Coordinates: 2222N 9148E

Chittagong
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chittagong /tt/ (Bengali: Bengali

pronunciation: [tt t gram], Chatga) is a major coastal Chittagong
seaport city and financial centre in southeastern

Chottogram/ Chatga
Bangladesh. The city has a population of more than 2.5
million[1] while the metropolitan area has a population of City
4,009,423 at the 2011 Census,[1] making it the second
largest city in the country. It is the capital of an eponymous
district and division. The city is located on the banks of the
Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and
the Bay of Bengal. Much of Chittagong Division is located
within the ecological Indo-Burma zone on the boundary of
the India Plate and Burma Plate. This makes Chittagong the
crossroads of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
The port city has been known by various names in history,
including Chatigaon, Chatigam, Chattagrama, Islamabad,
Chattala, Chaityabhumi and Porto Grande De Bengala.

The natural harbour of Chittagong is an ancient gateway to

the region of Bengal. It was noted as one of the largest From top: 1. Jamuna Bhaban in Agrabad 2. Ocean
Eastern ports by the Roman geographer Ptolemy in the 1st City Mall 3. HSBC Chittagong 4. Nasirabad skyline 5.
century. As part of the rich seafaring tradition of the Patenga seafront
Bengali people, coastal Chittagong was settled and ruled by
Nickname(s): Queen of East, City of Twelve Awliya
Indian and Bengali kingdoms. Arab traders saw well-
(Bara auliar nagar), Commercial Capital of
developed currency, banking and shipping in Chittagong Bangladesh
during the 9th century. Early cosmopolitan Muslims
established dominance over the port as an entrepot of
maritime trade,[5] while Arakan, Bengal and Tripura
competed for control of the wider hinterland. Muslim
conquest took place in the 14th century. Chittagong became
the principal port of the Bengal Sultanate. It was used by
several leading medieval global explorers, including Ibn
Battuta and Niccol de' Conti. Later, Mrauk U, with
assistance from Portuguese trading posts, gained control of
the area. The Mughal conquest of Chittagong reestablished
Bengali control and ushered an era of stability and trade.
The city was renamed as Islamabad. This diverse history is
reflected in the rural Chittagonian dialect of Bengali, which
has a nearly 50% Arabic-origin vocabulary, as well as Chittagong
Persian and Portuguese loanwords.[6]

Ceded to the British East India Company in 1760,

Chittagong became the chief port of Eastern Bengal and
Assam under the British Raj, as well as a hub of railways. A Location of Chittagong in Bangladesh
notable anti-colonial uprising took place in 1930. It was an Coordinates: 2222N 9148E
important base for Allied Forces during the Burma
Campaign in World War II. Rapid industrialization followed Country Bangladesh
the war, as Chittagong became part of East Pakistan. During Division Chittagong Division
Bangladeshs liberation war in 1971, Chittagong was site of District Chittagong District
the countrys declaration of independence. Establishment 1340[2]
Granted city status 1863[3]
Modern Chittagong is an important economic hub in South Government
Asia. It is home to the Chittagong Stock Exchange and Type MayorCouncil
many of Bangladesh's oldest and largest companies. The Body Chittagong City Corporation
Port of Chittagong is the largest international seaport on the City Mayor A J M Nasir Uddin
Bay of Bengal.[7] It is the largest base of the Bangladesh Area[4]
Navy. However, despite having a high and growing urban City 168.07 km2 (64.89 sq mi)
per capita GDP in South Asia[8] and being one of the fastest
Elevation 351 m (1,152 ft)
growing cities in the world,[9] it has a poverty rate of
11.3%, as of 2010. Chittagong is reputed as a relatively Population (2011)
clean city, but still confronts substantial logistical and City 2,581,643[1]
socioeconomic problems. The mountainous hinterland of Metro 4,009,423
Chittagong is the most biodiverse region in Bangladesh, Demonym Chittagonians
with 2000 endemic plants and various critically endangered Time zone BST (UTC+6)
wildlife.
Postal code 4000, 4100, 42xx
Calling code +880 31
Police Chittagong Metropolitan
Contents Police
International Shah Amanat International
1 Etymology airport
2 History Website Chittagong City Corporation
3 Geography
3.1 Topography
3.2 Ecological hinterland
3.3 Climate
4 Administration
4.1 Military
5 Economy
6 Culture
7 Art
8 Cuisine
9 Natural Beauty
10 Demographics
11 Media and communications
12 Utilities
13 Education
14 Health
15 Transport
15.1 Road
15.2 Rail
15.3 Air
16 Sports
17 Notable people
18 References
18.1 Notes
19 External links

Etymology
The etymology of Chittagong is uncertain.[10] One explanation credits the first Arab traders for the combination
of the Arabic words shatt (delta) and Ganga (Ganges).[10][11][12] The Burmese tradition is that an Arakanese king,
invading in the 9th century, gave the city the name Tsit-ta-gung (to make war is improper).[10] Another legend
dates the name to the spread of Islam, when a Muslim lit a chati (lamp) at the top of a hill in the city and called
out (ajaan) for people to come to prayer.[13]
History
Stone age fossils and tools unearthed in the region indicate that Chittagong
has been inhabited since Neolithic times.[14] It is an ancient port city, with a
recorded history dating back to the 4th century BCE.[15] Its harbour was
mentioned in Ptolemy's world map in the 2nd century as one of the most
impressive ports in the East.[16] The region was part of the ancient Bengali
Samatata and Harikela kingdoms. The Candra dynasty once dominated the
area, and was followed by the Varman dynasty and Deva dynasty.

Chinese traveler Xuanzang described the area as "a sleeping beauty rising
from mist and water" in the 7th century.[17]

Arab Muslim traders frequented Chittagong since the 9th century. In 1154,
Al-Idrisi wrote of a busy shipping route between Basra and Chittagong,
connecting it with the Abbasid capital of Baghdad.[11] Ancient currency of Chittagong

Many Sufi missionaries settled in Chittagong and played an instrumental

role in the spread of Islam.[18]

Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah of Sonargaon conquered Chittagong in

1340,[19] making it a part of Sultanate of Bengal. It was the principal
maritime gateway to the kingdom, which was reputed as one of the
wealthiest states in the Indian subcontinent. Medieval Chittagong was a
hub for maritime trade with China, Sumatra, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, the
Middle East and East Africa. It was notable for its medieval trades in
The medieval Kadam Mubarak
pearls,[20] silk, muslin, rice, bullion, horses and gunpowder. The port was
Mosque
also a major shipbuilding hub.

Ibn Battuta visited the port city in 1345.[21] Niccol de' Conti from Venice also visited around the same time as
Battuta.[22] Chinese admiral Zheng He's treasure fleet anchored in Chittagong during imperial missions to the
Sultanate of Bengal.[23][24]

Two decades after Vasco Da Gama's landing in Calicut, the Bengal Sultanate gave permission for the Portuguese
settlement in Chittagong to be established in 1528. It became the first European colonial enclave in Bengal. The
Bengal Sultanate lost control of Chittagong in 1531 after Arakan declared independence and the established
Kingdom of Mrauk U. This altered geopolitical landscape allowed the Portuguese unhindered control of
Chittagong for over a century.[25][26] Portuguese ships from Goa and Malacca began frequenting the port city in
the 16th century.

The cartaz system was introduced and required all ships in the area to
purchase naval trading licenses from the Portuguese settlement.[27] Slave
trade and piracy flourished. The nearby island of Sandwip was conquered
in 1602. In 1615, the Portuguese Navy defeated a joint Dutch East India
Company and Arakanese fleet near the coast of Chittagong. The
Portuguese also faced increasing onslaughts from the Kings of Mrauk U.
They subsequently allied with the Arakanese and launched pirate raids on
Mughal Bengal.

In 1666, the Mughal government of Bengal led by viceroy Shaista Khan

moved to retake Chittagong from Portuguese-Arakanese control. They Dutch VOC ships in Chittagong, 1702
launched the Mughal conquest of Chittagong. The Mughals attacked the
Arakanese from the jungle with a 6,500-strong army, which was further supported by 288 Mughal naval ships
blockading the Chittagong harbour.[28] After three days of battle, the Arakanese surrendered. The Mughals
expelled the Portuguese from Chittagong. Mughal rule ushered a new era in the history of Chittagong territory to
the southern bank of Kashyapnadi (Kaladan river). The port city was renamed as Islamabad. The Grand Trunk
Road connected it with North India and Central Asia. Economic growth increased due to an efficient system of
land grants for clearing hinterlands for cultivation. The Mughals also contributed to the architecture of the area,
including the building of Fort Ander and many mosques. Chittagong was integrated into the prosperous greater
Bengali economy, which also included Orissa and Bihar. Shipbuilding swelled under Mughal rule and the Sultan
of Turkey had many Ottoman warships built in Chittagong during this period.[24][29]

The first steam engine in
Bangladesh at the Central Railway
Building
Thunderbolts in Chittagong
Airport during the Burma
Campaign in World War II
Commonwealth War Cemetery,
Chittagong
companies of the British Empire, including James Finlay, Duncan
Brothers, Burmah Oil, the Indo-Burma Petroleum Company, Lloyd's,
Mckenzie and Mckenzie, the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and
China, Turner Morrison, James Warren, the Raleigh Brothers, Lever
Brothers and the Shell Oil Company.
In 1685, the British East India Company sent out an expedition under
Admiral Nicholson with the instructions to seize and fortify Chittagong on
behalf of the English; however, the expedition proved abortive. Two years
later, the company's Court of Directors decided to make Chittagong the
headquarters of their Bengal trade and sent out a fleet of ten or eleven ships
to seize it under Captain Heath. However, after reaching Chittagong in early
1689, the fleet found the city too strongly held and abandoned their attempt
at capturing it. The city remained under the possession of the Nawab of
Bengal until 1793 when East India Company took complete control of the
former Mughal province of Bengal.[30][31]
The First Anglo-Burmese War in
1823 threatened the British hold on
Chittagong. There were a number of
rebellions against British rule, notably
during the Indian rebellion of 1857,
when the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th companies
of the 34th Bengal Infantry Regiment
revolted and released all prisoners
from the city's jail. In a backlash, the
rebels were suppressed by the Sylhet
Chittagong Court Building
Light Infantry.[11]
Railways were introduced in 1865,
beginning with the Eastern Bengal
Railway connecting Chittagong to
Dacca and Calcutta. The Assam
Bengal Railway connected the port
city to its interior economic
hinterland, which included the world's
largest tea and jute producing regions,
as well as one of the world's earliest
petroleum industries. Chittagong was Moored boats off Chittagong, 1820s
a major center of trade with British
Burma. It hosted many prominent

The Chittagong armoury raid by Bengali revolutionaries in 1930 was a

major event in British India's anti-colonial history.
Entrance of the Shrine of Bayazid
During World War II, Chittagong became a frontline city in the Southeast Bostami, pictured 1960
Asian Theater. It was a critical air, naval and military base for Allied
Forces during the Burma Campaign against Japan. The Imperial Japanese
Air Force carried out air raids on Chittagong in April and May 1942, in the run up to the aborted Japanese
invasion of Bengal.[32][33] British forces were forced to temporarily withdraw to Comilla and the city was
evacuated. After the Battle of Imphal, the tide turned in favor of the Allied Forces. Units of the United States
Army Air Forces Tenth Air Force were stationed in Chittagong Airfield between 1944 and 1945.[34] American
squadrons included the 80th Fighter Group, which flew P-38 Lightning fighters over Burma; the 8th
Reconnaissance Group; and the 4th Combat Cargo Group. Commonwealth forces included troops from Britain,
India, Australia and New Zealand. The war had major negative impacts on the city, including the growth of
refugees and the Great Famine of 1943.[11]

Many wealthy Chittagonians profited from wartime commerce. The

Partition of British India in 1947 made Chittagong the chief port of East
Pakistan. In the 1950s, Chittagong witnessed increased industrial
development. Among pioneering industrial establishments included those
of Chittagong Jute Mills, the Burmah Eastern Refinery, the Karnaphuli
Paper Mills and Pakistan National Oil. However, East Pakistanis
complained of a lack of investment in Chittagong in comparison to
Karachi in West Pakistan, even though East Pakistan generated more
exports and had a larger population. The Awami League demanded that
the country's naval headquarters be shifted from Karachi to Chittagong.[35] Chittagong Port in 1960

During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Chittagong witnessed

heavy fighting between rebel Bengali military regiments and the Pakistan Army. It covered Sector 1 in the Mukti
Bahini chain of command. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was broadcast from Kalurghat Radio
Station and transmitted internationally through foreign ships in Chittagong Port.[36] Major Zia Later President of
Bangladesh first announced the declaration of the indepenance on behalf of Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman that ignited the liberation war. The Pakistani military and supporting Razakar militias carried out
widespread atrocities against civilians in the city. Mukti Bahini naval commandos drowned several Pakistani
warships during Operation Jackpot in August 1971.[37] The Bangladesh Air Force and the Indian Air Force
carried out heavy bombing of Pakistani military occupied facilities in December 1971. A naval blockade was also
enforced.[38]

After the war, the Soviet Navy was tasked with clearing mines in Chittagong Port and restoring its operational
capability. 22 vessels of the Soviet Pacific Fleet sailed from Vladivostok to Chittagong in May 1972.[39] The
process of clearing mines in the dense water harbour took nearly a year, and claimed the life of one Soviet
marine.[40] Chittagong soon regained its status as a major port, with cargo tonnage surpassing per-war levels in
1973. In free market reforms launched by President Ziaur Rahman in the late 1970s, the city became home to the
first export processing zones in Bangladesh. Zia was assassinated during an attempted military coup in
Chittagong in 1981. The 1991 Bangladesh cyclone inflicted heavy damage on the city. The Japanese government
financed the construction of several heavy industries and an international airport in the 1980s and 90s.
Bangladeshi private sector investments increased since 1991, especially with the formation of the Chittagong
Stock Exchange in 1995. The port city has been the pivot of Bangladesh's emerging economy in recent years,
with the country's rising GDP growth rate.

Geography
Topography

Chittagong lies at 22220N 91480E. It straddles the coastal foothills of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in
southeastern Bangladesh. The Karnaphuli River runs along the southern banks of the city, including its central
business district. The river enters the Bay of Bengal in an estuary located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of
downtown Chittagong. Mount Sitakunda is the highest peak in Chittagong District, with an elevation of 351
metres (1,152 ft).[41] Within the city itself, the highest peak is Batali Hill at 85.3 metres (280 ft). Chittagong has
many lakes that were created under Mughal rule. In 1924, an engineering team of the Assam Bengal Railway
established the Foy's Lake.[41]
Ecological hinterland

The Chittagong Division is known for its rich biodiversity. Over 2000 of
Bangladesh's 6000 flowering plants grow in the region.[42] Its hills and
jungles are laden with waterfalls, fast flowing river streams and elephant
reserves. St. Martin's Island, within the Chittagong Division, is the only
coral island in the country. The fishing port of Cox's Bazaar is home to
one of the world's longest natural beaches. In the east, there are the three
hill districts of Bandarban, Rangamati, and Khagrachari, home to the
highest mountains in Bangladesh. The region has numerous protected Foy's Lake
areas, including the Teknaf Game Reserve and the Sitakunda Botanical
Garden and Eco Park.[43]

Patenga beach in the main seafront of Chittagong, located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) west of the city.

Climate

Under the Kppen climate classification, Chittagong has a tropical monsoon climate (Am).[44]

Chittagong is vulnerable to North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones. The deadliest tropical cyclone to strike
Chittagong was the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, which killed 138,000 people and left as many as 10 million
homeless.[45]

Climate data for Chittagong

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high 31.7 33.9 37.2 38.9 36.7 36.7 34.4 33.9 35.0 34.4 34.9 31.1 38.9
C (F) (89.1) (93) (99) (102) (98.1) (98.1) (93.9) (93) (95) (93.9) (94.8) (88) (102)
Average 26.0 28.0 30.6 31.8 32.3 31.5 30.9 31.1 31.6 31.5 29.8 27.0 30.2
high C (F) (78.8) (82.4) (87.1) (89.2) (90.1) (88.7) (87.6) (88) (88.9) (88.7) (85.6) (80.6) (86.4)
Daily mean 20.0 22.1 25.5 27.6 28.5 28.4 28.0 28.1 28.3 27.8 25.1 21.3 25.9
C (F) (68) (71.8) (77.9) (81.7) (83.3) (83.1) (82.4) (82.6) (82.9) (82) (77.2) (70.3) (78.6)
Average low 13.9 16.2 20.3 23.4 24.7 25.2 25.1 25.1 25.1 24.0 20.3 15.6 21.6
C (F) (57) (61.2) (68.5) (74.1) (76.5) (77.4) (77.2) (77.2) (77.2) (75.2) (68.5) (60.1) (70.9)
Record low 5.2 6.6 10.2 13.6 14.3 18.1 19.4 19.9 17.2 12.7 10.0 7.5 5.2
C (F) (41.4) (43.9) (50.4) (56.5) (57.7) (64.6) (66.9) (67.8) (63) (54.9) (50) (45.5) (41.4)
Average
5.6 24.4 54.7 147.4 298.6 607.3 727.0 530.6 259.3 184.8 67.5 11.9 2,919.1
precipitation
(0.22) (0.961) (2.154) (5.803) (11.756) (23.909) (28.622) (20.89) (10.209) (7.276) (2.657) (0.469) (114.925)
mm (inches)
Average
precipitation 1 2 4 8 13 16 19 17 13 7 3 1 104
days
Average
relative
73 70 74 77 79 83 85 85 83 81 78 75 79
humidity
(%)
Mean
monthly
264.1 244.3 276.4 242.7 227.2 116.7 105.1 124.4 166.7 218.2 241.3 245.5 2,472.6
sunshine
hours
Source #1: Bangladesh Meteorological Department [46][47][48][49][50]

Source #2: Sistema de Clasificacin Bioclimtica Mundial (extremes), [51] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 19611990) [52][a]

Administration

Chittagong Nagar Bhaban
The Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) is responsible for governing
municipal areas in the Chittagong Metropolitan Area. It is headed by the
Mayor of Chittagong. The mayor and ward councillors are elected every
five years. The mayor is Awami League leader A. J. M. Nasiuruddin, as of
May 2015.[53] The city corporation's mandate is limited to basic civic
services, however, the CCC is credited for keeping Chittagong one of the
cleaner and most eco-friendly cities in Bangladesh.[54][55] Its principal
sources of revenue are municipal taxes and conservancy charges.[11] The
Chittagong Development Authority is responsible for implementing the
city's urban planning.

Law enforcement is provided by the Chittagong Metropolitan Police and

the Rapid Action Battalion-7. The District and Sessions Judge is the head of the local judiciary on behalf of the
Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[11] The Divisional Special Judge's Court is located in the colonial-era Chittagong
Court Building.

Although all resident embassies and high commissions in Bangladesh are located in capital Dhaka, Chittagong
hosts an assistant high commission of India and a consulate general of Russia.

Military

Chittagong is also a strategically important military port on the Bay of

Bengal. The Chittagong Naval Area is the principal base of the
Bangladesh Navy and the home port of most Bangladeshi warships.[56]
The Bangladesh Naval Academy and the navy's elite special force- Special
Warfare Diving and Salvage (SWADS) are also based in the city.[57] The
Bangladesh Army's 24th Infantry Division is based in Chittagong
Cantonment, and the Bangladesh Air Force maintains the BAF Zahurul
Haq Air Base in Chittagong.[58] The city is also home to the Bangladesh
Military Academy, the premier training institute for the country's armed Portal of Bangladesh Naval Academy
forces.

Economy
Chittagong generates for 40% of Bangladesh's industrial output, 80% of its international trade and 50% of its
governmental revenue.[59][60] The Chittagong Stock Exchange has more than 700 listed companies, with a market
capitalisation of US$32 billion in June 2015.[61] The city is home to many of the country's oldest and largest
corporations.

The Port of Chittagong handled US$60 billion in annual trade in 2011, ranking 3rd in South Asia after the Port of
Mumbai and the Port of Colombo.

[7][60]The Agrabad area is the main central business district of the city. Major Bangladeshi conglomerates
headquartered in Chittagong include M. M. Ispahani Limited, BSRM, A K Khan & Company, PHP Group, James
Finlay Bangladesh, the Habib Group, the S. Alam Group of Industries, KDS Group and the T. K. Group of
Industries. Major state-owned firms headquartered there include Pragati Industries, the Jamuna Oil Company, the
Bangladesh Shipping Corporation and the Padma Oil Company. The Chittagong Export Processing Zone was
ranked by the UK-based magazine, Foreign Direct Investment, as one of the leading special economic zones in
the world, in 2010.[62] Other SEZs include the Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone and Korean EPZ. The city's
key industrial sectors include petroleum, steel, shipbuilding, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles, jute, leather
goods, vegetable oil refineries, glass manufacturing, electronics and motor vehicles. The Chittagong Tea Auction
sets the price of Bangladesh Tea. The Eastern Refinery is Bangladesh's largest oil refinery. GlaxoSmithKline has
had operations in Chittagong since 1967.[63] Western Marine Shipyard is a leading Bangladeshi shipbuilder and
exporter of medium-sized ocean going vessels. In 201112, Chittagong exported
Top publicly traded
approximately US$4.5 billion in ready-made garments.[64] The Karnaphuli Paper Mills
companies in Chittagong,
were established in 1953. International banks operating in Chittagong include HSBC,
in 2014[61]
Standard Chartered and Citibank NA. Chittagong is often called Bangladesh's
commercial capital due to its diversified industrial base and seaport. The port city has Jamuna Oil Company
ambitions to develop as a global financial centre and regional transshipment hub, given BSRM
its proximity to North East India, Burma, Nepal, Bhutan and Southwest China.[65][66] Padma Oil Company
Meghna Petroleum
GPH Ispat
Aramit Cement
Western Marine Shipyard
RSRM
Hakkani Pulp & Paper
Source:
Chittagong Stock Exchange

Strand Road, Chittagong Port is the Eastern Oil Refinery

Chittagong busiest port on the Bay
of Bengal

C&F Tower The Radisson Hotel

overlooking local
apartments

World Trade Center Chittagong
Culture
An inhabitant of Chittagong is called Chittagonian in English.[67] For
centuries, the port city has been a melting pot for people from all over the
world. Its historic trade networks have left a lasting impact on its
language, culture and cuisine. The urban Chittagonian dialect of Bengali
has many Arabic, Persian, English and Portuguese loanwords.[11] The
immensely popular traditional feast of Mezban features the serving of hot
beef dish with white rice.[67] The cultivation of pink pearls is a historic
activity in Chittagong. Its Mughal-era name, Islamabad (City of Islam),
continues to be used in the old city. The name was given due to the port
city's history as a gateway for early Islamic missionaries in Bengal.
Notable Islamic architecture in Chittagong can be seen in the historic
Bengal Sultanate-era Hammadyar Mosque and the Mughal fort of
Anderkilla. Chittagong is known as the Land of the Twelve Saints[68] due
to the prevalence of major Sufi Muslim shrines in the district. Historically,
Sufism played an important role in the spread of Islam in the region.
 Prominent dargahs include the
mausoleum of Hazrat Shah
Amanat and the shrine of Bayazid
Bastami. The Bastami shrine hosts
a pond of black softshell turtles.

During the medieval period, many

poets thrived in the region when it
was part of the Bengal Sultanate
and the Kingdom of Mrauk U. A dusk view of the Naval Beach in
Under the patronage of Sultan Chittagong maintained by Bangladesh
Alauddin Husain Shah's governor Navy and not widely available to
in Chittagong, Kabindra public.
Parameshvar wrote his
Pandabbijay, a Bengali adaptation
of the Mahabharata.[69] Daulat
Chittagong is the birthplace of Qazi lived in the region during the
Bangladeshi rock. Pictured here is one 17th century reign of the Kingdom
of the country's leading musicians, of Mrauk U. Chittagong is home to
Ayub Bachchu several important Hindu temples,
including the Chandranath Temple
on the outskirts of the city, which
is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Sita. [70] The city also hosts the country's
largest Buddhist monastery and council of monks. The Roman Catholic Ethnological Museum of Chittagong
Diocese of Chittagong is the oldest catholic mission in Bengal.[71]

Major cultural organisations in the city include the Theatre Institute Chittagong and the Chittagong Performing
Arts Academy. The city has a vibrant contemporary art scene.

Being home to the pioneering rock bands in the country like Souls[72] and LRB,[73] Chittagong is regarded as the
"birthplace of Bangladeshi rock music".[74][75][76]

Art
Chittagonian, as a norm, are lover of art and beauty. The artistic taste of Chittagonian can be found in the
articulation of the city. Even a common household can be found to be a collection of art. Sometimes, antiques, or
the memorial matters of a family are preserved as art-pieces. Apart from this, home decoration is, commonly, of
common interest of Chittagonian women. As a consequence, art is not only a part of the museums of the city,
rather arts can be found on the walls, floor and any part of the living place of a Chittagonian.

Art plays an important role in the way the people of the city enjoy their leisure. As the city itself is a natural
blessing full of stunning natural elements, the people domesticated the artful natural element to celebrate the
beauty on their own. For instance, people domesticate pigeons as a hobby. While pigeon-meat is considered as a
delicious food, there are certain species of pigeon that are kept only for the purpose of beautification.

Cuisine
The hospitality of Chittagonian culture is, most probably, the reason of the city's enriched food culture. Cooking
and serving is considered as act of honoring guests(mehman) while presenting the taste and warm personality of
the host.

Mezbaan: Mezbaan e gosht/ Mezbaan aur gorur gosht (Traditional beef dish) - Mezbaan is a century-old tradition
of the city where a host slaughter cow/s to celebrate a big feast with neighbors and relatives.
Musallam: Most offen a chicken musallam is offered to a guest.

Khorma: (Chicken and mutton)

Dried fish: Dried sea food is one of the most common food in Chittagong

Kebab: Chittagonians are traditionally fond of kebabs. The old kebab houses like lahams and royal hut bear the
sign of Chittagong's food culture.

Vegetables: Beans(soi), pumpkin (mida hodu), lentils (da'el), eggplants(bayun), cauliflower, cabbage etc. are
among the most popular vegetables.

Snacks and appetizers: Tea is the most popular drink in Chittagong. In fact, Chittagong has unique style of tea
making method, and 'tea-kettle on the stove' is a day-to-day scenario inside a kitchen of Chittagonian house.
Dried dates (khurma), dried grapes (kishmish), nuts, puffed rice, rice cakes, breads, bakeries, etc. are popular
snacks of the city. Cake-art is an age-old tradition of the city. Pickle is the most common appetizers in Chittagong.
Usually, pickles are made from olive, mango, plum, eggplants, etc.

Cuisine

Most often chicken Two common chicken Polow rice

Musallam is offered to a dishes of Chittagong
guest

Natural Beauty
The astonishing beauty of the city is most probably the main reason for her diversified demographics. Settlers
from ancient Persia, or medieval Europe may have settled in Chittagong due to political and economic benefit.
But, the unique attraction, and strong breeze of the city seem to be the driving force to led those global explorers
to find their permanent home in the city. Although little known, Chittagong is the home of the longest sea-beach
of the world. It is not the size, but the mystic and vivid nature of the city that creates the degree of admiration of
the city.

Demographics Natural Beauty

Chittagong has a population of

more than 2.5 million,[1] and its
Metropolitan Area has a population
of 4,009,423.[77] By gender, the
population was 54.36% male and
45.64% female, and the literacy
rate in the city was 60 percent, in
2002.[78] Muslims About 86%
form the overwhelming majority of
the population and rest being 12%
Hindus and 2% other religions. [11]

Chittagong was a melting pot of

races during the Bengal Sultanate
and Mughal Bengal periods.
Muslim immigration started as
early as seventh century, and
significant Muslim settlements Birds flying on the Sea shore and horizon Sandy beach of Saint
occurred during medieval period. shore of Chittagong overlooking from a Martin, the Southern
Muslim traders, rulers and hillside most island of
preachers from Persia and Arabs Chittagong
were the early Muslim settlers, and
descendants of them are the
majority of current Muslim
population of the city. The city has a relatively wealthy and economically influential Shia Muslim community,
including Ismailis and Twelver Shias. The city also has many ethnic minorities, especially members of indigenous
groups from the frontier hills of Chittagong Division, including Chakmas, Rakhines and Tripuris; as well as
Rohingya refugees. The Bengali-speaking Theravada Buddhists of the area, known as Baruas, are one of the
oldest communities in Chittagong and one of the last remnants of Buddhism in Bangladesh.[79][80][81][82]
Descendants of Portuguese settlers, often known as Firingis, also live in Chittagong, as well as Catholics, who
largely live in the old Portuguese enclave of Paterghatta.[11] There is also a small Urdu-speaking Bihari
community living in the ethnic enclave known as Bihari Colony.[83][84]

Chittagong has experienced a rapid reduction in urban poverty in recent years. In 2005, the poverty rate was
estimated at 27.8 percent. However, in 2010, the rate had dropped to 11.8 percent, as compared to the national
average of 31.5 percent.[85] Like other major urban centres in South Asia, Chittagong has also experienced a
steady growth in its slum settlements as a result of the increasing economic activities in the city and emigration
from rural areas. According to a poverty reduction publication of the International Monetary Fund, there were
1,814 slums within the city corporation area, inhabited by about 1.8 million slum dwellers, the second highest in
the country after the capital, Dhaka.[85] The slum dwellers often face eviction by the local authorities, charging
them with illegal abode on government lands.[86][87]

Roman Catholic An ancient sculpture of Bengali Hindu Durga Asgar Ali Chowdhury
Archdiocese of Buddha from Puja festival Mosque
Chittagong Chittagong, which is
home to most Bengali
Buddhists

Media and communications

There are various newspapers, including
daily newspapers, opposition newspapers
and business newspapers, based in
Chittagong. Daily newspapers include
Dainik Azadi,[88] Peoples View,[89] The
Daily Suprobhat Bangladesh, Purbokon,
Life, Karnafuli, Jyoti, Rashtrobarta and
Azan. Online news paper are Karnaphuli
News (karnaphulinews.com) and others Terracotta work of Sheikh Mujibur Flat-bed cylinder press in
news paper. Furthermore, there are a number Rahman at Chittagong Press Club. Chittagong.
of weekly and monthly newspapers. These
include weeklies such as Chattala, Jyoti, and
Sultan, and the monthlies such as Sanshodhani, Purobi, Mukulika and Simanto. The only press council in
Chittagong is the Chittagong Press Club. Government owned Bangladesh Television and Bangladesh Betar have
transmission centres in Chittagong. Chittagong has been featured in all aspects of Bangladeshi popular culture,
including television, movies, journals, music and books. Nearly all televisions and radios in Bangladesh have
coverage in Chittagong. Renowned Bollywood film director Ashutosh Gowariker directed a movie based on the
1930s Chittagong Uprising,Movie's name is Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey[90] in which Abhishek Bachchan played
the lead role.[91][92]

Utilities
The southern zone of the Bangladesh Power Development Board is responsible for supplying electricity to city
dwellers.[93][94] The fire services are provided by the Bangladesh Fire Service & Civil Defence department, under
the Ministry of Home Affairs.[95]

The water supply and sewage systems are managed by the Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
(Chittagong WASA).[96][97] Water is primarily drawn from Karnaphuli River and then purified in the Mohra
Purification Plant.[98]

Chittagong has extensive GSM and CDMA coverage, served by all the major mobile operators of the country,
including Grameenphone, Banglalink, Citycell, Robi, TeleTalk and Airtel Bangladesh. However, landline
telephone services are provided through the state-owned Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB), as
well as some private operators. BTTB also provides broadband Internet services, along with some private ISPs,
including the 4G service providers Banglalion[99] and Qubee.[100]

Education
The education system of Chittagong is similar to that of rest of
Bangladesh, with four main forms of schooling. The general education
system, conveyed in both Bangla and English versions, follows the
curriculum prepared by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board, part
of the Ministry of Education.[101] Students are required to take four major
board examinations: the Primary School Certificate (PSC), the Junior
School Certificate (JSC), the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and the
Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) before moving onto higher
education. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education,
Chittagong University of Engineering
Chittagong is responsible for administering SSC and HSC examinations
and Technology, one of the five
within the city.[102][103] The Madrasah education system is primarily public engineering universities in
based on Islamic studies, though other subjects are also taught. Students Bangladesh
are prepared according to the Dakhil and Alim examinations, which are
controlled by the Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board and are
equivalent to SSC and HSC examinations of the general education system
respectively.[104] There are also several private schools in the city, usually
referred to as English medium schools,[101] which follow the General
Certificate of Education.

The British Council supervises the O Levels and A levels examinations,

conducted twice a year, through the Cambridge International and Edexcel
examination boards.[105][106] The Technical and Vocational education
system is governed by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) and University of Chittagong
follow the curriculum prepared by Bangladesh Technical Education Board
(BTEB).[107][108] Chittagong College, established in 1869, is the earliest
modern institution for higher education in the city.[109] Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University is
the only public university located in Chittagong city. Chittagong Medical College is the only government medical
college in Chittagong.

University of Chittagong is located 22 kilometres (14 miles) north and Chittagong University of Engineering and
Technology is located 25 kilometres (16 miles) north of the Chittagong city. University of Chittagong, which was
established in 1966 is one of the largest universities in Bangladesh. Chittagong University of Engineering and
Technology, established in 1968, is one of the five public engineering universities in Bangladesh and the only
such university in the Chittagong Division.

The city also hosts several other private universities and medical colleges. The Chittagong Independent
University (CIU), Asian University for Women, Begum Gulchemonara Trust University, East Delta University,
International Islamic University, Premier University, Southern University, University of Information Technology
and Sciences and the University of Science & Technology Chittagong are among them. Chittagong has public,
denominational and independent schools. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools
and special schools are administered by the Ministry of Education and Chittagong Education Board. Chittagong
has governmental and non-governmental primary schools, international schools and English medium schools.

Health
The Chittagong Medical College Hospital is the largest state-owned
hospital in Chittagong. The Chittagong General Hospital, established in
1901, is the oldest hospital in the city.[110] The Bangladesh Institute of
Tropical and Infectious Diseases (BITID) is based the city. Other
government-run medical centres in the city include the Family Welfare
Centre, TB Hospital, Infectious Disease Hospital, Diabetic Hospital,
Mother and Children Hospital and the Police Hospital. Among the city's
private hospitals are the Chittagong Metropolitan Hospital, Surgiscope
Hospital, CSCR, Centre Point Hospital, National Hospital and Mount
Hospital Ltd.[111][112][113]
Chittagong Medical College and
Hospital
Transport
Transport in Chittagong is similar to that of the capital, Dhaka. Large avenues and roads are present throughout
the metropolis. There are various bus systems and taxi services, as well as smaller 'baby' or 'CNG' taxis, which are
basically tricycle-structured motor vehicles. There are also traditional manual rickshaws, which are very common.

Road

As the population of the city has begun to grow extensively, the Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) has
undertaken some transportation initiatives aimed at easing the traffic congestion in Chittagong. Under this plan,
the CDA, along with the Chittagong City Corporation, have constructed some flyovers and expanded the existing
roads within the city. There are also some other major expressways and flyovers under-construction, most notably
the Chittagong City Outer Ring Road, which runs along the coast of
Chittagong city. This ring road includes a marine drive along with five
feeder roads, and is also meant to strengthen the embankment of the
coast.[114][115][116][117][118] The government has also approved the
construction of a 3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi) underwater expressway tunnel
through the Karnaphuli river to ensure better connectivity between the
northern and southern parts of Chittagong. This tunnel will be the first of
its kind in Bangladesh.[119][120][121]

The N1 (Dhaka-Chittagong Highway), a major arterial national highway, Shah Amanat International Airport
is the only way to access the city by motor vehicle from most other part of
the country. It is considered a very busy and dangerous highway. This
highway is also part of AH41 route of the Asian Highway Network. It has
been upgraded to 4 lanes.[122] The N106 (Chittagong-Rangamati
Highway) is another important national highway that connects the
Chittagong Hill Tracts with the city.

Rail

Chittagong can also be accessed by rail. It has a station on the metre New Karnaphuli Bridge
gauge, eastern section of the Bangladesh Railway, whose headquarters are
also located within the city. There are two main railway stations, on
Station Road and in the Pahartali Thana. Trains to Dhaka, Sylhet, Comilla, and Bhairab are available from
Chittagong. The Chittagong Circular Railway was introduced in 2013 to ease traffic congestion and to ensure
better public transport service to the commuters within the city. The railway includes high-speed DEMU trains
each with a carrying capacity of 300 passengers. These DEMU trains also travel on the Chittagong-Laksham
route which connects the city with Comilla.[123][124]

Air

The Shah Amanat International Airport (IATA: CGP, ICAO: VGEG), located at South Patenga, serves as
Chittagong's only airport. It is the second busiest airport in Bangladesh. The airport is capable of annually
handling 1.5 million passengers and 6,000 tonnes of cargo.[125] Known as Chittagong Airfield during World War
II, the airport was used as a combat airfield, as well as a supply point and photographic reconnaissance base by
the United States Army Air Forces Tenth Air Force during the Burma Campaign 194445.[126] It officially
became a Bangladeshi airport in 1972 after Bangladesh's liberation war.[127] International services fly to major
cities of the Middle East as well as to Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Kolkata. At present, Middle Eastern low-cost
carriers like Flydubai, Air Arabia, Oman Air and Southeast Asian airlines Malindo Air, Thai Smile operate flights
from the city to these destinations along with local airlines. All Bangladeshi airlines operate regular domestic
flights to Dhaka. The airport was formerly known as MA Hannan International Airport, but was renamed on 2
April 2005 by the Government of Bangladesh.

Sports
Chittagong has produced numerous cricketers, footballers and athletes, who have performed at the national level.
Tamim Iqbal, Akram Khan, Minhajul Abedin, Aftab Ahmed, Nafees Iqbal, Nazimuddin, Faisal Hossain,
Shaheedur Rahman are some of the most prominent figures among them. Cricket is the most popular sport in
Chittagong, while football, tennis and kabaddi are also popular. A number of stadiums are located in Chittagong
with the main one being the multipurpose MA Aziz Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 20,000 and hosts
football matches in addition to cricket.[128] MA Aziz Stadium was the stadium where Bangladesh achieved its
first ever Test cricket victory, against Zimbabwe in 2005.[129] The stadium now focuses only on football, and is
currently the main football venue of the city. Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, is currently the main cricket
venue of the city, which was awarded Test status in 2006, hosting both domestic and international cricket
matches. The city hosted two group matches of the ICC Cricket World
Cup 2011, both taking place in Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium.[130]
Other stadiums in Chittagong include the Women's Complex Ground.
Major sporting clubs such as, Mohammedan Sporting Club and Abahani
Chittagong are also located in the city. Chittagong is also home to the
Bangladesh Premier League franchise, the Chittagong Vikings.

Notable people Boli Khela is a local traditional

wrestling game played between two
Muhammad Yunus, Nobel laureate "Boli" (wrestler).
Jamal Nazrul Islam, Mathematical physicist and cosmologist
Professor Nurul Islam, Physician, ex-national professor, and social
and medical activist
Enamul Haque, (20 September 1902 - 16 February 1982) Writer, researcher, litterateur, and educationist
Maulana Maniruzzaman Islamabadi, (1875-1950) Philosopher, journalist, spiritual leader, Muslim
Reformist, and Literary Activist
Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry, Politician and acting president of Pakistan, and Chittagonian reformist
Oli Ahmad, Colonel, national hero, and politician.
Tarana Halim, Politician, actress, lawyer, playwright, TV show host and director
Mirza Mehdy Ispahani,(1923-2004) Businessman. Former-chairman of M.M. Ispahani Limited
Abul Kashem Khan, (April 5, 1905 - March 31, 1991) Lawyer, industrialist, and politician
Major Nazmul Huq, Sector Commander, 7th sector of Bangladesh Liberation War, (March to August 1971)
Akram Khan, Cricketer
Tamim Iqbal, Cricketer
Monica Yunus, American operatic Soprano
Adil Hossain Nobel, Model
Dr. Anupam Sen, Vice Chancellor, Premier University, Chittagong and Ekushey Award Winner
Daulat Qazi,(1600-1638) Poet
Shakil Khan, film actor
Kabori Sarwar, film actress
Shabana (Bangladeshi Actress), film actress
Nusraat Faria Mazhar, film actress
Ahmede Hussain, Writer
Purnima, film actress
Ayub Bachchu, singer

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Notes
a. Station ID for Chittagong (Patenga) is 41978(ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/help/stations_list_CLIMA
T_data.txt) Use this
station ID to locate the sunshine duration

External links
Official Web Portal of Chittagong
Chittagong City Corporation Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Chittagong.
Chittagong Development Authority
Chittagong Metropolitan Police
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chittagong". Encyclopdia Wikivoyage has a travel
Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. guide for Chittagong.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chittagong&oldid=786333835"

Categories: Former Portuguese colonies Populated places in Chittagong Division Port cities in Asia
Populated coastal places in Bangladesh Chittagong

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