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FDE: particles and grains

Lecture 1: Sedimentation
Lecture 2 & 3: Sediment transport
Lecture 4: Aqueous and aeolian bedforms (aka dunes)
Lecture 5: Dry granular flows
Lecture 6: Rheology, segregation

Fourth example sheet will be distributed soon


Friday, November 20th, 2pm: 3rd example class (MR5)
Monday, January 26th, 2pm: 4th example class (MR12)

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Sedimentation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFtteE5TuhI 2
Further reading & review articles
A physical introduction to suspension dynamics,
Elisabeth Guazzelli and Jeffrey F. Morris with
illustrations by Sylvie Pic, 2012
Sedimentation of noncolloidal particles at low
Reynolds numbers, R.H. Davis and A. Acrivos, 1985,
Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 17, 91118
Fluctuations and instability in sedimentation, E.
Guazzelli, E.J. Hinch, 2011, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.,
43, 87116.

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Sedimenting particle-laden flows
Assumptions:
Particles are small compared to scale of motion
Bulk flow is not altered by presence of single particle
This may not be true for the collective of particles
Particles sediment slowly
Time-scale of suspension > Time-scale of flow
Particles are numerous
Behavior of single particle and ensemble?
Concentration instead of individual properties
Randomly located & well-mixed

Note: particles can also be bubbles or droplets!


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Sedimenting particle-laden flows (2)
Properties of a suspension:
Change the bulk properties of the fluid:
Suspension density:

Suspension viscosity:
with n = 5/2 for spherical particles

Flow properties are related to the particle diameter:


Particle Reynolds number:

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Sedimenting particle-laden flows (3)
Sedimentation:
Separation of a suspension
Clarified fluid, devoid of particles
Concentrated suspension, with a concentration of particles

Classification, depends on concentration and aggregation


Type 1: Free settling individual particles
Type 2: Flocculant settling coalescence of particles
Type 3: Hindered (zone) settling restricted, fluid motion
Type 4: Compression settling mechanical support

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Type I: free settling of single particle
Laminar regime:
Laminar boundary layer
Smooth fall
Smaller particles

Inertial regime:
Turbulent boundary layer
Rough fall us us
Larger particles

http://gis.ess.washington.edu/grg/oldcourses/courses05_06/ess426 not/pdfs-20067
Suspension: Reynolds number dependence
Particle Reynolds number:

Less coherent
Creeping flow, flow, laminar
steady, and turbulent
symmetric wake

Boundary layer Less coherent


separation, flow, turbulent
symmetric wake only
vortices
Past drag
Periodic vortex crises, turbulent
shedding (Von boundary layer,
Karman trail) separation
bubble

Middleton and Southard, 1984 8


Suspension: Reynolds number dependence
Particle Reynolds number:
Rep < 0.2
Laminar, 103 < Rep < 2.105
Stokes law, Turbulent,
skin friction drag Newtons law
(viscous forces) empirical,
form drag
(pressure forces)
0.2 < Rep < 103
Transition,
empirical,
both skin friction Rep > 2.105
and form drag Turbulent,
empirical,
drag crisis

Middleton and Southard, 1984 9


Suspension: Reynolds number dependence
Drag coefficient:
I: Rep < 0.2
I
Stokes regime
II

III
II: 0.2 < Rep < 103 IV
Transitional regime

III: 103 < Rep < 2.105


Inertial regime

IV: Rep > 2.105


Drag crises regime

Adapted from Middleton and Southard, 1984 10


Suspension: momentum balance
Momentum balance: summing all forces exerted

Drag force (Prandtl and Tietjens, 1957)

Buoyancy force: Archimedes law fluid displaced

Force due to gravity: Newtons second law

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Suspension: settling velocity
Calculate terminal velocity: constant settling us
0
Momentum balance:
Assume spherical particles: &

Settling velocity:

Effect CD on Rep and settling velocity?


strongly depends on nature of flow around particle

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Suspension: different regimes
Stokes regime, Rep < 0.2:
Drag force:
Settling velocity:
Hence: us ~ D2 and us = f()

Inertial regime, 103 < Rep < 2.105:


Drag force:
Settling velocity:
Hence: us ~ D1/2 and us f()

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Suspension: settling velocity with Rep
Particle in water:
l = 1000 kg/m3
p = 2650 kg/m3
= 1.002.103 Pas

http://hinderedsettling.com/ 14
Suspension: advection and diffusion
Particle concentration:

Particle velocity:

Particle diffusion:
Laminar molecular/Brownian diffusion:
small unless aerosol particles
Turbulent flow turbulent diffusivity:
could be significant, depending on Rep

Homework: concentration profiles with time


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Type III: hindered settling
Number of particles : slower settling

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Concentration profiles with depth
Turbulent diffusion model of sediment suspension:
Particle flux: settling balances diffusion
Rouse equation for the concentration:
Homework: concentration profile (z) as a function of depth
Track settling velocity uh(z) & position interface over time

Hindered settling velocity & flux:

Settling velocity us, concentration and max

Following: A physical introduction to suspension dynamics 17


Dependency on concentration
Hindered settling velocity & flux:
Richardson & Zaki (1954) up to concentrations ~ 0.35
= 4.65 for Rep < 0.2
= 2.39 for Rep > 500

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Nonlinear kinematic wave equation
Conservation of particles:

Hyperbolic wave equation:

Wave speed:
Remember:
f() is a decreasing function
f() is negative
c() positive negative
low c() propagate faster than
high c() shocks
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Nonlinear kinematic wave equation
Conservation of particles:

Hyperbolic wave equation:

Wave speed:
Remember:
f() is a decreasing function
f() is negative
c() positive negative
low c() propagate faster than
high c() shocks
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Interfaces: speed of fronts
Front velocity at interface:
Clear water suspension:

Maximum packing suspension:

Homework to derive this

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Settling of particles on inclines
Boycott effect:
Enhancing sedimentation rates
Settle only short distance across
Valid for laminar flows
Volumetric settling rate Fv (m2/s):

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Settling of particles on inclines Normal

Boycott effect:
Enhancing sedimentation rates
Settle only short distance across
Valid for laminar flows Enhancement

Volumetric settling rate Fv (m2/s):

Normal Enhancement

Enhanced settling: quicker, more efficient


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See also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=CFtteE5TuhI
Other types of sedimentation
Type II Flocculent settling: particles coalesce
Larger particles appear, hence larger settling velocity
Settling occurs quicker
No mathematical theory/formula

Type IV Compressional settling: compacting


Manifested in regions of high concentration
Stirring or tapping to allow liquid to escape
Local increase of packing fraction increase of stability

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