maynie has joined Propex as Director of Marketing. Mirza Neville

Maynie comes to Propex with more than 20 years of
experience in marketing, business development, sales, and
market research. He was most recently Director of Marketing
for Invensys Rail in Louisville, KY. His career has also
included 13 years with Ford Motor Company in a variety of
roles and 6 years with General Electric in the Plastics and
TransportationRail divisions. The addition of Maynie is
one of many talent investments made by Propex as the
company expands globally.
Jan Blackmon was named Executive Director of the
Dallas Chapter of the American Institute of Architects
(AIA) and the Dallas Center for Architecture. Blackmons
career includes leadership roles with design and architecture
firms, including Rees Associates, Inc.; HLM Design; and
RTKL Associates Inc. She also served as President of the
Texas Society of Architects, the Texas Architectural Foundation,
and Promise House. A Fellow of AIA, she has practiced
architecture in Dallas for nearly 30 years.
Honors and Awards
S. Ali Mirza, FACI, is the recipient of the 2011 A.B.
Sanderson Award of the Canadian Society for Civil
Engineering (CSCE). This award honors those who have
made outstanding contributions to the development and
practice of structural engineering in Canada. Mirza is
Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Lakehead
University in Thunder Bay, ON, Canada. He was honored
for his work as a university educator, researcher, and
engineer, as well as for his work on structural safety, frame
stability, and behavior of reinforced concrete and composite
steel-concrete structures. He has served on many ACI,
ASCE, and CSCE committees, including ACI Committee 335,
Composite and Hybrid Structures, and Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 441, Reinforced Concrete Columns.
ACI member R. Sundaram will be honored with the
Eduardo Torroja Medal from the International Association
for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) at the IASS-APCS
Symposium, to be held May 21-24 in Seoul, South Korea.
He is receiving this award, named after the founder of IASS,
in recognition of his contributions to design, construction,
and research of shell and spatial structures. Sundaram is
Chairman and Managing Director of Sundaram Architects
Private Limited, a leading architectural and engineering
consulting firm in India, and is President of Structural
Engineers World Congress Inc.the first Indian to hold
this position. He was also recently honored with a Lifetime
Honorary Membership from the Prestressed and Precast
Concrete Society of Singapore.
ACI Honorary Member Adam M. Neville was awarded
an honorary degree (Laurea Magistrale ad honorem) in civil
engineering from Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, in
recognition of his expertise in the field of concrete technology
and its mechanical and rheological behavior, as well as for
his efforts in dissemination of knowledge. Neville is a
member of ACI Committees 209, Creep and Shrinkage in
Concrete, and 214, Evaluation of Results of Tests Used to
Determine the Strength of Concrete.

8 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

News
Invitation to Participate in
Research for Surface Repair
Inspector Certification
ACI Committee 562, Evaluation,
Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete
Buildings, is currently working to
complete Code Requirements for
Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation
of Concrete Buildings. Its anticipated
that the 562 Code will require the
licensed design professional to inform
the owner that concrete repair and
rehabilitation construction must be
inspected during the various work
stages by a licensed design professional,
qualified inspector, or qualified
individual.
To satisfy the need for qualified
inspectors, the International Concrete
Repair Institute is developing a
Surface Repair Inspector Certification
program. In addition to meeting the
need generated by the 562 Code, the
certification program will elevate the
quality of concrete repairs industry-
wide, particularly as they relate to
accepted industry practices.
As with consensus-based test
methods, developing the certification
requires that test methods used by
certified Inspectors be industry-vetted
and repeatable. However, standardized
tests do not exist for key areas in the
repair industry, including:
Cross-sectional loss of corroded
reinforcement;
Concrete surface cleanliness prior
to placement of repair materials; and
Surface moisture condition of a
concrete substrate prior to repair
material placement (that is, saturated
surface dry, saturated, or dry).
A research study designed to gain a
better understanding of industry
approaches to these topics is being
undertaken by students in the Concrete
Industry Management Program at
California State University-Chico,
Chico, CA. As part of their senior
capstone project, the students are
surveying representatives from the
repair industry, including engineers,
contractors, material suppliers,
academicians, and quality control
inspectors. Its expected that by adding
to the database of information on
current practicesin repair design,
specification, and inspection; substrate
preparation; repair application and
protection; and repair maintenance
the students will aid the industry in
the development of test methods as
well as the certification program.
To participate, please complete the
online survey at www.surveymonkey.
com/s/GPD8G6T. For more information,
contact Phil Petermann at ppetermann@
mail.csuchico.edu or Brian Peart at
brian.peart@yahoo.com.
Disaster Resilient
Construction Workshops
Scheduled
The Concrete Reinforcing Steel
Institute (CRSI), in cooperation with
the National Ready Mixed Concrete
Association and the other partners of
the Concrete Joint Sustainability
Initiative, is conducting a series of
workshops titled Implementing
Disaster Resilient Construction in
Your Community.
The full-day workshops, available in
various cities throughout April and
May, are scheduled for:
April 12, Springfield, MO;
April 17, Sioux Falls, SD;
April 19, Centennial, CO;
May 15, Pewaukee, WI;
May 17, Louisville, KY; and
May 30, Portsmouth, NH.
The Disaster Resilient Construction
Workshops will educate decision
makers at the local level on the
importance of enhanced resiliency in
construction in the face of disasters
such as hurricanes, tornadoes, fires,
earthquakes, and floods. Topics
covered during the seminar include
local disaster risk assessment and
mitigation, resilient construction
methods, FORTIFIED design and
Concrete international APRIL 2012 9
News
construction programs, building code requirements, safe
rooms and storm shelters, flood-resistant construction,
and fire resistance.
With these new workshops, we can ensure that local
officials, members of the construction community, and
the public are educated on the best options in resilient
construction methods, said Bob Risser, President and CEO,
CRSI. Reinforced concrete is known for its strength and
durability. These workshops will expand upon the general
knowledge to show how it is the answer in the face of
disasters. Builders, developers, architects, engineers,
contractors, product manufacturers, building officials, and
community leaders are all invited to attend. The general
public is also welcome.
Attendees will receive six Professional Development
Hours, six AIA-CES HSW Learning Units, or six USGBC
Continuing Education Hours. The registration fee is $95
and includes lunch. Visit www.nrmca.org/resilience for
additional details and to register.
ICRI to Discuss Preservation Engineering
The International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) has
chosen Preservation EngineeringMasonry/Stone/
Concrete as the theme of the ICRI 2012 Spring Convention,
April 18-20, 2012, at the Hilton Quebec, in Quebec City, QC,
Canada. Some of the technical presentations slated include:
State-of-the-Art Masonry Faade Evaluation & Repair
Techniques;
Rehabilitation of Historic Masonry Buildings Using
Contemporary Cementitious Materials and Construction
Details;
Specialized Surface Preparation and Repair of Historic
Stadiums with Freeze-Thaw Damage;
Montreals Subway SystemChallenges with an Aging
System; and
Quebec DOTs Approach for Durable Repairs in sustainabilityconference.org.
Canadas Climate.
Other convention highlights will include the Inter-Chapter
Luncheon and Forum and the Recognition Luncheon and
General Session. Visit www.icri.org for registration
information or call ICRI Member Services at (248) 848-3809.
PTI 2012 Convention
The Post-Tensioning Institutes Convention will take
place May 6-8, 2012, at the Loews Vanderbilt Hotel in
Nashville, TN. The 3-day event dedicated entirely to the
post-tensioning industry will include technical sessions,
committee meetings, networking events, an industry trade
show with product and software demonstrations, and a
discounted pre-convention certification workshop.
10 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Technical sessions will include Post-Tensioning Strate-
gies for the Future, Durability of Post-Tensioned Infrastruc-
ture, Post-Tensioning in Bridges, Post-Tensioning Certifi-
cationQuality, Consistency, and Efficiency, and Design
of Slabs-on-Ground and Barrier Cables.
Visit www.post-tensioning.org for more information.
NRMCA Sustainability Conference
Speakers have been selected for the National Ready
Mixed Concrete Associations 7th annual International
Concrete Sustainability Conference to be held May 7-10, 2012,
in Seattle, WA. Over 60 world-renowned experts will
present the latest developments related to design, specifying,
manufacturing, testing, construction, maintenance, and
research of concrete as it relates to sustainability.
Keynote speakers for the plenary sessions include:
Denis Hayes, President and CEO of Bullitt Foundation,
founder of Earth Day and honorary Chairman of the
Earth Day Network, will present a comprehensive view
of sustainability coupled with building industry leader-
ship demonstrated by the zero-carbon Cascadia Center
in Seattle;
Franz-Josef Ulm, George Macomber Professor, Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) and Director of the MIT
Concrete Sustainability Hub, will discuss model-based
life-cycle assessment for sustainable engineering design;
and
Michael Lepech, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University,
will explore bendable concrete, a new class of high-
performance fiber-reinforced concrete that exhibits
mechanical properties similar to ductile metals.
A complete list of speakers and additional details about
the conference is available online at www.concrete
BIM Information Delivery Manual for
Cast-In-Place Concrete Receives
Industry Support
A working group of ACI Committee 131, Building
Information Modeling (BIM) of Concrete Structures, is
actively developing an Information Delivery Manual (IDM)
for cast-in-place concrete. The IDM will capture in written
form the interaction that occurs in the design and construction
of concrete structures by identifying the parties involved in
information exchange, what information is exchanged, and
when, based on a typical construction project timeline.
This IDM project is the outcome of the ACI Strategic
Development Councils (SDC) initiative to focus the
News

concrete industry on developing inter-operability standards, Kathleen Rae (Brown) Schallom, 55, of Evans, WV,
and represents the first step in the development of data died December 25, 2011. She was President of RCS
exchanges into the buildingSMARTs Industry Foundation Consulting & Construction Co., Inc., Ripley, WV.
Classes (IFC). IFC is an open and neutral data exchange Professionally, she attended ACI meetings and was a member
format that covers construction information related to of the American Shotcrete Association. She is survived by
procurement, design, construction, and operations. IFCs her husband of 22 years, Raymond C. Schallom III, among
will allow project information to be entered once, and other family members.
then to be available and usable by every project team Jim D. Speakman Sr., 60, of Hendersonville, TN, died
member across any software platform. The improved January 21, 2012. He was active in ACI Committee 544,
communication and coordination afforded by BIM Fiber-Reinforced Concrete, and was a willing contributor
implementation have already been shown to save time and supporter of many industry and ACI committee
and money in projects. activities in the area of fiber-reinforced concrete. He last
A $60,000 grant from the Charles Pankow Foundation served as the Chair of ACI Subcommittee 544-A, FRC-
accounts for the majority of the $90,000 funding for this Production and Applications. Speakman was also a strong
IDM project. Remaining funding is provided by Bechtel, supporter of the Concrete Industry Management Program
Tekla, Bentley, Applied Systems Associates (aSa), RMC at Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN.
Research & Education Foundation, CRSI Education &
Research Foundation, ASCC Foundation, Post-Tensioning
Institute, and two of the ACI Foundations councilsthe
Concrete Research Council and the SDC.
Obviously this level of support indicates the commitment
of the entire cast-in-place concrete industry to this effort,
said Peter Carrato, Chair of ACI Committee 131.
A team from Georgia Technological Universitys Digital
Building Laboratory, headed by Chuck Eastman, will assist
the ACI IDM working group. The groups first meeting
took place in December 2011. Carrato believes that the
group will reach its goal of completing the IDM by the end
of 2012. Their most recent meeting was held in conjunction
with the ACI Spring 2012 Convention in Dallas, TX.

In Memoriam
Robert William Gaul, better known to his friends in
ACI as Bob, passed away after a short illness on November 4,
2011. He was an ACI Fellow and a member of the Institute
for over 45 years. Gaul was active in ACI Committee 503,
Adhesivesnow 548, Polymers and Adhesives for Concrete
and served as Chair of 503 for over 11 years. Additionally,
he was a member of ACI Committee 515, Protective
Systems for Concrete, and a past member of ACI
Committee 364, Rehabilitation. He received the ACI
Delmar L. Bloem Distinguished Service Award in 1988.
He graduated from Santa Clara University with a degree
in mechanical engineering and later became President of
Adhesive Engineering Company from 1969 until it was
purchased by Master Builders in 1987. Later he went on to
become one of the founders of Chemco Systems. Bob spent
much of his career advocating the technically proper use of
polymer resins for crack repair, segmental bonding, and
paving of bridges all over the world.

Concrete international APRIL 2012 11

 are the foundation of our success.
To provide additional exposure to ACI Sustaining Members,
Concrete International includes a 1/3-page member profile and a listing
of all Sustaining Member organizations. All Sustaining Members receive
the 1/3-page profile section on a rotating basis.
ACS Manufacturing Corporation
Ash Grove Cement Company
Ashford Formula
Baker Concrete Construction, Inc.
Barrier-1 Inc.
BASF Corporation
BCS
Buzzi Unicem USA
Cantera Concrete Company
CECO Concrete Construction
Changzhou Jianlian Reinforcing Bar
Conjunction Co., Ltd.
CHRYSO, Inc.
Commercial Contracting Corporation
Concrete Engineering Specialists
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
CTLGroup
Dayton Superior
The Euclid Chemical Co.
Fibercon International, Inc.
Francis Harvey & Sons Inc.
Future Tech Consultants
W.R. Grace & Co.
Headwaters Resources, Inc.
Holcim (US) Inc.
Keystone Structural Concrete, LLC
Kleinfelder
Lafarge North America
Lehigh Cement Co.
Lithko Contracting, Inc.
Meadow Burke
W. R. Meadows, Inc.
Metromont Corporation
Mintz Levin
Municipal Testing
Operating Engineers Training Trust
Oztec Industries, Inc.
Penetron International Ltd.
PGESCo
Portland Cement Association
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
Schmitt Technical Services, Inc.
Sika Corp.
S.K. Ghosh Associates, Inc.
STRUCTURAL
Structural Services, Inc.
Triad Engineering, Inc.
TWC Concrete Services
Urban Concrete Contractors Ltd.
Wacker Neuson
Westroc, Inc.
Barrier-1, Inc. is a veteran-owned,
U.S.-based manufacturer of a high-
performance concrete admixture that
completely shuts down the route of
moisture vapor emission from and
through concrete. The Barrier-1
Admixture and Topical Systems were
developed by individuals with over
four decades of experience in the floor
covering industry and are specifically
designed to solve the annual, multi-
billion dollar problem of flooring
failures due to moisture migration.
Barrier-1, Inc. provides the
technical support, marketing,
distribution, manufacturing, and
on-site training for Barrier-1 products
and celebrates seven years of zero
performance failures.
Further, as a registered AIA/CES
HSW/SD provider, Barrier-1 provides
hundreds of continuing educational
programs each year across the
country. Our seminar goes in depth
to discuss the magnitude of the
problem and various causes, and
offers solutions to permanently avoid
costly construction delays, owner/
occupant dissatisfaction, and
catastrophic flooring failures. We
would be pleased to share our
expertise with you through an
educational presentation. Please
contact us by phone at 877-224-5850
or e-mail at info@barrier-1.com.
Barrier-1: The most proactive,
cost-effective approach to addressing
concrete moisture and failed floors!

To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our Web site at www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm
 LEADING THE NATION IN
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION FROM
CONCEPT TO COMPLETION
Celebrating its 100th anniversary,
Ceco Concrete Construction has
been involved in cast-in-place
concrete since 1912. Our offices are
staffed by professional engineers
who can value engineer cast-in-place
concrete frame solutions for design-
ers, owners, and builders. We
welcome inquiries concerning
structural design, forming costs,
framing costs, and time estimates.
Cecos experienced work crews
bring exceptionally high levels of
quality, productivity, and safety to
any job site. We provide our clients
peak performance from the first day
to the last.
With offices in 18 cities throughout
the United States, we are poised to
provide our clients the high quality
of service and execution we are
regarded for anywhere in the nation.
To learn more about how CECO
can help you, please visit their Web
site at www.cecoconcrete.com.
Holcim (US) is one of the largest
cement manufacturers in the U.S.
The company is a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Holcim Ltd, of
Switzerland. Holcim Ltd is one of
the worlds leading suppliers of
cement, aggregates, and concrete,
serving customers in more than
70 countries on six continents. The
U.S. operation is headquartered in
Waltham, MA, and includes 12
manufacturing facilities and more
than 70 distribution terminals.
Holcim supplies a wide range of
products. In addition to portland
cement, our EnvirocoreTM line of
products underscores our commitment
to sustainability throughout our
operations. This line includes
blended and performance cements,
masonry/mortar cements, as well as
supplementary cementitious materials.
Holcim masonry/mortar cements
include standard, colored, and
custom-colored products.
Holcims technical service personnel
provide excellent customer service
and a number of their personnel have
achieved professional accreditation
in green building systems.
For information on Holcims
portland/blended cement, masonry/
mortar cement, mineral components,
or technical service, visit
www.holcim.us or call 888-646-5846.
Since its founding in 1916, the
Portland Cement Association (PCA)
has had the same mission: Improve
and expand the uses of portland
cement and concrete.
Where cement and concrete are
concerned, so is the Portland Cement
Association: in cement manufacturing,
in raising the quality of concrete
construction, in improving its
product and its uses, in contributing
to a better environment. In practice,
this mandate means well-rounded
programs of market development,
education, research, technical
services, and government affairs on
behalf of PCA memberscement
companies in the U.S. and Canada.
Concretes versatility and use in
many green building applications
makes it an excellent material for
sustainable designs. As part of its
ongoing commitment to sustainability,
PCA sponsored the Sustainable
Leadership Awards, which honor
government leaders who advance
sustainable development in their
communities through the use of
concrete. It continues sponsorship of
its Environment & Energy Awards
that recognize manufacturing
facilities that exemplify the spirit
of continuous environmental
improvement by going beyond
government regulations and local
laws to ensure that their processes
and policies contribute to making
their communities better places to
live and work.
To learn more about Portland
Cement Association, please visit their
Web site at www.cement.org or call
847-966-6200.
ACI Committee Document
Abstracts
The following ACI documents will soon be available:
Report on Grouting between Foundations
and Bases for Support of Equipment and
Machinery (ACI 351.1R-12)
Reported by ACI Committee 351, Foundations for
Equipment and Machinery
David Kerins,* Chair; Mukti L. Das,* Secretary; Omesh B.
Abhat, Richard P. Bohan, William L. Bounds, William D.
Brant,* Michael M. Chehab, Shu-Jin Fang, Fred R. Goodwin,
Shraddhakar Harsh, Erick N. Larson, Robert R. McGlohn,*
Carl A. Nelson, Richard OMalley,* Michael A. Paipal,*
Ira W. Pearce, Charlie L. Rowan,* William E. Rushing Jr.,
Yasser Salem,* Larry W. Schulze, Philip A. Smith,* Widianto,
F. Alan Wiley, and Sheng-Chi Wu.*
Members of Subcommittee 351.1 who prepared this report.
* Consulting Members: Ernest V. Acree Jr. and Jose I.
Subcommittee Chair 351.1.
Abstract: This report provides an overview of current
practices of grouting for support of equipment and machinery.
Materials and installation methods are described for epoxy
and cementitious-based grouts used as the load-transfer
material between equipment bases and their foundations.
Characteristics of placed material, test methods for forecast-
ing long-term performance, qualification of grout materials,
foundation design and detailing considerations, and
installation procedures are described.
Guide to Design, Manufacture, and
Installation of Concrete Piles
(ACI 543R-12)
Reported by ACI Committee 543, Concrete Piles
William L. Gamble, Chair; Roy M. Armstrong,* Robert N.
Bruce Jr., William Ciggelakis, M.T. Davisson, Rudolph P.
Frizzi, Jorge L. Fuentes, John S. Karpinski, John B. Kelly,
Viswanath Krishna Kumar, Hugh S. Lacy, Stanley Merjan,
Clifford R. Ohlwiler, Chad A. Saunders, John A. Tanner, and
Edward J. Ulrich.
Restrepo.
*
Deceased
Abstract: This report presents recommendations to assist
the design architect/engineer, manufacturer, construction
engineer, and contractor in the design, manufacture, and
installation of most types of concrete piles.

Web Sessions
To bring you the latest information about concrete, ACI records select
presentations from ACI Conventions and makes them available online and
on-demand through a new program called ACI Web Sessions. Each week, a
new 1-hour block of presentations will be posted to the ACI Web site. Best of
all, these presentations can be viewed free of charge!

Simply register and log in on the ACI Web site to view these presentations.
You dont have to be an ACI member to take advantage of this program.
Some of the presentations will also become part of the ACI Online CEU
program, giving you the ability to earn Continuing Education Credits over
the Internet.

To view these presentations, go to the ACI Web site at www.concrete.org,

click on Education in the top menu, and then select the Web Sessions button
on the left side of the page.

14 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

 Take to the road.

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doweling, and it meets ASTM C-881 and AASHTO M235 specifications.
To learn more about our adhesive solutions: EDOT, ET-HP, SET and AT
adhesives, and DOT approvals, visit www.strongtie.com/anchorsystems
or call (800) 999-5099.

IN THE SPECS
ON THE JOB
2012 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. EDOT12 AT YOUR SERVICE
Industry
Focus
A Better House Featured on Green
Homes Tour
On October 8-9, 2011, a project by A Better House, Inc.,
was included on the first Green Homes Tour of Middle
Tennessee. A Better House built a 3000 ft2 (280 m2) insulated
concrete form (ICF) home for the Cagle family in 2010 in
Joelton, TN. The NAHB Green certified home incorporates
geothermal HVAC, Cree LED lighting, spray foam insulation,
InsulDeck, and Serious Windows into the energy-efficient
ICF structure, resulting in a 50% reduction in utility costs
compared to more traditional homes.
Doka Partners with Masons Supply to
Expand in Northwest U.S.
Doka announced an executive partnership with Masons
Supply Company, a leading construction product and
service company in the Pacific Northwest. Masons is locally
owned and operated with 13 locations in Oregon and
Washington and has been in existence for over 90 years.
Their main focus is to supply professional contractors in
the construction of commercial, industrial, and infrastructure
projects. The goal of the partnership is to give the customers
of both companies easy access to all their formwork needs.
Eriez Celebrates 40 Years in Mexico
Eriez Equipos Magneticos, S.A. (EEMSA) celebrated
its 40th anniversary as an Eriez Affiliate. Since joining the
Eriez family, EEMSA has become a leading provider of
magnetic, vibratory, and inspection equipment to Mexicos
industrial marketplace. From its manufacturing plant in
Quertaro and its sales offices in Quertaro, Guadalajara,
Monterrey, Mrida, Hermosillo, and Mexico City, EEMSA
has helped spur industrial growth in Mexico by engineering
and supplying key products within the mining, chemical,
ceramic, cement, stone, clay, and other emerging markets.
EEMSA also has technicians on site to provide customers
with fabrication, delivery of orders, and constant assistance
on proper installation, operations, and maintenance of
equipment, giving the company a solid reputation in Mexico.
GRAPHISOFT Reaches Out in China
GRAPHISOFT signed Memoranda of Understanding
with two organizations in China to implement BIM-based
design. The first was signed with the China Academy of
Building Research Architecture Design Institute
(CABR-ADI), the largest comprehensive research and
development institute in Chinas building industry. Over
the course of the next 3 years, GRAPHISOFT will help
CABR-ADI in transferring their design workflow and
platform from 2-D to BIM-based products, including
16 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
ArchiCAD, and the relevant BIM technology. The second
was signed with the North China Municipal Engineering
Design & Research Institute (NCME), a nationally
recognized design and research organization integrating
the many aspects of construction and civil engineering.
Within this agreement, GRAPHISOFT will assist NCME
with implementing BIM on design, collaboration, and
sustainability and creating BIM specifications.
Concrete Countertop Institute Moves
Classes to Midwest
The Concrete Countertop Institute moved the
location of its primary training facility from North Carolina
to the Chicago, IL, area. All hands-on classes will now be
held at the Concrete Countertop Supply by Fishstone
facility in Elgin, IL. The facility is more centrally located than
the previous one and has easy access to a major international
airport. It also gives students better access to new tools and
materials and the opportunity to work with a vendor. There
will be no changes to curriculum or instructors.
Terex Offers Classes on Bid-Well Equipment
Terex Roadbuilding is offering paving service classes
for Terex Bid-Well automatic roller pavers and workbridges.
Scheduled for April 26-27 and May 2-3, the service school
is designed to give paver owners, operators, service
technicians, and inspectors classroom instruction and
hands-on demonstration in machine use and maintenance.
The first day of each class, held in Sioux Falls, SD, features
in-class discussion and instruction on a variety of paving
applications and techniques. On the second day, at the
companys headquarters in Canton, SD, students try out
techniques for themselves and are given a guided tour of the
Terex Bid-Well office and manufacturing facility. For more
information and registration, visit www.bid-well.com.
Advertise in CI
For more information, contact
Jeff Rhodes, Sales Manager
Network Media Partners
(410) 584-8487
E-mail: concrete@networkmediapartners.com
ICRI Recognizes
Outstanding
Repair Projects
T
he International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI)
recently announced its 2011 Project Awards. The
organization honored eight projects with Awards of
Excellence, 13 projects with Awards of Merit, and one
Project of the Year.
2011 Project of the Year
Royal Floridian Resort, Ormond Beach, FL
The Royal Floridian Resort, originally built in 1973,
received several alterations over the years, but progressive
Royal Floridian Resort, Ormond Beach, FL
deterioration caused by the harsh saltwater environment
was never addressed. Testing revealed severe structural steel
corrosion, high chloride content, spalls, cracked and
disbanded stucco, and water intrusion. As a result, balconies
and walkways were completely removed and replaced with
new concrete containing a corrosion-inhibiting admixture,
while other areas were repaired with structural repair
mortars. The resort also received an architectural
aesthetic makeover, new pool deck pavers, and new
concrete swimming pools.
Concrete international APRIL 2012 17
 Bellaire Tower, San
Francisco, CA

Project Credits: Spinnaker Resorts, Owner; United

Engineering Consultants, Inc., Project Engineer/Designer;
ConTech Construction, LLC, Repair Contractor; BASF and
CEMEX, Material Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by ConTech Construction, LLC.

Awards of Excellence
High-Rise
Bellaire Tower, San Francisco, CA
Bellaire Tower was designed by architect H.C.
Baumann in 1930. It was one of the first residential
high-rise buildings in San Francisco constructed to new
seismic codes after the 1906 earthquake. While it is a
San Francisco landmark, it also has a long history of
poor maintenance. Repairs, started in 2007, included
removing and abating the built-up layers of coatings
due to water leakage in and around windows, concrete
repair work, corrosion protection, and the restoration
and replacement of over 600 windows.
Project Credits: The Bellaire Homeowners Association,
Owner; JFM Enterprises, Inc., Project Engineering/Design
Consultant; Everest Waterproofing & Restoration, Inc.,
Repair Contractor; Sika Corporation, Material Supplier/
Manufacturer; and Wiss, Janney, Eltsner Associates, Inc.,
Materials Consultant.
Submitted by Sika Corporation.

St. Charles Municipal Center River Wall and Plaza, St. Charles, IL

18 APRIL 2012 Concrete international


Historic
St. Charles Municipal Center River Wall and Plaza,
St. Charles, IL
The Municipal Center consists of the municipal
building and an adjacent plaza with a 12 ft (3.7 m) tall
Lannon limestone-clad river wall on its west side,
situated along the eastern shore of the Fox River. The
river wall experienced significant deterioration, both in
the original limestone cladding and of its Indiana
limestone parapet wall, as well as throughout the plaza.
Reconstruction of the plaza and river wall was performed
based on original available drawings and through an
interpretation of the original designers intent. Due to
the sites location, some work was performed from the
river using a portable dam system to create a semi-dry
area around the repair areas.
Project Credits: City of St. Charles, Owner; Wiss,
Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Project Engineer/Designer;
Bulley & Andrews, LLC, Repair Contractor; Cary
Concrete Products, Inc. and Prairie Material, Material
Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
Longevity
Bahai House of Worship, Wilmette, IL
The Bahai House of Worship is the first Bahai
Temple in the Western world. The cornerstone was
laid in 1912 and the structure was completed in 1953.
A comprehensive program 20 years ago corrected
defective details of the initial construction and restored
Bahai House of Worship, Wilmette, IL
the temples concrete to its original condition. The
program included a meticulous cleaning and concrete
repairs that matched the pattern, composition, color,
and texture of the original material. After 20 years of
exposure to the harsh Midwestern weather on the
shore of Lake Michigan, the concrete repairs are in
outstanding condition.
Project Credits: Bahai National Center, Owner; Wiss,
Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Project Engineer/Designer;
Quality Restorations, Repair Contractor; BASF Building
Systems, Material Supplier/Manufacturer.
Submitted by The Armbruster Company.
Masonry
906 Grand Building, Kansas City, MO
Built in the early 1920s, the building has a structural
steel frame with an envelope of multi-wythe brick
and ornate terra cotta. Over time, deteriorated
mortar joints allowed moisture to enter the cavity of the
cornice, which led to corrosion of the steel framing and
damage to the terra cotta units and their supports.
Repairs were done with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
panels to replicate the appearance of existing cornices.
Steel supports were replaced, strengthened, or given a
protective coating and additional terra cotta units were
replaced with cast stone. Replacement terra cotta units
were cast stone fabricated using latex forms. Units were
coated to match existing units.
Project Credits: UMB Bank, Owner; Structural
Engineering Associates, Project Engineer/Designer;
Concrete international APRIL 2012 19

906 Grand Building, Kansas City, MO
20 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Western Waterproofing, Repair Contractor; LK Custom
Fiberglass and Architectural Stone Products, Material
Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by Structural Engineering Associates.
Low-Rise
Baylor Cancer Hospital Collins Family Bridge of
Hope, Dallas, TX
To link the Charles F. Sammons Cancer Center with
the rest of the buildings on the Baylor University
Medical Center campus, including the newly renovated
Baylor Cancer Hospital, an arc-shaped sky bridge was
built connecting four buildings and providing passage
for both pedestrians and utilities. The bridge is
supported by the hospitals south plaza, which was
designed in 1969. As the bridge design did not mesh
with the existing plazas rectilinear grid, it had little
alignment with the existing structure. Multiple beams in
the plaza were bundled together with new distribution
ribs, sections were enlarged to boost the stiffness and
capacity of the bundled beams, and FRP was used to
boost the shear and flexural capacity of members not
requiring additional stiffness.
Project Credits: Baylor University Medical Center
at Dallas, Owner; Raymond L. Goodson Jr., Inc.,
Project Engineer/Designer; Delta Structural Technology,
Repair Contractor; Sika Corporation, Material Supplier/
Baylor Cancer Hospital Collins Family Bridge of
Hope, Dallas, TX
Manufacturer; Garner Consulting Group, Special
Inspector and Consultant.
Submitted by Raymond L. Goodson Jr., Inc.
Parking Structures
Park Hudson Garage, North Bergen, NJ
This four-story parking structure for a high-rise
condominium sits along the Palisade Cliff, a long bluff
that runs along the Hudson River. The structure stood
40 years with minimal preventative maintenance. The
entire structure was eventually deemed not suitable for
use, but the location of the structure made complete
demolition and reconstruction a logistically
challenging undertaking. Instead, the engineer
proposed replacing the deteriorated concrete and,
in concert with the repair contractor, developed a
plan to repair the Park Hudson Garage. The scope
developed for the project was essentially a complete
reconstruction achieved through the implementation
of unique means and methods to ensure safety, quality,
and production.
Project Credits: Park Hudson Condominium Association,
Owner; Superstructures, Project Engineer/Designer;
STRUCTURAL, Repair Contractor.
Submitted by STRUCTURAL.
Special Projects
22nd Street and Valencia, San Francisco, CA
This small building, built in 1927, is a reinforced
concrete structure with highly decorative concrete
details. The lack of proper maintenance left the
building on the verge of condemnation and demolition
by the city. After an inspection revealed that the
damage was caused by water intrusion, a contractor and
an engineer were found to carry out the restoration.
Project Credits: Cutler Properties LLC, Owner; John F.
Maillard, CSI-CDT, Project Engineer/Designer; Rainbow
Waterproofing & Restoration Company, Repair Contractor;
Sika Corporation and The Sherwin-Williams Company,
Material Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by John F. Maillard, CSI-CDT.
Transportation
Conde McCullough Bridge, Coos Bay, OR
The Conde McCullough Bridge is one in a series of
historic coastal bridges along U.S. 101, the Pacific Coast
Scenic Byway. The 5305 ft (1617 m) Art Deco-inspired
bridge was the longest structure in Oregons highway
system when it was constructed. The main span of the
structures is a steel cantilever truss. The approach spans
are concrete arches more typical of McCulloughs
designs. To repair the approach spans, a versatile material
was needed that would adhere to the substrate; was
compatible with the resistivity of the original concrete,
which was laden with 80 years of marine salt; and
could be placed in both shallow and deep applications
in very confined areas. To achieve that, the Oregon
Department of Transportation (DOT) added table
salt to the repair mortar and applied it using a hand-
operated grout pump, which allowed for the use of
complex forms to recreate the original Art Deco design
of the bridge.
Project Credits: Oregon DOT, Owner and Project
Engineer/Designer; Great Western Corp., Repair
Contractor; BASF Corporation-Building Systems,
Material Supplier/Manufacturer.
Submitted by BASF Corporation-Building Systems.
Awards of Merit
High-Rise
Rehabilitation of the UNAM Cultural Center
Building, Cuauhtmoc, Distrito Federal, Mxico
Project Credits: Universidad Nacional Autnoma de
Mxico (UNAM), Owner; Direccin General de Obras
de la UNAM, Project Engineer/Designer; Nova Diseo y
Construccion, S.A. de C.V., Repair Contractor; BASF
Mexicana S.A. de C.V., Material Supplier/Manufacturer.
Submitted by BASF Corporation.
Historic
Rehabilitation of the Missouri/Ohio Historic
Bridge, Florida Keys, FL
Project Credits: Florida DEPOffice of Greenways &
Trails, Owner; WilsonMiller Stantec, Project Engineer/
Designer; Intron Technologies, Inc., Repair Contractor;
Sika Corporation, Material Supplier/Manufacturer.
Submitted by Sika Corporation.
Restoration of Bervie Jubilee Bridge, Aberdeen,
Scotland, UK
Project Credits: Aberdeenshire Council, Owner; Structural
Healthcare Limited, Project Engineer/Designer; Freyssinet
Limited, Repair Contractor; C-Probe Systems Limited and
Fosroc Limited, Material Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by C-Probe Systems Limited.
Longevity
Grand Rapids Community College Bostwick
Parking Structure Restoration, Grand Rapids, MI
Project Credits: Grand Rapids Community College,
Owner; Carl Walker, Inc., Project Engineer/Designer; D.C.
Byers Company, Repair Contractor; SCI/STEELCON,
Material Supplier/Manufacturer.
Submitted by Carl Walker, Inc.
Low-Rise
Mariner Beach Club Restoration, St. Pete Beach, FL
Project Credits: Vacation Resorts International, Owner;
BillerReinhart Structural Group, Inc., Project Engineer/
Designer; Wilson, Kehoe, Miller Corporation, Repair
Concrete international APRIL 2012 21

Conde McCullough Bridge, Coos Bay, OR
Contractor; McBride Masonry and Anvil Iron Works,
Material Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by BillerReinhart Structural Group, Inc.
Masonry
Buttress and Exterior Faade Repairs of Alice S.
Millar Chapel, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
Project Credits: Northwestern University, Owner;
Building Technology Consultants, PC, Project Engineer/
Designer; Bulley & Andrews Masonry Restoration, LLC,
Repair Contractor.
Submitted by Building Technology Consultants, PC.
Parking Structures
Garage Repairs Building N4Albany Street
Garage, Cambridge, MA
Project Credits: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
22 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Owner; Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Project Engineer/
Designer; Contracting Specialists Incorporated, Repair
Contractor; J-Mac Building Specialties and Jones Blair/
Neogard, Material Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by Contracting Specialists Incorporated.
Royal University Hospital Parkades, Saskatoon,
SK, Canada
Project Credits: Saskatoon Health Region, Owner;
Walter P Moore, Project Engineer/Designer; Vector
Construction Ltd., Repair Contractor; Vector Corrosion
Technologies, Inc., Material Supplier/Manufacturer.
Submitted by Walter P Moore.
Special Projects
Keys Energy Services Transmission Line Structural
Repairs Project, Key West, FL
Project Credits: Keys Energy Services, Owner; Power
Engineers, Project Engineer/Designer; STRUCTURAL,
Repair Contractor; Fox Industries and Monroe Concrete
Products, Material Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by Power Engineers/Anchor Structural.
Mill Cove Transmission Line Tower Pilings Repair,
Jacksonville, FL
Project Credits: JEA, Owner and Project Engineer/
Designer; Madcon Corporation, Repair Contractor; BASF
CorporationBuilding Systems, Material Supplier/
Manufacturer.
Submitted by BASF CorporationBuilding Systems.
Transportation
Lester River Bridge Repairs and Corrosion
Mitigation, Duluth, MN
Project Credits: Minnesota Department of Transportation,
Owner and Project Engineer/Designer; PCI Roads, Repair
Contractor; Vector Corrosion Technologies, Inc., Material
Supplier/Manufacturer.
Submitted by Vector Corrosion Technologies, Inc.
Rock Point Bridge, Jackson County, OR
Project Credits: Oregon Department of Transportation,
Owner and Project Engineer/Designer; Wildish Standard
Paving Company, Repair Contractor; The Euclid Chemical
Company, Material Supplier/Manufacturer.
Submitted by The Euclid Chemical Company.
Water Structures
Covanta Energy Cooling Tower Rehabilitation,
Miami, FL
Project Credits: Covanta Energy, Owner; V2 Composites,
Project Engineer/Designer; Premier Corrosion Protection
Services, Inc., Repair Contractor; MAPEI Corporation and
Dynamics, Inc., Material Suppliers/Manufacturers.
Submitted by MAPEI Corporation.
CRSI Hosts
CRC Strategic
Planning Session
T
he ACI Concrete Research Council (CRC) held
a strategic planning session at the Concrete
Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) headquarters
office in Schaumburg, IL, on November 30, 2011. The
organizations and individuals in attendance were:
CRC, Joe Sanders (of Charles Pankow Builders),
CRC Chair;
ACI Foundation, Chris Darnell, CRC Staff Liasion;
Charles Pankow Foundation (CPF), Dean Browning;
CRSI Education & Research Foundation, Neal Anderson
and Bob Risser;
Portland Cement Association Education Foundation,
Steven Kosmatka;
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Roger Becker; and
Ready Mixed Concrete Research & Education Foundation,
Julie Garbini and Colin Lobo.
The meeting focused on the future role of the ACI
Foundations CRC and the funding of research projects.
This meeting was a follow-up to the ACI Foundation-sponsored
Research Workshop that took place on March 9, 2011, prior
to the Strategic Development Council (SDC) Session #29 in
Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON, Canada.
A number of action items were discussed during the
November 30th meeting. The meeting helped position the
individual foundations/associations to be more transparent
and cooperative while potentially collaborating on future
research projects. One suggestion was to launch a revamped
CRC Web page that would reference and link to the
research activities of other organizations. The nature of
the research topics being requested would be described,
possibly through research needs; and the submission dates
would be listed for the different organizations.
It was also suggested that a standing section focused on
research news within Concrete International magazine be
started. Various awarded projects could be listed and
completed project reports could be noted with Web links
to the reports, if available. This column would be in
keeping with the present Industry Focus section, where
the information presented is very brief and provides a
vehicle of awareness.
Another item discussed was the CPF submission
schedule and the endorsement of concrete-related
research by CRC. In many recent instances, CPF has
awarded a project and the researcher has subsequently
approached CRC for endorsement and a tangible
monetary contribution. For the process to be fair, it was
suggested that a CRC endorsement by way of an ACI
committee backing might be more appropriate in the
initial submittal phase of the project to CPF. This would
give the CPF Review Board a better gauge as to the
research necessity in the concrete field, which is within
the spirit of the Memorandum of Understanding that
CRC has with CPF.
To this end, the CPF submission schedule may be placed
on the CRC Web page with suggested milestone dates should
the researcher want CRC review and possible endorsement.
Although the discussion focused on CPF because of its
participation in the workshop, this requirement could also
apply to other research-funding entities.
The planning session was very productive, and CRC has
been given some new direction moving forward.
Attendees at the CRC strategic planning session held in the CRSI
offices, from left: Dean Browning, Julie Garbini, Joe Sanders,
Chris Darnell, Bob Risser, Roger Becker, Steve Kosmatka, and
Colin Lobo (photo courtesy of Neal Anderson, CRSI)
Concrete international APRIL 2012 23
ACI Concrete
Specification Center
An addition to the Concrete Knowledge Center
by Mike Tholen and Matt Senecal
C
hances are you incorporate one or more ACI
reference specifications into almost all of your
concrete construction projects. But are you doing
so properly? Did you know that every ACI reference
specification contains a list of items that should be addressed
by the specifier to properly incorporate an ACI reference
specification? Did you know that this list for ACI 301-10,
Specification for Structural Concrete, contains up to
46 mandatory items that you need to address to fully
incorporate the specification and over 290 optional items
that assist you in customizing the specification?
The ACI Concrete Specification Center (Spec Center) is
a new online ACI resource that covers all of the items
necessary to properly incorporate ACI reference specifications.
Spec Center provides links to helpful articles, recorded
Webinars, and an online note generating tool that
ultimately produces a set of notes addressing the checklist
items listed in a reference specification. These notes can be
downloaded and incorporated into the structural notes on
the contract drawings or used as a checklist of items to
address in a project specification.
Spec Center is part of the ACI Concrete Knowledge
Center and can be accessed by clicking on the ACI
Knowledge Center quick-link button on the ACI Web
page, www.concrete.org. This article explains how to use
the ACI 301 Note Generating Tool, the first of several
e-tools to be implemented in Spec Center.
ACI 301 Note Generating Tool
Starting a new project
The startup page of the Spec Center e-tool lists common
questions regarding the scope and functionality of the tool
(Fig. 1). Clicking on a question links to an answer.
The first step in generating notes for ACI 301 is to select
the Start new project button on the startup page. This will
bring up an input page (Fig. 2). In addition to providing the
project name and description, the user can set the status of
all optional checklist items to Pending or No. Choosing view the full section or a summary. The full section view
24 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
No inactivates the optional checklist items. While this can
shorten the time needed to generate notes or a checklist, it
also bypasses items that could be relevant to a project. So,
at least for the first few projects, we recommend setting the
status of all optional checklist items to Pending. Selecting
Begin Project starts the e-tool.
Managing projects
Once a project has been started, several more options
appear on the startup page (Fig. 3). The user may start
another new project from scratch or from an existing
project. The option of starting a new project using an
existing project allows the user to create standard input
pages for specific project types or clients. The user may also
edit or delete a project. Until deleted, all projects are saved
by username on the ACI servers.
Thinning the list
The first screen for a project lists Applicable Sections
(Fig. 4). Sections 1 through 5 apply to all projects and are
selected by default. The user selects the other sections of
ACI 301 that are required for the project. If, for example,
the project also includes architectural concrete and tilt-up
construction, the boxes next to Sections 6 and 12 should be
checked, as shown in Fig. 4.
Selecting the applicable sections as the first step
simplifies the process of generating notes by eliminating
the need to review irrelevant checklist items. Note that
selected sections are added to the navigation index on the
left side of the screen, allowing quick access to the notes
for the checklist items.
Completing the notes
Selecting Next Page or the desired section number
from the navigation index brings up a view of each section.
The default view lists only those provisions covered under
the selected checklist items. The user can also choose to
includes all the provisions in ACI 301 for a selected section For each checklist item, the e-tool provides the ACI 301
(Fig. 5). The summary lists the checklist items (Fig. 6), provision, the checklist item text, and two input boxes (Fig. 7).
including the provision number, a checklist item description, One of the input boxes allows the user to change the status
the type of checklist item (mandatory or optional), and the of the provision. The other input box contains sample text
status assigned to each item. The status is color coded (black for the note that will appear in the project notes for the
for No, yellow for Pending, and green for Yes) to allow checklist item. Many of the notes contain bracketed text.
the user to quickly scan for items that still need attention. The user will need to edit bracketed text or provide

Fig. 1: Startup screen for the ACI 301-10 Note Generating Tool

Fig. 2: To initiate a new project, the name and description of the project are entered and the status is set for the optional
checklist items

Concrete international APRIL 2012 25

additional project-specific information.
The status of each note can be set as Pending, No, or
Yes. Pending is the default status, indicating that no
decision has been made on whether to include it in the
contract documents. No is selected when a mandatory
requirement does not apply or when the default requirement
is acceptable. Yes is selected when incorporating a mandatory
requirement or the optional checklist note is desired.
The sample note text will help reduce the amount of
time required to address each item. Sample note text can be
edited, or users can even input a completely different note
if they desire. If different sample notes are preferred, its
possible to rewrite notes, save the project (as a template),
and use the new notes as the standard text for new projects.
Two additional pieces of information may be included
with each checklist item. The first is a list of provisions
related to the current provision. Figure 7 provides an example,
showing that Item 5.3.4.3.a should be coordinated with the

Fig. 3: After the first use of the ACI 301-10 Note Generating Tool, the user has the option of starting a new project with information from
an existing project

Fig. 4: Selecting only the applicable sections for a project reduces the number of checklist items that need to be
reviewed and addressed

26 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

provisions in 5.3.4.2 and 11.3.5.2 that address submittal of
the Contractors quality control plan. The second piece of
information is a link to a source for reference information
related to that requirement. Initially, these links are to the
ACI Bookstore page, where an ACI document containing
related information can be purchased or downloaded for free
if it is available as one of the three free downloads offered as
an ACI member benefit. As ACI continues to improve this
tool, links to other online resources will be added.
The changes users make to status settings and note text
are saved when switching to a new screen. There is a limit
to the session time when logged onto the ACI Web site, so
its a good habit to periodically click the Save button,
located in the navigation index or at the bottom of the
Web page, to avoid losing changes.
The results
Once all of the applicable checklist items are addressed
and edited, users can click on Concrete Notes in the
navigation index to present all the notes for review (Fig. 8).

Fig. 5: For each applicable section selected, the view can be toggled between a view of the full chapter of ACI 301-10, a view with
only the checklist items, or a summary view of the status for each item

Fig. 6: The summary view includes a color-coded status indication for each checklist item, allowing the user to quickly scan for items
that have yet to be addressed

Concrete international APRIL 2012 27

Fig. 7: The note for the contract documents and the status of each checklist item can be edited within the e-tool

Fig. 8: Clicking on Concrete Notes in the navigation index brings up all of the edited notes created with the tool. The Export
button allows the user to open or download a copy of the notes to use in contract documents

At this stage, its possible to return to specific checklist

items and revise the notes, change the status, or exclude
specific notes from the output.
The final step is to click on the Export button at the Mike Tholen is Managing Director,
top of the screen (Fig. 8). Users can open or download a Professional Development, at the
American Concrete Institute. He
Word document with the notes and then format and
received his BS in architectural
renumber them to fit the style and numbering sequence of
engineering and his MS and PhD in
the contract documents.
civil engineering from the University of
Kansas. He previously worked at ACI
Try It Out as the Engineering Editor of Concrete
Currently, the trial version of the ACI 301 Notes Generating International.
Tool is available as a free resource to ACI members and
nonmembers alike. At the conclusion of the trial period, an
annual subscription will be required for access to the Notes Matt Senecal is a Senior Engineer at
tools. Access to the additional information in the Spec the American Concrete Institute. He
Center will remain available for free to both members and received his BS in civil engineering
nonmembers. Its anticipated that future versions will from the University of Notre Dame and
include a tutorial on use of the e-tool, case studies illustrating his MS in civil engineering from the
the use of the e-tool, and additional content on other ACI University of Kansas. He worked as
reference specifications. Check the Spec Center for details a Civil and Structural Engineer for
on the free trial period and subscriptions. 14 years before joining the ACI
Engineering Department in 2004.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.

28 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

ACIs Annual Awards
Recipients recognized at the Spring 2012 Convention
A
t the Opening Session of the ACI Spring 2012
Convention in Dallas, TX, ACI once again honored
outstanding commitment and dedication to the
Institute during the annual awards presentation. Five
individuals were granted Honorary Membership, ACIs
highest citation given to persons of eminence in the field
of the Institutes interest, or one who has performed
extraordinary meritorious service to the Institute. Since this
rank was established in 1926, 219 ACI members have been
elected to Honorary Membership.
ACIs newest Honorary Members are:
Michael P. Collins;
Bernardo Deschapelles;
Neil M. Hawkins;
Thomas T.C. Hsu; and
Jos M. Izquierdo-Encarnacin. educator, researcher, and engineer; was chosen as the
In addition, ACI honored the Cement Council of
Texas and 31 individuals with personal and paper awards.
Those who received awards at the ACI Spring 2012
Convention included:
Honorary Membership
for his lifetime contributions as a researcher, teacher, and
role model to generations of students and for his leadership in
the development of the modified compression field theory for the
shear design of reinforced concrete members
Michael P. Collins, FACI, is University Professor and
Bahen-Tanenbaum Professor of Civil Engineering at the
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Educated at
the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
(BE 1964), and the University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Australia (PhD 1968), he was an Assistant Professor at the
University of Colorado, Boulder, for 2 years prior to joining
the University of Toronto in 1969. At Toronto, he has led a
long-term research program aimed at improving the
understanding of shear stress-transfer mechanisms for
reinforced concrete structures under extreme loads.
Collins is a member and past Chair of Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 445, Shear and Torsion, and is a past member of
the ACI Board of Direction; the ACI Educational Activities
Committee; ACI Committees 318, Structural Concrete
Building Code; and 358, Concrete Guideways (discharged);
and the Scholarship Council of the ACI Concrete Research
and Education Foundation. A frequent contributor to ACIs
technical publications, he was awarded the Raymond C.
Reese Research Medal for the best ACI structural
engineering research paper of 1976, the Wason Medal
for Most Meritorious Paper in 1991, the ACI Structural
Research Award for 1998, the ACI Structural Engineering
Award for 1999, and the ACI Design Award for 2006. In
addition, he received the Joe W. Kelly Award in 1994 for
outstanding contributions to structural concrete as an
Phil M. Ferguson Award Lecturer in 1997; and also received
the 2004 Arthur J. Boase Award for his research on the shear
behavior of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures.
He is a licensed professional engineer in the Province
of Ontario and has been elected Fellow of the Canadian
Academy of Engineering, the Engineering Institute of
Canada, and the Royal Society of Canada on the basis of
exceptional contributions to Canadian intellectual life.
for his extraordinary dedication to the education of
structural engineers in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean, in
analysis of shear wall buildings, Building Code development
and Finite Element Analysis
Bernardo Deschapelles is a Distinguished Professor in
the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at
the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico. He has authored
many technical papers and discussions, both in English and
Spanish, and presented contributions at the 1980 and 1992
ACI Fall Conventions.
He was co-founder of the Pan American Academy of
Engineers at Panama City in 2000 and was the first recipient
Concrete international APRIL 2012 29
Collins Deschapelles Hawkins Hsu Izquierdo- Holland
of the category of Honorary Member of the Dominican
Society of Engineers and Architects. He is a Fellow Member
of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and
President of the Earthquake Committee in the Puerto
Rican Society of Engineers and Surveyors.
In 2007, he received the ACI Alfred E. Lindau Award.
During 2010, the Government of the Dominican Republic
asked him to serve as Special Advisor in the upgrading of
the seismic code of that country. His research interests
include the development and promulgation of methods
related to the analysis and design of concrete structures,
particularly in the area of shear wall buildings.
He is a licensed professional engineer in Puerto Rico,
Florida, and the Dominican Republic. He received his BS
in chemical engineering and civil engineering in 1952 and
1954, respectively, from the University of Havana, Cuba. He
received his PhD in engineering from the California Coast
University, Santa Ana, CA, in 1982. He has served since 1955
in professional and professorial positions.
for his outstanding technical contributions in the fields of
reinforced and prestressed concrete behavior and design, his years
as an academic leader, and his service to ACI and other technical
organizations
Neil M. Hawkins retired from the University of Illinois
in 2002 as Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental
Engineering. He currently is an Affiliate Professor of Civil
and Environmental Engineering at the University of
Washington and consults.
He received ACIs Wason Medal for Materials Research
in 1970, the Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper
in 2009, the Reese Award in 1978 and 1981, the Structural
Research Award in 1991, the Kelly Award in 1996, the
Turner Medal in 2005, and the Reinforced Concrete
Research Councils Boase Award in 2005.
He is a consulting member of ACI Committee 318,
Structural Concrete Building Code, and is also a member
of its technical subcommittees on Precast and Prestressed
Concrete and Seismic Provisions. He is a member of ACI
Committees 215, Fatigue of Concrete; 355, Anchorage to
Concrete; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 408, Bond and
Development of Reinforcement; 445, Shear and Torsion;
30 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Encarnacin
446, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete; and 550, Precast
Concrete Structures; and he is a member of ACIs
Scholarship Council. He has served as a Director of ACI and
as a member of the International Activities Committee, the
Committee on Awards for Papers, the Fellows Nomination
Committee, and ACI Committee 443, Concrete Bridge
Design (discharged). He was the principal author for ACI
ITG-1 (Innovation Task Group 1) on Precast/Prestressed
Concrete Special Moment Frames and ITG-5 on Precast/
Prestressed Concrete Special Structural Walls.
His research interests are in the performance of concrete
structures and he has authored or co-authored over 240
technical papers and reports.
He received his BE in civil engineering in 1957 from the
University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and his
MS and PhD in civil engineering from the University of
Illinois at Urbana in 1959 and 1961, respectively. He is a
Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) and a Titan of the Precast/Prestressed
Concrete Institute (PCI).
for his groundbreaking research in the fields of concrete
materials and the torsional response of reinforced concrete
members and for his outstanding contributions as a teacher
and mentor
Thomas T. C. Hsu is Moores Professor in the Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Houston, Houston, TX. Before joining the University of
Houston as Department Chair in 1980, he served as
Professor and Department Chair at the University of
Miami, Coral Gables, FL, for 11 years, and as an Engineer at
Portland Cement Association (PCA), Skokie, IL, for 7 years.
Hsu has authored three books and numerous publications.
He was the recipient of the ACI Arthur J. Boase Award,
2007; the Arthur R. Anderson Award, 1991; and the Wason
Medal for Materials Research, 1965. He also received the
Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize from
the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 1974,
and the Research Medal from the American Society for
Engineering Education (ASEE) in 1969.
He was honored jointly by ACI and ASCE with the
Thomas T. C. Hsu Symposium on Shear and Torsion in

Klorman Schokker Bdard
Concrete Structures at the ACI Convention in New Orleans,
LA, in 2009; and the publication of the symposium volume,
ACI SP-265, which contains 29 papers presented by authors
from around the world.
Hsu is a member of ACI Committees 215, Fatigue of
Concrete, and 349, Concrete Nuclear Structures, and Joint
ACI-ASCE Committees 343, Concrete Bridge Design,
and 445, Shear and Torsion. He has also served on ACI
Committee 358, Concrete Guideways (discharged); the
Committee on Nominations; the Committee on Awards
for Papers; and the Publications Committee.
He received his BS from Harbin Institute of Technology,
China, 1957; and his MS and PhD from Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, in 1960 and 1962, respectively.
for his achievements and contributions to ACI and the
concrete industry internationally, and for his work in creating
and disseminating concrete instruments of knowledge for the
international concrete engineer and practitioner
Jos M. Izquierdo-Encarnacin is a Principal of
PORTICUS, a consulting firm located in Rio Piedras,
Puerto Rico.
Izquierdo was elected ACI President in 2003. He is a
Fellow of the Institute, a member of ACI Committees 314,
Simplified Design of Concrete Buildings, of which he
chaired the review of IPS-1; 118, Use of Computers; 369,
Seismic Repair and Rehabilitation; 375, Performance-Based
Design of Concrete Buildings for Wind Loads; and E705,
Educational Computer Activities. He also has served on the
Educational Activities Committee, the Financial Advisory
Committee, the Hot Topic Committee, the TAC Metrication
Committee, and the Task Group on Centennial Activities.
He co-chaired the Local Chapter Convention Committee
for the ACI Fall Conventions in 1992 and 2007 in Puerto
Rico and served as President and Board member of the
ACI Puerto Rico Chapter.
He has held several professional, civic, and public
positions in Puerto Rico, including serving as Secretary of
State and Secretary of Transportation and Public Works for
the Commonwealth; President and Board member of the
Institute of Engineers and Land Surveyors; and serving on
numerous committees during the last 27 years. He has also
Photo not
available
Smith Bognacki Delony
Recipients of ACIs Annual Awards
Honorary MembershipMichael P. Collins,
Bernardo Deschapelles, Neil M. Hawkins, Thomas T.C.
Hsu, and Jos M. Izquierdo-Encarnacin
Arthur R. Anderson MedalTerence C. Holland
Roger H. Corbetta Concrete Constructor
AwardWilliam M. Klorman
Joe W. Kelly AwardAndrea J. Schokker
Henry L. Kennedy AwardClaude Bdard
Henry C. Turner MedalRobert G. Smith
ACI Certification AwardCasimir J. Bognacki,
Jon W. Delony, and Butch Wyatt
ACI Distinguished Achievement Award
Cement Council of Texas
ACI Young Member Award for Professional
AchievementArturo Gaytan Covarrubias, Eric P.
Koehler, and Aleksandra Radliska
Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper
Hai H. Dinh, Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos, and
James K. Wight
ACI Construction AwardEric S. Peterson
Wason Medal for Materials ResearchMike
Benjamin Otieno, Mark G. Alexander, and Hans
Beushausen
Chester Paul Siess Award for Excellence in
Structural ResearchKyoung-Kyu Choi and Hong-
Gun Park
ACI Design AwardDenis Mitchell, William D.
Cook, and Ting Peng
Delmar L. Bloem Distinguished Service
AwardWill Hansen, Donald F. Meinheit, and
Matthew Offenberg
Chapter Activities AwardSusanne Flood,
Darlene C. Lane, J.R. Maurice Marcil, and
Lawrence H. Taber
Walter P. Moore, Jr. Faculty Achievement
AwardJohn T. Kevern
Concrete international APRIL 2012 31
Wyatt Cement Council Covarrubias
of Texas
served as Board member and Vice President of the Puerto
Rico Chamber of Commerce and Trustee of the Pontifical
Catholic University of Puerto Rico.
Izquierdo received his bachelors (1980) and masters
(1982) degrees in civil engineering from the University of
Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico. He joined Capacete-
Martin & Associates, Architects and Engineers, San Juan, in
1980, serving as a Senior Structural Engineer for 5 years. He
founded and worked for 15 years in the consulting firm
Izquierdo, Rueda and Associates, providing services in the
areas of structural engineering, infrastructure development,
and historic preservation.
He has chaired the structural engineers continuous
education program in Puerto Rico for the last 25 years.
He has written many papers and spoken extensively on
structural engineering and analysis in over 15 countries,
promoted the use of simplified methods for structural
design, and has worked in numerous restoration projects.
Arthur R. Anderson Medal
for his outstanding contributions to our understanding of
concrete as a construction material and the use of chemical
admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials, and for
his leadership in advancing the materials and construction
provisions of the ACI 318 Building Code
Terence C. Holland is a Concrete Materials Consultant
living in Auburn Township, OH. Previously, Holland was
Director of Engineering in the Admixture Division of
Master Builders Inc., Cleveland, OH. He was also an Officer
in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Vietnam and Korea
and a Civilian Research Engineer with the Corps at its
Structures Laboratory at the Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MS.
Holland is a past member of the ACI Board of Direction
and was elected ACI President in 2002. He is also a Past
Chair of the Technical Activities Committee; his 3-year
tenure as Chair concluded in March 2000. He is a member
and Past Chair of ACI Committee 234, Silica Fume in
Concrete, and is a member of ACI Committees 130,
Sustainability of Concrete; 304, Measuring, Mixing,
Transporting, and Placing Concrete; and 318, Structural
Concrete Building Code. He is a past member of the Board
32 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Koehler Radliska Dinh
Advisory Committee on Sustainable Development, the
Publications Committee, the Construction Liaison
Committee, the TAC Technology Transfer Committee, the
TAC Metrication Committee, the Financial Advisory
Committee, and ACI Committees 363, High-Strength
Concrete, and 546, Repair of Concrete. Holland is also a
member of several professional societies.
In 2011, Holland was bestowed ACI Honorary
Membership. In 1991, he received the ACI Construction
Award for his paper on silica fume applications in the U.S.,
which was published in SP-114, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag,
and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete. In 1997, he received the
Delmar L. Bloem Distinguished Service Award for his work
with ACI Committee 234, Silica Fume in Concrete, and
other technical committees. In addition, organizers of a
CANMET/ACI International Conference honored Hollands
contributions related to condensed silica fume use. In 2007,
a symposium on advances in concrete technology was held
in his honor in Warsaw, Poland.
A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY,
he received his MEng and DEng in civil engineering from
the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, in 1974
and 1983, respectively.
Roger H. Corbetta Concrete
Constructor Award
for his effective participation in ACI activities and his
innovative techniques in the planning and execution of concrete
structures including his leadership in the field of Building
Information Modeling (BIM)
William M. Klorman is the President, CEO, and
Founder of W.M. Klorman Construction Corporation
established in 1980 and located in Woodland Hills, CA.
He is a licensed General Contractor, Concrete Contractor,
and registered Deputy Inspector for Reinforced Concrete
who specializes in design-build concrete buildings and
structures and has been personally involved in the design
and construction of more than 300 existing commercial
structures over 30 years.
Klorman is an ACI Fellow and is active on local and
national levels. He is a Past Chair and member of the
Responsibility in Concrete Construction Committee, the
Parra-Montesinos Wight Peterson
Construction Liaison Committee, and the Joint ACI-ASCC
Task Group to Address Contractor Needs. He is a member
of ACI Committees 131, Building Information Modeling of
Concrete Structures; and 349, Concrete Nuclear Structures.
He is also a member of the Strategic Development Councils
ATI Team for Building Information Modeling and a member
of the Applied Technologies Councils Project 81 Strategic
Development Plan for IFCs in Cast-in-Place Concrete.
He is a past member of ACI Committee 350,
Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures, and
ACI Subcommittee 301-E, Post-Tensioned Concrete. He was
published in Concrete International for his case study of an
internally post-tensioned concrete water reservoir for California
Polytechnics University, San Luis Obispo, CA; contributed
to The Sustainable Concrete GuideApplications, published
by the U.S. Green Concrete Council, in which he co-authored
Chapter 9, Planning and BIM (Building Information
Management); and his article BIM: Leveraging Integration
Modeling a Confederated BIM at LAXs New Tom Bradley
International Terminal was published in Structure magazine.
He regularly lectures and is a guest speaker for various
industry groups and universities around the country, where
he presents and teaches concrete construction and building
information modeling.
Joe W. Kelly Award
for invaluable service to the American Concrete Institute in
promoting green concrete and developing sustainability into one
of the areas of greater interest within the Institute
Andrea J. Schokker is the Executive Vice Chancellor
for Academic Affairs at the University of Minnesota Duluth
(UMD). She recently moved to this position from her
position as the founding Department Head of Civil
Engineering at UMD. Prior to moving to UMD in 2008,
Schokker was at Pennsylvania State University for 9 years.
Schokker is an ACI Fellow and is Chair of ACI Committee
130, Sustainability of Concrete. She is also a member of the
ACI Educational Activities Committee, and ACI Committees
222, Corrosion of Metals in Concrete; and 224, Cracking;
ACI Subcommittee 318-G, Prestressed and Precast Concrete;
and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete.
Schokker served on the ACI Board of Direction from 2009
Otieno Alexander Beushausen
to 2011 and is a Past Chair of the ACI Chapter Activities
Committee; the ACI Student and Young Professional
Activities Committee; ACI Committee S803, the Faculty
Network Coordinating Committee; and Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete. She is a past member
of the ACI International Committee and the ACI Membership
Committee. Schokker received both the Young Member
Award for Professional Achievement and the Educational
Committee Member of the Year Award in 2004.
Schokkers research interests include design- and
construction-related improvements for durable post-tensioned
structures. She received her BS and MS in civil engineering
(structures focus) from Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, in 1993 and 1994, respectively. She received her PhD in
1999 from the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
Henry L. Kennedy Award
for his outstanding dedication and service and his farsighted
leadership as the Chair of the ACI Foundations Strategic
Development Council
Claude Bdard is President of Euclid Admixture
Canada Inc., St. Hubert, QC, Canada, and Vice President of
International Accounts for The Euclid Chemical Company,
Cleveland, OH. He began his career as a Concrete R&D
Engineer with Canada Cement Lafarge, Ltd. He joined
Euclid Admixture Canada Inc. in 1992 as General Manager
with the responsibility for the startup of Euclids business
activities in Canada. Bdard was named President of Euclid
Admixture Canada Inc. in 1996 and continues to drive the
geographical expansion of the business unit.
Bdard is an ACI Fellow and twice served as President of
the ACI Eastern Ontario and Quebec Chapter. He is a Past
Chair of the ACI Foundation and the Strategic Development
Council. He is a member of the ACI Financial Advisory
Committee, the ACI International Committee, the ACI
International Partnerships and Publications Subcommittee,
and the ACI Strategic Planning Task Group. He is also a
member of ACI Committees 211, Proportioning Concrete
Mixtures; 212, Chemical Admixtures; and 237, Self-
Consolidating Concrete. He is a consulting member of
the Strategic Development Councils Technology Transfer
Advisory Group.
Concrete international APRIL 2012 33
Choi Park Mitchell
Bdard represents The Euclid Chemical Company on
the ACI Strategic Development Council (SDC) and is
involved with numerous concrete associations. He is a Past
Chair of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
Technical Committee on Concrete, CSA A23.1/.2, and
serves on the CSA Standards Policy Board. He is a member
of the Canadian National Research Council Institute for
Research in Construction Advisory Board and the RMC
Foundation Technical Advisory Committee. Bdard is a past
member of the ACI Board of Direction and the CSA Group
Board of Directors.
He received his bachelors, masters, and PhD degrees
in civil engineering from the University of Sherbrooke,
Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, in 1981, 1983, and 2005,
respectively, and is a licensed civil engineer in Quebec.
Henry C. Turner Medal
for his years of invaluable support of ACIs mission, his
unswerving concern for safer reinforced concrete structures, and
his leadership in identifying the need for effective and efficient
continuity of reinforcement
Robert G. Smith retired from Erico International,
Cleveland, OH, in 2008. He was Vice President of Sales and
a Board member. Prior to joining Erico in 1948, he worked
for American Telephone and Telegraph, New York. He also
served in the Army Air Corps flying anti-sub patrols.
Smith became an ACI Fellow in 1989 and is a member
of ACI Committees 355, Anchorage to Concrete, and 439,
Steel Reinforcement.
Smith attended Alfred University, Alfred, NY, and is a life
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
ACI Certification Award
for outstanding and tireless service in promoting and
administering ACI Certification programs
Casimir J. Bognacki is the Chief of Materials
Engineering at The Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey. He has over 30 years of experience in construction
materials and is currently responsible for managing the
inspection and testing services for these materials and
investigating and incorporating the latest in materials
34 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Cook Peng Hansen
technology into construction and maintenance work at
Port Authority facilities.
He is an ACI Fellow and a member of ACI Committees
121, Quality Assurance Systems for Concrete; 211,
Proportioning Concrete Mixtures; 212, Chemical
Admixtures; 304, Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and
Placing Concrete; and 562, Evaluation, Repair, and
Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings. He is also a Past
Chair of ACI Committee 214, Evaluation of Results of
Tests Used to Determine the Strength of Concrete. He is
President of the ACI New York City Chapter and has
authored several technical papers. Additionally, Bognacki
is a member of ASTM International. He received the ACI
Chapter Activities Award in 2009.
Bognacki received his BS and MS in civil engineering
from the Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn,
NY, in 1972 and 1975, respectively.
for outstanding and tireless service in administering ACI
Certification programs
Jon W. Delony is a Consulting Civil Engineer and
General Contractor in the state of Washington. He worked
for the Portland Cement Association for 10 years and the
Northwest Concrete Promotional Group for 7 years as a
Concrete Field Engineer and Concrete Paving Engineer,
providing design, construction, and educational services to
engineers, architects, and contractors in Washington,
Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Alaska.
He has been in private practice since 1993, specializing
in concrete pavement and concrete slab-on-ground design,
construction, distress and failure analysis, and expert
witness services. He is also a General Contractor, specializing
in concrete slab-on-ground construction.
He received his BS in civil engineering and his BS in
geology from Washington State University, Pullman, WA,
in 1970 and 1972, respectively.
for outstanding and enthusiastic service in coordinating,
administering, and promoting ACI Certification programs
Before his recent death in September 2011, Butch
Wyatt was a native of Birmingham, AL. After serving 30
Meinheit Offenberg Flood Lane Marcil Taber

years in the U.S. National Guard as a Lieutenant Colonel,
he retired in 1997. In 2000, Wyatt became the Masonry
Director for the Alabama Concrete Industries Association.
He was responsible for promotion and certification within
the masonry industry from Florida through Alabama and
Mississippi and into Arkansas. He had been responsible for
the ACI Certification program for the entire state of Alabama
since 2007. He instructed between 12 to 15 programs per
year, administering more than 1500 exams. Wyatt received
his BS from Athens State University, Athens, AL.
has also promoted the implementation of full-depth
reclamation of asphalt pavements as a standard sustainable
practice in numerous Texas agencies, including TxDOT
and the cities of Fort Worth and Dallas, and has ensured
that economical, long-lasting concrete paving alternatives
are developed for recent local toll road projects in east
Texas and the Rio Grande Valley, where asphalt roads are
normally installed.

ACI Distinguished Achievement Award

for sustained advocacy of the advancement of concrete
technology in Texas through promotional events, legislative
activities, educational seminars, and publications

The Cement Council of Texas (CCT) promotes the

sustainable use of cement and concrete, including concrete
pavements, soil cement, and high-performance building
systems. CCTcelebrating 25 years this Marchwas
incorporated by Texas cement shippers in 1987.
CCT has organized hundreds of conferences, seminars,
and presentations over the past 25 years, training countless
industry professionals on state-of-the-art practices.
Most significantly, CCT and the Texas Department of
Transportation (TxDOT) have produced a biennial concrete
conference, presenting paving and bridge advances to
hundreds of TxDOT engineers, contractors, and consultants,
since 2000. In the past year alone, CCT has offered multiple
seminars on mainline paving, parking lots, pervious
concrete, soil cement, and roller-compacted concrete
(RCC). These have extensively used ACI documents
produced by ACI Committees 230, Soil Cement; 325,
Concrete Pavements; 327, Roller-Compacted Concrete
Pavements; 330, Concrete Parking Lots and Site Paving;
and 522, Pervious Concrete.
CCT has promoted and influenced numerous construction
initiatives, including the installation of three phases of
RCC pavement at the Port of Houstons Bayport Terminal,
collectively the largest placement of RCC pavement in
the U.S.; and the construction of over 100 low-income
insulated concrete form homes, financed with HUD
Community Development funds, in Lubbock, TX. CCT

Concrete international APRIL 2012 35

 ACI Young Member Award for
Professional Achievement
for contributions to the advancing of quality management
systems in production and concrete construction, to seek and
disseminate the benefits of concrete and for the mentoring and
support of younger colleagues and students

Arturo Gaytan Covarrubias is a Process Management

Kevern and Component Analysis Manager at the CEMEX Cement
and Concrete Technology Center in Mexico City, Mexico.
He has worked for CEMEX for 9 years. He has also authored
or co-authored various technical papers and reports in
Fifty-Year Members Honored Mexico, Latin America, Europe, and Australia.
At the ACI Spring 2012 Convention, 31 members He is the Student Chapter Director of the ACI Central
and Southern Mexico Chapter. He is a member of ACI
were recognized with citations of achievement
Committees 121, Quality Assurance Systems for Concrete;
for 50 years of continuous membership in the and 130, Sustainability of Concrete, and ACI Subcommittee
American Concrete Institute. They include: 130-D, Rating Systems/Sustainability Tools. He is also Chair
James P. Archibald of TC 59 SC 17, Sustainability of Building Construction;
Loyer Arze and TC 71 SC 8, Environmental Management for Concrete
James Carpenter and Concrete Structures, for the Mexican group of ISO
standards. He is Past President of the Autonomous National
Jose F. Chacon Toral
University of Mexico ACI Student Chapter. He is also a
Eduardo G. De-Zayas member of the American Society of Civil Engineers
Octavio A. Espinosa I (ASCE). He received third place in the ACI FRP Composites
David W. Fowler Competition in Toronto, ON, Canada, in 2000.
Timothy Fowler His research interests include sustainable construction,
Sigmund A. Freeman integrated management systems for concrete production,
and the use of fiber-reinforced polymers in civil
Richard W. Furlong
engineering works.
John Gardner Covarrubias received his BS in civil engineering from
Howard C. Graff the Autonomous National University of Mexico, Mexico
Sidney A. Guralnick City, Mexico, in 2002, and his MS in quality and
David P. Gustafson productivity from Monterrey Tech at Mexico City, Mexico
George Charles Hoff City, Mexico, in 2009.
Richard R. Imper
for contributions to advancing the measurement of concrete
Harold Jobse workability through development of a new device and through
F. Wayne Klaiber his service to ACI technical committees
James S. Lai
LeLong Lucien Eric P. Koehler is Vice President of R&D for Verifi LLC,
Joaquin Marin which is majority-owned by W.R. Grace & Co. He joined
W.R. Grace in 2007, starting as an R&D Engineer in
Thomas Moske
concrete admixture formulation development. He has been
Tarun R. Naik at Verifi since 2010 and is responsible for the development
Joseph Nyzen of concrete truck-mounted equipment for in-transit control
William S. Phelan of concrete properties.
Mark M. Porat He is Chair of ACI Committee 238, Workability of
Edwin C. Rossow Fresh Concrete, and a member of ACI Committees 211,
Proportioning Concrete Mixtures; 221, Aggregates; 236,
Robert E. Shewmaker
Material Science of Concrete; 237, Self-Consolidating
Robert A. Shoolbred Concrete; and 522, Pervious Concrete. He is also a member
Earnest Taylor of ASTM International.
John R. Wilson His research interests include concrete rheology, self-
consolidating concrete, new sensing technology for concrete,

36 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

mixture proportioning, aggregates, and pervious concrete.
He was an original developer of the ICAR rheometer,
which is a portable rheometer for concrete.
He received his BS in civil engineering from Clemson
University, Clemson, SC, in 2002, and his MS and PhD in
civil engineering from the University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX, in 2004 and 2007, respectively.
for contributions to advancements of concrete knowledge
through education and mentoring of students, scholarly research,
technical publications, and service to ACI committees at the
local and national level
Aleksandra Radliska is an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at
Villanova University, Villanova, PA. She has been a faculty
member at the university since August 2004, where she
teaches introductory undergraduate and graduate courses
that relate the fundamentals of materials science with
applications to civil engineering. She has authored or
co-authored over 30 peer-reviewed papers and reports.
Radliska is Secretary of ACI Committee 123, Research
and Current Developments, and is a member of ACI
Committee 236, Material Science of Concrete. She recently
co-edited ACI SP-270, Advances in the Material Science of
Concrete. She serves as a Faculty Advisor of the universitys
ACI Student Chapter, which she founded in 2009. She is
also a member of the ACI Eastern Pennsylvania and
Delaware Chapter and the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE).
Radliskas research interests include engineering
materials for sustainability; alternative, low-CO2 binders for
concrete construction; and reliability-based design and
analysis of construction materials.
She received her BS and MS in civil engineering from
the West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin,
Poland, in 2004, and her PhD in civil engineering from
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, in 2008.
Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper
for investigating the shear strength of concrete beams
reinforced with steel fibers (Effects of Shear Mechanisms on
Impact Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams, ACI
Structural Journal, September-October 2010, pp. 597-606)
Hai H. Dinh is a Civil Engineer III working for nearly
3 years for Moffatt and Nichol Engineers, Walnut Creek,
CA. Dinh received his BS in civil engineering from the
University of Architecture, Vietnam, in 1999, and his MSE
and PhD in structural engineering from the University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, in 2006 and 2009, respectively.
His research interests include fiber-reinforced concrete and
its application to structures. He is also interested in the
structural behavior of long-span bridges under extreme
loading conditions.
Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos, FACI, is an Associate
Professor of Structural Engineering in the Civil and
Environmental Engineering Department at the University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. He joined the faculty as
Assistant Professor in 2000, and was promoted to Associate
Professor in 2006. Since 2001, he serves as Director of the
University of Michigan Structural Engineering Laboratory.
Parra-Montesinos was the recipient of the 2006 ACI
Young Member Award for Professional Achievement and
the 2011 Chester Paul Siess Award for Excellence in
Structural Research. He is Chair of ACI Committee 335,
Composite and Hybrid Structures, and a member of ACI
Committee 318, Structural Concrete Building Code, and
Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352, Joints and Connections
in Monolithic Concrete Structures. He is also a member of
the ACI Publications Committee and ACI Subcommittees
318-D, Flexure and Axial Loads: Beams, Slabs, and
Columns; 318-R, Code Reorganization; and 318-S, Spanish
Translation, and an Associate Member of ACI Committee
544, Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Parra-Montesinos is a
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), from which he received the 2010 Walter L. Huber
Research Prize.
He received his BS in civil engineering from Universidad
Metropolitana, Caracas, Venezuela, in 1994, and his MS and
PhD from the University of Michigan in 1997 and 2000,
respectively. His main research interests include the behavior
and design of reinforced concrete structures and structural
applications of fiber-reinforced concrete, with emphasis on
earthquake-resistant structures.
James K. Wight, FACI, FASCE, is the Frank E. Richart,
Jr. Collegiate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. He is currently the Senior Vice
President of ACI. He is a past Chair of ACI Committee 318,
Structural Concrete Building Code, and the ACI Technical
Activities Committee. Wight is a past Chair and member of
Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352, Joints and Connections in
Monolithic Concrete Structures, and a member of Joint
ACI-ASCE Committee 445, Shear and Torsion. He has been
the recipient of several awards, including the Delmar L.
Bloem Award for Distinguished Service, 1991; the Joe W.
Kelly Award, 1999; the Arthur Y. Moy Award from the ACI
Greater Michigan Chapter, 2000; the Arthur J. Boase Award,
2002; the Structural Research Award, 2003; the Alfred E.
Lindau Award, 2008; and the Chester P. Seiss Award for
Excellence in Structural Research, 2009.
He received his BSE in civil engineering and his MSE
in civil engineering from Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI, in 1969 and 1970, respectively, and his PhD
in civil engineering (structures), University of Illinois,
1973. His primary research interests include earthquake-
resistant design of reinforced concrete structures and
design of concrete structures using high-performance
fiber-reinforced concrete.
Concrete international APRIL 2012 37
ACI Construction Award
for the formwork design and detailing of the complex
reliquary walls within The Cathedral of Christ the Light, Oakland,
CA (Meeting the Formwork Requirements for a Challenging
Structure, Concrete International, January 2010, pp. 42-48)
Eric S. Peterson is a Senior Superintendent for Webcor
Builders, Alameda, CA. Starting as a construction carpenter
and a certified welder, he has over 38 years of experience in
the construction industry. This experience includes over
20 years as a superintendent and project manager, building
structural and architectural concrete projects which have
included treatment facilities, bridges, high-rise structures,
hospitals, transportation facilities, and seismic retrofits of
transportation and manufacturing facilities.
Peterson is a member of ACI Committees 117, Tolerances;
237, Self-Consolidating Concrete; and 347, Formwork for
Concrete. He is also a member of ASTM International.
Wason Medal for Materials Research
for investigating the influence of cracks on the rate of
chloride-induced corrosion (Suitability of Various
Measurement Techniques for Assessing Corrosion in
Cracked Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, September-
October 2010, pp. 481-489)
Mike Benjamin Otieno is a PhD Candidate in the
Concrete Materials and Structural Integrity Research Unit
in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of
Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. He has authored and
co-authored a number of journal and conference papers.
Otieno is a student member of ACI and an Associate
Member of ACI Committee 201, Durability of Concrete.
He received his BSc in civil engineering from the
University of Nairobi, Kenya, in 2006, and his MSc Eng
from the University of Cape Town in 2008. Otieno has
worked with a number of civil engineering consulting firms
in Kenya and Australia. His research interests include concrete
durability, service life prediction, and repair and rehabilitation
of corrosion-affected reinforced concrete structures.
Mark G. Alexander has been a Professor of Civil
Engineering at the University of Cape Town, Rondebosch,
South Africa, since 1992. Prior to that, he was a faculty
member at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
from which he received his BSc Eng, MSc Eng, and PhD in
1972, 1975, and 1986, respectively.
He is a licensed professional engineer. He teaches and
researches in cement and concrete materials engineering,
particularly relating to design and construction. He has
published extensively both in South Africa and abroad, and
is active in international scientific circles. He is currently
President-Elect of RILEM. He co-authored Aggregates in
Concrete (2005) and Alkali-Aggregate Reaction and Structural
Damage to Concrete (2011), both published by Taylor and
38 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Francis. His research interests include concrete durability,
including issues of repair and rehabilitation of deteriorated
concrete structures.
Hans Beushausen is a Senior Lecturer in the
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
He is the Chairman of RILEM TC 230 PSC, (Performance-
Based Specification and Control of Concrete Durability)
and Task Group Co-Convener of fib TG 8.10, Performance
Specifications for Concrete.
He received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in civil engineering
from the University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, Germany,
in 1998, and his MSc Eng and PhD degrees in structural
engineering from the University of Cape Town in 2000 and
2005, respectively.
His research interests include structural concrete
properties; concrete materials engineering; and the design
of reinforced concrete structures, with a focus on concrete
durability issues and concrete repair.
Chester Paul Siess Award for Excellence
in Structural Research
for developing an analytical method to predict the inelastic
deformation capacity of reinforced concrete beams subjected to cyclic
or monotonic loading (Evaluation of Inelastic Deformation
Capacity of Beams Subjected to Cyclic Loading, ACI
Structural Journal, September-October 2010, pp. 507-519)
Kyoung-Kyu Choi is an Assistant Professor in the
School of Architecture at Soongsil University, Seoul, South
Korea. He has authored or co-authored over 80 technical
papers and reports.
He is an Associate Member of ACI Committees 440,
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement; 548, Polymers and
Adhesives for Concrete; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee
445, Shear and Torsion. He is also a member of the Korea
Concrete Institute (KCI). He received the KCI Young
Researcher Award in 2001 and the ACI Chester Paul Siess
Award for Excellence in Structural Research in 2009.
Chois research interests include shear and seismic
design of reinforced concrete structures, fiber-reinforced
concrete, and polymer-modified concrete. He received his
BS, MS, and PhD in architectural engineering from Seoul
National University in South Korea in 1999, 2001, and
2004, respectively. He is a registered architectural engineer
in South Korea.
Hong-Gun Park is a Professor in the Department of
Architecture & Architectural Engineering at Seoul National
University, Seoul, South Korea, where he has served on the
faculty since 1997. He is also the Director of the Center
for Creative Technology Development for Sustainable
Construction. He has authored or co-authored over
130 technical papers and reports.
 Park is a member of ACI and the American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE). He received the ACI Chester Paul
Siess Award for Excellence in Structural Research in 2009.
Park received his BS and MS in architectural engineering
from Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, in 1985
and 1987, respectively, and his PhD in civil engineering
from the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, in 1994.
He is a registered professional engineer in South Korea.
His research interests include earthquake design of
reinforced concrete and composite structures, material
model for nonlinear analysis, evaluation of existing
building structures, and environmentally friendly
cementitious materials.
ACI Design Award
for providing detailing guidance to adequately anchor
hanger reinforcement in dapped end beams (Importance of
Reinforcement Detailing, SP-273-14, September 2010)
Denis Mitchell is a James McGill Professor in the
Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics at
McGill University in Montreal, QC, Canada.
He is an ACI Fellow and a member of the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and Prestressed/Precast
Concrete Institute (PCI). He is a member of the ACI Board
of Direction; ACI Subcommittee 318-B, Reinforcement and
Development; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 408,
Development and Splicing of Deformed Bars (Past Chair),
and 445, Shear and Torsion. He is Chair of the Canadian
Standards Committee for the Design of Concrete Structures
and participates in the development of international codes
and design guidelines.
Mitchell has received a number of awards for his
research from ACI, PCI, ASCE, the Canadian Society for
Civil Engineering, the Canadian Standards Association, the
Engineering Institute of Canada, and the Institution of
Structural Engineers. In 2004, he was elected to the Royal
Society of Canada.
Mitchell received his BASc in 1969, MASc in 1971, and
PhD in 1974 from the Department of Civil Engineering at
the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. His
research interests include the behavior of reinforced and
prestressed concrete structures, shear and torsion design,
the structural performance of elements made with high-
performance concrete, seismic design, and preventing
progressive collapse of slab structures.
William D. Cook is a Research Associate in the
Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics
at McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Cook received his BEng, MEng, and PhD degrees in civil
engineering from McGill University in 1979, 1981, and
1987, respectively.
His research interests include the design of regions near
discontinuities and predicting the nonlinear response of
reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. He has
authored many technical papers on the design and structural
response of reinforced concrete elements.
Ting Peng was a Graduate Student in the Department
of Civil Engineering at McGill University, Montreal,
QC, Canada.
Peng received her bachelors degree in building
engineering from Concordia University, Montreal, QC,
Canada, in 2007, and her masters degree in civil
engineering from McGill University in 2009.
Her research interests include the investigation of the
behavior of disturbed regions in dapped-end beams.
Delmar J. Bloem Distinguished Service
Award
for outstanding leadership of Committee 231, Properties of
Concrete at Early Ages
Will Hansen has been a Faculty Member in the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at
the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, since 1982.
Between 1990 and 1992, he was Professor of Building
Materials at the Institute of Building Technology and
Structural Engineering at Aalborg University, Aalborg,
Denmark. Hansen teaches courses in materials, mechanics
of materials, and pavement analysis and design.
He has been a member of the Center for Advanced
Cement-Based Materials (ACBM) since 1989 and is
currently the Director for the MDOT Center for Concrete
Pavement Performance.
In 1989, he was awarded the Masuda International
Foundation Fellowship from Kobe University, Kobe, Japan,
and received the Civil Engineering Department Research
Award in 1995 and 1996. He was also the ASCE Student
Chapter Teacher of the Year in 1996 and 1997.
for outstanding leadership of Committee 355, Anchorage
to Concrete
Donald F. Meinheit is a Retiree of Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates, Inc., Chicago, IL. He retired as a Principal in
2006 after a 27-year career. He is now an Affiliated
Consultant with the company, working part-time and
providing as-needed consulting and mentoring.
Meinheit is Chair of ACI Committee 355, Anchorage to
Concrete, and a member of ACI 533, Precast Panels. He is
also a Past Chair of Joint ACI-CRSI Committee C601A
(now Joint ACI-CRSI Committee C680), Adhesive
Anchor Installer Certification, and a past member of
ACI Committee 301, Specifications for Concrete, and Joint
ACI-ASCE Committee 352, Joints and Connections in
Monolithic Concrete Structures. Meinheit is a member of
the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). He received
Concrete international APRIL 2012 39
the ACI Construction Practice Award in 1986 and the
ACI Illinois Chapter Henry Crown Award in 2010.
His research interests include welded headed stud
anchors, post-installed mechanical expansion anchors,
sandwich wall panel shear connectors, and flange-to-flange
connectors for precast/prestressed double tees, and concrete
anchor design and behavior.
Meinheit received his BSCE from Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN, in 1966, and his MS in structural
engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, Urbana, IL, in 1968. After working at the
Portland Cement Association Research and Development
Laboratories for a few years, he returned to school at the
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, receiving his PhD
in structural engineering in 1977.
for outstanding leadership of Committee 522, Pervious Concrete
Matthew Offenberg is a Technical Service Manager for
W.R. Grace and is responsible for the southeastern U.S. He
has served for over 15 years as a Civil Engineer within the
concrete industry, publishing over 10 technical papers and
articles during his career and maintaining a technical blog
on pervious concrete, with readers in over 100 countries.
He is Chair of ACI Committee 522, Pervious Concrete,
and is Co-Chair of ACI Subcommittee 130-B, Production/
Transport/Construction. He is also a member of ASTM
International. In 2007, he won the ACI Wason Medal for
Most Meritorious Paper for his article on pervious concrete
construction techniques. In 2008, he received the ACI
Young Member Award for Professional Achievement.
As an internationally acclaimed pervious concrete
expert, he is invited to speak throughout the U.S. and
around the world on this sustainable paving technology.
He received his BS and MS in civil engineering from
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, in 1995 and 1996,
respectively. He is a licensed professional engineer in
Florida and Arizona.
Chapter Activities Awards
for her consistently exceptional devotion and service to the
ACI Illinois Chapter
Susanne Flood has been President of Flood Testing
Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, IL, since 1997, devoting her
entire life to the family-run business, learning about the
construction business through hands-on experience.
Flood was active in the planning and implementation of
the ACI Spring 2010 Convention held in Chicago, ILone
of the most highly attended conventions in ACI history.
She is involved with the ACI student competitions and
is also a member of the ACI Strategic Development
Council (SDC).
Flood received her BA in English literature from
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, in 1970.
40 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
for her outstanding devotion and commitment to the ACI
British Columbia Chapter, and providing continuity and
direction to the Chapter Board
Darlene C. Lane worked for the Cement Association
of Canada (formerly the Canadian Portland Cement
Association) for 23 years from 1985 to 2009 as the
Administrative Assistant to the Vice President of the
Western Canada Region.
She has been the Secretary/Treasurer for the ACI British
Columbia Chapter since 1986. She served as Secretary on
two Local Chapter Convention Committees for conven-
tions held in Vancouver, BC, Canada, in 1993 and 2003.
for his outstanding service and dedication to the ACI
Quebec and Eastern Ontario Chapter through the promotion of
certification and technical programs
J. R. Maurice Marcil is a Professional Engineer and
Principal of Consultants at Sodexcon Inc., Laval, QC,
Canada. Marcil taught concrete design at Sherbrooke
University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, from 1963 to 1965,
and at ETS University, Montreal, QC, Canada, from 1992 to
1995. He was also General Manager of the Canadian
Portland Cement Association (CPCA) from 1974 to 1986.
His involvement with ACI local chapter activities began
in 1976, when he was elected Director of the ACI Quebec
and Eastern Ontario Chapter, later becoming Vice President
and then President of the Chapter. Marcil served as Secretary/
Treasurer in 1982 on a voluntary basis but was hired by the
Chapter in 1991. He is currently General Manager for the
Chapter, a position that was created in 2005.
He received his Baccalaureate in Applied Sciences (civil
engineering) from Sherbrooke University in 1962.
for his tireless and enthusiastic dedication to the ACI
Missouri Chapter, including technical knowledge, student
programs and promoting the concrete industry
Lawrence H. Taber is a Lead Structural Engineer in
the Water Division of the Black & Veatch Corporation,
Kansas City, MO. He has been with Black & Veatch since
2001, designing numerous concrete, masonry, and steel
structures and buildings, primarily for water, wastewater,
and hydropower facilities. He is also involved with
condition assessments, construction phase services, and
structural inspections.
Taber is a Past President and current member of the ACI
Missouri Chapter and currently serves as a Director on the
ACI Kansas Chapters Board of Direction. He is Chair of
ACI Subcommittee 308-A, Guide to Curing, and is a
member of the ACI Educational Activities Committee, the
ACI Convention Committee, the ACI Student and Young
Professional Activities Committee, and ACI Committees
E702, Designing Concrete Structures; 120, History of
Concrete; and 308, Curing Concrete. (ASCE) and ASTM International. and water quality improvement using
He is also a member of the ACI Young His research interests include photocatalytic cement.
Member Award for Professional pervious concrete roadways for noise He received his BS in civil engineering
Achievement Committee and ACI reduction and improved skid resistance, from the University of Wisconsin-
Subcommittee 308-B, Curing Specifi- biomechanical investigation into Platteville, Platteville, WI, in 2004, and
cations. He is a Past Chair and current pavement characteristics, investigating his MS and PhD in civil engineering
member of ACI Committee S801, sawing technique on concrete from Iowa State University, Ames, IA,
Student Activities. He also served as microstructure and joint durability, in 2006 and 2008, respectively.
Co-Chair of the relocated Fall 2005
ACI Convention in Kansas City, MO,
and was the Co-Chair of the Student
Activities Subcommittee for the Fall
2008 ACI Convention in St. Louis, MO.
Taber received the ACI Young Member
Award for Professional Achievement
in 2007 and the ACI Missouri Chapter
Person of the Year Award in 2006.
Taber received his BS in civil
engineering in 2000 and his MS in civil
engineering in 2001 with an emphasis
in structural engineering from the
University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla,
MO. His masters thesis dealt with
concrete-reinforcement bond and the
effect of contaminants. He is currently
a licensed professional engineer in
Missouri, Texas, Indiana, and Georgia.

Walter P. Moore, Jr. Faculty

Achievement Award
for his enthusiasm, diligence, and
innovation in concrete research and
education, as evidenced by his
championing of the Sustainable Concrete
Guide, the ACI student competitions, and
the NRMCA Pervious Concrete Contractor
Certification program

John T. Kevern is an Assistant

Professor in the Department of Civil
Engineering at the University of
Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO.
He has authored over 60 journal articles,
papers, and reports and has been
invited numerous times to present at
U.S. and international conferences.
Kevern is a member of ACI Com-
mittees 120, History of Concrete; 130,
Sustainability of Concrete; and 522,
Pervious Concrete. He also helped
develop and pilot the ACI Pervious
Concrete Student Competition for
ACI Committee S801, Student
Activities. He is also a member of the
American Society of Civil Engineers

Concrete international APRIL 2012 41

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A New Tool for
Concrete and
Masonry Repair
Strengthening with fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix composites
by Antonio Nanni
I
n 1995 and 1997, CI articles documented early
commercial development of what is now known
as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) repair and
strengthening technology.1,2 At present, about 15 years
later, the industry is applying a new class of materials:
fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM)
composites. As compared with FRP composites, FRCM
composites offer greater resistance to high temperatures
and ultraviolet radiation as well as superior compatibility
with a concrete substrate. The objective of this article is
to briefly introduce this additional tool for the concrete
and masonry repair industry by presenting five repair
projects completed using FRCM.
Background
FRCM composites have been identified using various
monikers. Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is the
term generally applied to thin shells, cladding panels, and
other manufactured products made using woven textiles
and concrete or mortar.3-5 Other terms in the literature
include textile-reinforced mortar (TRM),6,7 mineral-based
composites (MBC),8 and fiber-reinforced cement (FRC).9
FRCM systems are not presently covered in North
American building codes, but the International
Code Council Evaluation Service (ICC-ES) recently
published Acceptance Criteria for Masonry and
Concrete Strengthening Using Fiber-Reinforced
Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) Composite Systems
(AC434).10 This document provides guidance for
characterization and design of FRCM systems and
establishes requirements for recognition of FRCM
systems in an ICC-ES evaluation report under the 2009
and 2012 International Building Codes.11,12 As any other
ICC-ES acceptance criteria, AC434 was developed by
ICC-ES technical staff in consultation with and using
input from industry, academia, and interested parties and
was approved in a public hearing.
FRCM Characterization
Two key components of FRCM are the cementitious
matrix and the fiber network or grid. The former is
typically a grout system based on portland cement and a
low dosage of dry organic polymers (less than 5% by
weight). The organic compounds are necessary to ensure
proper workability, setting time, and mechanical proper-
ties. The mechanical effectiveness of FRCM is strongly
influenced by the ability of the cementitious matrix to
saturate dry fiber rovings,13,14 the bond between the matrix
and fibers,15,16 and the bond between the matrix and the
substrate.17,18 Even though some interesting field applica-
tions have been recently undertaken, ongoing research is
helping to characterize FRCM and quantify its mechanical
effectiveness based on parameters such as type and
arrangement of fibers, type of cementitious matrix,
conditions of the substrate, and bond characteristics.19
Cognizant of the wide variety of fibers and cementitious
matrices potentially available on the market, field
applications described in this article concentrate on two
FRCM systems:
Carbon fiber balanced network with fiber rovings
disposed along two orthogonal directions at a nominal
spacing of 10 mm (0.4 in.) (6 mm [0.2 in.] clear
opening between rovings) and an equivalent nominal
fiber thickness of 0.047 mm (0.002 in.) in both
directions. The matrix comprises pozzolanic cement,
selected silica aggregates, polycarboxylate water-
reducing admixtures, and an adhesion promoter
(hydroxymethylcellulose); and
Concrete international APRIL 2012 43
 Polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole (PBO) fiber
unbalanced network with fiber rovings spaced at 10
and 20 mm (0.4 and 0.8 in.), respectively (5 and 15 mm
[0.2 and 0.6 in.] clear openings between rovings), and
an equivalent nominal fiber thickness in two directions
of 0.046 and 0.011 mm (0.002 and 0.0004 in.).20 The
matrix comprises high-fineness cement, an adhesion
promoter, inorganic nanoparticles, microaggregates,
and a polycarboxylate water-reducing admixture. This
matrix was designed to achieve a chemical bond with
the PBO fibers.
Example Projects
Strengthening unreinforced concrete vaults
This FRCM application comprised strengthening a
bridge along the Rome-Formia-Naples railway in Italy.21
The 10.5 m (34.4 ft) wide bridge deck is supported by six
semicircular plain concrete vaults supported by masonry
abutments made of blocks of tuff. The thickness of each
vault varies from 0.7 m (2.3 ft) at the crown to 1.0 m (3.3 ft)
at the skewback.
The strengthening project was preceded by a field
investigation to characterize the bridge geometry and
material mechanical properties. Limit state analyses
identified possible collapse mechanisms with formation of
hinges under factored loads. The strengthening design was
aimed at changing the collapse mechanism and conse-
quently increasing the safety against collapse.
The final design called for strengthening of the
soffit of each vault by an application of two layers of
PBO-FRCM. This intrados strengthening prevents the
formation of extrados hinges, modifying the ultimate
Fig. 1: Strengthening of a bridge on the Rome-Formia-Naples
railway in Italy. A worker installs PBO-FRCM composite on the
soffit of a concrete arch. In this image, the initial fiber layer can
be seen to the right of the scaffolding. Immediately to the left of
the scaffolding, the worker advances rolls of the fiber network
44 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
behavior of the vault without affecting its behavior under
service loads.
The technical choice to work on the intrados rather than
the extrados was driven by the need to not interrupt the
use of the bridge, which would have been necessary if
strengthening of the extrados had been used.
Application of the FRCM composite was preceded by
thorough cleaning of the concrete surface followed by
removal and reconstruction of portions of deteriorated
concrete. Then, a first layer of cementitious matrix (about
5 mm [0.2 in.] thick) was applied on the concrete surface.
The initial fiber network was pressed into the matrix to
ensure good impregnation (shown in Fig. 1); a second,
thinner matrix layer was applied; and a second fiber
network was pressed into the second matrix layer. Figure 2
shows fiber network rolls freely hanging from the vault as
the scaffolding is moved to the next location. The strength-
ening is completed with the application of a final top layer
of the matrix. Because train traffic was not interrupted and
strengthening proceeded as soon as concrete cleaning and
patching was completed, the project execution was fast and
relatively easy.
Strengthening a reinforced concrete bridge pier
This FRCM application involved strengthening of a
reinforced concrete bridge pier in Novosibirsk, Russia.
Significant cracking had appeared since the pier had been
reconstructed in 1958 (Fig. 3(a)). In 1991, the cracks were
epoxy-injected, but inspections in 1997 indicated that the
cracks had reopened, with widths ranging from 2 to 5 mm
(0.1 to 0.2 in.).
A repair and strengthening project was completed in
2007. The project consisted of:
Sand-blasting the concrete surface;
Rounding the corners to a radius of 30 mm (1.2 in.);
Fig. 2: The second layer of PBO fiber is installed over the first
layer. Rolls of the fiber network material hang from the vault as
the scaffolding is advanced to the left
 (a) (b)

Fig. 3: Reinforced concrete bridge pier in Novosibirsk, Russia: (a) the numerous cracks had been repaired using epoxy injection; and
(b) workers repoint the cracks prior to application of PBO-FRCM composite strengthening

Repointing the cracks (Fig. 3(b)) and resurfacing with Applying a two-component, polymer-modified,
single-component polymer-modified cementitious mortar; cementitious waterproofing and protective slurry.
Strengthening with PBO-FRCM composite; and Heated curing tents were used to maintain an air

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Concrete international APRIL 2012 45


Fig. 4: Workers trowel top finish over PBO-FRCM network within a
heated tent (reinforced concrete bridge in Novosibirsk, Russia)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5: Metro North Railway trestle in northern New York: (a) the
structural steel trestle is supported by numerous trapezoidal
concrete pedestals; and (b) a worker prepares a pedestal by
removing deteriorated concrete
46 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
temperature of about 15 to 18oC (59 to 64.4oF) during
application of the cementitious mortars and slurries and for
7 days after completion of the work (Fig. 4).
Repair of trestle pedestals
In this installation, FRCM composite was used to provide
confinement and protection to concrete pedestals supporting
a Metro North Railway trestle over a valley in northern New
York (Fig. 5(a)). The pedestals have a truncated pyramid shape
and vary in size depending on the configuration of the
ground. The pedestal shown in Fig. 5(b) measured about 2.4 x
2.4 m (7.9 x 7.9 ft) at the base and was 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in height.
Over the years, weathering had led to significant crack-
ing and spalling (Fig. 5(b)). Even in this condition, the
pedestals were still adequate to carry the loads for which
they were designed. A repair was deemed necessary, however,
to restore some of the initial strength and, more importantly,
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6: Metro North Railway trestle in northern New York: (a) a
worker patches the substrate; and (b) workers apply a sheet of
the PBO network over a layer of cementitious mortar
ensure long-term performance. of the PBO-FRCM fibers and of Gerardmer, France. Although the mill
Confinement and protection of the application of a finish coat of the is no longer operating, the chimney has
concrete called for encapsulation of matrix (Fig. 7). been preserved as a symbol of the
the entire pedestal, so a PBO-FRCM regions industrial heritage and is
system was chosen because its cementi- Strengthening a masonry chimney currently used to support several
tious matrix is breathable. This project consisted of strengthen- telephone antennas and their cabling.
The repair was conducted according ing an unreinforced masonry chimney The chimney has a height of about
to International Concrete Repair of a historic sawmill in the municipality 38 m (125 ft), with a diameter ranging
Institute (ICRI) guidelines, ICRI
310.1R,22 starting with removal and
replacement of deteriorated concrete.
After deteriorated concrete was
removed, the cavities were filled with
an engineered mortar compatible with
the FRCM system (Fig. 6(a)). The
substrate surface was then prepared by
grinding to remove sharp projections
and round corners to an acceptable
radius. Then, a layer of the cementi-
tious matrix was troweled onto the
substrate and sheets of cut-to-size PBO
network were pressed into the matrix
such that the mortar pushed out
through the grid openings to encapsu-
late the fibers (Fig. 6(b)). A second
layer of the cementitious matrix
completed the repair.

Strengthening of a reinforced
concrete tunnel lining
In this application, FRCM compos-
ite was used for strengthening of a
concrete lining for a vehicular tunnel
along the Egnatia Odos Motorway in
Greece. PBO-FRCM composite was
used to overcome a deficiency of
internal steel reinforcement in the
650 mm (26 in.) thick lining. As
installed, the lining was reinforced
with two steel bar mats, each with
50 mm (2 in.) cover.
Calculations indicated that the
addition of a single PBO fiber network
increased the circumferential flexural
strength of the lining by 14% and 4%
at the top and side portions of the
tunnel, respectively. Calculations
showed that the addition of two PBO
networks increased the longitudinal
flexural strength by 100% in the
longitudinal direction on the top
portion of the tunnel lining. The
concrete surface was prepared using
hydrojetting prior to installation

Concrete international APRIL 2012 47

from 3.60 to 1.70 m (11.8 to 5.6 ft) from the base to the
summit (Fig. 8). The clay bricks and the sand and lime
joints (Fig. 9(a)) in the chimney have rather high capillary
absorption, and this technical challenge was addressed by
using a cementitious matrix to repair the existing surface
without any pretreatment.
Fig. 7: Vehicular tunnel strengthening along the Egnatia Odos
Motorway, Greece, showing application of PBO-FRCM at top
portion of tunnel lining
Fig. 8: The chimney of the former Franois CUNY sawmill in the
municipality of Gerardmer, France, was surrounded by scaffold-
ing during application of a carbon FRCM repair
48 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
From a design perspective, the chimney was analyzed as
a cantilever beam with wind as a primary load condition.
The analysis indicated that strengthening of the structure
with FRCM was needed, using a single carbon fiber
network (Fig. 9(b)). The final composite thickness was
10 mm (0.4 in.). It provided strength equivalent to an
application of a welded wire reinforcement with 6 mm
(0.2 in.) diameter reinforcing steel bars (D4 according to
ASTM A615, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain
Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement) with spacing
of 0.50 m (20 in.) in both the hoop and vertical directions.
An Expanding Tool Kit
The need to repair and maintain our infrastructure is
ever-increasing. FRCM is rising as one of the possible tools
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9: Details of the chimney, showing: (a) the original masonry
surface before repair; and (b) carbon fiber network being
pressed into a cementitious mortar applied to the brick and
mortar of the chimney
in the concrete and masonry repair toolbox. Its advantages
are similar to those of FRP (that is, strength, low weight,
and ease of application), but also include greater compatibility
with concrete and mortar substrates, greater resistance to
heat, and better long-term durability.
Commercial projects undertaken in Europe (Italy, Russia,
Greece, and France) and the U.S. have already demonstrated
the potential for FRCM composite applications. Others will
follow as designers become more aware of the technology. The
term FRP has now permanently entered the lexicon of the
technical community, and FRP is a common staple in many
concrete and masonry repair projects in North America and
worldwide. Its highly likely that FRCM will follow that trend.
Acknowledgments
The author gratefully acknowledges NSF for the support provided
to the Industry/University Center CICI under grant IIP-0933537 and
its industrial member Ruredil S.p.A. of San Donato Milanese, Italy.
References
1. Nanni, A., Concrete Repair with Externally Bonded FRP
Reinforcement, Concrete International, V. 17, No. 6, June 1995, pp. 22-26.
2. Nanni, A., Carbon FRP Strengthening: New Technology
Becomes Mainstream, Concrete International, V. 19, No. 6, June 1997,
pp. 19-23.
3. Thin Fiber and Textile Reinforced Cementitious Systems, SP-244,
C.-M. Aldea, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
May 1, 2007, 172 pp.
4. Textile-Reinforced Concrete, SP-250, A. Dubey, ed., American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, Mar. 2008, 160 pp.
5. Design and Applications of Textile Reinforced Concrete, SP-251,
C.-M. Aldea, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
Mar. 2008, 124 pp.
6. Triantafillou, T.C.; Papanicolau, C.G.; Zissinopoulos, P.; and
Laourdekis, T., Concrete Confinement with Textile-Reinforced Mortar
Jackets, ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2006, pp. 28-37.
7. Triantafillou, T.C., and Papanicolau, C.G., Shear Strengthening
of Reinforced Concrete Members with Textile Reinforced Mortar
(TRM) Jackets, Materials and Structures, V. 39, No. 1, 2006, pp. 93-103.
8. Blanksvrd, T.; Tljsten, B.; and Carolin, A., Shear Strengthening
of Concrete Structures with the Use of Mineral-Based Composites,
Journal of Composites for Construction, V. 13, No. 1, 2009, pp. 25-34.
9. Wu, H.C., and Sun, P., Fiber-Reinforced Cement Based Composite
Sheets for Structural Retrofit, Proceedings of the International Symposium
on Bond Behavior of FRP in Structures (BBFS 2005), J.F. Chen and
J.G. Teng, eds., Dec. 7-9, 2005, Hong Kong, China.
10. Acceptance Criteria for Masonry and Concrete Strengthening
Using Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) Composite
Systems (AC434), ICC-Evaluation Service, 2011, 17 pp.
11. 2009 International Building Code (IBC), International Code
Council, Washington, DC, 2009, 701 pp.
12. 2012 International Building Code (IBC), International Code
Council, Washington, DC, 2012, 722 pp.
13. Banholzer, B., Bond Behavior of a Multi-Filament Yarn Embed-
ded in a Cementitious matrix, PhD thesis, RWTH Aachen University,
Aachen, Germany, 2004, 143 pp.
14. Wiberg, A., Strengthening of Concrete Beams Using Cementitious
Carbon Fiber Composites, PhD thesis, Royal Institute of
Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2003, 137 pp.
15. Hartig, J.; Hubler-Combe, U.; and Schicktanz, K., Influence
of Bond Properties on the Tensile Behavior of Textile Reinforced
Concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 30, No. 10, Nov. 2008,
pp. 898-906.
16. Soranakom, C., and Mobasher, B., Geometrical and Mechanical
Aspects of Fabric Bonding and Pullout in Cement Composites,
Materials and Structures, V. 42, 2009, pp. 765-777.
17. Ortlepp, R.; Ortlepp, S.; and Curbach, M., Stress Transfer in
the Bond Joint of Subsequently Applied Textile Reinforced Concrete
Strengthening, 6th International RILEM Symposium of Fiber Reinforced
Concretes (Pro039), M. di Prisco, R. Felicetti, and G.A. Plizzari, eds.,
RILEM Publications SARL, Italy, 2004, pp. 1483-1494.
18. Ortlepp, R.; Hampel, U.; and Curbach, M., A New Approach
for Evaluating Bond Capacity of TRC Strengthening, Cement and
Concrete Composites, V. 28, No. 7, 2006, pp. 589-597.
19. DAmbrisi, A., and Focacci, F., Flexural Strengthening of RC
Beams with Cement-Based Composites, Journal of Composites for
Construction, V. 15, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2011, pp. 707-720.
20. Fallis, G.J., Innovation for Renovation, Concrete International,
V. 31, No. 4, Apr. 2009, pp. 62-64.
21. Berardi, F.; Focacci, F.; Mantegazza, G.; and Miceli, G., Rinforzo
di un viadotto ferroviario con PBO-FRCM, 22. Proceedings, 1Convegno
Nazionale Assocompositi, Milan, Italy, May 2011. (in Italian)
22. ICRI Committee 310, Guide for Surface Preparation for the
Repair of Deteriorated Concrete Resulting from Corrosion (ICRI
310.1R, formerly No. 03730), International Concrete Repair Institute,
Rosemont, IL, 2008, 12 pp.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Antonio Nanni, FACI, is the Lester and
Gwen Fisher Endowed Scholar and
Professor in the Department of Civil,
Architectural, and Environmental
Engineering at the University of
Miami, FL, and Professor of Structural
Engineering at the University of
Naples-Federico II, Italy. He is a
member of ACI Committees 437,
Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures;
440, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement; 549, Thin
Reinforced Cementitious Products and Ferrocement; and
562, Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete
Buildings. His research interests include construction materials
and their structural performance and field application.
Concrete international APRIL 2012 49
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specify ACI Certified personnel

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50 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

Corrosion Protection
inside FRP Wraps and
Stay-in-Place Forms
by David W. Whitmore and J. Christopher Ball
S
teel is protected from corrosion when cast in concrete
due to the formation of a passive oxide film on the
surface of the embedded steel. This process occurs
naturally when steel is present in a highly alkaline environ-
ment. Significant corrosion is generally not possible unless the
passive oxide film on the embedded steel is destroyed either by
the presence of sufficient quantities of chlorides (Fig. 1) or by
carbonation (reduction in the pH) of the concrete. Once
corrosion starts, it will continue because of the increasing
acidification at the anode and the persistence of chlorides,
which are not consumed by the corrosion process. The
corrosion rate will be affected by the temperature, humidity,
chloride content, pH, and availability of oxygen.
Repair Issues
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) stay-in-place forms are
often used for forming and confining repairs or concrete
encasements on columns, piers, and piles. FRP wrap systems
are typically applied directly to the concrete surface and can
also be used to strengthen the structure. Its apparent that
these FRP systems can provide noncorrosive barriers against
future contamination of the concrete, but how effectively does
an FRP system prevent corrosion by sealing the structure
against moisture and oxygen? Does corrosion continue under
the FRP, as it does with other barrier systems? If there is new
corrosion, the resulting unsound concretethe visual
evidence of corrosion activitywill be confined and con-
cealed by the FRP. So, how will inspectors check for corrosion?
Research findings
To help answer these questions, one can look to research
completed in the area of FRP wraps used on corroding
structures. In a field study conducted from 1998 to 2001,
Minser et al.1 evaluated the effect of FRP wrapping installed
on deteriorated concrete columns on a New York bridge
structure. Data collected on six large, chloride-contaminated
columns that had been wrapped with carbon and E-glass
composites showed that active corrosion continued follow-
ing the installation of the FRP. Corrosion rates fluctuated
with seasonal temperature variations, and visual inspection
indicated localized failures in the FRP.
In an early laboratory study on the issue, Debaiky et al.2
investigated reinforced concrete cylinders with different
levels of FRP wrapping. The cylinders were exposed to a
severe environment that included high temperatures and
cycles of wetting (using a saline solution) and drying. The
corrosion rate of each specimen was monitored over a
300-day period. The results indicated that the corrosion rates
varied inversely with the level of FRP wrapping. In related
work that simulated repairs of chloride-contaminated
columns (Fig. 2),3 the corrosion rates for unwrapped specimens
were compared to corrosion rates of FRP-wrapped, repaired
specimens. As seen in Fig. 3, the corrosion rates of wrapped
columns were reduced to around 40 to 50% of the rates of
unwrapped columns.
In 2003, Sen4 published an overview of the use of FRP
for repairing corrosion-damaged structures by external
wrapping. After summarizing the findings of various
researchers, he concluded that FRP wrapping reduces but
Fig. 1: Corrosion macrocell of reinforcing bars in concrete
Concrete international APRIL 2012 51

Fig. 2: Reinforced concrete specimen tested at Queens
University, Kingston, ON, Canada, to evaluate the effects of FRP
wrapping, on corrosion (all dimensions in mm; 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
(based on Reference 3)
does not stop ongoing corrosion and that fully wrapped
specimens were more protected from corrosion than
partially wrapped specimens.
Data published in 2006 by Debaiky et al.5 used small-scale
concrete columns with cast-in chlorides. Some columns were
left untreated, some were wrapped with FRP, some were treated
using an electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) process, and
some of these were subsequently wrapped with FRP. Wrapping
comprised full-height carbon fiber sheets (CFRP) and resin,
which may or may not be possible in field applications. The
results indicated that wrapping of untreated columns led to a
90% reduction in corrosion rate due to a reduction in oxygen
and moisture. Treating the columns with ECE prior to wrap-
ping, however, was shown to provide the best protection against
future corrosion.
El-Maaddawy et al.6 studied the effects of FRP wraps on
corrosion and cracking in chloride-contaminated cylinders.
Based on the findings of this study, ACI Committee 440,
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement, recommends that if
corrosion is evident, the ongoing corrosion must be arrested
prior to placement of FRP reinforcement.7
Assessing corrosion activity
When stay-in-place forms are to be used on an existing
structure, its recommended to conduct an evaluation. If the
52 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Fig. 3: Effect of FRP wrap repair on corrosion rates. Application of
an FRP repair reduced the corrosion rate by about 50%
evaluation indicates the structure is corroding or at risk of
future corrosion, then the engineer responsible for the
evaluation and repair of the structure should assess repair
and mitigation methods based on the desired service life and
consequences of failure.
Additional Corrosion Protection Options
There are generally three types of corrosion mitigation
systems: ECE, impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP),
and galvanic (passive) protection. They can be used in conjunc-
tion with barrier systems (coatings, sealers, etc.) or FRP repair
systems (for example, stay-in-place formwork and wraps).
Electrochemical chloride extraction
The objective of an ECE treatment is to passivate active
corrosion. This is accomplished by electrochemically altering
the environment around the reinforcing steel by applying a
direct current (DC) to the structure (Fig. 4). The current moves
chlorides away from the reinforcing steel and out of the
concrete. Simultaneously, hydroxyl ions are generated at the
concrete-steel interface, thereby increasing the pH of the
concrete surrounding the reinforcement. Corrosion is thereby
mitigated, with no need for a permanently installed corrosion
protection system. Its still important, however, to prevent
future ingress of chlorides; using a barrier system such as a
sealer, coating, or FRP can be effective in this regard.
Although ECE is a cost-effective strategy for providing
corrosion protection over large areas of conventionally
reinforced concrete, its not recommended for prestressed
or post-tensioned concrete elements.
Impressed current cathodic protection
ICCP requires the installation of permanent anodes and an
external DC power supply. A positive charge is applied to the
anodes and a negative charge is applied to the embedded
reinforcing steel (Fig. 5). FRP repairs or barriers can be installed
over ICCP systems, but its important to
note that ICCP systems can generate gas
at the anode and reinforcing bars. If large
surface areas are to be covered with an
impermeable barrier such as FRP, venting
of the ICCP system may be required.
Properly designed and installed ICCP
systems have been shown to provide
excellent protection to reinforcing bars.
Fig. 4: Schematic of the electrochemical
ICCP systems can be cost effective when Fig. 5: Schematic of impressed current
chloride extraction process
used to protect large areas and the initial cathodic protection using discrete (point)
costs are spread over a long period of anodes
time. Periodic inspection and mainte-
nance of ICCP systems is required and have been placed and connected to the Summary
must be implemented if long-term reinforcing steel (Fig. 6). In the case of As summarized in this article, FRP
operation and performance of the a stay-in-place FRP form, the concrete forms or strengthening systems can
system is to be ensured. is placed inside the form to fill the gap reduce corrosion rates but will not
between the existing concrete and stop corrosion in existing chloride-
Embedded galvanic anodes FRP formwork, thus covering the contaminated or carbonated concrete
Galvanic protection is achieved distributed anodes. structures. The degree to which the
when two dissimilar metals are EGA systems can require less corrosion rate may be reduced will
connected. The metal with the higher up-front investment than ECE and depend on the extent to which
potential for corrosion will corrode in ICCP systems. They also require little, they create an effective barrier and
preference to the more noble metal. if any, maintenance. reduce the availability of oxygen and
For reinforced concrete, most embed-
ded galvanic anode (EGA) systems
comprise zinc anodes, which have
negative electrochemical potentials MALA CX12 Concrete
relative to reinforcing steel and
therefore provide sacrificial protection. Imaging System
EGAs for use in concrete are typically Scanning Structures for
alkali-activated. That is, the zinc portion
of the anode is encased in an alkaline Non Destructive Evaluation
material that promotes zinc corrosion
but is not corrosive to the reinforcing
steel. This technology allows the anodes
to be embedded in concrete structures
and provide effective protection in
exposure conditions ranging from dry to
marine environments.
Embedded anodes are available in a
range of shapes and sizes. Small,
discrete galvanic anodes are available
for localized protection around
concrete repairs or for installation into
drilled holes. Larger, distributed Locate rebar, post tension cable,
galvanic anode strips are available to and other structures in minutes
be placed throughout the area to be Determine slab thickness and
protected. The anode sizes and spacing depth to cover
are determined by considering the Detect live conduits with EM
amount of reinforcing steel to be Sensor
protected, the exposure conditions,
and the desired service life. The FRP Mala Geoscience USA, Inc.
wrap or stay-in-place FRP form is 465 Deanna Lane Charleston, SC 29492
generally installed after the anodes Phone: (843) 852-5021 Fax: (843) 284-0684 www.malags.com sales.usa@malags.com

Concrete international APRIL 2012 53

 4. Sen, R., Advances in the Application of FRP for Repairing
Corrosion Damage, Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials,
V. 5, No. 2, Apr./June 2003, pp. 99-113.
5. Debaiky, A.S.; Green, M.F.; and Hope, B.B., Long-Term Moni-
toring of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Wrapped Reinforced
Concrete Columns under Severe Environment, ACI Structural Journal,
V. 103, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2006, pp. 865-873.
6. El-Maaddawy, T.; Chahrour, A.; and Soudki, K., Effect of FRP-
Wraps on Corrosion Activity and Concrete Cracking in Chloride-
Contaminated Concrete Cylinders, Journal of Composites for
Construction, ASCE, V. 10, No. 2, 2006, pp. 139-147.
7. ACI Committee 440, Guide for the Design and Construc-
Fig. 6: Embedded galvanic anodes placed around a bridge
tion of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete
pier. The repair will be completed by installing an FRP stay-in-
Structures (ACI 440.2R-08), American Concrete Institute, Farmington
place form and placing concrete to encase the anodes
Hills, MI, 2008, 76 pp.

Selected for reader interest by the editors.

ACI member David W. Whitmore

is President of Vector Corrosion
Technologies in Winnipeg, MB,
Canada. He has over 25 years of
construction industry experience,
specializing in concrete rehabilitation
and corrosion protection systems.
Whitmore is a member of the ACI
Educational Activities Committee and
Fig. 7: Completed repair of piers with embedded galvanic ACI Committees 222, Corrosion of Metals in Concrete; 364,
anodes and FRP stay-in-place forms Rehabilitation; 546, Repair of Concrete; 548, Polymers and
Adhesives for Concrete; 563, Specifications for Repair of
moisture. If the concrete structure is chloride-contaminated or Structural Concrete in Buildings; and E706, Concrete Repair
carbonated, the use of electrochemical corrosion mitigation Education. He is also a member of the International
techniques in conjunction with FRP forms or strengthening Concrete Repair Institute and the National Association of
systems should be considered to reduce the risk of ongoing Corrosion Engineers. A licensed professional engineer, he
corrosion activity and to extend the life of the structure (Fig. 7). holds several international patents related to corrosion
ECE and ICCP require significant up-front investments, mitigation of concrete structures. Whitmore received his
and ICCP systems require ongoing maintenance and monitor- engineering degree from the University of Manitoba,
ing. In situations where these systems are cost-prohibitive or Winnipeg, MB, Canada, and his MBA from the University of
are not practical, the use of EGAs may provide an effective, low Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
maintenance corrosion mitigation alternative.
ACI member J. Christopher Ball is
Vice President of Vector Corrosion
References
Technologies in Tampa, FL. He has
1. Minser, A.J.; Schongar, G.; and OConnor, J.S., Multi-Year Study
over 15 years of construction
to Evaluate FRP Wrapping of Deteriorated Concrete Columns, Paper
industry experience, specializing in
provided by Jerome OConnor, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake
concrete rehabilitation and corrosion
Engineering Research, SUNY, Buffalo, NY.
protection systems. Ball is a member
2. Debaiky, A.S.; Green, M.F.; and Hope, B.B., Carbon Fiber-
of ACI Committees 548, Polymers and
Reinforced Polymer Wraps for Corrosion Control and Rehabilitation Adhesives for Concrete, and E706,
of Reinforced Concrete Columns, ACI Materials Journal, V. 99, No. 2, Concrete Repair Education. He is also a member of the
Mar.-Apr. 2002, pp. 129-137. International Concrete Repair Institute and the National
3. Debaiky, A.S., Rehabilitation of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Association of Corrosion Engineers. He received his BA and
Concrete Columns Using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) MBA in business administration from Bellarmine University,
Wraps, Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) thesis, Department of Civil Louisville, KY.
Engineering, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada, Apr. 2002.

54 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion
of Concrete
Changes to test method will enhance pavement designs
by Jussara Tanesi, Gary Crawford, Jagan Gudimettla, and Ahmad Ardani
A
new analytical model for mechanistic-empirical
design of pavement structures promises to provide
designers with a powerful tool for optimizing the
pavement design to meet desired service lives of concrete
pavements. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of
pavement concrete has been found to be a very important
input parameter in the model, but recent work shows that
model calibrations were made with data developed using an
incorrect reference CTE value to calibrate the test equipment.
This article provides critical background information and
instructions for ensuring that future tests and analyses are
conducted using correct CTE values.
AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical
Pavement Design Guide
CTE is an empirical parameter based on change in unit
length per degree of temperature change. Because the rate
of thermal expansion of concrete influences curling and
axial stresses in pavements, the correct evaluation of
concrete CTE is essential for ensuring pavement performance
and serviceability. With correct CTE values and realistic
analytical tools, its expected that pavement designers will
be able to limit early-age cracking, fatigue cracking, faulting,
and joint spalling.1
The Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New
and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures2 was developed
under National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(NCHRP) Project 1-37A and was released to the public for
review and evaluation in 2004. The guide applies both
theory and mechanistic principles to determine structural
response and predict performance over the lifetime of a
pavement structure.
The Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC)
of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been
testing cores extracted from the Long Term Pavement
Performance (LTPP) test sections since 1988 and have tested
over 2900 cores to date. LTPP CTE test results were used to
calibrate Version 1.0 of the model incorporated in subsequent
products: the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design
Guide (MEPDG),3 published in 2008, and the software
program DARWin-ME,4 released in 2011.
The MEPDG is believed to be the first design approach
to directly incorporate the CTE as an input parameter in
the design of concrete pavements. In the past 5 years alone,
over 20 papers have been published on the effect of the
CTE on analyses made using the MEPDG,5 indicating that
CTE is one of the most important inputs for pavement
design. The importance of the CTE has significantly
boosted interest in CTE testing. Many state highway
agencies and universities are currently in the process of
characterizing their states materials as part of MEPDG
implementation activities and the results will be included
in databases of material properties. Because these will
eventually be used for design of pavements using the
MEPDG, its important that the CTE measurements from
various laboratories yield accurate and comparable results
to avoid any under- or overestimation in designs.6
AASHTO CTE Test Method
There are several test methods for determining the CTE
of concrete. The most widely used is AASHTO T 336,
Standard Test Method for the Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion of Hydraulic Cement Concrete. Based on
AASHTO TP 60-00, Provisional Test Method for the
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Hydraulic Cement
Concrete, T 336 was approved as a standard test method in
2009. With the exception of the Texas Department of
Transportation (TxDOT), which uses a modified version of
T 336, T 336 is the standard test method used by all state DOTs.
The principle of AASHTO T 336 is relatively simple. The
Concrete international APRIL 2012 55
Table 1:
Precision statement for CTE evaluated using
AASHTO TP 606
Pooled standard deviation,
strain/C (strain/F)
Within- Between-
laboratory CTE laboratory CTE
0.135 (0.075) 0.852 (0.473)
Precision estimates
Acceptable range
of two test results 0.38 (0.21) 2.41 (1.34)
(D2S)
Basis of estimate: two replicates, two materials (two concrete mixtures
and 18 CTE devices)
length change is recorded as a saturated concrete specimen
in a metal frame, submerged in a water bath, is subjected to
a temperature change from 10 to 50C (50 to 122F). The
deformation of the frame is taken into account by measuring
the length change of a metal calibration specimen with a
known CTE.
Interlaboratory Study
The FHWA Mobile Concrete Laboratory program
conducted an interlaboratory study in December 2008 to
obtain an understanding of the variability of CTE measure-
ments between different laboratories and different CTE
devices. The study was performed using AASHTO TP 60
procedures. Each laboratory participating in the study was
instructed to use normal operating procedures to measure
CTE so the calculated variability would reflect the actual
variability from the different laboratories. A total of 18
laboratories participated in the study. The test equipment
included custom-made units and commercially available
units from a single manufacturer.6
In this study, concrete specimens were produced using
two mixtures, one known to have a low CTE and the other
to have a high CTE. Calibration specimens were fabricated
using SAE Type 304 stainless steel (SS). The overall within-
laboratory coefficient of variation (COV) was 1.5%. The
between-laboratories COV was 10.5%. When only custom-
made units were evaluated, the within-laboratory COV was
1.9% and between-laboratories COV was 11.7%. When only
the commercial units were evaluated, the within-laboratory
COV was 0.6% and the between-laboratories COV was 8.8%.6
Table 1 shows the precision statement based on the
pooled standard deviations for within- and between-laboratory
CTE results.
Differences between AASHTO TP 60 and
T 336-11
In 2009, TFHRC evaluated the CTEs of several reference
specimens fabricated from alumina, titanium alloy, and
56 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
stainless steel. The reference specimens provided a range of
CTE values that were typically within the range of the
concrete specimens that have been tested previously by
TFHRC. The materials and measured CTE values are listed
in Table 2.
The reference material specimens were tested at TFHRC
using a commercially available unit as well as custom-built
units, following AASHTO TP 60 procedures. As can be
observed in Table 2, the CTEs obtained for the alumina
bisque, titanium alloy, and Type 410 SS were about 1
106/C (0.6 106/F) higher than the respective CTE values
reported in the literature.5
This discrepancy led FHWA to have two independent
laboratories evaluate the CTE values. Lab 1 carried out CTE
tests following a modified version of ASTM E228-06,
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of
Solid Materials With a Push Rod Dilatometer.
The modifications were made to accommodate 180 mm
(7 in.) long specimens with a diameter of 80 or 100 mm
(3 or 4 in.) using the 10 to 50C (50 to 122F) temperature
range as per AASHTO TP 60. Lab 2 carried out CTE tests
according to ASTM E228 procedures, using 5 x 5 x 50 mm
(0.2 x 0.2 x 2 in.) coupons. Per this procedure, tests performed
by Lab 2 were conducted using a temperature range of 40
to 300C (40 to 572F).5
The CTE results shown in Table 2 represent the CTEs
over the same temperature range as AASHTO TP 60 and do
not include the full temperature range used by Lab 2. As it
can be observed, the results obtained at TFHRC following
AASHTO TP 60 are much higher than the ones obtained
at the third-party laboratories. Moreover, other than the
Type 304 SS specimens, the results reported by the third-
party laboratories are in general agreement with the values
reported in the literature. For all three Type 304 SS specimens
tested, however, the CTE test results were lower than the
17.3 106/C (9.6 106/F) value typically listed in the
literature.
Over the temperature range of 20 to 300C (70 to 572F)
evaluated by Lab 2, it was verified that the CTE for
Type 304 SS was indeed 17.3 106/C (9.6 106/F). Its
important to emphasize that the CTE value of 17.3 106/C
(9.6 106/F) was used to calibrate the equipment by most
laboratories running AASHTO TP 60 at that time, whether
a custom-built or a commercial unit was used, because
AASHTO TP 60 clearly states that as the value.
As a consequence of these findings and additional research
conducted over the past 3 years, several improvements have
been made to the test method:
Calibration specimen: AASHTO T 336 now requires
the use of a calibration specimen with a known CTE to
determine the correction factor for the equipment. The
specimen should have CTE in the range of 9 to 18
106/C (5 to 10 106/F) within the temperature range
of 10 to 50C (50 to 122F). A laboratory with an ISO
9001 or equivalent accreditation should determine the
Table 2:
CTE values reported by the literature and test results according to AASHTO TP 60 and ASTM E2285
AASHTO TP 60 ASTM E228
Literature-
reported CTE Commercial Laboratory 1 Laboratory 2
value Manual unit CTE unit CTE CTE CTE
106/C 106/C 106/C 106/C 106/C
ID Material ( 106/F) ( 106/F)* ( 106/F)* ( 106/F) ( 106/F)
A Alumina bisque 5.5 (3.1) 6.5 (3.6) 6.7 (3.7) 5.4 (3.0)

T Titanium alloy 9.2 (5.1) 10.0 (5.6) 10.2 (5.7) 8.9 (4.9) 9.2 (5.1)

S Type 410 SS
10.5 (5.8) 11.8 (6.6) 11.5 (6.4) 10.4 (5.8) 10.2 (5.7)

Type 304 SS
manual unit
SS743 17.3 (9.6) Not applicable Not applicable 15.8 (8.8) 15.9 (8.8)
calibration
specimen
Type 304 SS
manufacturer
M1 17.3 (9.6) Not applicable Not applicable 15.9 (8.8) 15.7 (8.7)
1 calibration
specimen
Type 304 SS
manufacturer
M2 17.3 (9.6) Not applicable Not applicable 16.2 (9.0)
2 calibration
specimen
*
Average of 2 tests

Single test result. ASTM E228 precision is 0.8% for the temperature range of 25 to 400C (77 to 752F)

SAE Type 410 SS has a weak magnetic field that could affect the LVDT during tests. Preliminary evaluations did not show any effect on the
CTE units at FHWA TFHRC or the FHWA mobile concrete laboratory (MCL)

There was no need to test the SAE Type 304 SS in the manual and commercial units, as the units are calibrated with the assumed CTE literature
value of 17.3 106/C (9.6 106/F). If Type 304 SS specimens were tested, the CTE result would match the assumed CTE value of 17.3 106/C
(9.6 106/F)

CTE of the calibration specimen according to ASTM
E228-06 or E289-04, Standard Test Method for Linear
Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferom-
etry, within the temperature range of 10 to 50C (50 to
122F) and provide a certificate of the CTE value for the
calibration specimen.
Verification specimen: AASHTO T 336 also now requires
the use of a verification specimen (other than the
calibration specimen) with a known CTE used to verify
that the equipment is operating properly. The specimen
should have a known thermal coefficient at least
5 106/C (2.8 106/F) different than the calibration
specimen. As with the calibration specimen, a laboratory
with an ISO 9001 or equivalent accreditation should
determine the CTE of the calibration specimen according
to ASTM E228-06 or E289-04 within the temperature
range of 10 to 50C (50 to 122F) and provide a certificate
of the CTE value for the verification specimen.
Calibration procedure: The determination of the
correction factor is now included in mandatory section
of the test method.
Equipment verification: The electronic components
in linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) can
be adversely affected by high temperatures and contact
with water. To verify the proper functioning of the LVDT
and other parts of the CTE equipment, verification testing
using a specimen of known CTE is required at least every
month. If the CTE found in the verification test differs
more than 0.3 106/C (0.2 106/F) from the certified
value, a new frame correction factor should be determined.
This change has significantly reduced the potential error
associated with an LVDT that is out of calibration.
LVDT zeroing: The appendix of AASHTO TP 60 stated
that repositioning of the LVDT was not recommended.
However, AASHTO T 336 clearly specifies that the LVDT
must be adjusted so that its core is located in its midpoint
or electrical zero reading before testing. This change has
significantly reduced the error associated with testing
concrete specimens with heights that are within 2.5 mm
(0.1 in.) of the calibration specimen.
LVDT calibration: The current AASHTO T 336 requires
the LVDT to be calibrated at least every 6 months.

Concrete international APRIL 2012 57

 Water bath temperature: AASHTO T 336 requires the Table 3:
Ruggedness test factors
water bath temperature to be verified every time a
verification specimen is tested. Variable Level 1 Level 2
Number of sensors: The number of temperature sensors
in the water bath has been decreased from four to one. Time at temperature AASHTO T 336 2 hours after

Water level: The water level in the controlled temperature requirement AASHTO T 336
water bath has an effect on the CTE because variations 5 mm (0.2 in.)
Water level Same level
in water depth affect the length of the frame and the above
length of the LVDT shaft that are exposed to the ambient
air. AASHTO T 336 therefore requires the water level Position of the LVDT
Aggregate Paste
during testing to be the same as the water level during gauge head
equipment calibration.

Number of segments Necessary for 2 extra after

Specimens: The end condition of the concrete specimen for test AASHTO T 336 AASHTO T 336
may be a source of some test error. AASHTO T 336
requires the specimen ends to be flat and parallel, AASHTO T 336
Degree of saturation 28 days in water
according to tolerances specified in AASHTO T 22-07, requirement
Standard Method of Test for Compressive Strength of
Specimen length,
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. 175 (6.9) 178 (7.0)
Number of specimens: AASHTO T 336 requires at mm (in.)

least two specimens from each mixture be tested. Starting temperature,

Ruggedness Test
FHWA took the lead in initiating a ruggedness study,
which is scheduled to be completed by March 2012. The
ruggedness test was designed according to ASTM C1067-00,
Standard Practice for Conducting A Ruggedness or
Screening Program for Test Methods for Construction
Materials, and is based on AASHTO T 336-11. Two different
commercially available manufacturers were included in the
study, two different concrete mixtures are being evaluated,
and four laboratories are participating. The ruggedness test
includes seven factors at two levels (Table 3). The results
obtained from the ruggedness test may point to more
required changes to AASHTO T 336.
DARWin-ME Model Recalibration
Models in Version 1.0 of the MEPDG as well as
the DARWin-ME software were calibrated using the
LTPP database of CTE values obtained according to
AASHTO TP 60. Because the values obtained according
to AASHTO TP 60 and T 336 may differ considerably
depending on the calibration specimen and its assumed
CTE value, the CTE obtained according to AASHTO T 336
should not be used as an input in DARWin-ME, to avoid
an inappropriate pavement thickness based on biased
CTE data.
As discussed previously, CTE is an important parameter
in concrete pavement analysis and design because its
directly proportional to the magnitude of temperature-
related pavement deformations throughout the pavement
design life. Several studies in the past few years have
identified CTE as one of the most significant inputs in the
MEPDG for designing rigid pavements.
Aside from the improvements mentioned to reduce the
testing error, the AASHTO TP 60 and T 336 test methods
10 (50) 50 (122)
C (F)
are very similar. The primary difference is how the CTE of
the calibration specimen is determined.
Starting with Standard Data Release (SDR) 24 of the
LTPP database, the CTE data have been updated based on
CTE values obtained using a corrected procedure for
calibrating the CTE frames. Test results obtained using
AASHTO T 336 can be adjusted for use in the MEPDG or
in the DARWin-ME software by using the following
equation in U.S. customary units
CTE input = CTEpcc CTEcalib + 9.61 10 6/oF
where CTEpcc is the CTE of a concrete specimen according to
AASHTO T 336 or TP 60; and CTEcalib is the CTE of a Type
304 SS calibration specimen used to determine CTEpcc. It
must be noted that CTE should be adjusted to reflect the
CTE values used to calibrate the current models in the
DARWin-ME software.
CTE values listed in the LTPP SDR 24, dated January
2010 or later, have been updated with this correction. These
CTE values should be increased by approximately 0.83
106/F if they are used as a Level 3 input (input based on
historical data). CTE values published in database releases
prior to LTPP SDR 24 do not need to be adjusted.
In October 2011, NCHRP completed Project 20-07/
Task 288, Recalibration of DARWin-ME Rigid Pavement
National Models Based on Corrected CTE Values, to
update the models based on the revised CTE values in the
LTPP database as well as the lower CTE values, which result
from using AASHTO T 336 compared to TP 60. A follow-up
NCHRP project has been approved for 2012 funding to
conduct an objective evaluation of the recalibration effort
conducted in Project 20-07/Task 288, and recommend
recalibrated models that use accurate Level 1 CTE values

58 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

Fig. 1: The CTE test system produced by Gilson Company, Inc.
(values measured directly) for future incorporation into the
DARWin-ME program.
Quality Assurance
With the recent release of DARWin-ME pavement design
software, there will be a greater emphasis on using CTE of
concrete for pavement design. Since its release in April 2011,
DOTs in 25 states and transportation departments in five
Canadian provinces have licensed the software.
Because CTE is an important element for pavement
design, there is also interest in using CTE as a quality
assurance test. The California DOT is the first to adopt
this practice. Their pavement specifications require the
contractor to test CTE from production on a daily basis
for both the continuously reinforced concrete pavement
(CRCP) and jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP)
sections.7 The specification for CRCP also uses a maxi-
mum CTE value, which is based on the pavement design
inputs. Specifying a maximum allowable value
of CTE can help prevent problems such as increased
transverse cracking for JPCP due to higher-than- designed
curling stresses.6 While concrete mixtures with high CTE
values can provide the same level of performance as
mixtures with lower CTE values, these differences need to
be accounted for during the design phase and the materials
selected for the project should not result in mixtures that
have CTE values exceeding those used to determine the
pavement design.
Concluding Remarks
As noted previously, there has been a tremendous amount
of CTE research since the first version of AASHTO T 336
was published. FHWA has also conducted a lot of research
during this timeframe to improve the test method and
reduce its variability. FHWA plans to conduct another
interlaboratory study and develop a precision statement for
AASHTO T 336 in 2012, once the ruggedness study has
been completed.
Fig. 2: The CTE test system produced by Pine Instruments
Currently, 11 state DOTs, 13 universities, four commercial
testing laboratories, two industry laboratories, and FHWA
have acquired at least one CTE device. At present, two
automated CTE devices are commercially available on the
market (Fig. 1 and 2). A TechBrief on CTE, FHWA-HIF-09-015
(www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/hif09015/)
has also been published by FHWA. The TechBrief provides
an overview of the CTE test method, the role of CTE on
pavement performance, average CTE values based on the
primary coarse aggregate from the LTPP database, and the
sensitivity to variations in CTE observed with the AASHTO
MEPDG model or the DARWin-ME pavement design
software program.
References
1. Mallela, J.; Abbas, A.; Harman, T.; Rao, C.; Liu, R.; and Darter,
M. I., Measurement and Significance of Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion of Concrete in Rigid Pavement Design, Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1919,
2005, pp. 38-46.
2. Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated
Pavement Structures, Final Report for Project 1-37A, National
Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research
Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, Mar. 2004.
(www.trb.org/mepdg)
Concrete international APRIL 2012 59
 3. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide, Interim Edition: A
Manual of Practice, AASHTO, Washington, DC, July 2008, 212 pp.
4. DARWin-ME AASHTOWare Pavement Design and Analysis
System, AASHTO, Washington, DC, 2011.
5. Tanesi, J.; Crawford, G.; Nicolaescu, M.; Meininger, R.; and
Gudimettla, J., New AASHTO 336-09 Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion Test Method: How Will It Affect You? Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2164,
2010, pp. 52-57.
6. Crawford, G.; Gudimettla, J.; and Tanesi, J., Interlaboratory
Study on Measuring Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Concrete,
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research
Board, No. 2164, 2010, pp. 58-65.
7. State of California, Department of Transportation, Special
Provisions for Construction of State Highway in Placer and Nevada
Counties in District 3 and Route 80, Addendum 4, Oct. 2009. (www.
dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/project_ads_addenda/03/03-2C8604/)
Note: Additional information on the AASHTO and ASTM
International standards discussed in this article can be found at
www.transportation.org and www.astm.org, respectively.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
www.NDTjames.com email:info@NDTjames.com www.NDTjames.eu email:europe@NDTjames.eu
800-426-6500 773-463-6565
3727 N. Kedzie Ave., Chicago, IL 60618 Windmolen 22, 7609 NN Almelo, The Netherlands
60 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
ACI member Jussara Tanesi, currently
with Global Consulting, is a contract
Project Manager to the FHWA at
Turner Fairbank Highway Research
Center, McLean, VA. She is a member
of ACI Committees 211, Proportioning
Concrete Mixtures; 231, Properties of
Concrete at Early Ages; 236, Material
Science of Concrete; 238, Workability
of Fresh Concrete; and 325, Concrete Pavements; and
a director of the ACI National Capital Chapter. She is a
member-at-large of ASTM Committee C09, Cement and
Concrete Aggregates, and a member of ASTM Committee
C01, Cement. She received her PhD and her BS in civil
engineering from the University of Campinas, Brazil, and her
MS in civil engineering from the University of So Paulo, Brazil.
Gary Crawford is a Concrete Pave-
ment Engineer with the FHWA in the
Office of Pavement Technologys
Concrete Group, Washington, DC. He
joined FHWA in 1983 and has spent
the last 29 years promoting new tech-
nologies dealing with condition survey
techniques for concrete structures,
polymer concrete applications, and
the use of NDT equipment for concrete. Recently, he has
been involved with implementation activities involving the
Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide and managing
the FHWAs mobile concrete laboratory. He received his BS
in civil engineering from Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PA.
Jagan Gudimettla currently works as
the Project Engineer for the FHWAs
Mobile Concrete Laboratory, Washington,
DC. His areas of interest include QA/
QC, advanced material testing, NDT,
and pavement design. He received
his MS in pavements/materials from
Auburn University, Auburn, AL, and is
a licensed professional engineer in
California.
ACI member Ahmad Ardani is a
Research Engineer working for FHWA,
conducting research and managing
the Concrete Laboratories at Turner
Fairbank Highway Research Center,
McLean, VA. Prior to working at FHWA,
he worked as Program Manager for
the Research Branch of the Colorado
DOT, heading up the Pavement and
Geotechnical and Safety Research
program. He is a licensed professional engineer in Colorado.
+31 (0)548 659032
Design Rules for Steel-
Concrete Composite
Columns: 1971 to 2011
by Richard W. Furlong
T
his is the second of two articles discussing the
evolution of composite column design requirements in
building code documents published by ACI and the
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). As
discussed in the first article,1 composite column design
rules evolved from 1910 to 1928 as the concrete industry
showed growing confidence and the commonly specified
concrete compressive strength increased from 1200 to
2000 psi (8.3 to 13.8 MPa). A joint effort among societies
with interests in structural concrete culminated in
sponsorship of a 3-year research study on concrete columns.
The study heavily influenced the 1936 ACI Building
Code. Standards applied to design of composite columns
remained unchanged for two decades, until Ultimate
Strength Design (now known as Strength Design) was
appended to the 1956 ACI Code. The 1963 Code
incorporated refinements in required loading, the strength
analysis of sections, and evaluating column slenderness.
The Strength Design procedures were made equally
acceptable with Working Stress Design procedures in the
1963 Code. This article discusses the design rules that have
since been published.
ACI 318-71 Building Code
In the 1971 edition of the code,2 Strength Design
regulations moved to the main body of the document and
the Working Stress Design method was relegated to a
subsection titled Alternate Design Method. While the
rules for strength design remained the same as those
specified in the ACI 318-63 Code, load factor equations
were modified. For example, in the basic load case, dead
load was factored by 1.4 and live load was factored by 1.7.
Composite columns were defined as any concrete
compression member reinforced longitudinally with
structural steel shapes, pipe, or tubing, with or without
longitudinal bars. Strength of sections was determined in
accordance with strain compatibility for bar-reinforced
sections and a limiting concrete compressive strain of 0.003.
The flexural stiffness EI of a composite section was defined as
EI = (Ec Ig /5 + EsIt)/(1 + d) (1)
where Ig and It are the moments of inertia of the gross
concrete section and the structural steel element,
respectively; Ec and Es are the elastic moduli of the concrete
and the structural steel element, respectively; and d is the
ratio of maximum design dead load moment to maximum
design total moment.
Based on local buckling limits, minimum thickness
values were specified for steel rectangular tubing. A
maximum permissible yield strength of 50,000 psi
(345 MPa) was specified for structural steel in composite
columns, corresponding to a steel yield strain near 0.0017 at
which concrete might begin to spall. Axial force assigned to
concrete encasement of steel cores had to be developed by
mechanical transfer from the steel core, usually using
welded studs or from steel flanges of connecting members
bearing against concrete. Bars used for lateral ties for
concrete encasement of structural shapes were required to
have a diameter of at least 1/50 the longest side or diameter
of the concrete, but sizes were limited to No. 3 (No. 10) to
No. 5 (No. 16) bars. Vertical spacing of ties could not exceed
half the least width of the section, or 48 tie bar diameters,
or 16 longitudinal bar diameters. Longitudinal bars had to
occupy from 1 to 8% of the section and be spaced not more
than half the least width of the section. Longitudinal bars
could be used in computing strength but not the flexural
stiffness EI of the composite section.
Concrete international APRIL 2012 61
 A moment magnification procedure was introduced for
augmenting the maximum moment on a slender column
by using a factor
= (0.6 + 0.4M1/M2)/[1 Pu/(f(c)] (3)
for which M1 is the smaller of the two end moments; M2 is
the larger of the two end moments; Pu is the axial design
load; Pc = 2EI/(klu)2 is the the critical load (the Euler
buckling load); and klu is the the unsupported effective
length of the column.
A composite column radius of gyration r was to be
calculated as the square root of the ratio between the
transformed moment of inertia and the transformed area of
the composite section. In lieu of the cumbersome
calculation for r, Section 10.11.2 permitted r to be equal to
0.3 times the overall dimension in the direction of
considered stability for rectangular columns and 0.25 times
the diameter for circular columns.
ACI 318-83 Building Code
In the 1983 edition of the code,3 two load factor
relationships were added to those in ACI 318-71 to include
resistance to earth pressure H and the effects of creep,
shrinkage, differential settlement, and temperature T.
The calculation of maximum axial load strength was
simplified by abandoning the specified minimum
eccentricities and specifying that tied-column axial strength
could not exceed 80% of the section strength with zero
eccentricity and spiral or composite column axial strength
could not exceed 85% of the section strength with zero
eccentricity. However, a minimum eccentricity requirement
was specified as (0.6 + 0.03h) about each principal axis
separately, where h is the overall thickness of member in
inches. The minimum eccentricity, always less than the
eccentricity associated with the specified maximum axial
force, applied only for minor axis bending of slender
columns. Specifications for slenderness effects and for
composite columns were not changed from those in
ACI 318-71.
AISC Introduces Load and Resistance
Factor Design
AISC published a study in 19764 showing that the then-
current AISC allowable stress design standard could be
used to design steel-concrete composite columns. Based
on ACI strength design principles, the study used a
modified yield strength fmy for computing a maximum
axial load Po and a modified stiffness EmI for calculating
allowable axial force. Axial force with bending force
interaction behavior was represented by an equation that
used the maximum axial force Po and an estimate of
bending strength Mo at zero axial force. The Column
Research Council, now named the Structural Stability
62 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Research Council, created a Structural Specifications
Liaison Committee (Task Group 20) to serve as an
interface between ACI and AISC for advice regarding
composite columns. A report from Task Group 205
provided the basis for including composite column design
in the first LRFD standard.6 The LRFD rules for
composite columns required that the structural steel
component comprise at least 4% of the section area to
exclude the use of LRFD rules for sections so lightly
reinforced that they might be designed simply as
reinforced concrete sections.
Probability-based load, load factors, and load combinations
specifically developed for the logic of load and resistance
factor design and published as the American National
Standards Institute Standard A58.17 were adopted by AISC.
These included, for example, the now-familiar load factors of
1.2 and 1.6 for dead and live load, respectively. They also
included a live load factor of 0.5 when live load was combined
with roof loads, snow, wind, or earthquake.
The general load-slenderness relationship for load and
resistance factor design of compression members was
based on a slenderness factor c, representing the square
root of the ratio between the specified yield strength of
steel Fy and the Euler buckling strength 2EI /(KL)2. In this
case, EI is the flexural stiffness of the steel column section
and KL is the unsupported effective length of the column.
Using inch-pound units, the load-slenderness relationship
is given by
Pn = Ag Fcr (4)
where Ag is the gross area of the member and Fcr is the
critical stress and is equal to (0.658 )Fy when c is 1.5 or less
or (0.877 / c2)Fy when c exceeds 1.5. Equation (4) was also
used for composite steel-concrete columns, replacing Fy
with Fmy and E with Em, respectively, given by
Fmy = Fy + c1Fyr (Ar / As) + c2 fc (Ac /As) (5a)
Em = E + c3Ec(Ac / As) (5b)
Here, Ac, Ar, and Ar are the areas of concrete, longitudinal
bar reinforcement, and the structural steel shape, pipe or
tubing in the column, respectively; Ec is the modulus of
elasticity of the concrete; Fyr is the specified minimum yield
stress of longitudinal bars; fc is the specified compressive
strength of concrete; c1 is 1.0 for concrete inside steel pipe
or tubing or 0.7 for concrete encasement; c2 is 0.85 for
concrete inside steel pipe or tubing or 0.6 for concrete
encasement; and c3 is 0.4 for concrete inside steel pipe or
tubing or 0.2 for concrete encasement.
The column interaction function was given by
(Pu)/(fPn) + (8/9)[Mu /(fbMn) ] 1.0 for Pu/(fPn) 0.2 (6a)
(Pu)/(2fPn) + Mu /(fbMn) 1.0 for Pu/(fPn) < 0.2 (6b)
Here, Pn and Pu are the nominal and required
compressive strengths, respectively; Mn and Mu are the
nominal and required flexural strength determined from
plastic bending, respectively; and f and fb are resistance
factors for compression and flexure, respectively (0.85
and 0.90).
A moment magnification factor B for bending of
columns in laterally braced frames was specified the same
as given in Eq. (3). A second moment magnification factor
B2, for moments caused by lateral force on structures that
can sway, was specified as
B2 = 1/{1 Pu [oh /(HL)]} (7)
reflect lateral stiffness reduction due to total axial force on
the story.
ACI 318-89, ACI 318-99, and LRFD
Second and Third Editions
Rules for composite column design published in
ACI 318-898 and ACI 319-999 remained unchanged from
those in ACI 318-83. Similarly, the rules for composite
columns in the LRFD second edition,10 published in 1995,
remained unchanged from those in the LRFD first edition.
The third edition of the LRFD Manual was issued in
2001.11 Although load combinations from ANSI/ASCE
7-9512 were adopted by reference and no longer published
in the LRFD Manual, composite column design
requirements remained as in previous editions.

Here, Pu is the sum of the required axial load strengths
for all columns in the story; oh is the translation
deflection for the story; H is the sum of all lateral forces
causing the deflection oh; and L is the story height.
An alternate equation for B2 was also given, employing
the Euler buckling strength of columns with effective
column length factors greater than the story height to
ACI 318-05 Building Code
While load combinations in ACI 318-0513 were updated
to more closely align with those in ANSI/ASCE 7,
ACI 318 maintained a minimum factor of 1.0 on live load.
The reduction of the required dead load factor from 1.4D
to 1.2D was accompanied by reductions in the strength
reduction factor for compression member axial loads and

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Concrete international APRIL 2012 63

for shear strength. Compression member axial strength
reduction factors f for laterally tied composite column
sections were reduced from 0.70 to 0.65, and for concrete-
filled tubes and spirally reinforced encased shapes from 0.75
to 0.70. Nonductile behavior in bending was redefined as a
failure condition for which the maximum tension strain in
any steel (differentiated from strain at the centroid of tension
steel) was less than the nominal yield strain of the steel.
Ductile behavior required that, at failure, the maximum
tension strain in the extreme fiber of any steel exceed 0.005.
The magnitude of flexural strength reduction factors f could
be increased linearly from the nonductile bending value of
0.65 to the ductile bending value of 0.90 as the maximum
strain in the extreme tension steel increased above the steel
yield strain at failure of the section. The redefinition of
ductile bending at failure had little effect on design as it
modified only the lowest axial force portion of strength
interaction graphs. All other rules for designing composite
columns remained the same as those in previous ACI codes,
and these provisions remain essentially unchanged in the
most recent edition of the code.14
AISC Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
The LRFD and Working Stress Design (WSD)
specifications were combined into one volume in 2005.15,16
Specifications for the design of composite steel-concrete
columns allowed smaller minimum areas for the
longitudinal steel bars and steel core than required by
previous LRFD manuals or ACI 318 codes.
The minimum cross-section area of a steel core encased
in concrete was set as 1% of the total section area. Concrete
encasement of the core required continuous longitudinal
bars comprising at least 0.4% of the total section area and
transverse reinforcement spaced vertically not more than
half the smaller dimension of a rectangular section or
diameter of a circular section, 48 tie bar diameters, or
16 diameters of longitudinal bars. Concrete cover over bar
reinforcement had to be at least 1.5 in. (38 mm). The area of
transverse bars had to exceed 0.009 in.2/in. (6 mm2/mm) of
vertical bar spacing. Minimum wall thickness tw of steel
tubes filled with concrete was also changed.
Compressive strength Po for composite sections was
defined as
Po = As Fy + Asr Fyr + 0.85Ac fc (8a)
Effective stiffness EIeff of composite sections was
defined as
EIeff = Es Is + 0.5Es Isr + C1Ec Ic (8b)
Here, C1 is given by 0.1 + 2[As /(As + Ac)] and is limited to
a maximum value of 0.3; Ac, As, and Asr are the areas of the
64 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
concrete, the steel section, and the continuous steel
reinforcement, respectively; and Isr is the moment of
inertia of reinforcing bars.
It should be noted that whereas ACI rules specifically
accommodate concrete creep on slender columns, LRFD
rules incorporate effects of concrete creep under sustained
load only as part of the coefficient C1 in Eq. (8(b)). It can be
argued that for slender composite columns, ACI rules
exaggerate slenderness effects, whereas LRFD rules could
allow unsafe sustained concentric loads.
Using the term Pe for the Euler buckling strength, the
limit state of axial load buckling strength Pn based on
slenderness was given as
Pn = Po [0.658(Po/Pe)] when Pe 0.44Po, or (9a)
Pn = 0.877Pe, when Pe < 0.44Po. (9b)
Analytical procedures for determining limit strength
with axial load plus bending permit the compatible strain
procedure of ACI 318. A plastic analysis of composite
sections is also allowed, limiting the stress in the concrete
to 0.85fc unless it is confined in a round hollow structural
shape, when a stress of 0.95fc is allowed.
Summary
Composite column design rules have evolved since initial
U.S. standards were adopted in 1910. The effects of these
changes can be illustrated using the example columns shown
in Fig. 1 and plotting the allowable service loads computed
in accordance with codes existing each year (Fig. 2 to 4).
Allowable axial loads on a steel tube column both encased
by and filled with concrete are shown in Fig. 2, and
Fig. 1: Composite sections for strength evaluations: (a) concrete-
encased filled tube column; and (b) concrete-encased steel-
shape column (1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 psi = 0.007 MPa; 1 in.2 = 645.2 mm2;
1 in.3 = 16.4 mm3; 1 in.4 = 4.16 105 mm4)
allowable loads on a steel shape inside Allowable service loads based on were revealed, the 1928 and 1936
a spirally confined concrete AISC LRFD standards (introduced in ACI Code allowed excessive
encasement are shown in Fig. 3. 1986) are shown by red lines in Fig. 2 to slenderness. This was corrected in
For each plot, allowable service load 4. For concentric loads, an anomaly 1963, when the ACI rules reduced
was used as a criterion because early between LRFD and ACI results reflects the allowable slender column load
standards did not consider reliability the fact that only ACI requires by more than 20%. Rational analysis
of limit strength capacities or include minimum eccentricity for all axial loads. procedures in ACI codes published
statistically based load factors for Even with the small eccentricity used in since 1971 lead to similarly lower
various load combinations. To simplify these calculations, however, the slender column load limits.
calculations, it was assumed that axial calculated allowable loads based on The state of the art of design for
live load was equal to axial dead load. LRFD are almost the same as those steel-concrete columns reflects
Axial loads were applied concentrically based on the ACI code. ongoing improvements in material
or with 2 in. (50 mm) eccentricity. The encased tube composite reliability and analytic capabilities, as
Concrete strength was taken as column is used to illustrate changes well as the introduction of probability-
3000 psi (20.7 MPa) and yield strength in slender column calculations based estimates of required loading.
of any steel component was taken as (Fig. 4). Allowable loads are plotted Thus, as Fig. 2 to 4 illustrate, current
40,000 psi (276 MPa). (These values for a tall column and a short estimates of1/3 Vert.
strength are greater and
were near the upper limit of materials column, respectively, 25 ft (7.6 m) significantly more accurate than those
used early in the 20th century, but they and 10 ft (3 m) long. The most of a century ago.
would be considered low values for striking feature of the graph for the
structures built today.) For calculations tall column is the marked decrease References
used to generate Fig. 2 and 3, the in allowable load associated with the 1. Furlong, R.W., Design Rules for Steel-
length of the column was taken as 1963 Code. Although no failures Concrete Composite Columns: 1910 to 1963,
120 in. (3050 mm) to eliminate
slenderness effects (because they were
not included in early ACI design
standards). Figure 4 was generated
using a slender column.
Gradually rising load values for
each code revision reflect growing
confidence in material reliability as
well as an improved understanding of it's full of all the testing equipment you need for construction materials.
end restraint to rotation of columns
in concrete frames. Notably, there was Go to our website and request one today!
an abrupt increase in allowable load
after the 1928-31 Joint Committee 300+ Pages
research on concrete columns 100s of new products
demonstrated that a confining spiral
could increase the core strength
sufficiently to compensate for loss of
cover (thus allowing the simplifying
assumption that the shell concrete
contributes to the column strength).
Later, significant increases in
allowable load followed the 1960s
adoption of Strength Design
procedures that applied reliability
factors for material and structural risk
as well as an accommodation of
inelastic flexural response at joints.
During the 1980s, statistically based
load requirements permitted further
increases in acceptable levels of
service load.

Concrete international APRIL 2012 65


Fig. 2: Allowable loads on concrete-encased filled-tube column
(1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip = 4.45 kN)
Fig. 3: Allowable loads on concrete-encased steel-shape column
(1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip = 4.45 kN)
Fig. 4: Allowable loads on short and tall encased filled-tube
columns (1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip = 4.45 kN)
66 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
Concrete International, V. 34, No. 2, Feb. 2012, pp. 41-47.
2. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for
Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-71), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 1971, 78 pp.
3. ACI Committee 318, Standard Building Code Requirements
for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-83), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 1983, 96 pp.
4. Furlong, R.W., AISC Column Logic Makes Sense for Composite
Columns, Too, AISC Engineering Journal, 1st Quarter 1976, pp. 1-7.
5. SSRC Task Group 20, A Specification for the Design of Steel-
Concrete Composite Columns, AISC Engineering Journal, 4th Quarter
1979, pp. 101-115.
6. Load and Resistance Factor Design, 1st Edition, Manual of Steel
Construction, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1986.
7. ANSI A58.1, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures, American National Standards Institute, New York, 1982, 100 pp.
8. ACI Committee 318, Standard Building Code Requirements
for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1989, 347 pp.
9. ACI Committee 318, Standard Building Code Requirements
for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-99) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1999, 391 pp.
10. Load and Resistance Factor Design, 2nd Edition, Manual of Steel
Construction, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1995.
11. Load and Resistance Factor Design, 3rd Edition, Manual
of Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel Construction,
Chicago, IL, 2001.
12. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
ANSI/ASCE 7-95, ASCE, 1995.
13. ACI Committee 318, Standard Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, 430 pp.
14. ACI Committee 318, Standard Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
15. AISC Steel Construction Manual, 13th edition, American
Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 2005.
16. Leon, R.T., and Hajjar, J., Limit State Response of Composite
Columns Part II: Application of Design Provisions for 2005 AISC
Specification, AISC Engineering Journal, V. 45, No. 1, 2008, pp. 21-46.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Richard W. Furlong, FACI, is Professor
Emeritus, Department of Civil,
Architectural and Environmental
Engineering, at the University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX. He is a member
of ACI Committees 335, Composite
and Hybrid Structures; E702, Designing
Concrete Structures; and Joint ACI-
ASCE Committee 441, Reinforced
Concrete Columns.
Detailing Corner
Connecting Pre-Tied
Wall Curtains
Also, RFI 12-01 on circular tie detail hook requirements
I
n this months Detailing Corner, we examine the use of
noncontact lap splices for pre-tied reinforcing bar wall
curtains. We also respond to an inquiry from a reinforcing
bar fabricator concerning the new circular tie detailing
requirements in ACI 318-11.1 We thank those who have
contacted us and encourage all readers to participate in
this forum.
Lap Splices: Contact and Noncontact
Contact lap splices have distinct advantages over
noncontact splices:
Splice lengths are readily measured during installation
and inspection;
Code-imposed maximum bar spacing limits are
avoided; and
Bars can be tied to ensure they are secure against
displacement before and during concrete placement.
Contact lap splices are therefore the norm on construction
documents. However, there are instances in wall construction
when noncontact lap splices must be used.
Code Limits on Noncontact Lap Splices
Section 12.14.2.3 of the ACI Code limits the spacing of
1 Joint ACI-CRSI Committee 315-B,
reinforcing bars in a noncontact lap splice to the smaller of
one-fifth the required lap splice length and 6 in. (150 mm).
In this context, bar spacing is measured center-to-center. As
explained in Commentary Section R12.14.2.3, the first limit
helps to avoid having individual bars so far apart that an
unreinforced section is created. The Code provision is
designed to force any possible crack that may develop
between spliced bars to follow a zigzag line (5-to-1 slope);
this is considered a minimum precaution.
The second limit requiring a 6 in. (150 mm) maximum
spacing was added because most research available on
the lap splicing of deformed bars was conducted with
reinforcement within this spacing range.
But what actually happens in a noncontact lap splice to
bring about these Code requirements? In the noncontact lap
splice, the force in one bar is transferred into the surrounding
concrete, which in turn transfers it to the adjacent bar being
spliced. This force-transfer mechanism can be illustrated as
a planar truss between the bars, where the load transfer
occurs through compressive struts in the concrete, as shown
in Fig. 1.2 Placing an upper limit on bar spacing prevents
the strut inclination from becoming too steep.
Pre-Tied Wall Curtain
Horizontal bar layers in a pre-tied bar curtain must be
spliced with bars in adjacent curtains. To avoid interference
DETAILING CORNER
Details of Concrete Reinforcement-
Constructibility, has developed forums
dealing with constructibility issues for
reinforced concrete. To assist the Com-
mittee with disseminating this informa-
tion, staff at the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
(CRSI) are presenting these topics in a regular series of
articles. If you have a detailing question you would like
to see covered in a future article, please send an e-mail
to Neal Anderson, CRSIs Vice President of Engineer-
ing, at nanderson@crsi.org with the subject line
Detailing Corner.
Concrete international APRIL 2012 67
Detailing Corner

1 ft 0 in.
(300 mm) Dowels or Concrete form
Vertical bars Horizontal bars vertical splices

(a)
Lap splice
Horizontal splice bar
Concrete form 1 ft 0 in.
(installed after bar placement) (300 mm)
(a)
Lap splice

5 34 in. 2 in.
(145 mm) (50 mm) Concrete
Horizontal bars form
Vertical bars
Splice
bars
Horizontal bars Dowels or
(b) Vertical bars vertical splices

Fig. 1: Load-transfer mechanism in a noncontact lap splice: (a)
forces on the bars include diagonal forces from compressive
struts that form in the concrete section between the bars; and
(b) as the splice capacity is reached, internal cracks form (after
Reference 2)
and binding of adjacent curtains during erection, horizontal
splice bars are not tied in their final positions until after
adjacent curtains are set in place. Horizontal splice bars can
be lifted into place after curtain erection by an ironworker.
But its also common to loosely tie splice bars to the bars in
the horizontal bar layer before erection and slide them into
position after adjacent curtains are set in place.
Noncontact Solutions
Achieving contact lap splices with the horizontal bars
may present challenges for the bar placer, especially if the
curtains have multiple layers of reinforcing steel. The
following solutions were designed and used for a large
nuclear facility in a high seismic zone.
Single horizontal bar layer curtain
In a pre-tied curtain with a single horizontal layer of
bars, splice bars would normally be placed so there is a
contact lap splice with the horizontal bars. If the curtain is
erected against a form and the horizontal bars are located
inboard of the vertical bars, the vertical bars are not in the
way of placing the horizontal lap splice bars. Achieving
contact lap splices will be no problem.
However, if the horizontal bars are outboard of the
vertical bars and the splice bars were not loosely tied to the
curtains before erection, it will be simpler to place the
splice bars inside of the vertical bars rather than trying to
place them outside of the vertical bars. The arrangement
shown in Fig. 2 would surely meet Code spacing requirements,
as any reinforcing bar diameter would be less than either
one-fifth the splice length or 6 in. (150 mm). This bar
1 ft 0 in. Concrete form
(300 mm)
(b) (c)
Fig. 2: Possible horizontal bar splice location for a pre-tied wall
curtain with a single horizontal bar layer: (a) plan view; (b)
elevation view; and (c) corner detail
placement configuration is especially beneficial when
connecting two curtains at a corner because the splice bar
will be a bent bar that must be located in three dimensions.
Double horizontal bar layer curtain
Placing splice bars for walls with two horizontal bar
layers in a pre-tied curtain can be slightly more problematic.
Splice bars for one of the horizontal bar layers will have to
be located between the two vertical bar layers for contact
lap splices. If the splice bars are loosely tied to the horizontal
curtain bars before erecting the curtains, it could be
difficult to slide the bars into the lap splice position. If the
splice bars are carried up the wall after curtain erection,
placing them between the vertical bar layers would be very
difficult, if not impossible.
A simple alternative arrangement for the splice bars is
shown in Fig. 3. Here, the horizontal bars in the first layer
(near the form surface) have contact lap splices and the
horizontal bars in the second or inner layer have noncontact
lap splices.
Triple horizontal bar layer curtain
Placing splice bars in walls with three or more horizontal
bar layers in a pre-tied curtain presents similar (but obviously
greater) challenges than placing splice bars in walls with two
horizontal layers. Figure 4 shows two possible arrangements
of splice bars in a wall with three horizontal layers, with
one arrangement being more desirable than the other.
In Fig. 4(a), Layer 1 bars (near the in-place form surface)
are spliced using contact lap splices. The other two layers of

68 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

Detailing Corner

(a)

(a) (b)

Fig. 4: Elevation views of two possible horizontal bar splice

locations for a wall curtain with three horizontal bar layers. In
both cases, Layer 1 has contact lap splices and Layers 3 and 5
(b) (c)
have noncontact lap splices: (a) splice bars for Layers 3 and 5
Fig. 3: Possible horizontal bar splice locations for a wall curtain are shown installed after the curtains have been placed (Layer 7).
with two horizontal bar layers: (a) plan view; (b) elevation view; Note that the noncontact splice for Layer 3 may be shadowed
and (c) corner detail by the horizontal bar in Layer 5; and (b) splice bars for Layer 3
are shown loosely tied to Layer 1 and slid into final position after
curtain placement. The splice bar locations shown in (b) are
horizontal bars, Layer 3 and 5, use noncontact lap splices, more desirable because the configuration provides more direct
with the splice bars located in Layer 7 and placed after the load paths for compressive struts to develop
curtains have been set in position. In this configuration, one
of the bars in Layer 7 splices with a bar in Layer 5. The
other bar in Layer 7 splices with a bar in Layer 3. However,
this load path is not entirely direct, and the splice bar in
Layer 7 may be shadowed by the normal horizontal bar in
Layer 5, thus reducing the effective perimeter of the Layer 3
bar and the effectiveness of the splice. The splice bar
location shown in Fig. 4(b) is more desirable because a
more direct load path exists for the compressive struts to (a)
develop in the splice region and thus maintain the efficiency
of the splice transfer mechanism; the splice bar in Layer 1
splices more directly with the bar in Layer 3.
The configuration shown in Fig. 4(b) and 5 result in a
maximum center-to-center distance between a splice bar
and the associated horizontal bar in the pre-tied curtain
equal to the sum of one horizontal and vertical bar diameter.
Assuming the vertical and horizontal bars are the same size,
the bar diameter would have to be 3 in. (75 mm) or more to
(b)
cause the bar spacing to exceed the 6 in. (150 mm) limit in
the code. No deformed bars are that large. Although splice Fig. 5: Possible horizontal bar splice locations for a wall curtain
with three horizontal bar layers: (a) plan view; and (b) corner detail
lengths are generally large enough to avoid violating the
spacing limit of one-fifth the lap splice length, that dimension
must also be checked. Summary
Note that the corner details shown in Fig. 2, 3, and 5 are Noncontact lap splices will facilitate installation of
for pre-tied walls with low or minimal horizontal moment horizontal splice bars between preassembled curtains
transfer at the corner. Previously published Detailing of reinforcing steel. They may be the only practical means
Corner articles and RFIs discuss wall corner details for walls of splicing horizontal bars in walls with multiple-bar
that have significant horizontal moments at the corners.3-5 layer curtains.

Concrete international APRIL 2012 69

Detailing Corner
Fig. 6: Circular tie requirements per ACI 318-11, Section 7.10.5.4
(1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Fig. 7: Fabrication of a continuously wound circular tie or spiral
on a spiral machine
RFI 12-01: I have concerns regarding the new circular tie
detail hook requirements in ACI 318-11 (they were discussed in
RFI 11-05 (Fig. 6)).6 The new detail will necessitate a large
number of hook tails projecting inside a column cage. Its likely
that a concrete pump hose could get caught on a hook during
placement, and pulling the hose free could displace the tie
reinforcement or damage the hose. In our region, small diameter,
drilled shaft foundations are common. Is the new detail only
meant for seismic designs?
Response: The requirement that circular tie hooks
extend into the core of the column is consistent with what
has always been required for rectangular ties, and its valid
for nonseismic as well as seismic applications. Previous
codes required only a complete circular tie, but this could
be satisfied using a tie with a tension lap or with hooks
70 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
terminating at a single bar. When the column cover spalls
through overload, impact, or corrosion, the loss of cover
will render a circular tie with only a tension lap ineffective.
Further, as Commentary Section R7.10.5.4 of ACI 318-11
notes, Vertical splitting and loss of tie restraint are possible
where the overlapped ends of adjacent circular ties are
anchored at a single longitudinal bar. Hence, Section
7.10.5.4 of ACI 318-11 now requires that circular ties have
two end hooks, the ties overlap not less than 6 in. (150 mm),
and the hooks engage different longitudinal bars.
The new requirement will certainly increase the risk of
snagging a concrete pump hoseespecially in small-
diameter columns. If interference is an issue, one solution
would be to use a continuously wound bar or wire (rather
than individual circular ties) for confining reinforcement
(Fig. 7). If a reinforcing bar fabricator has a spiral machine,
these can be fabricated very efficiently. As Commentary
Section R7.10.5 states:
Continuously wound bars or wires can be used as ties
provided their pitch and area are at least equivalent to the
area and spacing of separate ties. Anchorage at the end of a
continuously wound bar or wire should be by a standard
hook as for separate bars or by one additional turn of the
tie pattern. A circular continuously wound bar or wire is
considered a spiral if it conforms to 7.10.4, otherwise it is
considered a tie.
The maximum 3 in. (75 mm) clear spacing between
spirals required in Section 7.10.4.3 is only imposed to
distinguish a spiral reinforced compression member from
a tied reinforced compression member (refer to ACI 318-11,
Sections 10.3.6.1 and 10.3.6.2).
It can be more economical to fabricate and assemble a
reinforcing cage using a continuously wound bar rather
than discrete ties. The pitch is established by pulling the tie
and fastening it to the longitudinal (vertical) bars, resulting
in a stable, readily handled cage that can be assembled in
the fabrication shop or the field. In some geographical
regions, however, the ability to fabricate spirals may be
limited. Circular ties continue to be used in those locations,
so its prudent to check local availability of spirals.
With respect to small-diameter, drilled shaft foundations,
you raise an interesting conundrum. Although ACI 318-11
does not govern the design of drilled shafts or piers in
structures not assigned to Seismic Design Categories (SDC)
D, E, and F (Section 1.1.6), the commentary directs the
engineer to the report by ACI Committee 336, Design
and Construction of Drilled Piers (ACI 336.3R-93, Reapproved
2006).7 This report directs the engineer back to the reinforced
concrete design provisions of ACI 318 if a plain concrete
section cannot be used. So, if reinforcing bars are used in a
drilled pier or shaft foundation, its likely the bar detailing
Detailing Corner

will comply with the requirements in ACI 318, regardless
of the SDC.
It may be possible, however, to justify the lap detail allowed
in previous Code editions, provided alternate confinement
exists. For example, a drilled shaft with permanent steel
casing (that is, casing that is left in place) should have
adequate confinement and the lap tie detail will not open
up. For uncased shafts, a very stiff, competent clay soil may
provide adequate confinement to justify the use of a shorter
lap on a circular tie. The final decision will come down to
engineering judgment and local building code requirements.
International, V. 31, No. 9, Sept. 2009, pp. 43-45.
4. CRSI Staff, Detailing Corner RFIs 09-3, 09-4, and 09-5, Concrete
International, V. 31, No. 11, Nov. 2009, pp. 55-57.
5. CRSI Staff, Concrete Cover at Rustications, Drip Grooves, and
Formliners, Concrete International, V. 32, No. 6, June 2010, pp. 35-38.
6. CRSI Staff, RFIs on Circular Ties, Rotating Hooks, Staggered
Lap Splices, and Closure Strips, Concrete International, V. 33, No. 10,
Oct. 2011, pp. 59-64.
7. ACI Committee 336, Design and Construction of Drilled Piers
(ACI 336.3R-93) (Reapproved 2006), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 30 pp.

References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
2. Wight, J.K., and MacGregor, J.G., Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics
and Design, fifth edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009, p. 407.
3. CRSI Staff, Corner Details for Wall Horizontal Bars, Concrete
Thanks to Greg Birley of Condor Rebar Consultants, Inc. and Neal
Anderson of CRSI for providing the information in this article.
Correction: In the February 2012 issue, credit should
have been given to Javed B. Malik of JacobsGlobal Building
for providing the Detailing Corner article on Reinforcing Bar
Details for Mat Foundations. We sincerely regret the error.

NOW AVAILABLE!
2011 Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary

ACI 318 is a must-have standard for all professionals engaged in

concrete design, construction, and inspection, containing the latest
code requirements for structural concrete. The companion commentary,
in a side-by-side column format to match the corresponding code
requirements, provides background information for code provisions.

The ACI 318-11 edition features some key changes, including

design requirements for adhesive anchors, reinforcement detailing
requirements for seismic application, and much more.

Over 20 countries worldwide have adopted ACI 318 for use in

their national codes.

Order Code: 31811.CI $192.50 (ACI members $116.00)

Concrete international APRIL 2012 71

So what are you
still waiting for?

Its time to get your

nozzlemen trained
and certified!
The American Shotcrete Association, in
partnership with the American Concrete
Institute, has developed a comprehensive
program to upgrade the knowledge and
skills of shotcrete nozzlemen and to facilitate
ACI examination and certification. Provide
your clients with the assurance that your
nozzlemen have demonstrated that they
have the capabilities to perform the job
rightthe first time!

To learn more or to schedule an ASA

training session and an ACI Shotcrete
Nozzleman Certification examination, visit
www.shotcrete.org or call (248) 848-3780.
Products &
Practice
ForeverHome
ForeverHome is working to overcome the financial
and logistical problems associated with concrete home
construction to bring hurricane-resistant houses to the Gulf
Coast and other coastal regions. The structural shell of a
ForeverHome is made of precast, reinforced concrete
elements designed to withstand the effects of hurricane-
force winds, floods, and debris. The design has received the
Fortified for Safer Living designation from the Institute
for Business and Home Safety. It also has a preliminary
LEED rating of Silver, with the ability to achieve Gold or
Platinum ratings.
ForeverHome
www.aboutforeverhome.com

Soil2O
GelTech Solutions introduced Soil2O for Dust
Control as a solution to reduce water usage in construction
sites, rock pits, quarries, and other dust-prone areas.
Once sprayed on, Soil2O will penetrate the surface and
leech into the soil profile, where its particles will hold
up to 400 times their weight in water, reducing the need
for watering. Soil2O also pulls moisture from the air to
keep soil wet longer, creating a pavement-like surface
and ultimately reducing water, fuel, and labor costs.
GelTech Solutions
www.geltechsolutions.com

Cat PL83 and PL87 Pipelayers

The latest models of Cat Pipelayers, the PL83 and PL87, retain the basic design of
their predecessors while they improve lift capacity, slope capability, and ease of operation.
The PL83 replaces the 583T and has a load capacity of 160,000 lb (73,000 kg); the PL87
replaces the 587T and 587R and has a load capacity of 214,000 lb (97,000 kg). Both
models also have reconfigured counterweight packages for improved weight distribution,
a streamlined operating system, and expanded operator visibility, among other new
features.
Caterpillar
www.caterpillar.com

Concrete international APRIL 2012 73

Products & Practice

SUPERCAP Mobile Blending Unit

LATICRETE SUPERCAP released their First Next Generation Mobile Blending Unit (MBU), the next addition to their
fleet of pump trucks. The computer-controlled MBU is used to install self-leveling cement-based underlayment when
finishing new concrete or capping existing slabs. The unit does all mixing at the site and can pump up to 15 tons
(13.6 tonnes) of material per hour to buildings of all sizes in all kinds of areas.
LATICRETE SUPERCAP, LLC
www.laticretesupercap.com

COP 20 Hammer
The COP 20, the latest in Atlas Copcos line of down-the-hole (DTH) hammers, was engineered specifically for construction
work such as ground reinforcement and anchor bolting, as well as for seismic drilling and other stonework applications.
The COP 20 is a multi-purpose DTH hammer designed for 2.75 to 3.5 in. (70 to 89 mm) holes in situations where
conventional top hammer drills are not cost-effective. It operates at 100 to 174 psi (0.7 to 1.2 MPa) and includes features
such as a check valve and spring combination to provide protection from external water and cuttings.
Atlas Copco Construction & Mining
www.atlascopco.us

BinMaster Pro Remote

BinMaster introduced its Pro Remote capacitance probe that offers the ability to mount the sensors electronic components up
to 75 ft (23 m) away from the sensing probe. This point level indicator is designed specifically for hostile environments, such as high
temperatures or excessive vibration, and separates the sensitive electronics from conditions that may interfere with proper probe
operation. The Pro Remote can be used for varying levels of detection of solids, liquids, or slurries using a variety of probe options.
BinMaster
www.binmaster.com

DrainReady Concrete
DrainReady is a durable and extremely permeable concrete ideal for parking lots, drives, walkways, and other areas
where water must drain quickly. A pervious paving solution similar in appearance to standard concrete, DrainReady has
been engineered to provide enhanced wear and abrasion resistance and contains a system of interconnected voids to
facilitate movement of water through the pavement and away from the surface. When compared to standard pervious
pavement, it is stronger and easier to finish.
Preferred Materials
www.preferredmaterials.com

TS 410 A (EWC) and TS 420 A (EWC)

STIHL now offers Electronic Water Control (EWC) on two of its Cutquik Cut-Off Machines,
the TS 410 A and TS 420 A. The addition of EWC offers the user greater control over the flow
of water to the cutting surface. A keypad allows the operator to adjust the flow of
water during use, and the controller remembers the last setting that was used.
The EWC also stops the flow of water at idle speeds and starts again when the
throttle is engaged. Additionally, these machines feature an anti-vibration
system, a lightweight design, and a 24 oz (710 mL) fuel tank. The TS 410 A
has a wheel size of 12 in. (300 mm) and a cutting depth of 4 in. (100 mm);
the TS 420 A has a 14 in. (350 mm) wheel and cuts to 5 in. (125 mm) deep.
STIHL
www.stihl.com

74 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

Products & Practice

Web Notes

ASAs Submit Your Shotcrete Project for Bid Online Tool

The American Shotcrete Association (ASA) announced its Submit Your Shotcrete Project for Bid function on its Web
site, granting the world direct access to the leading shotcrete companies. This tool allows owners and specifiers to submit
projects for bids from ASAs Corporate Members. The goal of this tool is to connect the world with the skill, knowledge,
and experience possessed by ASAs Corporate Members, emphasizing the importance of skilled shotcrete contractors in
the production of high-quality concrete. This tool is available for free at www.shotcrete.org/projectbidrequest.aspx.
American Shotcrete Association
www.shotcrete.org
Book Notes
Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
by Portland Cement Association
The fourth edition of Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildingsgives practicing engineers waysto reduce design
time while still complying with the letter and intent of ACI 318-11. The books procedures allow the structural design
and detailing of primary framing members of reinforced concrete buildings in the simplest and quickest ways possible.
Using step-by-step procedures, the book avoids complicated legal terminology without changing the intent or objective of
the Code. This publication is based on ACI 318-11. The seismic and wind load provisions were updated to comply with
the International Building Code (2009 IBC) requirements. Design aids have been updated to the current standards. New
design aids were added to expand the use of the book to a wider range of concrete strengths, and expanded illustrations
have been added to explain theory and fundamentals. Also, a new chapter has been included to introduce ways in which
concrete can be used sustainably.
Portland Cement Association, Web site: www.cement.org

Products&Service
price: $100; 330 pp.; ISBN: 9780893122737

Literature&Videos
Seal/No Seal Group Releases First Tech Brief Series
The Seal/No Seal Group has issued six technical briefs on factors that can alter the effectiveness of joint sealants as part
of a series of reports intended to keep joint sealant information current and available to everyone. Titles so far include: A
Technical View of Backer Rods, going over the history and basics of backer rods; Evaluation of Backer Rod Absorption, a study
evaluating the absorption of moisture in different types of backer rods and a method to determine the correct backer rod
to use for the best long-term performance; Joint Movement Estimator for Designing Transverse Joint Seal Installations, discussing
the history and use of various joint movement estimators, including the new ACPA joint movement estimator; Use of
Silanes for Sealing Joints in Concrete Pavements, providing general information on silane sealers and their use in the industry;
Joint Slap Evaluation and Prevention, showing the impact of joint geometry on both new and existing pavement tire-pavement
noise levels; and Construction of Long Life Sealant Performance, detailing how joint seal design, the materials used, the
workmanship of the installation, and the prevailing environmental and traffic conditions affect joint sealant installation.
To download these reports, visit www.sealnoseal.org.
The Seal/No Seal Group
www.sealnoseal.org

Information on the items reported in Products & Practice is furnished by the product manufacturers, suppliers, or developers who are respon-
sible for the accuracy of the information. Also, the descriptions of these items do not represent endorsement by this magazine, by the American
Concrete Institute, or any of its staff. They are published here simply as a service to our readers.

Concrete international APRIL 2012 75

Product
Showcase
Repair Products
Permacast MS-10,000
Since 2004, the City of Chicago, IL, has commis-
sioned the installation of AP/M Permaforms Perma-
cast liner system in more than 100,000 manholes and
catch basins throughout the city. In late July 2011, the
city experienced unusually heavy rainfall, causing high
erosion in pipe and manholes, as well as in the soil
around these utilities. This resulted in the collapse of a
downtown sewer line, and nearby pavement sank by 2 ft
(0.7 m). The manhole, however, remained intact, due
to its lining of Permacast MS-10,000 cement fortified
with ConShield. This minimized street damage and
danger to pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
AP/M PERMAFORM
www.permaform.net
VaporSolve
VaporSolve Moisture Remediation Systems are
specialized epoxy coating systems formulated to
isolate moisture-sensitive flooring from all levels of
concrete moisture. The systems can be used when
concrete has a known moisture problem, when
concrete dries too slowly to meet a construction
schedule, or as a preventative measure when concrete
doesnt have a vapor retarder and future moisture
conditions cannot be predicted. The three systems
Basic, Ultra, and Fresh Concreteall feature Vapor-
Solve 100 epoxy and are customized for various
applications.
Arizona Polymer Flooring
www.apfepoxy.com

Aqua Cutter 710 A and H

Aquajet Systems has added two additional models to its
latest generation of Aqua Cutter 710 V classic and Evolu-
tion series of hydrodemolition robots. The new models are
designed to work on bridges, tunnels, roads, walls, parking
garages, and overhead roofs, and they can remove as much
as 3.3 ft (1 m) of concrete. The 710 A features an articulated
arm with a 360-degree range of motion and two telescopic
joints that let it reach a maximum height of 9.8 ft (3 m),
making it ideal for horizontal, vertical, and overhead
applications. The 710 H is designed primarily for horizontal
applications, and can be upgraded to the 710 A or V.
Aquajet Systems AB
www.aquajet.se

Blastrac 2-48DS Global V-Meter MK IV

Blastracs largest shotblaster to date, the 2-48DS
Global, has a 4 ft (1.2 m) wide shotblasting pattern.
The 2-48DS Global can be used for floor preparation,
renovation, maintenance, and decorative purposes, and
it can tackle large jobs. It features an ergonomic design,
a user-friendly control panel, and two 6 in. (150 mm)
dust hose connections for improved dust extraction.
Blastrac
www.blastrac.com
James Instruments V-Meter MK IV is an ultra-
sonic pulse velocity system for finding voids and cracks
and determining other material properties in concrete,
masonry, and other coarse grain materials. The V-Meter
MK IV features a direct digital readout, outputs for use
with external oscilloscope or other data input, and a
USB interface.
James Instruments Inc.
www.ndtjames.com

76 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

Product Showcase
Valspar Traffic, Marking, and Line
Rapid Pave Saving Paints
Cemstone recently introduced Rapid Pave
Valspars water-based Traffic Paint,
Ultra Fast Setting, High Early Strength concrete,
Marking Paint, and Line Saving Paint
designed specifically for busy intersections and
are ideal solutions for the quick
roadways where rapid completion is critical. The first
application of markings to a variety of
commercial application of Rapid Pave was the
surfaces, including concrete. They are
Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT)
dry to the touch in 15 minutes,
joint repair project on Interstate 94. The project
resistant to the elements, and are
repaired a busy 7.6 mile (12.2 km) section of
long-lasting. The Traffic Paint is
highway originally paved in the 1960s that now
available in white, yellow, black, and
carries 100,000 vehicles per day. Rapid Pave allowed
blue, and can be used on concrete or gravel in parking lots,
MnDOT to place sections of the highway at night,
warehouse docking areas, and factories. Marking Paint works
minimize lane closures, and have that section ready
well on the same materials as well as with landscaping and
for traffic by the next morning. In this application,
comes in a variety of bright colors, including OSHA
Rapid Pave reached 3250 psi (22.3 MPa) strength in
colors. Line Saver is a clear-coat spray that can preserve
3 hours and 10,800 psi (74 MPa) in 28 days.
chalk lines in surveying and construction.
Cemstone
The Valspar Corporation
www.cemstone.com
www.valsparglobal.com

DryFix Remedial Tying System

Helifixs DryFix Remedial Tying System provides a stress-free connection between building materials in both
cavity and solid masonry constructions without needing any mechanical expansion. DryFix remedial ties, together
with proper installation and high-performance Helifix grouts, produce secure connections and are designed to be
installed within existing masonry, providing economical and invisible support. The system was recently used in
restoration of the Broderick Tower, one of the first skyscrapers in Detroit, MI. Ties in lengths varying between
10 and 15 in. (250 and 380 mm) were used to secure loose terra cotta and limestone on all four corners of the
buildings 34 floors, using four to six anchor ties per cornerstone. The
ties were anchored into adjacent limestone on either side of each
cornerstone and reinforced with Helifix polymer grout.
Helifix, Inc.
www.helifix.com

Concrete international APRIL 2012 77

Calls for
Papers
Assessment and Upgrading of Infrastructure
Meeting: International Association for Bridge and
Structural Engineering Spring Conference, Assessment, rci-online.org.
Upgrading, and Refurbishment of Infrastructures, May 6-8,
2013, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Solicited: Conference themes include load-carrying
capacity and remaining service life of bridges, tunnels, and
maritime structures; assessment of structural condition;
modernization and refurbishment, including change of use,
transformation or conservation, and structures of historic
and architectural value; and materials and products.
Requirements: Submit abstracts online at www.
iabse2013rotterdam.nl/abstracts.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by April 15, 2012.
Contact: IABSE Spring Conference 2013, Kruisplein 40,
3012CC Rotterdam, the Netherlands; telephone: +(31)
6-53403276.
Sustainable Building Structures
Publication: Special issue of the ASCE Journal of
Structural Engineering on Sustainable Building Structures;
sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Solicited: Manuscripts should reflect original research
and technological advances on the state of the art and state
of practice in structural design, analysis, behavior, and
construction as related to sustainable building structures.
Additional information is available at www.asce.org/JSEsbs.
Deadline: Abstract submission to JSEsbs@nd.edu by
April 30, 2012. Submission of complete manuscripts by
August 31, 2012 (submit to ASCE through www.editorial
manager.com/jrnsteng/ specifying the special issue on
Sustainable Building Structures).
Contacts: Yahya C. Kurama, University of Notre Dame;
e-mail: ykurama@nd.edu; telephone: (574) 631-8377; or
Arzhang Alimoradi, Southern Methodist University; e-mail:
aalimoradi@lyle.smu.edu; telephone: (214) 768-1721.
Building Envelope Technology
Meeting: RCI 2012 Symposium on Building Envelope
Technology, October 22-23, 2012, Phoenix, AZ.
Solicited: The 2-day program will feature 12 different
educational sessions presented by leading building envelope
designers. Most programs will focus on repair and
sustainable design methods for strengthening and
improving existing exterior envelopes.
Requirements: The RCI Building Envelope Committee
is seeking abstracts of 200 words. For more information on
abstract submittal, visit www.rci-online.org/symposium.html.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by April 30, 2012.
Contact: Karen McElroy, RCI Director of Conventions
78 APRIL 2012 Concrete international
and Meetings, 1500 Sunday Drive, Suite 204, Raleigh, NC
27607; telephone: (800) 828-1902; e-mail: kmcelroy@
Analysis and Design Issues in Liquid-
Containing Structures
Meeting: Technical session on Analysis and Design
Issues in Liquid-Containing Structures at the ACI Fall
2012 Convention, October 21-25, 2012, in Toronto, ON,
Canada; sponsored by ACI Committee 350, Environmental
Engineering Concrete Structures.
Solicited: Papers on the latest analytical procedures,
experimental findings, and construction practice issues
related to liquid-containing structures are invited. Topics
will include crack and leakage control criteria under
hydrostatic and seismic loading, simplified and efficient
design procedures, design code-related issues, and liquid-
structure interaction effects.
Requirements: 1) Presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s), title, affiliation, and contact information; and
3) abstract of 500 words maximum.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by May 30, 2012.
Send to: Reza Kianoush, Ryerson University, e-mail:
kianoush@ryerson.ca.
Acoustic Emission for Reinforced Concrete
Meeting: Technical session on Applications of Acoustic
Emission for Reinforced Concrete at the ACI Fall 2012
Convention, October 21-25, 2012, Toronto, ON, Canada;
jointly sponsored by ACI Committees 228, Nondestructive
Testing of Concrete, and 437, Strength Evaluation of
Existing Concrete Structures.
Solicited: The objective of the session is to provide an
update of the current state of the art and practice related to
evaluation of RC structures with acoustic emission. The
session is targeted to practicing engineers as well as
researchers. Outcomes include familiarization with sensor
placement and data interpretation techniques for assessment
of corrosion, load testing, structural health monitoring, and
other applications. Twenty-minute presentations are invited.
Requirements: 1) Presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s), title, affiliation, and contact information; and
3) abstract of 150 words maximum.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by May 31, 2012.
Send to: Paul Ziehl, University of South Carolina,
e-mail: ziehl@cec.sc.edu; telephone: (803) 467-4030.
International Conference on Concrete
Sustainability
Meeting: International Conference on Concrete
 Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines
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Editor, Concrete International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094; fax: (248) 848-3150;
e-mail: Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.

Sustainability (ICCS13), May 27-29, 2013, Tokyo, Japan;
organized by the Japan Concrete Institute and cosponsored
by fib, ACI, and RILEM.
Solicited: The main conference topics include environ-
mental impact reduction technologies; sustainability aspects
in durability; environmental design, evaluation, and systems;
social and economic aspects of concrete construction; and
case studies of sustainable concrete materials and structures.
Requirements: Abstracts of 300 to 400 words are
invited. More information on submittal of abstracts can be
found at www.jci-iccs13.jp.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by May 31, 2012; full
papers are due by September 12, 2012.
Send to: iccs13@ics-inc.co.jp.
Thermal Methods for Prediction of
Properties of Cementitious Systems
Meeting: ASTM International Workshop on Thermal
Methods for Prediction of Properties of Cementitious
Systems, December 2, 2012, Atlanta, GA; sponsored by
ASTM Committees C01, Cement; C09, Concrete and
Concrete Aggregates; and joint Subcommittee C01.48/
C09.48, Performance of Cementitious Materials and
Admixture Combinations. The workshop will be held in
conjunction with the standards development meetings of
the committees.
Solicited: Thermal measurements are increasingly used
as research and troubleshooting tools to capture the
hydration kinetics of cementitious mixtures. As the
cementitious binder reacts with water, it releases heat that
can be measured either as heat flow (ASTM C1679) or a
temperature rise, resulting in a fingerprint of the reactivity
of the mixture tested at the current conditions. Popular
applications include, but are not limited, to sulfate
optimization of cement; effect of temperature on hydration
rate; strength prediction using maturity (ASTM C1704);
incompatibility (ASTM C1679); set time estimation;
finishing time and saw cutting time prediction; and
mixture design optimization (selection of admixture and
SCM). For additional information, visit www.astm.org/
C09_Cementitious.htm.
Requirements: Interested participants must submit a
250- to 300-word abstract via e-mail.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by June 4, 2012.
Send to: Tim Cost, Holcim, Canton, MS; e-mail:
tim.cost@holcim; or Paul Sandberg, Calmetrix, Beverly, MA;
e-mail: psandberg@calmetrix.com.
Structural Engineering and Construction
Meeting: Seventh International Structural Engineering
and Construction Conference (ISEC-7), June 18-23, 2013,
Honolulu, HI; hosted by the University of Hawaii at Manoa,
College of Engineering; organized by The ISEC Society;
cosponsored by ACI, American Society of Civil Engineers,
Chartered Institute of Building, Institute of Civil Engineers,
and Wayne State College of Engineering.
Solicited: Presentations on all branches of structural
and construction engineering, including architectural,
coastal, geotechnical, infrastructure, and materials engineering;
air and water; construction management and safety; cost
and project management; education and ethics; energy;
facilities and asset management; housing; law and dispute
resolution; national development; procurement; quality;
risk analysis; and sustainability.
Requirements: Submit a 200- to 400-word abstract
outlining the major content and conclusions online at the
ISEC Web site: www.isec-society.org/abstractsAndPapers2/
?parent=ISEC_07.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by June 15, 2012.
Contact: Frank Yazdani, Department of Civil Engineering,
North Dakota State University, e-mail: frank.yazdani@ndsu.edu.
Notable Concrete in Toronto and Vicinity
Document: Compendium of notable concrete in
Toronto and vicinity for publication at the ACI Fall 2012
Convention in Toronto, ON, Canada, October 21-25, 2012;
compiled by ACI Committee 124, Concrete Aesthetics, and
cosponsored by the ACI Ontario Chapter. Document will
also be available as an electronic file on the ACI Web site.
Solicited: Image and brief description of notable
concretecast-in-place, precast, post-tensioned, masonry, or
tilt-upin all types of uses: buildings, monuments, pavement,
silos, bridges, crypts, furniture, retaining walls, tanks,
sculpture, culverts, plazas, and whatever else has caught
your attention. Significance may be historical, aesthetic,
functional, structural, construction-related, unusual use or
application, or simply personal affection.
Requirements: 1) Name and location of submission;
2) image (photograph, drawing, or sketch) that is not
copyrighted; 3) brief description that establishes significance
and lists credits; and 4) submitters name, title, organization,
and contact information. Location information should be
sufficient to enable discovery by reader. Submit all information
in electronic format: image as JPEG or TIFF file at least 1 MB
(but no more than 4 MB); text in e-mail or as MS Word
document (100 words maximum).
Deadline: Submissions are due by July 1, 2012.
Send to: Michael J. Paul, Duffield Associates, 211 North
13th Street, Suite 704, Philadelphia, PA 19107; telephone:
(215) 545-7295; e-mail: mpaul@duffnet.com.

Concrete international APRIL 2012 79

Meetings
2012 7-10 11-14
2012 International Concrete fib Symposium: Concrete
Sustainability Conference, Seattle, WA Structures for Sustainable
April www.concretetechnologyforum. Community, Stockholm, Sweden
10-12 org/seattle www.fibstockholm2012.se
Bridgelife 2012, Ottawa, ON,
Canada 8-9 13-15
www.bridgelife.ca Chemspec USA, Philadelphia, PA The 6th International Conference
www.chemspecevents.com/usa on FRP Composites in Civil
10-13 EngineeringCICE 2012, Rome, Italy
EERI 2012 Annual Meeting and 13-17 www.cice2012.it
National Earthquake Conference, IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry
Nashville, TN Technical Conference, San Antonio, TX 17-20
2012am.eeri.org www.ieeepcaconference.org Bond in Concrete International
Symposium, Brescia, Italy
11-13 20-22 www.bondinconcrete2012.org
International Conference on 4th International Symposium on
Microdurability of Cementitious Nanotechnology in Construction, 18-21
Composites, Amsterdam, the Agios Nikolaos, Greece International Congress on
Netherlands NICOM4.civil.duth.gr Durability of Concrete, Trondheim,
microdurability.tudelft.nl/ Norway
Introduction.php 20-25 www.icdc2012.com
International Conference on
18-20 Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in 20-22
ICRI 2012 Spring Convention, Concrete (ICAAR), Austin, TX 7th RILEM International
Quebec, QC, Canada www.icaar2012.org Conference on Cracking in
www.icri.org Pavements, Delft, the Netherlands
May-June www.rilem2012.org/
May 29-1
6-8 SSCS 2012, Aix en Provence, France 25-27
2012 PTI Convention, Nashville, TN www.sscs2012.com 2012 APWA Sustainability in
www.post-tensioning.org/annual_ Public Works Conference,
conference.php June Pittsburgh, PA
10-13 www.apwa.net/sustainability
7-9 29th Annual International
IABSE Conference, Cairo, Egypt Bridge Conference, Pittsburgh, PA 27-29
www.iabse-cairo2012.com www.eswp.com/bridge International Conference on
Flexible Formwork, Bath, England, UK
www.icff2012.co.uk
UPCOMING ACI CONVENTIONS
2012 October 21-25, Sheraton Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. July
2013 April 14-17, Hilton & Convention Center, Minneapolis, MN. 3-5
2013 October 20-24, Hyatt & Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, AZ.
Structural Faults + Repair 2012,
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
2014 March 23-27, Grand Sierra Resort, Reno, NV.
www.structuralfaultsandrepair.com
For additional information, contact:
Event Services, ACI, P.O. Box 9094 See the events calendar at
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094 www.concreteinternational.com
Telephone: (248) 848-3795 E-mail: conventions@concrete.org for more listings

80 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

Sinopsis en espaol

Concrete international APRIL 2012 81

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Whats
New
Guide to a Simplified Design for Reinforced
Concrete BuildingsACI 314R-11
This guide presents simplified methods and design
techniques that facilitate and speed the engineering of
low-rise buildings within certain limitations. Material is
presented in an order that follows a typical design process
with procedures introduced as the designer will need them
in the course of a building design.
Order Code: 31411.CI
Pages: 132
Price: $118.50 (ACI members $72.00)
Guide for Precast Concrete Wall
PanelsACI 533R-11
This guide presents recommendations for precast
concrete wall panels. It should be used with ACI 318,
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.
This guide discusses the basic principles of design, tolerances,
and materials, as well as fabrication, installation, quality
requirements, and testing.
Order Code: 53311.CI
Pages: 48
Price: $80.50 (ACI members $49.00)
2012 Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP)
The American Concrete Institutes 2012 Manual of
Concrete Practice contains 220 ACI committee standards and
reports. ACIs Manual of Concrete Practice is the most
comprehensive concrete reference set available. It contains
all of the widely used ACI concrete and masonry code
requirements, specifications, guides, and reports. Additionally,
it includes information about code requirements, deflection,
cracking, durability problems, temperature control,
nondestructive testing, and hundreds of other topics.
A complete listing of publications included in the 2012
edition and additional optional formats, including online
subscription, multi-user license, and more is available at
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Understanding Adhesive Anchors:
Behavior, Materials, Installation,
DesignSP-283
This CD-ROM contains 15 papers that were presented at
sessions sponsored jointly by ACI Committees 355 and 503 at
the ACI 2010 Spring Convention in Chicago, IL. The objective
of the papers is to provide a reference document and give a
better understanding of the performance, capability, and
reliability of adhesive anchors installed in concrete. The
papers present the design, installation, qualification, and
inspection requirements. Other papers discuss the
characteristics of sustained load behavior and other specific
anchor installation and qualification considerations.
Order Code: SP283CD.CI
Format: CD-ROM
Price: $75.50 (ACI members $46.00)
Andy Scanlon Symposium on
Serviceability and Safety of Concrete
Structures: From Research to Practice
SP-284
This CD-ROM contains 21 papers that were presented at
sessions sponsored jointly by ACI Committees 348 and 435
at the ACI Fall 2011 Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. The
papers encompass a broad overview on the important issues
related to serviceability and safety of structures from both a
theoretical and design perspective. There are 15 papers on
serviceability related to deflection and cracking, an additional
5 papers on topics related to various aspects of safety, and
1 paper on sustainability issues.
Order Code: SP284CD.CI
Format: CD-ROM
Price: $85.50 (ACI members $52.00)
Whats
Coming
Spring 2012

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Manual of Concrete
Practice, 7-volume MCP12PACK.CI
set + Index
Manual of Concrete
Practice (CD-ROM) MCPCD12.CI
Manual of Concrete
Practice, hard copy MCPCD12PACK.CI $1185.50
and CD-ROM
$799.50
Report on Grouting between Foundations
(ACI members $499.00)
and Bases for Support of Equipment and
MachineryACI 351.1R-12
$681.50
(ACI members $409.00) Guide for Design of Slab-Column Connections
in Monolithic Concrete StructuresACI 352.1R-11
(ACI members $711.00) Guide to Design, Manufacture, and Installation
of Concrete PilesACI 543R-12

Concrete international APRIL 2012 83

Bulletin
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84 APRIL 2012 Concrete international


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86 APRIL 2012 Concrete international

Concrete
Q&A
Modification Factors for
Post-Installed Anchors
Q.
ACI 318, Section D.5.2.7, provides a modification
factor cp,N for post-installed anchors designed
for uncracked concrete in accordance with
D.5.2.6 without supplementary reinforcement to control
splitting.1 The factor reduces the basic concrete breakout
strength based on the minimum distance from the centerline
of the connector to the edge of the concrete. The commen-
tary to Section D.5.2.7 states,If supplementary reinforce-
ment to control splitting is present or if the anchors are
located in a region where analysis indicates cracking of the
concrete at service loads, then the reduction factor cp,N is
taken as 1.0.
First, this seems counterintuitive. If cracking is present,
shouldnt there be a reduction in the basic concrete break-
out strength?
Second, rather than conduct an analysis to show that the
concrete will be cracked, can I make the conservative
assumption that the concrete is cracked and take cp,N
as 1.0?
I will be using Eq. (D-6) to calculate the basic concrete
breakout strength in tension for a single anchor Nb , where
Nb = kc afc h1.5
ef
(D-6)
using kc = 17 for post-installed anchors.
A.
The cp,N term accounts for the effect of splitting
cracks on anchor tension capacity where no
reinforcement is present to limit the crack width.
It caps the tension capacity at the tension load correspond-
ing to the formation of the splitting crack. In contrast,
when designing for cracked concrete in accordance with
Section D.5.2.6, its assumed that the crack width corre-
sponds to the limits established for normal reinforced
concrete design.
Note that cp,N applies only for cases where anchors
are designed for uncracked concrete and where there is no
reinforcement present to control splitting. If either of these
conditions is not present, cp,N may be assigned a value of
1.0. If the anchor is designed assuming that the concrete is
cracked, its presumed to be located in concrete that is
reinforced in such a way as to limit the crack width. If the
anchor is designed assuming that the concrete is uncracked
but the concrete contains the necessary reinforcement to
limit crack width should cracks occur, the cp,N does not
apply because this case is addressed by Section D.5.2.6.
The basic concrete breakout strength provided in
Eq. (D-6) is for a single anchor in cracked concrete.
Section D.5.2.6 provides for an increase in this basic
concrete breakout strength if calculations show that the
concrete will be uncracked: For anchors located in a region
of a concrete member where analysis indicates no cracking
at service load levels... The basic concrete breakout strength
in tension calculated per Eq. (D-6) is modified by the
c,N factor of 1.4 for post-installed anchors when the
default kc coefficient of 17 is used in Eq. (D-6). However,
as Section D.5.2.6 also states:
When analysis indicates cracking at service load levels,
c,N shall be taken as 1.0;
Post-installed anchors shall be qualified for use in
cracked concrete in accordance with ACI 355.2 or
ACI 355.42,3; and
The cracking in the concrete shall be controlled by
flexural reinforcement distributed in accordance with
Section 10.6.4, or equivalent crack control shall be
provided by confining reinforcement.
To be consistent with your assumption that the concrete
is cracked for the purposes of the anchor design, you can
take cp,N and c,N as 1.0, but you must also ensure that
your post-installed tension anchors will be embedded in
concrete that includes flexural reinforcement distributed in
Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents
and have been answered by ACI staff or by a member or members
of ACI technical committees. The answers do not represent the
official position of an ACI committee. Only a published committee
document represents the formal consensus of the committee and
the Institute.
We invite comment on any of the questions and answers published
in this column. Write to the Editor, Concrete International, 38800
Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; contact us by fax at
(248) 848-3701; or e-mail Rex.Donahey@concrete.org.
Concrete international APRIL 2012 87
Concrete Q&A

accordance with Section 10.6.4 or confining reinforcing
to control splitting, and in all cases the anchors should
be qualified for use in cracked concrete. If anchors are
located in a portion of the structure that does not
include such reinforcing (for example, an unreinforced
housekeeping pad), you may need to invoke the cp,N
term. If you have some flexibility in locating the anchor,
consider changing the connection so that the anchor is
loaded in shear and has sufficient edge distance to avoid
concrete breakout.
For post-installed anchors, the default kc coefficient in
Eq. (D-6) and the corresponding c,N term in Section D.5.2.6
may be replaced with product-specific values as determined
by test and provided in a product test report issued in
accordance with ACI 355.2 or ACI 355.4. Note that the
product-specific value of kc will be published as kcr in the
test report and should be used only in conjunction with the
product-specific value of c,N derived from the same report.
References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
2. ACI Committee 355, Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical
Anchors in Concrete and Commentary (ACI 355.2-07), American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2007, 35 pp.
3. ACI Committee 355, Qualification of Post-Installed Adhesive
Anchors in Concrete and Commentary (ACI 355.4-11), American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 55 pp.
Thanks to John F. Silva of Hilti North America for reviewing the
information presented in this Q&A.

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