RTI Data Speed Measurement

can be obtained using a look-u up table corresponding to

ENCODER
W_mech (RPM)
1
Speed rad/s
different wind speeds if maximum m power operation needs to
MASTER SETUP

DS1104ENC_SETUP
s+1
Transfer Fcn1
be incorporated later. The control foor the WECS is modeled in
Simulink and the model is illustrated in Fig. 3. The dSPACE
board DS1104 is used for sensing g the output current of the
0.3

Iref
1/10 0.1 error
dA Duty cy cle a WECS and to provide the switcching pulses to the boost
Gain2 Gain3 0

Reset
Reset

PI 0
Duty cy cle b

Duty cy cle c
converter circuit. The output currennt of the WECS is sensed as
ADC
Co
onstant1 PWM Stop a voltage across a sensing resistan nce ( ) of value 0.02
DS1104ADC_C5 110
DS1104SL_DSP_PWM3
and is fed to the DS1104 board using port ADCH 7. The
Gain1
Scope sensed signal needs to be multiplied with appropriate gains in
order to take into account the valuee of sensing resistance and
Fig. 3 Simulink Model for the Current Controller of the W
Wind Energy System also an inherent gain of 10 for DS11 104 board. The value of the
sensed current is compared with a reference value of 0.3A
which is chosen arbitrarily and the error
e is passed through a PI
controller. The PI controller is imp plemented in Simulink and
its output provides the duty cycle vaalue for the MOSFET ( )
in the boost converter circuit. The PI
P controller output is fed to
DSP_PWM 3 block which comparres the duty cycle with an
internal carrier triangular wave signnal inside the slave DSP of
DS1104. The carrier frequency is specified as 10 kHz. The
generated pulses from the slave DS SP has a peak level of 5 V
only and is insufficient for triggeering the MOSFET which
needs a 10 V pulse for turning on n. Also, the source of the
MOSFET is not directly conneected to the ground of the
hardware circuit which is chosen ass the negative rail of the dc
link. The current sensing resistancce ( ) is connected in
between the source of M and the negative
n of the dc bus. So it
becomes essential to isolate the switching signal for the
Fig. 4 Driver Circuit Arrangement for MOSFET MOSFET in order to avoid any ground loop currents as the
signals of the DS1104 board are with respect to the same
ground potential. To overcome th he problem, an additional
driver circuit arrangement shown n in Fig. 4 is used. The
generated pulses from the slave DSP P are passed through a hex-
buffer IC (SN7407N) and the outpu ut is pulled up to 10 V level
using a pull-up resistor. The outpu ut of the buffer at pin 2 is
connected to an opto-coupler IC (H11AA1) through a small
resistance (30) in order to isolatte the signals. The output
transistor of the opto-coupler has an open-collector
arrangement and is powered from a separate 10V source. The
gate signals for the MOSFET (Fiig. 5) are obtained at the
emitter at pin 6. The reference curreent is matched in the actual
hardware and the voltage level of o the DC link is already
determined by the battery voltage raating.
B. Photovoltaic System
Fig. 5 Gate Signal for MOSFET The photovoltaic energy compon nent in the hybrid system is
implemented following a MPPT algorithm as described in
a controller which generates the switchingg signals for the Section II. A SEPIC converter top pology is chosen for dc-dc
boost converter. The use of a diode rectifier instead of an conversion stage of the PV system m so as to avoid differential
active front-end ensures a single controlleer for the entire ground issues as observed with a traditional buck-boost
WECS and thereby makes the implementatioon much simpler. topology. This also helps to eliminaate any ground loop current
A current control scheme is employed for thhe WECS where for the different sensing elements used as the entire control for
the duty ratio for the boost converter iss determined by the hybrid system was generated in Simulink and implemented
comparing the current supplied by the WECS S with a reference using a single DS1104 dSPACE harrdware board with the same
value. This scheme ensures operation at a coonstant power as ground reference as the power circuuit. The MPPT algorithm as
the voltage is already fixed by the battery levvel. The reference described by equation (4) is based on the open-circuit voltage
( ) and the short-circuit current ( ) measurements. These
current is set at an arbitrary value in this case but this value