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Lecture 1: Sedimentation
Lecture 2 & 3: Sediment transport
Lecture 4: Aqueous and aeolian bedforms (aka dunes)
Lecture 5: Dry granular flows
Lecture 6: Rheology, segregation
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Sedimentation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFtteE5TuhI 2
Further reading & review articles
A physical introduction to suspension dynamics,
Elisabeth Guazzelli and Jeffrey F. Morris with
illustrations by Sylvie Pic, 2012
Sedimentation of noncolloidal particles at low
Reynolds numbers, R.H. Davis and A. Acrivos, 1985,
Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 17, 91118
Fluctuations and instability in sedimentation, E.
Guazzelli, E.J. Hinch, 2011, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.,
43, 87116.
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Sedimenting particle-laden flows
Assumptions:
Particles are small compared to scale of motion
Bulk flow is not altered by presence of single particle
This may not be true for the collective of particles
Particles sediment slowly
Time-scale of suspension > Time-scale of flow
Particles are numerous
Behavior of single particle and ensemble?
Concentration instead of individual properties
Randomly located & well-mixed
Suspension viscosity:
with n = 5/2 for spherical particles
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Sedimenting particle-laden flows (3)
Sedimentation:
Separation of a suspension
Clarified fluid, devoid of particles
Concentrated suspension, with a concentration of particles
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Type I: free settling of single particle
Laminar regime:
Laminar boundary layer
Smooth fall
Smaller particles
Inertial regime:
Turbulent boundary layer
Rough fall us us
Larger particles
http://gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/oldcourses/courses05_06/ess426 not/pdfs-20067
Suspension: Reynolds number dependence
Particle Reynolds number:
Less coherent
Creeping flow, flow, laminar
steady, and turbulent
symmetric wake
III
II: 0.2 < Rep < 103 IV
Transitional regime
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Suspension: settling velocity
Calculate terminal velocity: constant settling us
0
Momentum balance:
Assume spherical particles: &
Settling velocity:
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Suspension: different regimes
Stokes regime, Rep < 0.2:
Drag force:
Settling velocity:
Hence: us ~ D2 and us = f()
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Suspension: settling velocity with Rep
Particle in water:
l = 1000 kg/m3
p = 2650 kg/m3
= 1.002.103 Pas
http://hinderedsettling.com/ 14
Suspension: advection and diffusion
Particle concentration:
Particle velocity:
Particle diffusion:
Laminar molecular/Brownian diffusion:
small unless aerosol particles
Turbulent flow turbulent diffusivity:
could be significant, depending on Rep
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Concentration profiles with depth
Turbulent diffusion model of sediment suspension:
Particle flux: settling balances diffusion
Rouse equation for the concentration:
Homework: concentration profile (z) as a function of depth
Track settling velocity uh(z) & position interface over time
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Nonlinear kinematic wave equation
Conservation of particles:
Wave speed:
Remember:
f() is a decreasing function
f() is negative
c() positive negative
low c() propagate faster than
high c() shocks
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Nonlinear kinematic wave equation
Conservation of particles:
Wave speed:
Remember:
f() is a decreasing function
f() is negative
c() positive negative
low c() propagate faster than
high c() shocks
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Interfaces: speed of fronts
Front velocity at interface:
Clear water suspension:
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Settling of particles on inclines
Boycott effect:
Enhancing sedimentation rates
Settle only short distance across
Valid for laminar flows
Volumetric settling rate Fv (m2/s):
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Settling of particles on inclines Normal
Boycott effect:
Enhancing sedimentation rates
Settle only short distance across
Valid for laminar flows Enhancement
Normal Enhancement
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