Bai Giang BT Cot Thep PDF

Bi ging: Kt cu btng cng trnh dn dng
Chng 1 TNH TON SN BTNG CT THP TON KHI
1.1. KHI NIM (Concept)

Sn l kt cu chu trc tip ti trng s dng, h sn c bi h dm, dm
truyn ti ln ct v ct truyn xung mng.
Sn BTCT (Reinforced concrete floor) c s dng rt ph bin v nhng u
im ca n nh: chu lc ln, chng chy tt, n nh ln, nhng sn BTCT vn
c nhng khuyt im nh: cch m cha tht tt (cn phi hp vi cc vt liu cch
m), thi cng phc tp, trng lng bn thn ln. Sn BTCT c phn thnh nhng
loi sau:
1.1.1. Theo phng php thi cng:
Theo PP thi cng ta c th chia sn BTCT thnh cc loi sau:
Sn BTCT ton khi: sn, dm c lin khi cng lc, y l dng thng
dng v n nh cao v tui th ln, nhng thi cng phc tp v ko di.
Sn BTCT lp ghp (Precast concrete floor): h dm c BT trc, sau
lp ghp cc panel sn (c ch to ti xng), sn lp ghp c thi gian thi cng
nhanh, ph hp vi qui m xy dng ln, thi cng hng lot, nhng n nh khng
cao.
Phn tip sau ta ch nghin cu dng sn BTCT ton khi.
1.1.2. Phn loi theo s kt cu:
Theo s kt cu ta phn thnh cc loi sn nh sau:
Sn loi bn - dm: (sau ny ta gi l sn 1 phng) l dng sn chu un theo 1
phng hoc 2 phng nhng phng cn li chu un rt nh. Lin kt c th l k ln
tng hoc lin khi vi dm, nhng ch 2 cnh i din.
Sn loi bn k bn cnh (sau ny ta gi l sn 2 phng): l dng sn chu un
theo 2 phng, lin kt c th l k ln tng (gi) hoc lin khi vi dm (ngm),
cc lin kt vi dm c 2 cnh k.
Hay ta c bng so snh nh sau phn bit r hn v sn 1 phng v 2 phng:
Sn 1phng Sn 2 phng
(ng mt trong 2 sau) (ng c 2 sau)
T l cnh di trn cnh ngn > 2. T l cnh di trn cnh ngn 2.

Lin kt c 2 cnh i din nhau Lin kt c 2 cnh k nhau.
Ti sao c yu cu th nht, ta s tm hiu sau y:
Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 1

Ta tin hnh tnh ton kho st i vi 1 bn k n 4 cnh, c kch thc cnh
ngn l L1, cnh di l L2, nh hnh 1.1.
Ti trng tc dng ln bn l
q(kN/m 2), gi s ct 1 dy bn rng 1m
(hoc 1 n v chiu di) theo 2 phng
kho st, ta c:
o Ti tc dng ln dy bn theo phng
ngn (L1) l q*1m=q (kN/m), theo
phng L2 cng vy.
o Ta xem cc dy bn lm vic nh cc
dm n gi 2 u v c moment theo
tng phng l M1, M2; vng theo
tng phng l f1, f2. Hnh 1.1
o Theo SBVL ta c vng ca dm k
n c tnh nh sau:
5 q.L4 5 M .L2
f
384 E.J 48 E.J
2
5 M 1 .L1
Vy ta c: f1
48 E.J
2
5 M 2 .L2
f2
48 E.J
o V thc cht 2 dy bn lm vic ng thi vi nhau, tc l ti gia bn ta c
f1=f2, hay:
2 2
5 M 1 .L1 5 M 2 .L2

48 E.J 48 E.J
2
2 L L2
M1L1 = M2L22 M1= M2 2 t =
L1 L1
M1 = 2 M2 (1.1)
o T cng thc (1.1) ta thy:
Nu L1=L2 th =1, tc l M1=M2.
Nu =2, th M1= 4.M2.
Nu =3, th M1= 9.M2.
Tc l nu cng ln th Moment theo phng ngn cng chnh lch ln so vi
moment theo phng di. Qui phm xy dng cho php ly 2 th xem nh bn ch
lm vic theo phng ngn, cn phng di moment l rt nh nn khng cn tnh ton.
Trong vic b tr thp cng c qui nh thp cu to theo phng di khng c nh
hn 1/4 lng thp theo phng ngn.

1.2. TNH TON SN DNG BN DM
Xem thm ti liu.
1.3. TNH TON SN DNG K BN CNH
1.3.1. S h thng sn 2 phng:
H thng sn 2 phng gm
cc sn c lin kt vi dm
(ngm) hoc k ln tng (ta n)
hoc t do, nhng vn m bo cc
sn lm vic 2 phng, hnh 1.2.
H thng sn 2 phng rt
thng dng, thng p dng cho
nhng cng trnh c ti trng va phi
( 1000kG/m2) v nhp 6m.
Thng thng chu vi ca
cng trnh cng l h thng dm - ct
ch khng phi tng nh hnh 1.2, Hnh 1.2. h thng sn 2 phng
hnh 1.2 cho v d thy c tnh tng qut ca cc sn.
1.3.2. Tnh ton sn:
a). c im cu to:
1 1
Chiu dy sn chn trong khong L1 v ph thuc vo ti trng,
40 50
chiu dy sn nn chn chn n cm, chng hn nh 6, 7, 8, 9, 10cm; thng thng sn
2 phng nn chn chiu dy nh sau:
1
o hs = L1 cho sn cc tng c ti trng va,
50
1
o hs = L1 cho sn cc tng c ti trng ln,
40
o hs = 6 8cm cho sn mi.
Kch thc dm (c dm ngang v dm dc) chn trong khong
1 1 1 1
h= L ; b = h .
8 12 2 4
Thp sn b tr di dng li khong cch u nhau trong khong

@=1020cm, dng thp CI hoc AI, ng knh thp t 6 12m.m; lp bo v a
trong khong 1,5 2cm.

b). Tnh ton ni lc sn:
Tu theo lin kt 4 cnh bn m ta chia thnh 11 loi bn nh sau:
Tu theo loi bn m ta c cng thc tnh

moment khc nhau, di y ta xt bn ngm 4
cnh, c cc moment nh hnh 1.3:
Cc gi tr moment c tnh bng cng thc sau
M1 = m91.P
M2 = m92.P Vi cc h s m91, m92, k91, k92
MI = k91.P tra bng ph lc 1;
Hnh 1.3. Moment sn ngm 4 cnh
MII = k92.P P = (p+g)L1.L2 = q.L1.L2.
p: l hot ti ca sn (daN/m2 hoc kG/m2), ly theo TCVN 2737-1995.
g: l tnh ti sn, tnh t cc lp cu to sn (daN/m2 hoc kG/m2), cng ly theo
TCVN 2737-1995 hoc trang 38 - quyn [4].
Tng qut ta c nh sau:
M1 = mi1.P i: l loi s sn (1 11)
M2 = mi2.P Cc h s m i1, mi2, ki1, ki2
MI = ki1.P tra bng 1-19, trang 32 quyn [4]; (1.2)
MII = ki2.P P = (p+g)L1.L2 = q.L1.L2 (daN hoc kG)
Cng tc tnh ton ta c th lp thnh bng tnh nh sau:

c). Tnh v b tr thp:
Tnh ton trn 1m b rng sn theo phng ngn v theo phng di, tnh nh
cu kin chu un tit din ch nht, vi b = 1m = 100cm, h = h s.
Cng tc tnh ton ta c th lp thnh bng tnh nh sau:
Vic b tr thp cn ch v tr gi chung gia 2 sn, nu chnh lch t th s

dng thp ln b tr chung, thp c b tr ra n 1/4 chiu di nhp.
Thp chu moment dng cng c th dng thp ln ko qua nu cc sn c
lng thp chnh lch t d thi cng, xem hnh 1.4.
Hnh 1.4
B tr thp sn nh hnh (a) c
th thay th bng cch b tr
nh hnh (b) (a)
(b)

Hnh 1.4c. B tr thp sn thc t

1.3.3. Tnh ton dm:
a). S kt cu:
H thng chu lc ca sn l dm ngang v dm dc, cc h thng dm ny c
tnh nh dm lin lc nhiu nhp hay tnh chung vi khung cn ph thuc vo kch
thc cng trnh (phn ny s c ni r hn trong chng 2 - Khung BTCT). Thng
thng nu tnh khung phng th h thng dm ngang c tnh chung vi ct to thnh
h thng khung, cn h thng dm dc c tnh nh dm lin tc nhiu nhp gi ln
ct, c nhim v lin kt cc khung ngang vi nhau v tm sn.
b). Ti tc dng:
Ti tc dng ln dm bao gm:
o Tnh ti: do bn thn dm, do
E
tm sn truyn vo v do S1
S2 S2 S1
tng xy trn dm B1
D
o Hot ti: do sn truyn vo.
S3 S4 S5 S5 S3
B
Ti ca sn truyn vo c dng
hnh thang, tam gic hay hnh ch nht C
tu thuc vo kch thc sn, ni
B
chung dng truyn ti da vo gc

B
truyn lc ca tm sn vo dm, gc S6 S6
B
ny c xc nh t ng phn gic A
ca cc gc tm sn (hnh 1.5), c th L2 L1 L1 L2
thy nu gc tm sn vung th ng 1 2 3 4 5
phn ti l gc 45o so vi dm v ta Hnh 1.5. truyn ti sn vo dm

cng c nhn nh l :

o Ti truyn theo phng cnh ngn l hnh tam gic,
o Theo phng cnh di l hnh thang,
o Sn 1 phng (>2) th ti truyn ch yu theo phng di v c dng hnh
ch nht (ng phn ti chia i tm sn) nh sn S6 trong hnh 1.5
Trong tnh ton c th gi nguyn ti tam gic v hnh thang gii ni lc cho
dm, nhng s gp rc ri nu trn cng on dm c nhiu dng ti tc dng - nh
on dm 2-3, 3-4 ca dm trc D trong hnh 1.5. Ta c th qui cc ti tam gic v hnh
thang thnh hnh ch nht tng ng theo cc cng thc chuyn i sau y, xem
hnh 1.6:
o Ti hnh thang truyn t 1 pha dm: qt= kqL1/2 (1.3)
5
o Ti tam gic truyn t 1 pha dm: qt= qL1/2 (1.4)
8
vi : q l ti tc dng ln sn (c th l hot ti hoc tnh ti) (kG/m2)
k l h s qui i, c th tra bng I.1 bn di hoc tnh theo cng
L1
thc sau: k = (1- 22 +3), vi =
2 * L2
L1 l kch thc cnh ngn ca sn.

Nu ti truyn t 2 pha dm ging nhau (cng tam gic hoc hnh thang)
th nhn 2.
Hnh 1.6. Qui ti tam gic v hnh thang thnh ti tng ng
* Ch : trnh nhm ln kch thc L1, L2 l qui c cnh ngn v cnh di ca sn

vi cc kch thc L1, L2, L3,l cc kch thc khc nhau ca cc nhp. Chng hn
nh trn hnh I.5: sn S1 c kch thc cnh ngn l L1=L2; cnh di L2=B1.
Bng 1.1. Tra h s k trong cng thc 1.3
L2/L1 1,00 1,02 1,04 1,06 1,08 1,10 1,12 1,14 1,16 1,18
k 0,625 0,637 0,649 0,660 0,671 0,681 0,690 0,700 0,709 0,717
L2/L1 1,20 1,22 1,24 1,26 1,28 1,30 1,32 1,34 1,36 1,38
k 0,725 0,733 0,740 0,748 0,754 0,761 0,767 0,773 0,779 0,785

L2/L1 1,40 1,42 1,44 1,46 1,48 1,50 1,52 1,54 1,56 1,58
k 0,790 0,796 0,801 0,806 0,810 0,815 0,819 0,823 0,827 0,831
L2/L1 1,60 1,62 1,64 1,66 1,68 1,70 1,72 1,74 1,76 1,78
k 0,835 0,839 0,842 0,846 0,849 0,852 0,856 0,859 0,862 0,864
L2/L1 1,80 1,82 1,84 1,86 1,88 1,90 1,92 1,94 1,96 1,98 2,00
k 0,867 0,870 0,872 0,875 0,877 0,880 0,882 0,884 0,886 0,889 0,891
c). Tnh ton ni lc:

Gii ni lc cho dm ta c th gii bng phng php tnh tay (tra bng) hoc
tnh bng cc phn mm my tnh nh SAP2000, STAAD, ETAB,
lng trc nhng trng hp ti trng nguy him c th xy ra cho dm ta
cn phi t hp ti trng (xem hnh 1.7), cc bc thc hin nh sau:
o Trc ht gii ring trng hp tnh ti (TT).
o Tch hot ti thnh cc trng hp nguy him, ta c cc trng hp sau:
Hot ti cht y (HT1): cho phn lc gi ln nht.
Hot ti cch nhp l (HT2): cho moment dng(moment nhp) ln
nht ti nhp l.
Hot ti cch nhp chn (HT3): cho moment dng(moment nhp) ln
nht ti nhp chn.
Hot ti 2 nhp lin tc 1 (HT4): cho moment m (moment gi) ln
nht ti gi k 2 nhp t ti.
Hot ti 2 nhp lin tc 2 (HT5): cho moment m (moment gi) ln
nht ti gi k 2 nhp t ti
Hnh 1.7. Cc trng hp hot ti nguy him
o T hp ti trng: ly tnh ti cng ln lt cho cc hot ti, ta c cc t

hp thnh phn, nh trn ta c:
T Hp 1 = TT + HT1,
.
THn = TT + HTn.
o Biu Bao ni lc: chng tt c cc trng hp t hp thnh phn ta
c biu bao ni lc : Bao = max/min {TH1TH n}
o V d sau y v dm 3 nhp cho thy r hn v bn cht vn t hp ti
trng:
TH1 = TT + HT1
TNH TI
TH2 = TT + HT2
HOT TI 1
TH3 = TT + HT3
HOT TI 2
(1) (2) (3)
A B C D
HOT TI 3
d). Tnh ton v b tr thp: BAO = CHNG 3 BIU TH1TH3
Tnh ct dc: tnh theo bi ton cu kin chu un, trn mi on dm ta ly

gi tr moment max ( nhp) v moment min ( gi) tnh thp cho nhp v gi. Nh
hnh trn th t biu BAO moment ta c moment max nhp 1 l 25513 kG.m v
moment min gi B l -28941 kG.m.
Nu l dm T, I hoc dm lm vic chung vi sn th ta c th tnh theo tit
din ch T vi nhng v tr c cnh nm trong min nn, gi s nh dm hnh trn m
sn nm trn dm th ta tnh vi tit din ch T cho moment dng ( nhp), tnh vi
tit din ch nht cho moment m ( gi).
Tnh ct ai: ly lc ct max trn mi on dm tnh ct ai cho tng on
dm hoc c th ly lc ct max trn ton dm tnh v b tr ct ai cho ton dm.
Vn ct ct dc theo tnh ton s gp nhiu kh khn do kh xc nh chnh
xc v tr ct l thuyt, nn thng ta c th ct thp theo cu to:
o Thp nhp ct cch gi 1 on = L/5.
o Thp gi ct cch gi 1 on = L/4.
o Khi ct thp cn ch dng biu .

Chng 2 TNH TON KHUNG BTCT TON KHI

2.1. KHI NIM:
Khung l h thng gm ct v x (dm), c th lp ghp hoc ton khi.
Trn thc t t gp khung lm vic ring l m thng kt hp vi h thng dm

dc to thnh h ton khi chu lc chnh cho cng trnh.
Cng trnh dng khung chu lc (tng xy chen) thng p dng cho cc cng
trnh nh v va, tng ti chn ct khong 500T, i vi cng trnh ln ngi
ta thng p dng dng chu lc vch cng (concrete diaphragm), li cng
(rigidity core) hoc kt hp.
Tu theo dng mt bng cng trnh m ta c th tch khung ring l (khung

phng ch c ct v dm ngang) cho d tnh vi chnh xc c th chp nhn
c hoc tnh khung khng gian (c ct, dm ngang v dm dc)
L
M NGANG
D
B
D
M DO
C
Vi nhng cng c h tr gii kt cu nh hin nay ta nn gii khung khng gian

s cho chnh xc cao hn (mc d kt qu ni lc c hi nh hn). Ch nn gii
khung phng trong nhng trng hp sau:
o Khi chiu di cng trnh L 2,5 ln chiu rng B, lc ny ct ch yu
chu lc theo phng ngn.
o Khi khu 1 phng ln hn phng kia gp 2,5 ln.
Khung cc cng trnh c khu ln nh : nh ht, hi trng ngi ta c th

lm x ngang gy khc hoc cong.
nhip khung 15 - 18m nhip khung 18 - 25m
Chng 2. Tnh ton khung btng ct thp ton khi Trang 10

2.2. CHN S B KCH THC TIT DIN
2.2.1. i vi dm:
1
C th chn s b chiu cao dm h= L, vi m cho trong bng 2.1:
m
Bng 2.1: H s m chn kch thc dm

Hnh dng dm Mt nhp nhiu nhp
1. Thng 10 12 12 16
2. Gy khc
Khng thanh cng. 12 16 12 18
C thanh cng. 16 20 16 24
3. Cong
Khng thanh cng 18 24 18 30
C thanh cng 30 35 30 40
Nu bit trc ni lc (thng cha bit do cha gii kt cu) ta c th chn nh

M
sau: ho= 2 (ly trn s); h = ho + a.
Rb b
2.2.2. i vi ct:
S
N
Chn s b tit din ct theo cng thc sau: F = k*
Rb
o K: l h s iu chnh = 1,2 1,5 (cho ct chu

nn lch tm).
o N: tng lc dc tc dng ln ct, do cha gii kt
cu nn ta cha bit chnh xc lc dc ny m ch c th c lng bng
cch tnh s b ti tc dng ln sn, dm ri truyn vo ct theo nguyn
tc chia i.
Ch :
o Ta tnh dn ti n chn ct tng trt ca cc ct in hnh (ct bin, ct
gc, ct gia cng trnh) ri tnh tit din theo cng thc trn,
o Sau ta s gim tit din ct theo tng tng (hoc 2 tng), mi ln gim
5cm hoc 10cm tu c im cng trnh,
o Bi v y ch l bc tnh s b c tit din nhp vo chng trnh
gii kt cu nn tnh chnh xc cha cao, sau khi gii kt cu xong ta c
c lc dc chnh xc cc ct, tin hnh tnh thp iu chnh tit

din cho hp l (v mt hm lng nh hc trong phn btng c
s), sau c th iu chnh li tit din nhp li chng trnh gii kt
cu tnh li thp n khi tho. Thng thng vi mc chnh lch
tit din t, ngi ta khng cn gii li kt cu, bi v sai s khng ln.
o Tit din ct b,h nn chn theo t l h=(1- 2)b. Cng trnh dng mt bng
vung, lch tm t nn chn tit din vung h~b, nu dng mt bng
ch nht chnh lch nhp theo 2 phng nhiu (lch tm nhiu) nn chn
tit din ch nht nhng h/b khng nn vt qu 3 ln s lm cho ct c
mnh ngang ln.
20*30
20*35
20*35
20*30
V d: ta c mt cng trnh cao 6 tng, ti trng
20*30
20*40
20*40
20*30
chn ct bin s b tnh c l 100tn, ct gia l 150tn,
ct chn btng B20 Rb = 110kG/cm2. Ta tnh c tit
25*35
25*50
25*50
25*35
din ct nh sau:
25*35
25*50
25*50
25*35
N
Ct bin F= k* ( chn k=1,4 - lch tm nhiu)
30*40
30*60
30*60
30*40
Rb
30*40
30*60
30*60
30*40
100.000
F = 1,4* = 1272 cm2.
110
o Ta chn tit din l 30*40(1200cm2) cho 2 on ct tng 1, 2.

o Tng 3,4 s l 25*35cm.
o Tng 5,6 s l 20*30cm (c th ct tng 6 gim cn 20*20cm).
150.000
Ct gia : F = 1,4* = 1909 cm2.
110
o Ta chn tit din l 30*60(1800cm2) cho 2 on ct tng 1, 2.

o Tng 3,4 s l 25*50cm.
o Tng 5,6 s l 20*40cm (c th ct tng 6 gim cn 20*35cm).
2.3. XC NH S TNH
im quan trng u tin l phi xc nh v tr lin kt cng chn ct, v tr

ny c th l nh mng hoc mt trn ging mng (ground sill), c mt s
quan im nh sau:
o Nu mng t khng su ( 1,5m) thng ch c 1 h king (kt hp
ging mng, c th nm hi cao hn nh mng) th ta ly lin kt cng l
nh mng.

o Nu mng t kh su (> 1,5m)
cn c 2 h king v ging
TANG TRET
mng ring bit, ta c th ly lin
kt cng l mt trn ging mng, MAT NEN
bi v v tr ging mng lc ny V TR
LIEN KET CNG
A GIANG MONG
nm ngay gn trn nh mng. MONG
o Vic xc nh su chn mng

ph thuc vo a cht thu vn,
tng ti trng cng trnh gii
TANG TRET
php mng, chng hn: mng c MAT NEN
trm cn t su hn mc nc A KIENG
V TR A GIANG MONG
ngm, cn mng cc btng c th LIEN KET CNG
t cn hn. MONG
o Trong c hai trng hp trn, ging mng khng nn tnh vo khung,

cn king th c th tnh hoc khng tnh vo h khung.
Chuyn v ca mng xem nh khng c, bi v trong tnh ton mng ta khng

ch ln lch ca cc mng trong khong cho php (t gy ph hoi kt cu bn
trn).
Gc xoay (do mng ln nghing) cng xem nh khng c, v y gc xoay kh

nh v c h ging mng khng ch.
Lin kt ca dm ct c xem l lin kt cng (ngm) khi cng ca ct

(Ejct) > 6ln Ejdm v ngc li nu Ejdm > 4ln Ejct th c xem l lin
kt khp, nhng trn thc t t c tiu ch ny rt kh, thng thng ta
quan nin nh sau:
o Nu tnh khung phng: lin kt ct v dm ngang (chu lc chnh) l
ngm (to thnh khung cng), cn ct v dm dc lin kt khp vi nhau
(xem nh dm dc lin kt cc khung vi nhau).
o Nu tnh khung khng gian th lin kt ca c dm ngang, dc v ct l
lin kt nt cng.
o Vi nhng qui c trn ta thy: vi khung phng s cho ta moment trn
ct ln hn vi khung khng gian (do s chng ko ca cc thanh dc),
nhng ta khng bit c moment theo phng vung gc vi phng ta
tnh v khng th lng c s lm vic theo phng ny.

Vic lp s tnh cn phi n gin ho n mc t nh hng n kt qu gii
ni lc, vic n gin ho nhm mc ch to ra s khung i xng, d nhp
s liu vo my tnh,.c th lm nhng php n gin ho sau y:
o Nu chiu di nhp sai khc khng qu 10% th xem nh c nhp bng
nhau v ly kch thc trung bnh.
o Nu dc ca dm <1/8 th xem nh dm ngang v ly chiu cao trung
bnh.
o Cho php di chuyn ti trng mt on khng qu 1/20L.
o Nu gi tr hot ti <10% gi tr tnh ti th cho php gp chung tnh
(khng cn t hp).
o Nu trn on dm c 5 lc tp trung c th qui thnh lc phn b u,
vi gi tr q= n*P/L.
o Nu khung c nhiu nhp bng nhau v ti trng ging nhau trn cc nhp
th c th i thnh khung 3 nhp, ni lc cc nhp gia ly bng nhau
v bng ni lc trn nhp 3.
Ch : vic n gin ho s ch c tnh qui c, khi th hin trn bn v phi
m bo tnh chnh xc ca kt cu.
2.4. XC NH TI TRNG (Load)
Ti trng tc dng ln khung gm c: tnh ti, hot ti ng v hot ti ngang, c

th tnh thm ng t (cho t hp c bit).
Tnh ti (Dead load) gm:

o Ti do sn truyn vo theo qui lut hnh thang, tam gic hay ch nht tu
theo sn lm vic 2 phng hay 1 phng.
o Ti tng c tnh nh sau: tng 100 (xy gch ng) ti trng l
180kG/m2, tng 200 l 330 kG/m 2, ta nhn cho chiu cao tng s c
gi tr ti phn b dc chiu di dm, ch nu c nhiu l ca th nn tr
ra din tch l ca.
o Ti trng nc (hot ti tm thi di hn) c th xem nh tnh ti, chng
hn khi tnh sn mi, nc ma ng trn mi dy 30cm, ta s tnh l
0,3m*1000=300kG/m2.
Hot ti (service load, live load) ng gm:

o Ngi,
o Vt dng, thit b, vch ngn tm c th k nh hot ti, nhng bn
cht chng l hot ti tm thi di hn (ging tnh ti), quan nim ny t
lm sai lch kt qu tnh ton, ch thm tnh an ton.

Hot ti ngang gm c: p lc t vo tng tng hm, p lc nc v gi. p
lc gi c tnh nh sau:
o p lc gi c tnh tc dng vo ct, dng lc phn b (hoc tp trung
ti nt khung), thay i theo chiu cao cng trnh, cng thc tng qut:
q=Wo*k*C*n*B (daN/m).
- Wo: p lc gi tiu chun, theo phn vng p lc gi, ph lc 6.
- K: l h s thay i p lc gi theo chiu cao, ph lc 7.
- C : l h s kh ng, ph thuc vo mt hng gi, bng 2-8,
trang 49 - quyn [4].
- n: l h s vt ti = 1,2.
- B: din hng gi, bng khong cch bc khung mi bn.
o p lc gi c tnh trn cao mi tng hoc mi 2 (3) tng, ta c th
lp bng tnh nh sau:
H s Q= Wo*K*C*n*B
Tng Cao
K C=0,8 (gi y) C=-0,6 (gi ht)
Tng 1 -2 - - q1 q4
Tng 3 4 - - q2 q5
Tng 5 6 - - q3 q6
.
Ghi ch: H s C bng trn ng vi mt hng gi thng ng.
o p lc gi ta c th nhp vo khung di 2 dng : dng ti phn b ln

ct hoc dng lc tp trung ti nt.
q3 q6
q5
q2
q4
q1

2.5. XC NH NI LC (Forces)
C th tnh khung bng tay, bng nhiu phng php (nu l khung n gin).
Hoc tnh bng phn mm (SAP, STAAD, ETAB) vi chnh xc cao v

nhanh chng.
Ta cn t hp ti trng (combination load) nhm tm ra c gi tr ni lc thc

s nguy him cho kt cu trong cc tnh hung ti c th xy ra. Nguyn tc t
hp nh sau:
o Trc ht tch ring trng hp tnh ti, gii ni lc ring,
o Chia hot ti thnh nhiu trng hp c th xy ra trn thc t, ch nn
cht ti nhng trng hp thc s nguy him, b qua nhng trng hp
khng nguy him gim s trng hp ti phi gii, theo phn tch (xem
cc cu kin l n hi) ta c cc trng hp sau l nguy him:
(HT1) Hot ti cht y: cho ta gi tr lc dc ct ln nht.
(HT2) Hot ti t cch nhp (cch tng): cho ta gi tr momen
nhp (M+ max) ln nht trn nhp t ti.
(HT3) t so le vi trng hp HT2.
(HT4) t 2 nhp lin tc, sole tng: cho ta gi tr momen gi ln
nht (M- min) k 2 nhp t ti.
(HT5) t sole vi trng hp 4.
(HT6) t sole vi trng hp 4, 5.
(GT) Go tc dng t pha tri cng trnh.
(GP) Go tc dng t pha phi cng trnh.
HT1 HT2 HT3 HT4
q4
q2 q2
q3
q1 q1
HT5 HT6 GT GP
o Trn thc t vn cht ti rt phc tp, ta khng th lng ht cc
trng hp thc s nguy him, nhng nu cht qu nhiu trng hp s
lm phc tp bi ton c th dn n sai st. Theo cc tiu chun nc
ngoi (Chu u v M) vic cht ti rt n gin, ch cht 2 trng hp
cch nhp, cch tng sau ngi ta nhn kt qu ni lc cho h s 1,2
1,4 (cho c dm v ct).
o Bc tip theo l ta cng ln lt cc trng hp hot ti cho tnh ti
theo nguyn tc sau (theo tiu chun VIT NAM TCVN 2737 : 1995):
T hp chnh: gm tnh ti v mt hot ti bt k
TH1 = TT + GT
TH2 = TT + GP
TH3 = TT + HT1
..
TH8 = TT + HT6
T hp ph: gm tnh ti v 2 hot ti
TH9 = TT+(HT1+GT)*0,9.
TH10= TT+(HT2+GT)*0,9.

TH14 = TT+(HT6+GT)*0,9.
TH15 = TT+(HT1+GP)*0,9.
TH16 = TT+(HT2+GP)*0,9.
.
TH20 = TT+(HT6+GP)*0,9.
H s 0,9 khi trong t hp c 2 hot ti, v him khi 2 hot ti ny
xy ra cng lc.
Trng hp BAO ni lc thnh lp bng cch bng cch v chng
tt c cc trng hp t hp trn vo cng 1 biu , ng vin
bn ngoi l biu BAO ni lc. V mt tnh ton, ta tnh nh
sau: Trng hp BAO= Max/Min (TH1, TH2, , THn).
2.6. TNH V B TR THP
2.6.1. Tnh thp
a). Tnh thp dm:
Dm c tnh nh cu kin chu un, ni lc dng tnh ton dm gm:

Momen max, min (M+/- max/min) nhp v gi tnh ct dc dm, ch
momen m ti gi thng c 2 gi tr bn tri v bn phi khc nhau, cn tnh
cho c 2 nu tit din dm bn tri v phi khc nhau.
Lc ct max tnh ct ai, nu lc ct trn ton b dm t thay i th cho php

ly lc ct ln nht trong tt c cc nhp tnh ct ai v b tr chung cho ton b
dm, nu khc nhau nhiu th nn tnh v b tr ct ai khc nhau ( tit kim).
Trong trng hp ny lc ct nhp gia tng i nh, nn tnh ring.
b). Tnh thp ct:

Ta tin hnh tnh thp nh sau:
Thp ct c tnh nh cu kin

chu nn lch tm, tnh ct dc ta
<M>
cn tnh vi 2 cp lc l Nmax Mt
v Mmax Nt , trng hp Nt v
Mt c ngha l lc dc v momen
tng ng vi trng hp ti gy ra
Mmax v Nmax. Vi 2 cp ni lc ny
ta tnh c 2 gi tr As v ta s ly
gi tr ln hn b tr thp cho
ct. <Q>
Mi phn t ct ta ch cn tnh vi
1 mt ct ti chn ct hoc u ct,
bi v momen u ct hoc chn
ct l ln nht, cn lc dc th ln
nht chn mi on ct.
<N>

Ct ai ct thng thng khng c tnh ton m ch b tr theo cu to (
hc trong mn Btng c s) bi v lc ct trn ct thng rt nh so vi tit
din ct, nu ta c tnh ton cng ch cho kt qu l gi tr cu to.
2.6.2. B tr thp
i vi dm vic ct thp L/2
khng cn tnh ton v rt L/3

L/4
kh xc nh c v tr ct
l thuyt, y ta nn ct
theo cu to (xem hnh) v
cng cn ch n dng L/5
biu khi ta ct thp v c

nhng trng hp ta khng
th ct thp. B tr thp ai cng cn ch n dng biu .
i vi thp ct th trn mi on ta ch tnh trn 1 mt ct (chn hoc u ct)

v thp c b tr u cho c ct t chn n u.
Trong vic b tr thp khung ta cn ch nhiu nht nhng v tr I, II, III, IV nh

hnh di.
II
IV
III
V TR II

B tr thp ti nt ct vi dm ngang v dm dc
V TR III
V TR IV

Chng 3 TNH TON CU THANG BTCT TON KHI

3.1. Cc dng thang c bn chu lc:
3.1.1. Thang 2 v gp khc song song:
a). Phn tch kt cu: (nh trong hnh)
Dng thang ny khng c

dm limon hai bn v thang, bn
chu lc theo phng di, bn
thang k ln 1 u l dm chiu
i (chiu n), 1 u l dm
chiu ngh; lin kt ny c
xem l lin kt ngm khi
hd/h s>3, xem l khp khi
hd/h s3. S tnh ca bn
thang (k c chiu ngh) ta phn tch trn 1 dy b rng 1m (nh trong hnh).
Dm chiu ngh ta xem nh dm n gin 2 u ngm (lin kt vi ct)
Dm chiu n cng l dm n gin nhng lin kt c th xem l khp v lin
kt vi dm sn ( cng nh).
b). Xc nh cc ti trng:
- Ti trng tc dng ln v thang l q1: gm c tnh ti v hot ti; tnh ti

gm c cc lp cu to ca v thang (bc thang, sn btng ct thp, va
trt), bc thang c th tnh trng lng tng bc (kg), nhn s bc, chia u
cho c v thang (m2) ta c ti trng tc dng trn 1m2 v thang (kg/m2),
Chng 4. Tnh ton cu thang btng ct thp ton khi Trang 21

hoc xem bc c b dy trung bnh l 10cm, nhn cho trng lng ring ca
vt liu xy bc.
- Ti trng tc dng ln chiu ngh l q2: cng gm c tnh ti v hot ti, hot
ti ging nh tc dng trn v thang, tnh ti gm c cu to cc lp sn
chiu ngh (khng c bc).
- Ti trng tc dng ln dm chiu ngh l q3: gm c ti trng ca phn thn

thang (bao gm c chiu ngh) truyn vo, tng xy trn dm v trng lng
bn thn dm, phn ti trng ca thn thang truyn vo ta c th ly phn lc
gi ca kt cu thn thang gii trn (n v lc ny l kg/1m b rng
thang).
- Ti trng tc dng ln dm chiu n l q4: cng gm c ti trng ca phn

thn thang truyn vo (ly nh trn), ca sn chiu n v trng lng bn
thn dm.
- Ta c th xc nh ni lc bng cch tnh tay (tra bng) i vi nhng dm
n gin hoc gii bng SAP2000.
c). Tnh v b tr thp:
- Biu momen nh hnh v, ta tnh thp vi

cc momen Mmax v Mmin tng ng cho nhp
v gi.
- B tr thp nh hnh v bn.
Cc thanh s 1, 2, 3 l thp chu lc; cc thanh

s 4, 5 l thp cu to

3.1.2. Thang 3 v (three-flight staircase):

a). Phn tch kt cu: (nh trong hnh)
Thang 3 v dng bn chu lc lm vic cng ging nh thang 2 v trn; v 1 v v

3 l 2 v chu lc ch yu, v 2 xem nh ta ln 2 v 1 v 3. Ta cng tnh ton theo
cch ct 1 dy bn rng 1m xem nh dm, s tnh ca 2 dy bn ny cng ging nh
trn, nhng ch thm phn chiu ngh ngoi nhng ti trng nh trn cn c ti trng
ca v 2 truyn vo, tnh bng cch ly ti tc dng ln v 2 nhn vi 1/2 chiu di v
ny. Cn dm chiu ngh c hnh dng nh
hnh bn, ti trng q3 xc nh nh trn, cn
ti trng q5 l do sn v 2 truyn vo (ton b
v thang), ti trng tng v trng lng bn
thn dm.

b). Tnh v b tr thp : (nh trong hnh)
V 2 khng cn tnh, ta ch b tr theo cu to t nhng thanh thp ca 2 v kia
(bi v v ny nh). Trong vic b tr thp cn ch n dng biu , ta xem cc biu
momen sau:
DA M SAN
1
1
2
4
3 3
5
4 4
MAT CAT 1 - 1 DCN
1 1
1 COT
6
4 4
2
2 2 2
5 5
7
1
MAT CAT 2 - 2
1
7
3.1.3. Thang xon (helical stair, spiral stair):

Thang xon c th dng bn cng c th dng dm, cch tnh cng gn ging
nhau, c tnh thm m cao thng ta thit k dng bn chu lc nu tng chiu di
thang khng qu 4,5m.
V mt kt cu ta phi tnh di dng khng gian (kt cu tr xon trong khng
gian tr), cch tnh ti trng tng t nh trn trnh by, nhng thng ni lc ca
kt cu xon c tnh ra tng i nh so vi tnh phng, nn vic tnh v b tr thp
c tng ln khong 50%.
Tham kho cch tnh 1 thang xon dng bn chu lc di y:

Momen 3-3 Momen 2-2 (xon)
Ta tnh ra ni lc ca
bn thang xon (xem nh
dm c tit din b rng
bng 100cm v cao bng b
dy bn - hb), ly gi tr
momen un ln nht
(momen 3-3 - thng 2
u cu kin) tnh thp chu
un, tng thm 50% v b tr
cho bn (xem bn v). Thp

theo phng ngang chu tip lc xon (momen 2-2) nn c hn cht vo ct thp dc
(hoc buc k tng thanh). Ch v tr chu lc nguy him nht l ch lin kt vi dm
trn v di (chiu i v chiu n), cn c neo k hoc hn vo ct thp dm.
Trong hnh bn: thp s 1,2 l thp chu lc, thp s 3 l thp cu to nhng b
tr khng t hn 6a150.
3.2. Cc dng thang c dm limon chu lc:
3.2.1. Thang 2 v gp khc song song:
a). Phn tch kt cu:
V mt chu lc thang ny c dm limon 2 bn
bn thang, p dng cho trng hp thang c kch thc
ln. Ta phn tch tnh ton cc cu kin nh sau:
Bn thang: tnh ton nh bn k 4 cnh, ty theo

t s 2 cnh m bn lm vic 1 phng hoc 2
phng.
Bn chiu ngh: cng tnh tng t bn thang.
Dm LM3: tnh nh dm n, 2 u gi ln DC v DCN1. Chu ti trng

gm: trng lng bn thn dm, lan can, bn thang truyn vo.
Dm DCN1: cng tnh nh dm n, 2 u gi P1

ln dm LM1 v LM2. Chu ti trng gm: q3
q2
trng lng bn thn dm, bn chiu ngh COT
truyn vo, bn thang(c th khng c, nu bn

thang l bn 1 phng) tng lc l q1 ; lc
DAM KHUNG DAM LM1
tp trung P ca 2 dm LM3 (ly phn lc gi
hoc lc ct 2 u dm LM3).

Dm DCN2: Cng l dm n gin, nhng 2 u c th xem l ngm v lin kt
vi ct c cng ln. Chu ti trng gm: trng lng bn thn dm, bn
chiu ngh truyn vo v trng lng tng.
Dm LM1 v LM2: l dng dm gy khc, u lin kt vi dm c th xem l

khp, u kia c th xem l ngm (lin kt vi ct), nh hnh v. Chu ti trng
gm :
o Trng lng bn thn dm (go) + bn thang
q2
truyn vo (tc dng vo on thn thang) +
P1 DAM KHUNG
trng lng tng = q2;
q3
o (go) + bn chiu ngh truyn vo (tc dng
COT
vo on chiu ngh - c th khng c nu bn
DAM LM2
chiu ngh l bn 1 phng) + tng = q3 ;
o Lc tp trung do dm DCN1 truyn vo (ly phn lc gi nh trn)=P1.
b). Tnh v b tr thp:
i vi sn bn thang v sn chiu ngh: tnh v b tr thp nh sn 2 phng,

ch thp theo phng ngn lun nm di.
i vi dm chiu ngh: cn ch n on neo v gia cng ct ai ti v tr

c dm limon LM3 k ln.
i vi dm limon: LM1 v LM2 cn ch on gy khc, c th b tr ct

thp lin tc nu cc on un cong khng qu phc tp, hoc c th ct ri ti
cc v tr un cong, nhng phi ch on neo thp phi 30
3.2.2. Thang 3 v :
phn tch kt cu gn
ging nh thang 2 v:
Cc v thang 1 v 3
tnh nh bn 1 phng
(hoc 2 phng).
V thang 2 cng vi
chiu ngh lm vic 1
phng (theo phng
ngang).
Cc dm limon LM1,
LM1, LM3 tnh nh
i vi thang 2 v.
Dm limon LM2 v LM2 c s nh hnh di.
B tr thp tham kho dng thang 2 v.

3.3. Thang xng c:
L dng kt cu dm limon chu lc, nhng bc thang l dng bn consol
(cantilevel) chu lc; kt cu c phn tch nh sau:
Bc thang dng bn consol chu ti trng l trng lng bn thn bc v ngi

i, xem nh mi bc c 1 hoc 2 ngi (ty theo bc rng hay hp), trng lng
trung bnh 1 ngi ly l 75kg - an tan c th ly trung bnh 1 bc chu ti
trng trung bnh l 200kg (v 1 bn consol).
Dm limon chu ti trng ca tan b cc bc thang, sn chiu ngh v trng

lng bn thn n.
Dm chiu ngh trong tng phn tch nh trn, chu ti trng ca 2 dm limon
gi vo, trng lng tng v bn thn dm.
B tr thp ch bc thang l bc consol nn b tr thp lp trn, sn chiu

ngh cng vy, nhng an ton b tr thp 2 lp cho sn chiu ngh.
Bc thang c th thi cng ton khi hoc lp ghp, ch n thp neo bc thang
vo dm phi m bo khong neo l 30.


Chng 4 TNH TON MNG BTCT TON KHI

4.1. KHI NIM:
Mng (foundation base) l cu kin tip nhn tan b ti trng cng trnh, truyn
ti ny xung nn.
Tnh tan mng v nn phi da trn trng thi gii hn 1 v 2 (TTGH1, 2)

m bo chu lc v bin dng.
Ti trng dng tnh ton cho mng thng l cp ni lc Nmax Mt v Qt

cn cp lc Mmax Nt v Qt kim tra; Qmax kim tra su chn mng.
Nmax + N king = Ntt
Gi tr tiu chun Ntc= Ntt/1,15
H thng king l khng th thiu khi tnh ton mng, c th c 1 lp

king v 1 lp ging nu mng chn su (xem thm chng Khung).
Phn loi mng: Mng n, mng bng, mng b, mng cc.

4.2. MNG N (single footing, pad foundation):
4.2.1. Cu to:
Mng c th c hnh git bc (mng ln) hoc hnh thp (mng nh), nh trong
hnh.
MTN
L1
h1
45 o
h2
h
1
2
150
ho1
h3
100
a
100
100
100 MONG BTCT MAC >=200

BT A 4x6 MAC >=100
HNH 1
CAT VANG AM CHAT
Mng git bc: h <600 1 bc.

600 h < 900: 2 bc u
900 h < 1050: 3 bc u
Chng 4. Tnh ton Mng btng ct thp ton khi Trang 30

h=1050 chia h1=300; h2=300; h3=450.
h=1200 chia h1=300; h2=450; h3=450.
h=1500 chia h1=450; h2=450; h3=600.
Thp theo phng di, thp theo phng ngn.
thp 10; khong cch a 200.
Lp bo v a 3,5cm nu c lp lt mng; 7cm nu khng c lp lt.
mng phi t trong lp t chu lc 100.
Mng c th c hnh vung (ng tm) hoc hnh ch nht (lch tm),
c a/b= 1,2-2.
Thp ct neo vo mng lneo (hoc 35), phi c t nht 2 ct ai nm trong

mng.
Thp trong mng nn thp trong ct, ni khng qu 50% lng thp cng v
tr.
4.2.2. Mng n chu lc ng tm:
a). Tnh din tch mng:
Ntc
Din tch mng c tnh theo cng thc: Fm = tc (4.1)
R -tb*H
Trong Rc l cng ca t nn t nhin c tnh bng cng thc :
Rtc= m[(Ab + Bh) + Dc] (4.2)

hc
Vi:
N
- A, B, D: tra bng theo ( hc trong

HNH 2
mn nn mng)
45
o
o
h
- l trng lng ring ca t di y

mng. ho
a
- b, h: l b rng v chiu su chn mng .
Ban u ta cha bit c b rng b ca
o
h
mng, ta c th tnh theo 2 cch sau: hc
o Cch 1: Gi thit b=1m tnh Rtc

bc
bc
a
45
ri tnh Fm sau xc nh c b
o
o
h
ho hc ho
thay vo (4.2) tnh li Rtc n khi tho.
o Cch 2: kim tra iu kin
Ntc
Ptc= F + tb*H Rtc. (4.3)
m
Kch thc mng:

o Mng vung a = Fm ;
Fm
o Mng ch nht th b = , vi = a/b = 1,2 2.

o Mng m rng u theo ct:
Fm*h c
b= bc (4.4)
b). Xc nh chiu cao mng (h)
Mng vung:
Chiu cao mng c xc nh theo iu kin chng m thng (ct
m thng mng):
P 0,75Rbtbtbho. (4.5)
Trong :
- btb: l chu vi trung bnh ca thp m thng.
btb= (bt + bd)/2
bt l chu vi nh thp m thng = 2(b c+hc)
bd l chu vi y thp m thng = 2(b c+hc+4ho)
btb= 2(bc+hc+2ho)
- P: lc m thng
P = N Ft*P. (4.6)
N: l gi tr lc dc tnh ton chn ct.
P: l p lc di mng = N/Fm.
Ft: l din tch y thp m thng = (hc+2ho)*(bc+2ho)
C th chn trc ho sau kim tra li theo cng thc (4.5) hoc thay P
bng cng thc (4.6) ri tm ho, ta c :
1 N
ho 0,5(hc bc ) (4.7)
2 0,75Rbt P

i vi mng bc th chiu cao bc di cng ca mng c xc nh
theo iu kin btng chu ct: Q 0,8Rbtbho1. (4.8)
Vi b=1m b rng mng.
Ho1 l chiu cao tnh ton ca bc di cng (xem hnh 1).
Q= P.L1.b vi b=1m Q=P.L1.

L1= 0,5(a h c) h o. (xem hnh 1 vi a l b rng mng)
Cng cn tnh ton h o theo iu kin chu un nh sau:
ho= L1 Pd .b (4.9)
0,4btr Rb
vi b l b rng mng (nu mng vung th l a), b tr = bc.
Mng ch nht:
Cng kim tra iu kin (4.5) nhng ch tnh 1 bn mng (xem hnh 3),
tc l P=P.F1
Vi: - F1 c th tnh gn ng nh sau: F1= a1.b; a1= 0,5(a h c) h o
- btb l gi tr trung bnh ca cnh trn (bc) a
v cnh di thp m thng b d= (bc+2ho);

nn b tb = bc + ho.
o
hc
h
c). Tnh thp: F1

bc
bc
b
45
Xem nh cnh mng ngm ti chn ct,

o
o
h
tnh trn 1m b rng mng, lc tc dng l

p lc t P = N/Fm. Theo 2 phng ta s ho hc ho a1
tnh nh sau: HNH 3
Phng ngn: chiu di on consol l Ln= 0,5(b bc); M = P. L2n /2.
Phng di: chiu di

on consol l Ld= 0,5(a
h c); M = P . L2d /2.
Tnh thp theo cng thc gn

a
M 0,1L 0,1L
ng sau: As= (4.10)
0,9.Rs .ho
B tr thp: thp phng di

nm di, phng ngn nm trn
L

(ch lp bo v); nu mng c cnh di 3m c th ct bt mi u 0,1L
(xem hnh 4)
4.2.3. Mng n chu lc lch tm:
Mng chu lc lch tm l nhng mng chu cc ni lc M, N, Q hoc nhng

mng ch chu lc dc N nhng t lch tm
so vi tm mng (mng chn vt); cc ni MTN
lc dng tnh ton l Nmax, Mt, Qt; cn
tc
cc lc Mmax, Nt, Qt kim tra. N Mtc
HNH 5
Qtc
Cn phn bit ti trng tiu chun
H
nh mng v y mng (xem hnh 5). tc
Ndm Mtcdm
h
tc tc
N dm = N + tb.H.Fm tc
Qdm
ptc pmax
tc
min
M dm
tc
= Mtc Qtc.h Ntc.d
(d: l lch ca lc dc Ntc so
vi tm mng)
Qdm
tc
= Qtc.
a). Xc nh din tch mng:
Tnh din tch mng theo cng thc (4.1).

Kim tra din tch y mng theo cc iu kin sau:
tc
Pmax 1,2 Rtc.
tc tc
tc Pmax Pmin
Ptbtc R vi Ptbtc =
2
tc
tc N dm 6e
Trong : Pmax/ min = (1 o ) (4.11)
Fm L
tc
M dm
eo= tc
N dm
Tu thuc vo ln ca eo m Pmin c th m, dng hoc bng 0:

Nu eo<L/6 th P min dng, tc l p lc t di y mng c dng
hnh thang nh hnh 5.
ptc
min
Nu eo= L/6 th Pmin = 0, p lc t c
tc
2 N dm ptc
dng tam gic v Pmax= . max
Fm
Nu eo> L/6 th Pmin m, p lc y mng c min ko (hnh bn)

Thng thng ta nn khng ch Pmin0, tc l eo L/6.
b). Xc nh chiu cao mng (h):
Tnh nh mng ch nht chu lc ng tm, nhng thay P bng Pmax. P max
tnh tng t nh cng thc (4.11) nhng gi tr N v M l gi tr tnh ton ti
nh mng.
Chn h theo iu kin cu to sau kim tra bng iu kin m thng

c). Tnh v b tr thp:
n gin v an ton ta ly p lc di mng l P max tnh momen

cnh mng.
Tnh ton tng t nh trn theo c 2 phng b v L.

4.3. MNG BNG (strip foundation):
4.3.1. Khi nim
Mng bng c th di tng (nh c tng chu lc hoc mng tng k)

hoc di ct (nh dng khung chu lc).
C th thit k mng bng 1 phng (ngang hoc dc cng trnh) hoc hai
phng (c ngang v dc, cn gi
l mng bng giao nhau).
Mng bng thng c

hai b phn: sn mng (dm
mng) v cnh mng; i vi
mng di tng c th khng
cn sn mng.(xem hnh 6)
4.3.2. Tnh ton mng bng 1 phng di ct:

a). Xc nh kch thc mng:
C th xem nh mng chu lc ng tm (nu momen nh), lc ny kch
Ntc
thc mng xc nh nh sau: b = (4.12)
L(Rtc-tb*H)
Trong :
Ntc tng lc dc tiu chun tc dng trn nh mng
b l b rng cnh mng

L l chiu di mng bng c
xc nh theo bc ct (xem hnh); vi Lo
xc nh sao cho Mo~ M1 v 1,5m.
Cc bc tnh tng t nh tnh

mng n chu lc ng tm.
Tnh nh mng chu lc lch

tm:
Tnh din tch mng theo
cng thc (4.12).
Kim tra din tch y mng theo cc iu kin sau:
tc
- Pmax 1,2 Rtc.
tc tc
Pmax Pmin
- Ptbtc Rtc vi Ptbtc =
2
tc
- Pmin 0
tc tc
tc N dm 6e M dm
Trong : Pmax/ min = (1 o ) ; eo= tc
Fm L N dm
tc
T hnh 7 ta c: N dm = N itc + tb.H.Fm
tc
M dm = M itc N itc *Yi Qitc *h
(vi Yi l khong cch t im t lc dc th i n trng tm mng O)

tc
Qdm = Qitc
* Ch : cc ni lc Ni, Mi, Qi phi cng trng hp t hp (tc l xy ra ng thi)

b). Xc nh chiu cao mng (h):
Chiu cao cnh mng tnh nh cng thc >=50

HNH 8
(4.8), (4.9), vi b=1m b rng cnh v phi
tho mn nhng iu kin cu to, nu cnh 1
13- 2
200
mng ln m ta khng th tng chiu cao h
h Cnh
th c th b tr thm ct xin trong cnh 50
>=150
45 o
chu lc ct (xem hnh 8).
Chiu cao sn mng c th c tnh s bc bs

b theo ti trng (p lc t) v khong cch
cc ct (nh i vi dm), sau tu theo ta tnh theo quan nim mng cng
hay mng mm (mng na cng) m iu chnh cho hp l.
c). Tnh v b tr thp:
i). Cnh mng:
- Cnh mng c tnh nh bn consol ngm vo sn mng v tnh trn 1m
b rng cnh mng (xem hnh 6). Chiu di on consol l bc= 0,5(b bs).
- Ti tc dng ta ly Pmax cho an ton, Pmax c tnh vi gi tr tnh ton ca
M, N, Q.
- B tr thp nh hnh 6, vi thp theo phng ngn l thp chu lc c tnh
ra nh trn, khong cch b tr t 10 20cm, dng thp 10, v c th ct
50% lng thp ti v tr cch sn mng 1 on l b c + 20. Cn thp dc l
thp cu to 6 v a 300.
ii). Sn mng:
- C th tnh theo quan nin mng cng, na cng hay mng mm, da
EJ
theo iu kin sau: L1 4 (4.13)
4 b.k d
Trong : EJ: cng ca tit din ngang ca mng.

B: b rng mng.
L1: khong cch 2 ct
k: h s nn (c th ly nh hng khong 300 400 T/m3
i vi t khng qu yu)
- Tnh mng cng: xem mng l mt dm lt ngc (dm o), vi cc ct
l gi ta, chu ti trng l p lc t Pmax v P min, gii tm ni lc v tnh
thp nh tnh cu kin chu un tit din ch T (hoc ch nht), b tr thp

ch l dm mng chu lc ngc li so vi dm sn biu moment
ngc b tr thp ngc.
- Tnh mng mm (cng hu hn): xem dm mng l kt cu dm t trn
nn n hi v s b bin dng theo nn (khi nn ln), mt trong nhng thng
s quan trng nht khi tnh mng mm l tm ra c trng n hi S ca dm,
S ph thuc h s nn k , cng ca dm v c tnh nh sau:
4 EJ
S= 4 (m) (4.14)
b.k d
k: c th ly nh trn hoc tnh theo 2 cch:

P
o Th nghim nn ti hin trng k = (P l ti trng nn, S l ln).
S
2 gl 2 E tb
o T kt qu tnh ton mng k = hay k = (b l b rng mng,
S b
tb
E l modul bin dng trung bnh ca nn t).
o Gii kt cu c th gii tay (xem thm sch) theo quan nim dm di v
hn hoc gii bng SAP vi cng l xo l k (T/m3); ti trng tc dng l
cc gi tr ni lc chn ct tc dng xung mng (ch cn M v N).
4.3.3. Tnh ton mng bng 2 phng di ct:
Vic tnh mng bng hai phng (mng bng giao nhau) l rt phc tp v
s lin kt gia 2 dy mng theo hai phng v mng chu tc dng ca ng
thi 2 moment Mx v My cng vi N.
kim tra p lc di mng ta xem nh 2 dy mng tch ri nhau v

b qua nh hng ca moment xon, tc l tnh nh mng bng 1 phng.
Khi tnh dm mng theo quan nim mng mm ta cng tnh nh mng bng
1 phng vi ngoi lc l Mx, My v N ti mi chn ct, lin kt di y
mng l lin kt l xo c cng l k.
Khi tnh theo quan nim mng cng (dm o, gi ta l ct) th ti tc

dng l p lc di y mng v ly gi tr trung bnh ca tng dy.
4.3.3. Tnh ton mng bng di tng:
Mng bng di tng ta gp trong trng hp nh sau :

Mng ca cng trnh c tng chu lc.
Mng ca tng k.
Mng di cc tr cng
Nu phn tng xem nh tuyt i cng th mng bng di tng ch yu
cn tnh ton vi phn cnh mng v c tnh nh trn.
Trong mt s trng hp tng c nhiu l ca lm gim yu cng v

mng c th bin dng theo phng dc th ta cn tng cng thm thp cho
phng dc v tnh ton nh mng bng di ct .
4.4. MNG B (continuous foundation, mat foundation):
Mng b c cu to gn ging nh sn lt ngc, chu ti trng l p lc

t. Mng b c nhiu dng (xem hnh 9): c sn (sn trn, di hoc hp)
hoc khng sn (xem thm trong sch Nguyn l cu to kin trc).
SN MONG COT
Lo
BAN MONG BE
S N MO NG Pd
MONG BE KIEU SN TREN
BAN MON G BE SN MONG COT

Lo
BAN MONG BE
COT
MONG BE KIEU SN DI
SN MONG BAN MONG BE COT

Lo
BAN SAN TANG HAM
HNH 9
MONG BE KIEU HOP
Ch nn thit k mng b trong trng hp dng mt bng cn xng nhm

mc ch cho tng ti trng xung mng khi qui v trng tm mng t sinh ra
moment. Nu mng c hnh dng phc tp ta tnh trng tm mng theo cng
Sy Sx
thc sc bn : X = ; Y= .
Fm Fm
Chiu dy sn v kch thc sn c th ly s b nh sau:

i vi mng b khng sn : h s=1/6 1/8 L.
i vi loi c sn : hs= 1/8 1/10 L.
Chiu cao sn = 1/6 1/8 L.
V mt tnh ton mng b c th tnh theo phng php mng cng hoc
mm (quan nim nh mng bng), nu tnh mng cng ta xem bn mng nh

sn lt ngc, chu ti l p lc t, nu lch tm tng i nh c th xem
p lc t phn b u v bng N .
Fm
Kim tra ng sut y mng cng ging nh i vi mng bng.
Tnh thp bn mng v sn mng nh tnh vi sn, dm nhng b tr thp

ngc li.

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Bi ging: Kt cu btng cng trnh dn dng

Chng 1 TNH TON SN BTNG CT THP TON KHI

1.1. KHI NIM (Concept)

T l cnh di trn cnh ngn > 2. T l cnh di trn cnh ngn 2.

Ti sao c yu cu th nht, ta s tm hiu sau y:

Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 1

Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 2

Thp sn b tr di dng li khong cch u nhau trong khong

Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 3

Tu theo loi bn m ta c cng thc tnh

Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 4

Vic b tr thp cn ch v tr gi chung gia 2 sn, nu chnh lch t th s

Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 5

Hnh 1.4c. B tr thp sn thc t

chung dng truyn ti da vo gc

phn ti l gc 45o so vi dm v ta Hnh 1.5. truyn ti sn vo dm

Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 6

L1 l kch thc cnh ngn ca sn.

Hnh 1.6. Qui ti tam gic v hnh thang thnh ti tng ng

* Ch : trnh nhm ln kch thc L1, L2 l qui c cnh ngn v cnh di ca sn

Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 7

c). Tnh ton ni lc:

Hnh 1.7. Cc trng hp hot ti nguy him

o T hp ti trng: ly tnh ti cng ln lt cho cc hot ti, ta c cc t

(1) (2) (3)

d). Tnh ton v b tr thp: BAO = CHNG 3 BIU TH1TH3

Tnh ct dc: tnh theo bi ton cu kin chu un, trn mi on dm ta ly

Chng 1. Tnh ton sn btng ct thp ton khi Trang 9

Chng 2 TNH TON KHUNG BTCT TON KHI

Khung l h thng gm ct v x (dm), c th lp ghp hoc ton khi.

Trn thc t t gp khung lm vic ring l m thng kt hp vi h thng dm

Tu theo dng mt bng cng trnh m ta c th tch khung ring l (khung

Vi nhng cng c h tr gii kt cu nh hin nay ta nn gii khung khng gian

Khung cc cng trnh c khu ln nh : nh ht, hi trng ngi ta c th

nhip khung 15 - 18m nhip khung 18 - 25m

Chng 2. Tnh ton khung btng ct thp ton khi Trang 10

Bng 2.1: H s m chn kch thc dm

Nu bit trc ni lc (thng cha bit do cha gii kt cu) ta c th chn nh

o K: l h s iu chnh = 1,2 1,5 (cho ct chu

Chng 2. Tnh ton khung btng ct thp ton khi Trang 11

o Ta chn tit din l 30*40(1200cm2) cho 2 on ct tng 1, 2.

o Ta chn tit din l 30*60(1800cm2) cho 2 on ct tng 1, 2.

im quan trng u tin l phi xc nh v tr lin kt cng chn ct, v tr

Chng 2. Tnh ton khung btng ct thp ton khi Trang 12

nm ngay gn trn nh mng. MONG

o Vic xc nh su chn mng

o Trong c hai trng hp trn, ging mng khng nn tnh vo khung,

Chuyn v ca mng xem nh khng c, bi v trong tnh ton mng ta khng

Gc xoay (do mng ln nghing) cng xem nh khng c, v y gc xoay kh

Lin kt ca dm ct c xem l lin kt cng (ngm) khi cng ca ct

Chng 2. Tnh ton khung btng ct thp ton khi Trang 13

Ti trng tc dng ln khung gm c: tnh ti, hot ti ng v hot ti ngang, c

Tnh ti (Dead load) gm:

Hot ti (service load, live load) ng gm:

Chng 2. Tnh ton khung btng ct thp ton khi Trang 14

o p lc gi ta c th nhp vo khung di 2 dng : dng ti phn b ln

Chng 2. Tnh ton khung btng ct thp ton khi Trang 15

Hoc tnh bng phn mm (SAP, STAAD, ETAB) vi chnh xc cao v

Ta cn t hp ti trng (combination load) nhm tm ra c gi tr ni lc thc

HT1 HT2 HT3 HT4

Chng 2. Tnh ton khung btng ct thp ton khi Trang 17

Lc ct max tnh ct ai, nu lc ct trn ton b dm t thay i th cho php

Trong trng hp ny lc ct nhp gia tng i nh, nn tnh ring.