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Digital Digital
Filter Decimator
Output
Digital/Decimation Filter
13
Input Input
Amplitude Magnitude
Time Frequency
Figure 2a shows a single cycle of a sine wave for the In this manner, the quantizing action of the DS modulator
input of a DS modulator. This single cycle has voltage is produced at a high sample rate that is equal to that of
amplitude that changes with time. Figure 2b shows a the system clock. Like all quantizers, the DS modulator
frequency-domain representation of the time-domain produces a stream of digital values that represent the
signal in Figure 2a. The curve in Figure 2b represents the voltage of the input, in this case a 1-bit stream. As a result,
continuous sine wave in Figure 2a and appears as a the ratio of the number of ones to zeros represents the
straight line or a spur. input analog voltage. Unlike most quantizers, the DS
There are two ways to look at the DS modulatorin modulator includes an integrator, which has the effect of
the time domain (Figure 3) or in the frequency domain shaping the quantization noise to higher frequencies.
(Figure 4). The time-domain block diagram in Figure 3 Consequently, the noise spectrum at the output of the
shows the mechanics of a first-order DS modulator. The modulator is not flat.
modulator converts the analog input signal to a high-speed, In the time domain, the analog input voltage and the out
single-bit, modulated pulse wave. More importantly, the put of the 1-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) are differ
frequency analysis in Figure 4 shows how the modulator entiated, providing an analog voltage at x2. This voltage is
affects the noise in the system and facilitates the produc- presented to the integrator, whose output progresses in a
tion of a higher-resolution result. negative or positive direction. The slope and direction of
The DS modulator shown in Figure 3 acquires many the signal at x3 is dependent on the sign and magnitude of
samples of the input signal to produce a stream of 1-bit the voltage at x2. At the time the voltage at x3 equals the
codes. The system clock implements the sampling speed, comparator reference voltage, the output of the comparator
fS, in conjunction with the modulators 1-bit comparator. switches from negative to positive, or positive to negative,
Analog
Difference fS
Amplifier Integrator
Input xi ei
+ x2 x3 Output to
+ x4 yi Digital Filter
VREF Comparator
(1-Bit ADC)
x4
1- Bit DAC
yi = xi 1 + (ei ei 1)
14
Sigma
ei
Delta (Integrator)
+ 1-Sample
xi Delay
1-Bit yi
ADC
Analog Output to
Input Digital Filter
Magnitude Signal
1-Bit
DAC
Frequency
fS
Quantization
Noise
depending on its original state. The output value of the Figure 4 also shows that the combination of the integra-
comparator, x4, is clocked back into the 1-bit DAC, as well tor and sampling strategy implements a noise-shaping filter
as clocked out to the digital filter stage, yi. At the time that on the digital output code. In the frequency domain, the
the output of the comparator switches from high to low or time-domain output pulses appear as the input signal
vice versa, the 1-bit DAC responds by changing the analog (or spur) and shaped noise. The noise characteristics in
output voltage of the difference amplifier. This creates a Figure 4 are the key to understanding the modulators
different output voltage at x2, causing the integrator to pro frequency operation and the ability of the DS ADC to
gress in the opposite direction. This time-domain output achieve such high resolution.
signal is a pulse-wave representation of the input signal at The noise in the modulator is moved out to higher fre-
the sampling rate (fS). If the output pulse train is averaged, quencies. Figure 4 shows that the quantization noise for a
it equals the value of the input signal. first-order modulator starts low at zero hertz, rises rapidly,
The discrete-time block diagram in Figure 3 also shows and then levels off at a maximum value at the modulators
the time-domain transfer function. In the time domain, the sampling frequency (fS ).
1-bit ADC digitizes the signal to a coarse, 1-bit output code Using a circuit that integrates twice instead of just once
that produces the quantization noise of the converter. The is a great way to lower the modulators in-band quantization
output of the modulator is equal to the input plus the noise. Figure 5 shows a 1-bit, second-order modulator that
quantization noise, ei ei 1. As this formula shows, the has two integrators instead of one. With this second-order
quantization noise is the difference between the current modulator example, the noise term depends on not just
quantization error (ei ) and the previous quantization error the previous error but the previous two errors.
(ei 1 ). Figure 4 illustrates the frequency location of this Some of the disadvantages of the second- or multi-order
quantization noise. modulators include increased complexity, multiple loops,
15
and increased design difficulty. However, most DS modula- in the final output of the converter. Part 2 of this article
tors are higher-order, like the one in Figure 5. For instance, series will discuss how to get rid of this noise with a low-
Texas Instruments DS converters include second- through pass digital/decimation filter.
sixth-order modulators.
Multi-order modulators shape the quantization noise to References
even higher frequencies than do the lower-order modula- 1. R. Jacob Baker, CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design,
tors. In Figure 6, the highest line at the frequency fS Vol. II. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
shows the third-order modulators noise response. Note 2. Texas Instruments, Nuts and Bolts of the Delta-Sigma
that this modulators output is very noisy all the way out at Video Tutorial [Online]. Available: http://focus.ti.com/
its sampling frequency of fS. However, down at lower fre- docs/training/catalog/events/event.jhtml?sku=
quencies, below fD and near the input-signal spur, the WEB408001
third-order modulator is very quiet. fD is the conversion
Related Web site
frequency of the digital/decimation filter. Selecting a value
for fD will be discussed in Part 2 of this article series. dataconverter.ti.com
Third-Order
Modulator
Output Noise
fD Second-Order
Modulator
First-Order
Modulator
fD fS
Frequency
16
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